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Course Sheet No. Topic (s) Remark (s)

Thevenin, Max. Power &

Electrical Circuits 3 L4&5
Superposition Theorem

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 Voltage divider rule

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 Current divider rule

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 Source transformation

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 Remember: Nodal Analysis & Mesh Analysis

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 Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenis’s theorem states that “A linear two terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source Vth in series with a resistor Rth,
where Vth is the open circuit voltage at the terminals and Rth is the input or
equipvalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned
off.”

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 1. Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

Solution:

∴ RTh = (3+3)ll 6 =3Ω

+ =4

Vx = 20.25 V
. ×
∴Vth = = 13.5 V Ans.

Thevenin’s equivalent Circuit:

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 2. Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

Solution:

∴ RTh = (6+6)ll 4 =3Ω + =2

Vx = 15 V
×
∴Vth = =6V

i= = 1.5 A Ans.

Thevenin’s equivalent Circuit:

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 3. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

RTH

∴ Rth = ; i0 =

∴ Rth = /
=5Ω

Vth :

ix = = 2.5 A

−10 + (5 × 0) − 25 + 𝑉 = 0

∴ 𝑉 = 35 V

Thevenin’s equivalent Circuit:

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 4. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

∴𝑅 = (4 ∥ 12) + 1 ℎ ℎ
+ −2 =0
= 4Ω Vth = 30 V

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

5. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Self Practice

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 6. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Self Practice

7. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

Here no indipendent source so, Vth = 0 V

Rth

∴ 𝑉 = 5𝑖

−1 − 4𝑉 + 10𝑖 + 5𝑖 = 0

−1 − 4 × 5𝑖 + 10𝑖 + 5𝑖 = 0

𝑖 = −0.2 𝐴

Applying node,

1
𝑖 + −𝑖 =0
15
1
−0.2 + −𝑖 = 0
15
−2
𝑖 =
15

∴𝑅 = = ⁄
= −7.5𝛺`

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

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 8. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

Rth

(i) (ii)

From Fig (ii)

+ −𝑖 =4

𝑖 =1𝐴

∴𝑅 = = = 1𝛺

Vth

∴ 𝑉 ℎ = 10 𝑉

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

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 9. Determine the value of RL that will draw the maximum power from the rest of the circuit in Fig.. Calculate
the max. power.

Solution:

+ + =0

𝑉 = 𝑉

𝑖 = = 𝐴

∴𝑅 = 1𝑉 𝑖 = 𝛺 = RL

𝑉 = 9−𝑉

+ =0

( )
+ =0

𝑉 =7𝑉

∴𝑃 = = = 2.90 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
×

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

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 10. For the circuit in fig., obtain the Thevenin equivalent as seen from terminals: (a) a-b (b) b-c

Self Practice

11. For the circuit in fig., obtain the Thevenin equivalent as seen from terminals a & b.

Solution:

∴𝑅 = 2𝐾

𝑖 = ×
= 2 𝑚𝐴

∴ 20𝑖 = 20 × 2 = 40 𝑚𝐴

40 + =0

𝑉 = −80 𝑉

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

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 12. For the circuit in fig., obtain the Thevenin equivalent as seen from terminals a & b.

Solution:

−1 + 2𝑖 − 10𝑖 + 4𝑖 = 0

𝑖 = −0.25 𝐴

∴𝑅 = .
= −4𝛺

𝑖 = 2𝐴

−4 × 2 + 10 × 2 + 2 × 0 + 𝑉 = 0

𝑉 = −12 𝑉

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

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 13. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

𝑉 = 1𝑉

−𝑖 + 2 + + =0

𝑖 = 21⁄10 𝐴

∴𝑅 = ⁄
= 𝛺

+ + 2𝑉 = 0

𝑉 = 1.19 𝑉

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

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 14. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

∴𝑅 = (20 ∥ 5) + 16

= 20 𝛺

−24 + 10𝑖 + 10(𝑖 + 3) + 5𝑖 = 0

𝑖 = −0.24 𝐴

𝑉 − 5𝑖 + 16 × 3 = 0

𝑉 = −49.2V

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

15. Find the maximum power that can be delivered to resistor R in the circuit.

Self Practice

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 16. Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

Solution:

𝑉 = 2𝑖

−1 + 2(𝑖 − 0.25𝑉 ) + 2𝑖 = 0

−1 + 2(𝑖 − 0.25 × 2𝑖 ) + 2𝑖 = 0

𝑖 = 1 ⁄3

∴𝑅 = ⁄
= 3𝛺

+ =0

𝑉 = 6𝑉

−𝑉 + 0 + 3 + 𝑉 = 0

𝑉 = 3𝑉

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

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 17. Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

Solution:

∴𝑅 = (10 + 20) ∥ (50 + 40)

𝑉 + 40 × 4 − 50 × 4 = 0
= 𝛺
𝑉 = 40 𝑉
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

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 18. Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

Solution:

.
𝑖=− 𝑚𝐴

𝑖 = = 0.25 𝑚𝐴
−𝑖 + + 80𝑖 = 0
∴ 𝑖 = −80𝑖 = −20𝑚𝐴
𝑖 = 𝑚𝐴

∴𝑅 = ⁄
= 100 KΩ

Norton’s equivalent CKT Thevenin’s equivalent CKT

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 19. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

𝑉 =0𝑉

From Figure;

𝑉 =1−𝑉 ; 𝑖 =

+ 0.1𝑖 + + =0

+ 0.1 + + =0

𝑉 = V1=0.6521v

𝑉 =1−𝑉 =

𝑖 = =

−𝑖 + − 0.1𝑖 = 0

𝑖 =

∴𝑅 = = = 31.724𝛺

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

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 20. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Self Practice

21. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

+ + =0

+ + =0

𝑉 =2𝑉

𝑖 = = = −1

∴𝑅 = = −1𝛺

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

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 22. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Self Practice

23. Find the max. power transferred to resistor R in the circuit.

Self practice

24. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

×
Since there is no indipendent source so V0 = 0 V 𝑉 = =2𝑉

∴𝑅 = 10 ∥ 40 = 8𝐾 + =0

𝑉 = −192 𝑉

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

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 25. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Self Practice

26. Find Thevenin’s equivalent.

Solution:

𝑅 = [{(3∥ 8) + (6 ∥ 16)} ∥ 40] = 𝐾𝛺

+ + =0

𝑉 = 160 𝑉

𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉
× ×
𝑉 = −

𝑉 =0𝑉

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

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 27. Compute the value of R that results in max. power to the 10 ohm resistor. Find the max. power.

Solution:

20 ∥ 𝑅 = 10
+ +𝐼 =0
R= 20 Ω
𝐼 = −0.2 𝐴
𝑅 = 20 ∥ 20 = 10𝛺

( . ) ×
∴𝑃 = = = 0.1 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

28. Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

Solution:

𝑅 = (80 ∥ 20) + (10 ∥ 90)

= 25 Ω

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10𝑖 + 40 + 90𝑖 = 0

𝑖 = −0.4 𝐴

80𝑖 + 20𝑖 − 40 = 0

𝑖 = 0.4 𝐴

𝑉 − 90𝑖 − 20𝑖 = 0

𝑉 − 28 𝑉

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡:

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 Super-Position

1.

Solution:

Case 1: Case2:
" "
× + −3 = 0
𝑉 = 𝑣
𝑉 " = 8𝛺
𝑉 =2𝑣

∴ 𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉"

= 2+8 V = 10 V Ans.

Solution:

−20 + 5𝑖 + 3𝑖 + 2𝑖 = 0
𝑖 =𝑖 = =4𝐴
𝑖 = 2𝐴
𝑉 " = 2𝑖 = 2 × 4 = 8 𝑉
∴ 𝑉 = 2𝑖 = 2 × 2 = 4 𝑉

∴ 𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉"

= (4+8) V = 12 V Ans.

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3.

Solution:

Case 1: Case 2:
"
2 + 0.1𝑉 + + =0 0.1𝑉 " + − =0

𝑉 = 10 𝑉 𝑉 " = 2.5 𝑉

∴ 𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉"

= (10+2.5) V = 12.5 V Ans.

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