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Figure 3.1 — Schematic view of the components of the global climate system (bold), their
processes and interactions (thin arrows) and some aspects that may change (bold arrows).
2.2 Possible causes of Climate change
•Climate change is a long-term shift in the climate of a
specific location, region or planet.
•The shift is measured by changes in features associated
with average weather, such as temperature, wind
patterns and precipitation.
• What most people don't know is that a change in the
variability of climate is also considered climate change,
even if average weather conditions remain the same.
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B. Anthropogenic Causes of Climate Change
1. Green house gas emission
I. carbon dioxide
II. Methane
HI. CFCs
IV. Nitrogen Oxide
V. Water Vapour
2. Industrialization
3. Deforestation
4. Overgrazing
5.Overcultivation
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•Climate change can also be caused by human activities,
such as the burning of fossil fuels and the conversion of
land from forestry to agriculture.
•Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, these human
influences on the climate system have increased substantially.
•In addition to other environmental impacts, these
activities change the land surface and emit various
substances to the atmosphere.
• These in turn can influence both the amount of incoming energy
and the amount of outgoing energy and can have both warming
and cooling effects on the climate.
• The dominant product of fossil fuel combustion is
carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
•The overall effect of human activities since the Industrial 6
Revolution has been a warming effect, driven primarily by
emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
The Greenhouse Effect causes the atmosphere to
retain heat
When sunlight reaches Earth’s surface, it can either be
reflected back into space or absorbed by Earth. Once
absorbed, the planet releases some of the energy back
into the atmosphere as heat (also called infrared
radiation). Greenhouse gases (GHGs) like water vapor
(H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4)
absorb energy, slowing or preventing the loss of heat
to space. In this way, GHGs act like a blanket, making
Earth warmer than it would otherwise be. This
process is commonly known as the “greenhouse effect
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2.3 Cause and effects of Global warming
Climate Change
OUR QUESTIONS TODAY
Science of Climate Change
What are Greenhouse Gases?
How do they cause warming?
How are humans affecting the climate?
•The science of global warming is based on well-
understood physical principles. There is no scientific
debate about this!
•Due to human activities, there are now 40% more
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than there were
a few hundred years ago.
•The Earth has already warmed as the consequence
of this, and scientists expect that the next 20 to 100
years the world will warm a lot more!
CLIMATE CHANGE-
MEAN ANNUAL GLOBAL TEMPERATURE 1960-2005
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HUMAN-PRODUCED GREENHOUSE GAS LEVELS
CONTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR GREENHOUSE
GASES TO GLOBAL WARMING
Carbon dioxide
55%
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5 CFCs 17%
Methane 15%
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Nitrous oxide
55 5%
Others 8%
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U.S.
186.1
European Total CO2 emissions
Union
127.8 Between 1950-2001 in billions of
Russia
tons
68.4
Ukraine
21.7 China
Poland
Canada 14.4 Kazakhstan 57.6
14.9 Japan
10.1
31.2
India
Mexico 15.5
7.8
Kuwait
Trinidad and
Tobago Australia
United
Arab 7.6
South Africa Emirat
8.5 es
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Annual Rainfall Variability in Ethiopia
The positive departures observed during the first half of the 20th century
are highly pronounced in the first three decades