Design of Machine Elements

Design for Static Loads

Lecture 3

Prof. Sujatha Srinivasan

404, Machine Design Section
311, TTK Center for Rehabilitation Research and Device Development
(R2D2)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Madras
Email: sujsree@iitm.ac.in

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 Goals
• As a designer, ensure safety of the components and systems you
design
– Level of stress must be safe, not prevent functioning
– Prevent excessive deflection
• Apply prior knowledge from Strength of Materials, Materials and
Design
– For ductile materials, yielding is considered failure
– For brittle materials, fracture is considered failure
– Deflection
– Fatigue

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Product vs Component Design

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 Static Load
• A static load is a stationary force or couple applied to a member
• To be stationary, the force or couple must be unchanging in magnitude, point or
points of application, and direction.
• A mechanical component may fail, that is, may be unable to perform its function
satisfactorily, as a result of any of the modes of failure.
• The discussion in this chapter is restricted to the design of components on the
Strength basis.
• Strength of the material is an important property to determine the dimensions
of these components.
• More often than not it is necessary to design using only published values of
yield strength, ultimate strength etc.

How can one use such meager data to design for both static & dynamic loads, 2-D,
3-D stress states, high and low temperatures, and very large & very small parts?
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 Material Testing
▪ Testing to get the Mechanical Properties

Yield Strength ,
Universal testing machine
Ultimate tensile Strength,

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 Stress-Strain Curve
Ductile Brittle

linear elastic region

non-linear elastic region
material starts to yield
ultimate tensile strength
fracture happens
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 2.2 Types of Loads and Modes of Failure
A static load is defined as a force, which is gradually applied to
a mechanical component and which does not change its
magnitude or direction with respect to time.

▪ Axial tension / compression

▪ Shear load
▪ Bending load
▪ Torsion load
▪ A combination of these.

• Normal stresses ---- tensile or compressive

• Shear Stresses ---- due to direct shear: vertical shear in
beams or torsion, always in pairs

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Axial/Normal Stresses

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Shear Stresses

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 Shear Stress (single & double)
➢ Loads are transmitted to individual members through connections
that use rivets, bolts, pins, nails, or welds

Single shear Double shear

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Bending Stresses

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Bending Stresses

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Torsional stress

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Eccentric Axial Loading

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