Mechanical Testing

by

Engr. Dr. Patrick Udeme-obong Akpan

Patrick.akpan@unn.edu.ng +2348102475639
Lecture outline for today
Mechanical Testing

Importance

Tension tests

hardness test

Impact tests
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Introduction

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 Mechanical Testing
Reasons

• For selecting materials for engineering

applications.
• Development of new materials and
processes, so that different materials
and processes can be compared.
• Inclusion in material specifications to
ensure quality.
• Predict the behaviour of a material
under different forms of loading.
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 Mechanical Testing

Principal Considerations

• Manner in which the load is applied

• Condition of the material specimen at
test time.
• Surrounding condition during test

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Tensile Testing
 Tensile testing

• Properties of interest

• Tensile specimens and test machines

• Stress-strain curves

• True stress and strain

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 Tensile testing

The strength of a material

often is the primary concern.
• This is the reason why a lot of attention is
given to it.

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Tensile testing: Properties of
Interest
• Elastic property.

• The stress necessary to cause appreciable plastic

deformation or the maximum stress .

• The material’s ductility, which is a measure of

how much it can be deformed before it fractures.

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 Test Specimen

• The gauge length is the most important part.

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System for gripping the test
Specimen

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 Testing Machines
• Universal testing machine: test
materials in tension, compression,
or bending.

• Testing machines are either

electromechanical or hydraulic.

• The principal difference is the

method by which the load is applied.
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Testing Machines

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Testing Machines

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 Stress-Strain Curve

The advantage of dealing with stress

The tensile force is recorded on the
versus strain rather than load versus
machine as a function of the increase
elongation is that the stress-strain curve is
in gage length.
virtually independent of specimen
dimensions.
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 Stress Strain Curve

Elastic region

Necking

Plastic region

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Yield Strength determination

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Engineering Stress vs. True Stress
Engineering True
(nominal)

Stress

Strain

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Engineering Stress vs. True Stress

• At very low strains, the differences

between true and engineering stress and
strain are very small.
• It does not really matter whether Young’s
modulus is defined in terms of
engineering or true stress strain.
Hardness Testing
 Hardness Testing

• hardness testing is 'a test to

determine the resistance a
material exhibits to permanent
deformation by penetration of
another harder material

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 Hardness Testing
Hardness is not a fundamental property of
a material. It depends on:
– The given load on the indenter
– A specific loading time profile and a specific
load duration
– A specific indenter geometry

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 How does Hardness Test Work

• Two quantities could be measured

– Depth is measured or
– the size of the impression left by an indenter 32
Factors to consider in selecting
the best method
• The type of material to be hardness tested
• Whether compliance with a standard is required
• The approximate hardness of the material
• The homogeneity/heterogeneity of the material
• The size of the part
• Whether mounting is necessary
• The number of samples to be tested
• The required accuracy of the result
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Four Most Common Hardness
Tests

Brinell Rockwell

Vicker Knoop

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Brinell Hardness Testing

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 Brinell Test Applications
• Used for materials with a coarse or
inhomogeneous grain structure.
• Used for larger samples.
• Suitable for forgings and castings where
the structural elements are large.

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 Rockwell Hardness Test
• The procedure is quite similar to the Brinell
test.
• The depth of the indentation is measured

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 Rockwell Hardness Test Scales
• There are 13 different scales that could be
used.

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 Rockwell Hardness Test
• Applications:
– Generally used for larger sample geometries
– A ‘quick test’ mainly used for metallic
materials

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Hardness Testing Machine

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Impact Testing
 Impact Testing

The ability of a material to withstand impact of shock

loading is referred to as toughness.

This is determined by measuring the amount of

energy which a material can absorb before it fails.

The stresses induced during impact loading are more

than the ones induced during sudden/gradual loading.

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Impact Testing Apparatus

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Charpy versus Izod Method

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 Principle of Impact Testing

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) 45

Thanks for listening
Questions?

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