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BI
OLOGYESSAYSFOREASYREVI
SION.

1(a)Describethedigestionofastarchymealalongthehumanalimentarycanal.S(13mks)
Answer-St
archi
nfoodi
sfi
rstbr
okendowni
nthemout
hbyact
ionoft
eet
h/chewi
ng;
Thi
sincr
eases
t
hesur
facear
eaexposedenzy
meact
ion;
sal
i
vacont
ainssal
i
var
yamy
lasewhi
chbr
eaksdownsome
st
archt
omal
tose;
sal
i
vahasasl
i
ght
lyal
kal
i
nepHwhi
chi
sopt
imum f
ort
heenzy
me;
Thef
oodmov
es
downt
otheoespophagusandst
omach;
wher
etheaci
dicpH,
duepr
esenceofdi
l
uteHcl
,pr
event
s
f
urt
heract
ionofsal
i
var
yamy
lase;
Int
heduodenum,
pancr
eat
icamy
lasecont
inuesdi
gest
ionofst
arch
t
omal
tose;
Pancr
eat
icamy
lasei
spr
oducedi
nthepancr
ease;
andent
erst
heduodenum t
hrough
pancr
eat
icduct
s;t
heaci
dicchy
mei
sneut
ral
i
zedbyt
hesodi
um bi
car
bonat
einbi
l
e/pancr
eat
icj
uice;
Mal
tosedi
gest
ioncont
inuesi
nthei
l
eum;
whosewal
l
ssecr
etesuccusent
eri
cus/i
ntest
inal
jui
ce;
whi
chcont
ainsenzy
memal
tase;
whi
chbr
eaksdownmal
toset
ogl
ucose;(
Max13mar
ks)

(b)Descr
ibet
heprocessofureaformat
ion. (
7mar
ks)
answerExcessaminoacids/protei
ns;
aretranspor
tedt
othel
i
ver

2.
(a)Descr
ibehowgaseousexchangeoccur
sint
err
est
ri
alpl
ant
s. (
13mar
ks)Answer

Gaseousexchanget
akespl
acei
naspongymesophy
l

Dur
ingt
hedayai
rdi
ff
usesi
ntol
argeai
rspacesofspongymesophy
ll
;thr
oughst
omat
a;t
heCar
bon
(
IV)Oxi
dei
ntheai
rdi
ff
usesi
ntoPhot
osy
nthet
iccel
l
s;i
nsol
uti
onf
orm;
dur
ingphot
osy
nthesi
s
Car
bon(
iv)Oxi
dei
susedwhi
l
eoxy
geni
spr
oduced.Oxy
gendi
ff
usesoutoft
hel
eaf
;thr
ough
st
omat
a;

Dur
ingt
heni
ght
;ai
rdi
ff
usesi
ntot
heai
rspaces(
ofspongymesophy
ll
),t
heai
rdi
ssol
vesi
ntof
il
m
ofmoi
stur
e;t
henoxy
gendi
ff
usesi
ntot
hecel
l
s;andi
susedi
nrespi
rat
iondur
ingwhi
chcar
bon(
iv)
oxi
dei
spr
oduced,
theCar
bon(
iv)Oxi
dedi
ff
usesoutoft
hel
eaf
;thr
oughst
omat
a;duet
o
concent
rat
ion/
dif
fusi
ongr
adi
ent
;

Gaseousexchanget
akespl
acet
hroughepi
der
mis(
ofy
oungl
eav
esandst
ems)
;epi
der
misoft
he
r
ootcar
ri
esoutgaseousexchangewi
thai
rint
hesoi
l
;somepl
ant
shav
e
pneumat
ophor
es/
breat
hingr
oot
s;i
nwhi
chgaseousexchangeoccur
sthr
oughl
ent
icel
s;(
foundi
n

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derst
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3.(a)Distinguishbetweenacommunityandapopulation. (
2mks)

AnswerAcommunit
yconsi
stsofal
lpl
antsandani
mals(organismsofdif
fer
entspeci
esinahabit
at)
i
nter
acti
ngwi
theachot
her;
whileapopul
ati
onconsi
stofindi
vidual
softhesamespeciesinahabi
tat
;

(
b)Br
ief
lydescr
ibehowt
hepopul
ati
onofgr
ashooper
sinagi
venar
eacanbeest
imat
ed. (
8mks)

AnswerUsecapturerecaptur
emet hod;cat
chthegrasshoppersandmarkusingper manenti nk;r
ecor
dsand
rel
ease;
t oall
owti
met omix;r
ecaptureandcountt
hemar kedandunmarked;total
popul at
ionisequalt
othe
numbermar kedandunmarkedinsecondsampl emulti
pliedbynumberofmar kedgrasshopper si
nthefi
rst
sample;div
idebythenumberofgrasshoppermarl
edint hesecondsamplethatwerer ecaptured.

(
c)Expl
ainhowt
hev
ari
ousact
ivi
ti
esofmanhav
ecausedpol
l
uti
onofai
r.

Answer Sul
phurbasedchemi
cal
;egsul
phur(
iv)oxi
degas,
H2S,
Cl2,
Hcl
gaspr
oduceby

(
foodpr
ocessi
ng)i
ndust
ri
es/
sewagemat
ter
;af
fectgaseouspl
ant
sleav
es;

-Aer
osol s;CFCsspr aytocont rol(plant)di seaseandpest salsoaffectrespi rator
yor gansofani mal;
thechemi calsar er edoundsandper sistent(noteasi lybr okendown/depl etet heozonel ayers;
smokes/f umespr oducei nar easwi th(heav yindust riesand(hi ghdensi t
yofmot orv ehi
cle/fir
e
whichbur nf uel/oil
s, wood; reducev isi
bi li
tyf umesal soset tleonleavesandst opphot osynthesis;
(excessive)pr oduct ionofCar bon( i
v)oxi decausest hegr eenhouseef fect/temper atur ei
nv ersi
onas
aresultofheat i
ngi nl owerlay ersofat mospher e; accpest ici
des,herbicides, i
nsect i
cides.
- Sound/noi setpr oducebymachi ne/heav yv ehicles/aircraft;af
fect
shear i
ngi nanimal s;Dust ;
i
ndustrialproduct ionof( cement )gener at esdust ;whi chf i
nallysett
lesonpl ant sl
eav esl i
miting
photosynthesi s;remov alofv egetation/cut ti
ngoft r
ees; interfer
eswi ththecar boncy cle;radioacti
ve
emission;from nucl earreactor s/mines/ x-ray/machi nes, bombscausemut ation/cancer /
deat h;
(10mks)

4. Describehowthemammalianearisadaprtedtoitsfunction. (
20mks)

AnswerTheeari
sanor
ganinvol
vedi
nper
cei
vi
ngsoundandmai
ntai
ningbodybal
anceandpost
urei
tismade
uoofthefol
l
owi
ngsect
ions:
-

 Pinna–Funnel shapedstruct
ure,madeupski nandcar t
ilage;i
trecei
v essoundwav esanddi
rectst
hem;
totheeart ube;
 Externalauditorymeat us–at ubulexcanalli
nedwi t
hhairsandwaxsecr eti
ngcell
s;al
lowspassageof
soundwav est othemi ddl
eear;thehairsandwaxt r
apdustpar ti
clesthatentert
heear ;
 Ty mpanicmembr ane-thi
nf l
exibl
esheetlikestructur
e;receiv
essoundwav esandpasst hevibr
ati
ons
totheossicles;
 TheOssi cl
es(st epes,anv
il&incus)-;amplif
yv i
brati
onfrom thety mpanicmembr ane;
 Ensteclui
ant ube–connectphar ynxandmi ddleear; i
tbalancepressur eonbothsidesoft
hetympanic

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membr ane/out erandmiddl
eear;
 Ov alwi
ndow-at hi
nfl
exi
blemembranet hatopensint
otheinnerear
; i
t(recei
vs)andpassesvi
brat
ions
tot heinnerear.
 Semi Circul
arcanalsar
rangedi
nplanes; t
omai nt
ainbal
anceandpost ur
es;
 Cochlea–coi ledtubefi
l
ledwit
hendolynph,hassensorycel
ls;fort
ransi
tiononnervei
mpulsetothe
brain;

5. Describehowthehumanskinisadaptedtoitsfunction. (
20mks)
- Cor
nif
iedl
ayer
;madeupofdeadcel
l
sRatpr
otectagai
nstmechani
cal

damage/
desi
cat
ors/ent
ryofmi
crobes.

- Gl
andul
arl
ayer
;madeupofl
i
vingcel
l
sthatgi
ver
iset
ocor
nif
iedl
ayer
.

- Themalphigi
anlayer
,hasact
ivel
yli
vingcel
l
st hatgiv
eri
set
onewepi
der
mal
cel
l
sthatcont
ain
melani
nthatprot
ecttheski
nagainstul
tr
avi
oletrays.

- Hashairwhi
chst
ander
ectt
otrapai
rwhencoldl
owt
emper
atur
etor
educeheatl
oss/i
nsul
ate/
l
iesf
lattoal
l
owheatl
osswhenthet
emperat
urei
shi
gh.

- Hasner
veendi
ngs;
whi
char
esensi
ti
vet
ost
imul
i
/touch/heat
/col
d/poi
sonous/
pai
n.

- Hassubcut
aneousf
at/adi
poset
issues;
thati
nsul
atet
hebodyagai
nstheatl
oss.

- Hasar
ter
ies/capi
l
lar
iesbl
oodv
essel
s;t
hatsuppl
i
esf
ood/oxy
gen/r
emov
eexcr
etor
ypr
oduct
s.

- Arter
iesvasodil
ateswhent
emperatur
earehi
ghtol
ooseheatbyr
adi
ati
on/conv
ect
ion/
vasoconstr
ict
ionwhentemper
aturesarel
owtowhi
chconserv
eheat
.

- Hassebaceousgl
and;whichsecr
etessebum anant
isept
ic/wat
err
epel
l
antsubst
ance/pr
event
dr
ying/cracki
ngofski
n/makeskinsappl
e.

6a)Statethreeaspectsoflightthatareimportantinphotosynthesis. (
3mks)
- Li
ghti
ntensi
ty

- Li
htdur
ati
on

- Li
ghtwav
elengt
h/qual
i
ty

b)Descr
ibehowt
hel
eav
esofpl
ant
sar
eadaptedt
ocarr
youtphot
osy
nthesi
s.
(
17mks)
Answer - Wi
de/br
oad/f
latl
ami
na;
topr
ovi
del
argesur
facear
eaf
or

absor
pti
onofCo2andl
i
ghtf
orphot
osy
nthesi
s.

- Thi
ntoensur
eashor
tdi
stancef
orCo2t
oreachphot
osy
nthesi
s

cel
l
s(f
act
ordi
ff
usi
onofgases)

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- Thi
ntr
anspar
entupperepi
der
mis;
toal
l
oweasi
erpenet
rat
ionof

Li
ghtt
ophot
osy
nthet
iccel
l
s.

- Pr
esenceofst
omat
a/guar
dcel
l
sforef
fi
cient
/fast
er/r
api
d

di
ff
usi
onofCo2i
ntot
hel
eaf
/O2out
/gaseousexchange.

- Pal
i
sadecel
lscontai
nmanychlor
opl
ast
;whi
char
enextt
oupperepi
der
mist
orecei
ve
maxi
mum li
ghtforphot
osy
nthesi
s.

- Chl
oropl
ast
shav
echl
orophy
ll
;tot
rapl
i
ght
.

- Leaveshavel
eafvei
ns;xy
lem t
oconductwatert
ophot
osynthet
iccel
l
sphl
oem t
o
tr
anslocat
epr
oductsofphot
osynt
hesi
st oot
herpar
tsofplant.

- Large/int
ercel
lul
arairspacesi
nthespongymesophy
/lay
er;
forst
orageofCo2andf
or
easiergaseousexchange.

- Waxywat
erpr
oofcut
icl
e;t
oreducewat
erl
ossandr
efl
ectexcessl
i
ght
.

- Leafmosai
c/non-ov
erl
appi
ngl
eav
es;
formaxi
mum exposur
etol
i
ght
.

7a)Describehowwatermoleculesareabsorbedfrom thesoilandmovestotheleavesina
t
ree. (
10mk)

AnswerWat erex i
stsasat hi
nf i
lmi nthesoilbetweensoi lpar t
icl
es; theconcent r
ationofcell
sapi sgr eaterthant hatofthesurroundingsolutioni nthesoi l;Thusdr awi ngwat ermol ecul
es
acrosst hecel lwal landcellmembr aneintother oothai rcel ls;byosmosi s;waterdr awni nt
o
ther oothai rcelldil
utesthecellsap/makesi tlessconcent r
at edthant hati ntheadj acentcell
;
wat ermov esintot hecortexcells(oftheroot);acr osstheendoder mi sbyact i
v etransport;
i
ntot hexy lem v esselsoftheroot);thenconduct edupi nt othexy lem ( v essels)oft hest em;
wat erispushed/ ri
sesupt hestem byr ootpressur e;( i
nt hexy l
em v essel s)wat errisesby
capillar
ity;cohesionandadhesi onf orces;i
ntoxy lem ofl eav es;wat ermov esasacont i
nuous
uninterruptedwat ercolumninthexy lem vesselsupt het reet othel eav es.

b)Descr
ibet
hemechani
sm ofi
nhal
ati
oni
nhumanbei
ngs. (
10mk)

AnswerExt er
nalint
ercostal
smuscl escont r
act;i
nter
nali
ntercostal
smuscl erelax;Ri
bcage
moveout wards;andupwar ds;Diaphragm muscl escont
ract;Diaphragm fl
att
en;v ol
umei n
thor
acic cavi
tyincreases;pressur
er educes;Atmospheri
c airent ersthe lungs;inf
lat
e;
(cor
rectsequencemustbef oll
owed)

8a)Describeadaptationsofthereproductivesystem ofamalemammaltoitsfunction.
(
10mk)

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Answer .Positi
onofscr otalsaci nabdomi nalcav i
ty pr ov i
decool ert emper aturef orsper m
devol vement/spermatogenesi s;Hassemi nif
eroust ubules,hi ghlycoil
edwhosel i
ningconsi stof
acti
v elydi
vidingcell
s;Bet weent hem areintersti
ti
calcel l
swhi chpr oduceandr ogens; Semini
ferous
tubulesunitet oform epididymi s;acoi l
edt ube;whichpr ovidesur facef orsper m storage;Semi nal
vesiclesprovidealkali
nef l
uid whi chnourishessper mat ozoa;/pr ostateglandsecr etesalkali
ne
fl
uidt oneutrali
zethev aginalfluids; i
tal
soact ivat
essper ms; /Cowper ’
sgl andsecr etesanal kali
ne
fl
uidt hatneutral
izeacidityalongt heurethra;peniswhi chproj ectsfrom thebody ; madeofspongy
ti
ssue,muscl eandbl oodv essel ;erect
sbyhav i
ngspacesi ni t
sspongyt issuef il
ledwi t
hbl ood
enabl i
ngittopenet r
atev aginadur i
ngcoitus,todeposi tspermsi nthefemal er eproduct i
vetr
act;

b)Expl
ainhowt
hef
oll
owi
ngv
ert
ebr
aear
eadapt
edt
othei
rfunct
ion. (
10mk)
(i
)Cerv
icalvert
ebra.
(
ii
)Thoraci
cv er
tebra.

(
i)Cer
vical
Ver
tebr
a.

 Hasv ertebrat erialcanal forpassageofv ert

ebralarteryandnerv es;
 Ithasbr anchedandbr oadt ransver sepr ocesst opr ovi
desurfacef orattachmentofneck
muscl es;
 Shor tneut ralspi nef orat tachmentofneckmuscl es;
 Wi deneur alcanal forpassageofspi nal cord;
 Cent rum andaneur al archf orpr otect i
onoft hespinalcord;
 Prezy gapophy sisandpost zygapophy sisf orarti
culati
onwi t
hthev ert
abrainf rontand
behi nd;
 Atlashasbr oadsur facef orar ti
culat i
onwi thcondy lesoftheskul landthisallowst he
noddi ngmov ementoft hehear d;
 Axishasapr oject i
onoft hecent r
um, theodont oi
dpr ocessthatf i
tsintoatlasandal l
owsf
or
ther otatory/t urningmov ementoft hehead;

(ii
) Thor aci cVer t
ebr a.
 Longneur alspi nef ormuscl esat tachment ;
 Shor ttransv ersepr ocessf ormuscl eat tachmentandf orarti
culati
onwi thther i
bs;
 Neur al archandcent rum pr otectthespi nalcord;
 Lar gecent rum t osuppor tthebodywei ght;
 Facet sf orar t
icul ati
onwi thot herv ertebraeadj acenttoit;
 Tur bercularandcapi tulardemi facet sforar ti
culati
onwi ththeri
b;
NB.St r
uct ur eandf unct ion1mar k.

9(i)Bloodhastwobroadfunctionsnamelyprotectiveandtransport.Describehowthebloodprotectsthe
body
. (
4mks)

AnswerWhi teBloodcell
s;-engul
f;anddestr
oybacteri
a/pat
hogens;
byproducingant
ibodies;
whi
ch
neutr
ali
zeacter
ialtoxi
ns.
Bloodplatel
ets;
-causeclot
ti
ng;onf
reshwoundsprevent
ingentr
yofbact
eri
aint
o
ti
ssues;pr
eventlossofblood;waterandmineral
salt
;

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(
ii
)Descr
ibet
hest
ruct
ural
adapt
ati
onoft
hemammal
i
anhear
ttoi
tsf
unct
ion. (
16mks)

Answer
.ItismuscularIhascardi
acmuscles;whi
charemyogeni
c(doesnotneedner
voussti
mulati
on)t
o
pumpblood;
iti
ssuppli
edbyv agusandsympatheti
cnerves;
whi
chcontr
olsther
ateofhear
tbeatdependi
ngon
body’sphy
siologi
calr
equir
ement
s;

I
thast
ri
cuspid;
andGicuspi
dv al
vesbetweenatri
um andv
ent
ri
cleswhi
chpr
eventbackf
lowoft
he
bl
oodi
ntotheri
ghtandlef
tventr
icl
esrespect
ivel
y.

Presenceofmuscul
artendousat
tachedtothewal
lsofvent
ri
clesandtotheat
ri
a-v
ent
ri
cul
arv
alv
es
fr
om turni
ngi
nsideoutduetochangesinthepr
essur
eintheventr
icl
es.

Hearti
ssuppli
edbycor onaryartery
;whi chsuppliesfoodandoxy gentothecardi
acmusclesf ort
heir
pumpingacti
on; t
hecor onaryveininthehear tremov esmetaboli
cwast es;t
hehearti
senclosedbyt he
peri
cardi
almembr ane;thatsecretesaf luidwhichlubri
cat
esitreducingfri
cti
ononthewallsasitpumps;
thehearti
sdivi
dedintot wobyt heat r
ia-ventr
icul
arseptum;thatpreventmixi
ngofoxygenatedblood
anddeoxygenatedblood; t
heleftventricleshasat hi
ckmuscularwall;topumpbloodathigherpressure
tothedist
antbodytissues.

10.Describehowthestructureofafloweringplantisadaptedtoitsphotosyntheticfunctions.(20mks)
AnswerLeafhasbr
oad(
fl
at)l
ami
na/sur
face;
topr
ovi
del
argesur
facear
eaf
orabsor
pti
onofCar
bonI
VOxi
de!
sunli
ght;

Aleafist
hin;
toall
owli
ght/Car
bonIVOxi
det
opasst
hroughashor
tdi
stancet
oreachphot
osy
nthesi
s
cel
ls;
(Fast
erdif
fusi
onofCar
bonIVOxi
de)
.

Presenceofst omat a; (
ensureeffi
cient
)dif
fusionofCar bonIVOxi deint
ot heleaf;
Aleafhascut icl
e!epi dermisthataretr
ansparent;t
oallowpenet rati
onoflighttothepali
sadecel
l
s;
(Photosynthesi scells).
Pali
sadecel lscont ainlargenumber sofchloropl
asts;f
orphot osynthesi
s;
Pali
sadecel lsar elocatednextt oupperepidermis;t
oenabl ethem recei
vemaxi mum sunli
ght
;
(Veinsinthel eaf)hav exy l
em; t
oconductwat erandmi neralsal
tst ophotosynthet
iccell
s/ pali
sade
cell
s;
Phloem ti
ssues( inleafv ei
n);r
emov esproductsofphot osynt
hesis.
Airspacesi nspongymesophy l
l;al
lowgasest ocir
culateeasily
;

11.Describetheprocessoffertilizationinfloweringplants. (
20mr
ks)

AnswerFertil
izati
oni sthefusionoft hemaleandfemal enuclei i
ntheembr y
osac; Themal egamet ei s
contai
nedint hepollengrain;producedintheanthers;Thefemal egamet ei
sf oundinovules;wi
thint heembr yo
sac;Aft
erpollinat
ion,thepollengr ai
nabsorbsnutr
ientsfrom thestigma;anddev el
opsanout growthcal ledthe
poll
entube;whi chgrowsdownt hestyl
etotheembr yosact akingalongthemal egameteswi t
hi t;
Thepol l
en
grai
nsusuallyadher etothest i
gmaasar esul
tofthest i
gmacel l
ssecret
ingast i
ckysubstance;whichal so
sti
mulatesthepol l
engr aintoger minat
esendingdowni tspollentube;Thegrowt hofthepoll
ent ubei nt
ot he
sti
gma, t
hrought hest yl
etotheov ar
y,i
sbypushingitswaybet weenthecell
swher eitgetsit
snour ishment

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from thesur r
oundingt i
ssues;
Ast hepol l
engrainger minates;thet ubenucleusoccupiesaposi t
ionatt heti
poft hegrowi ngpollentube; The
generativenucleusdi v
idesbymi tosis;i
ntotwomal egametenuclei;whichfoll
owbehi ndthet ubenucl eusas
thepol l
entubegr owsdownt hest yl
e.Thepol l
entubeent er
sanov ul
ethroughthemi cropyle;andwheni t
reachest hecentreoft heov uleitpenetrat
est hewal l
oftheembr yosacandbur st
sopen; thet ubenucl eus
disi
ntegratesleavingacl earwayf ortheentr
yoft hemalenucl ei
;Oneoft hemal enucleifuseswi ththeeggcel l
nucleus;toform adi pl
oidzy gote;whi chdevelopsintoanembr yo;whiletheothermalenucl eusf useswi ththe
polarnucleutoform at ri
ploi
dnucl eus; Thi
sgiv esthedoublefert
il
izat
ioninfloweri
ngpl ants;
12(a)Statecharacteristicsofgaseousexchangesurface. (
4mr
ks)

Answeri
)Theyar
edenselysuppliedwithbloodcapi
ll
ari
eshighl
yvascul
ari
sedfortr
anspor
tati
onofgases
ii
)Theyar
ethinwail
edf acil
i
tat
eeasydi f
fusi
onofgasesandalsotoreducethedi
stancecov
ere)yt
he
dif
fusi
nggases.
ii
i
)Theyaremoistdissolv
egas
iv
)Theyhavealargesurfaceareaforgaseousexchange.

(
b)Descr
ibet
hemechani
csofgaseousexchangei
nmammal
s. (
16mr
ks)

Answer.Dur i
ngi nhalati
on/inspirati
on;theex t
er nalint
ercostal
smuscl escont r
act;whil
ethei nternalint
ercost
al
musclesrelax; raisingtheribcageupwar dsandout wards;musclesoft hedi aphragm contract;maki ngitt
o
fl
att
en;thev olumeoft hethoraciccav it
yincreases; aspressuredecreases; higherpressureint heat mosphere
for
cesairintot hel ungsi nf
lati
ngi t;
Duri
ngexhal ation; theexternal i
ntercostalsmuscl esrelaxwhiletheinternal i
nter
costalsmuscl escont ract
;
mov i
ngther ibcagedownwar dandi nwards;thedi aphragm musclesrelax; di
aphragm retai
nsi tsdomeshape;
vol
umeoft het hor aciccavityreduces; i
ncreasingpr essure;
higherpressur eforcesairoutoft hel ungs.

13a)Describehowthefollowingevidencessupportthetheoryoforganicevolution:geographical
di
str
ibut
ion,
fossi
lrecor
dsandcompar
ati
veanat
omy (
10mks)

Answer
.Ev
idenceofEv
olut
ion

Fossi
lrecor
ds/
/Pal
aeont
ology
;

Theseareremai
nsoforganismspreservedinsomenatural
l
yoccur r
ingmateri
alse.g.sedi
mentar
y
rocksformanyyear
s;Theygivedi
rectevidenceoft
hetypeoforganismsthatexi
stedatacertai
n
geologi
calt
ime/
/showagr aduali
ncreaseincomplexi
ty/
morphologi
calchangesofor gani
smsovera
l
ongper i
odofti
mee.g.skullofman

Geogr
aphi
cal
dist
ri
but
ion;

presentcont
inentsar
ethoughtt
ohav ebeenalar
gelandmassjoi
nedtogether;
conti
nentaldr
if
tledt
o
i
solati
onthatleadtodif
fer
entpatt
ernsofevol
uti
on;
e.g.camel
sofAfr
icaresemblet heIl
amasofS.
Amer i
ca//ti
gerofAsiaresembl
ejaguarsofS.Amer
ica//uni
queMarsupialsofAust
rali
a;(
acceptany
vali
dexample)

Compar
ati
veanat
omy
/taxonomy
;

- Membersofaphyl
um showsi
mil
ar i
ti
esindi
cati
ngcommonancestr
y;Theseor
gani
smshav
esi
mil
ar
f
unct
ionse.
g.pr
esenceofdi
gest
ive,ur
inary
,ner
voussy
stemse.
t.c;
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- Homol ogousstruct
ur esl
ikepent adactyl
limbsi ndiff
erentanimalsli
kemonkeyandr atshave
si
milarbornearrangementhencesameor i
ginbutmodi f
iedtoperfor
m differ
entf
unct i
ons//
adapti
veradiati
on//diver
gentev olut
ion;vesti
gialorgans//coccy
xAppendi x;
- Analogousstructur
esl i
kewi ngsofbi r
dsandwi ngsofinsectswithdiff
erentembryonicori
ginbut
perf
orm samef unction//conver
gentev oluti
on;
(maximum 10mks) N/ B-Ment ionofeachev idence1mkeach

b)Expl
aint
ropi
cresponsesi
npl
ant
sandt
hei
rsur
viv
alv
alues (
10mks)

Answer.Photot
ropism
Thisisagrowthcurvatur
einresponset
odi
rect
ionandi
ntensi
tyofl
i
ghtShoot
sar
eposi
ti
vel
yphot
otr
opi
cwhi
l
e
rootsar
enegativel
yphototr
opic

Chemotr
opism
Thisi
sagrowthcurv
atureinresponset
oagradi
entofchemi
cal
concent
rat
ion;
dev
elopi
ngpol
l
ent
ubesgr
ow
towar
dschemical
ssecretedbytheembryosac;

Geotr
opi
sm
Thisi
sagrowt
hcur
vat
urei
nresponset
ogr
avi
ty;
Shoot
sar
enegat
ivegeot
ropi
cwhi
l
eroot
sar
eposi
ti
vel
y
geotr
opi
c;

Hydr
otr
opi
sm
Thi
sisagr
owthcur
vat
urei
nresponset
owat
er/
moi
stur
e;Root
sar
eposi
ti
vel
yhy
drot
ropi
c;

Thi
gmot r
opi sm
Thi
sisagr owthcur vatur
ei nresponset ocontactwit
hsoli
dobject s;shownbyt endri
ls/cl
imbingst emswhi
ch
twi
nearoundobj ects;
Sur
viv
al valuesoft ropicresponses
 Phot otropism exposest heleavesinpositi
ontomaximum l ightabsorpti
ontherebyenhanci ng
phot osynt hesis;
 Chemot ropism enabl espol l
ent ubestogrowtowardstheembr yosact ofaci
li
tatesfert
il
izati
on;
 Geot ropism enabl esplantrootst ogrowdeepintothesoilthusof fer
ingfi
rm anchoragetot hepl
ant
;
 Hy drotropism enabl estherootsoft heplantt
oseekwat er;
 Thi gmot r
opi sm enablest heplantstoobtainmechani
cal support,especi
all
yplantslacki
ngwoody
stems;

14a)DescribethestructuraladaptationsofmammalianhearttoitsFunctions (10mks)
- I
tismuscul ar//Hascar diacmuscl eswhi charemy ogenic;
//capapbleofcontr
acti
ngandr el
axi
ng
wit
houtner vousstimul ati
ont oensur etheheartbeatwithoutstopping;
- Suppl
iedbyv agusandsy mpat heticnerves;
whichcontroltherateofheartbeatdependingon
body’
sphy siologi
cal requirement ;
- Hastri
cuspidandbi cuspidv al
v es//ar
teri
aventri
cularv
alves;topreventbackfl
owofbl oodint
o
wrongdir
ect ions;
- Hassemi lunarv al
v esatt hebaseofpul monaryart
eryandaor ta;t
opr ev
entbackflowofbloodint
o
ri
ghtandleftv entr
iclesrespectively;

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- Pr esenceofv alvet endonsat tachedtot hewalls//arteri
av entricularwal ls;
prev entarter
ia
ventricularv al
ves/ /tri
cuspi dandbi cuspidv al
vesfrom t urninginsi deout ;
- Suppl iedbycor onar yartery;tosuppl yfoodandoxy gentt hecar diacmuscl esf ortheirpumping
acti
on;
- Cor onar yv ei
n;dr awsawaymet aboli
cwast es;
- Hear tisencl osedbyper i
car di
al membr ane; whi
chsecr etef lui
dswhi chlubr i
cates//reducesfri
cti
on
onthewal lsasi tpumps;
- Per i
car dialmembr aneisli
nedwi thal ayeroffatt
oactasshockabsor ber;holdt heheartinposit
ion;
checksov erdil
at ionofthehear t;
- Thehear tisdi v
idedi nt
ot woby( art
riaventri
cular
)sept um; whichpr event smi xi
ngofoxy genat
ed
anddeoxy genatedbl ood;
- Thesi no- artr
ianode/ /pacemaker ;
initi
atesawav eofexci tati
onl eadi ngt ocont ract
ionand
rel
axat i
onofcar diacmuscl es;
- Thear tri
a–v entri
cul arnode; inthehear tspreadoutwav esofexci tationt hroughoutt heheart.
Thestruct
uretiedt ofunctionwr ongf unct i
oncancel themar koft hest ructure.Cor rectstructureminus
funct
iondonotqual if
yforamar k

b)Expl
aint
her
oleofosmosi
sinor
gani
sms (
10mks)

Answer.Roleofosmosisinorgani
sms
Absorpti
onofwaterfr
om thesoil
;
Roothaircel
l
sofplantsabsor
bwat erf
rom t
hesoi
lbyosmosi
s;i
tal
sohel
psi
nwat
erdi
str
ibut
ionf
rom cel
lto
cel
linthebody.

Support;
Wat ertakenintot
hecellsincreasecel
l t
urgorhencecel
lsbecomef ir
m/ ri
gid/tur
gid;andtheref
oret
urgi
dit
yin
thecell
spr ov
idesupporttoplantorgans;
Openingandcl osi
ngofstomat a;
Guardcellsbecomet ur
gid;whent heytakeinwaterbyosmosis;Turgidguardcellscausethestomatatoopen;
whent heguardcell
slosewat erbyosmosi stheybecomeflacci
dleadingtot heclosureofthestomat
a;

Feedi
ngofi nsecti
vorouspl ant
s;
Theplantstrapinsectsusingspecialst
ruct
uresthatsuddenl
ychangetheretur
gorpr
essur
eswhendist
urbed;
thechangeint ur
gorpr essureenablest
hespecialst
ructur
es/l
eavestoclosetr
appi
ngthei
nsectwhi
chare
thendigest
edt oprovideami noacids;

Osmor egulat
ion;
I
nki dneytubulesofanimal
s;wat
eriswit
hdr
awnf r
om thetubulesthr
ought
hetubularwall
sthr
oughosmosi
s;
thewat ert
henent ert
hesurr
oundi
ngbloodcapi
l
lari
es,
thishelpstheani
maltoregul
ateit
sbodyosmoti
c
pressure;

15.
Bl
oodhast
wobr
oadf
unct
ions,
namel
ypr
otect
iveandt
ranspor
t.
(
a)Expl
ainhowbl
oodi
sinv
olv
edi
ntr
anspor
t,st
ati
ngt
heconst
it
uent
sofbl
oodi
nvol
ved.

Answer .Redbloodcel
ls;
transportoxy
genfr
om t
helungstobodyti
ssue;(i
ntheform of
oxyhaemogl obi
n)
TransportcarbonI
Voxide;fr
om bodyti
ssuet
othelungs;
(int
heform ofbicar
bonate)

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Plasma;Transpor
tdi
ssolvedfoodnutri
ents/
glucose/aminoaci
ds;fr
om t hesmalli
ntesti
nestothe
l
iverandotherbodyt
issues;t
ransporthor
mones/ enzymes;f
rom secretorygl
andstotissueswher
e
requi
red;t
ranspor
tur
ea; f
rom ti
ssuestothekidneysforexcr
eti
on;distr
ibuteheat
; (
12mks
(b) Descri
behowbl oodprotectsthebody (
8mar ks)
Answer .Whit
ebloodcel ls;engul
f;anddestroybacter
ia/
pathogensbyproduci
nganti
bodies;which
destroy
them/produceant i
toxinswhichneut r
ali
zebacteri
atoxi
ns;
Bloodplatel
ets;causebl oodcl
otti
ng; onfr
eshwoundspr event
ingent
ryofbact
eri
a/pathogens
i
ntot i
ssues;preventslossofexcessbl ood,waterandmineralsal
ts;

16.Describehowseedsandfruitsareadaptedtodifferentmodesofdispersal.(20marks)
Answer.Wi nddi sper sal;
Smallandl ight;tof l
oati nai r/
blownbyai r;Hav ewi ngs;toincr
easebuoy
ancy;
Havehai rs/parachut eshaped; toincreasebuoy ancyinair.
Animal dispersal;
Aresuccul ent;toat tractanimal s;
Scented; t
oat tractani mal s.
Havesmal landhar dseedsr esistanttodigestiveenzy mes;toprev
entdi
gest
iononceswal
l
owed;
Have
hooks;toat tacht of ur/hairofani mals;
Bri
ghtlycolour ed; t
oat tractanimal s;
Waterdi spersal;
Waterpr oofepi carp; topr evententryofwat erorsoaki ng;
Fi
brousmesocar p; withai rspacest oincr
easebuoy ancyinwater;
Sel
f-explosivemechani sm;
Havelinesofweakness; wheret heybreaktor eleaseseeds;
Haver i
ngsofpor es;throughwhi chseedsar er eleased;
17.
Descr
ibehowt
hemammal
i
anmal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem i
sadapt
edt
oper
for
mit
s
f
unct
ions. (20mar ks)
Answer .Penis; Hi ghlyvacular i
sed/ spongy ,sensitiv
egl ands.Longt oallowent ryi
ntot hev agina;
becomeser ectwhenbl oodf lowst othebl oodspaces,t estiscont ainsnumer oussomni ferous
tubules;cont ainingpr emedi calger m cel l
sf orsper matogenesist akespl ace;thepr ocessi s
favoredbysl i
ght lylowert emper aturet hant hatot hebody ,containst erolcell
swhi chnour i
sh
spermsunt ilt heyar emat ure;Longcoi l
edEpi didymi s;forstorageofsper ms;Amuscul arVas
deferens;than upon cont raction pushessper msoutand al lowsej aculati
on;t oi ncrease
chancesoff ertil
ization,sper mshav eat ai
landaheadwi t
hal argenumberofmi tochondr i
a; t
o
provideenergyf orswi mmi ngt oeacht heegg/ ov um.Semi nalvesicle/cowper sglands/prostate
gland;producesemi nalfluidt opr ovideamedi um f orspermst oswi m.

18.Describethestructureandfunctionsofvariousorganellesinamatureanimalcell.(20marks)
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Answer.
Mi tochondri
a;uret
hra;conductsurineandspermsoutoft hebody.Hasadoubl emembr ane
surroundingitandinnermembr anefoldedtoform cri
staewhichincr
easest hesurf
acear eafor
attachmentofr espir
atorygolgibody /
apparat
us,arest ackofmembr aneboundl ikesac/isa
system ofmembr anessacs/holl
ow spaces;thattransportsgl
ycoprot
eins/car
bohy dr
atesand
proteins;Theypackageglycoprot
eins;secr
etemucus/ enzymes/synt
hesizedprotei
ns.

Ly
sosomes
Ar
espheri
cali
nshapeandencl
osedbyasi
nglemembrane;cont
ainhy
drol
yti
cenzymewhi
chdest
roy
wor
noutorganel
l
es,
micr
o-or
gani
sm/i
ngestf
ood/br
eakdownlar
gemolecul
es.

Endopasmicr eti
cul
um
Aremembr aneboundcav i
ti
esincy t
oplasm;smoothendopl
asmicreti
cul
um sitef
orl
i
pid/
ster
ot
transport.
Roughendopl asmicret
icul
um ahsr
ibosomeonitssur
face;
andtr
anspor
tprot
eins.

Cent
ri
oles
Rodshaped;
locat
edout
sidet
henucl
earmembr
ane,
forf
ormat
ionoff
ibsandci
l
ia

Cytopl
acm;
I
t’safl
uidmedium;wherechemicalr
eact
ionoccurs,
contai
nsorganel
l
esandi
ncl
usi
ons
(e.
g.gl
ycogengranul
es,
fatdropl
etsanddissol
vedsubst
ances)
.

Cellmembrane
Enclosesal
lcel
lorganell
es;hasphospl
i
pidl
ayerbet
weentwopr
otei
nlay
ers/
it
’sali
popr
otei
n
l
ayerhasporesthatselecti
vel
yall
owssubst
ancestopassi
nandoutoft
hecell
/i
tssemi
permeable.

Nucl
eus
Hasadoublemembr ane/nucl
earmembr anearoundi
t,whichhaspor estoal
lowsubstancesin
andoutoft
henucleus;Hasnucleopl
asm, whichcont
ainnucleol
us/ chromati
n,nucl
euscontrol
s
al
lcel
lact
ivi
ti
es,
Nucleolusmanufactur
esr i
bosomesandcent ri
oles.

Ri
bosomes
Ar
esphericali
nshapeandsuspendedi
ncy
topl
asm andat
tachedonendopl
asmi
cret
icul
um;
sy
nthesi
spr ot
eins.

19.Describethestructuraladaptationsofthemammalianhearttoitsfunction. (
20mks)

-I
tismuscul ar/hascar diacmuscl es;whicharemy ogenic( doesnotneedner v
ous
sti
mul ati
on)t opumpbl ood;
-I
tissuppl i
esbyv agusandsy mpathet i
cnerves;whichcont rolstherateofheartbeat
;(dependi
ngon
body’sphy siologicalrequirements)
-I
thast r
icuspidv alvesandbi cuspidv al
ves;(
betweenat r
ium andv entr
icl
es)which
preventbackf lowoft hebloodintot heri
ghtandl eftventriclesrespecti
vel
y.
-Presentofv alv
et endonsat tachedt othewallsofv entri
clesandt otheatri
um
ventricularwal l
s; t
opr eventatri
a-ventr
icul
arvalvesf r
om duet ochangesinthe

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pressureint hev entr i
cles;
-Hear tissuppl iedbycor onar yart
ery;whichsuppl iesfoodandoxy gent othecar diac musclefor
theirpumpi ngact i
on; thecor onaryvein;inhear tremov esmet abol icwast es;
-Thehear ti
sencl osedbyt heperi
cardium membr ane;thatsecr et
esaf lui
dwhi chl ubricat
esi
t
(reducingf r
icti
onont hewal l
sasitbumps) ;
-Thehear ti
sdi v i
dedi nt otwobyt heat ri
a-ventricularseptum; thatpr eventmixingof
oxy genatedbl oodanddeoxy genatedblood;
-Thel eftventricleshasat hickmuscul arwall;topumpbl oodathi gherpr essuret othe
di st
antbodyi ssues;
-Theout erpartoft heper icardi
um hasaf att
yl ayer ;
whichactasashockabsor ber;
keepst hehear ti
nposi ti
on.
-TheSi noAt r
ial Node( S.A.N)thepacemakerr egi on);whichiniti
atet hewav eof
contracti
onl eadi ngint ocont r
acti
onandr elaxationofmuscl es;thear teri
al-
vent r
icular
node; inthehear tspr eadsoutwav esofcont r
act ionthroughoutt hehear tcreatingt he
hear tbeat;

20.Describehowwatermovesfrom thesoiltotheleavesinatree. (
20mks)

Answer
.-Wat
erexi
stsasat
hinf
il
mint
hesoi
lbet
weensoi
lpar
ti
cles;
Theconcent
rat
ionofcel
l
sapisgr eatert hant hatoft hesur roundi ngsol ut ioni nthesoi l
;Thusdr awi ngwat er
mol ecul esacr osst hecel l wal l
andcel lmembr anei ntot her oothai rcells; byosmosi s;
wat erdr awni ntot her oothai rcell dil
ut est hecel lsap/makesi tlessconcent ratedthan
thati ntheadj acentcel l;wat ermov esi ntot hecor texcel l
s( ofther oot );acrosst he
endoder mi sbyact ivet ranspor t;intot hexy l
em v esselsoft her oot);thenconduct ed
upint ot hexy lem ( vessel s)oft hest em; i
ntoxy l
em ofl eav es; wateri spushed/ ri
ses
upt hest em byr ootpr essur e;(int hexy lem v essel s)wat err isesbycapi llarit
y;
cohesi on; andadhesi onf orces; wat ermov esasacont inuousuni nterrupt edwat er
col
umni nt hexy lem v essel supt het reet ot hel eav es.
-Aswat erv apor izesf r
om t hespongymesophy l
l cell
s; t
hei rcel lsapbecomesmor e
concent ratedt hant hatoft headj acentcel l
s; Thi sincreasest heosmot i
cpr essureof
thespongymesophy llcells;Asar esultwat erf lowsi nt
ot hecel l
sfr om ot her
surr
oundi ngcel ls; whi chi nt urnt akesi nwat erf rom xy lem v esselswi thi
nt hel eaf
vei
ns; Thi scr eat esapul l
/sunct ionf orce/ transpi rationpul l;thatpul lsast ream of
waterf rom xy l
em v essel si nt hest em andr oot s; Thet ranspi rati
onpul lmai ntains
acont inuouscol umnofwat erfrom t her oot si ntot heleav es( t
ranspirationst ream) ;

21.
Expl
ainhowt
het
racheal
syst
em i
nar
thr
opodsi
sadapt
edf
orgaseousexchange (
10mks)

Answer.Haveamuscul arval
vethatcontr
olsopei
ngandclosi
ngofspiraclestoall
owent r
yof
ai
randpreventsexcessivel
ossofwat erf
rom t
hebodyti
ssuesbyevapor ati
on
-Hasspiral
bandsofchi t
intokeepitopentomaint
aini
tsshape,
preventitfrom col
lapsi
ng
hencepermitt
inggaseousexchange
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-Tracheol
eslackspiralbandsofchi ti
nsoast oper
mi tmoregaseousexchanget hrought hem
aschiti
nwoul dhavehinder edgaseousexchange
-Attheendoft hetr
acheol esi sathi
nfilm ofmoist
urethatfaci
li
tat
esdissolut
ionofgases
-Eachtracheolemov esascl osertothecellsaspossiblet
omi ni
mizediffusi
ondistance,hence
fast
erexchangeofr espir
ator ygases
-Openingofspiracl
esissur r
oundedbyat uffofhair
st otr
apdustpart
iclesandmi croorganism
andpreventexcessi
v ewatert ossbyev aporat
ion

b)Explainthemechani sm ofopeningandcl osingofthestomat ausingphotosynthet

ictheory
Answer .
Duringt hedayt heguar dcellshav echloropl
astandt heycar r
youtphot osynthesisproduci
ng
sugar s
-Thesugar sincreaset heosmot icpressureofcellsapofguar dcel
ls
-Thecel lsdrawwat erfrom nei ghboringepidermal cellsbyosmosi s,t
her eisexpansionof
guar dcell
sandi ncreaseturgidity
-Theguar dcellsswel landbul geout wardscausingst omat atoopen
-Dur i
ngni ghttherei snolightandphot osynthesi
sst ops, sugarsmanuf acturedduringtheday
i
sconv ert
edt ost ar
chl oweringt heosmot i
cpressur einguar dcell
s
-Theguar dcellslosewat ertonei ghbor i
ngepidermal cel
lsbyosmosi sandbecomef l
acci
dand
shrinktowar dseachot herclovingt hestomat a

22.(a)Adicotyledonousstem offersupporttotheplant.Givethreenecessitiesforthissupport
Answer
.
_ Toexposetheleav
estosunl
ightforphotosynt
hesi
s;
_ Exposefl
owerstoagent
sofpoll
inati
on;
_ Exposefr
uit
sandseedstoagentsofdispersal(3mks)

(
b)Descr
ibet
headapt
ati
onoft
hest
em ofadi
cot
yledonouspl
antt
oit
sfunct
ion(
17mks)

Answer .Thest em hassev eralst r

engt heni ngt i
ssue; thatpr ovi
desuppor ti.
e.col l
enchymaand
schlerenchy ma;
Theset issue; arest r
engenedbyl i
gni n;
-Xyl
em t issue; madeupofxy lem v essel sandt r
achei ds.Thexy l
em tissueshav ethickenedwal l
sby
l
ignin;topr eventwal lsf r
om col lapsingdur ingtranspi rati
on;
-Xy l
em v esselsar enar rower; t
of acilit
at eupwar dmov ementofwat erbycapi l
lari
ty;
-Xyl
em v essel shav eboar denedpi ts;lateral mov ementofwat erandmi neral salt;
-Phloem t issuecont aincont ract i
l
ecy toplasmi cstrands; topushor ganicfoodsubst ancefrom one
sievetubet othenext ;
-Phloem t issuecont ainpl asmodesmat a;thatjoinscompani oncell
st osieveel ement s;al
lowingfor
passageofpr oteinandATPt obeusedi ntranslocationofsubst ances;
-Cambi um t issuef orsecondar ygr owt hwi thinthev ascul arbundles;
-Parenchy mat issue/ cell
sst oreswat erandf oodhencesuppor tt
hrought urgidly;
-Suberini nthest em pr eventsexcessl ossofwat erandent rytopathogens;
-Lenti
celst hatf acil
it
ategaseousexchange;
-Somest emshav eparenchy macel lswi thchl orophyll forphotosynthesis;
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23.
Descr
ibet
hedent
it
ionofcar
niv
orousmammal
sandt
hei
radapt
ati
ont
othemodeofFeedi
ng
Answer
.
_ Havesharppointedinci
sors;fort eari
ngandst ri
ppingfl
eshfrom bones
_ Havecaninesthatarelong/cur ved/poi nted; f
orpierci
ng,graspi
ngandhol di
ngtheprey;
_ Havegotthecar nassi
alt
eeth(upperf ourthpr emolarandlowerfir
stmolar)wit
hsmoot hsi
des;
sharpedgestoshearandsl i
cefleshf rom tendonsandcr ushthebones;.
_ Havepower f
uljawbonesf orpower fulmuscl eattached;Thi
spr event
sdisl
ocati
onofjawsfor
cutt
ingandshear i
ngoffl
esh;
_ Havesharpandcur vedcl
aws; forhol dingandgr aspingprey;(10mks)

(
b)Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erentf
ormsofchr
omosomal
mut
ati
on (
10mks)

Chr omosomal mut at

ionchangei nv ol
v esnumberorstructur
echromosomei .
e.
-Del et
ion;Par tofchromosomebr eakawayanddoesnotr ej
ointotheori
ginal chr omosome.
Leadst olossofsomegenes;
-Dupl i
cation;chr omosomer epli
cat eit
selfeit
herinwholeasapor t
ionofitsel
f.Thiscauses
extra
–homol ogouschr omosome;
-Inv er
sion; apartofchr omosomeget sdetached,rot
atesat1800 t
henrejoinstotheorigi
nal
chromosome;
-Nondi sjunct i
onchr omosomesi .e.polypl
oidy;
.
-Translocat i
on;Apar toft
hechr omosomedet at
chesitsel
ffrom onechromosomeand
attachest oanot hernon; t
hisisfailuretosegregatei
napai rofhomologouschr omosome
duringmei osis;leadingtosomecel l
shav ingextr
asetofchromosomeandot her
swi t
hout
chromosome; 11mks, max–10mks)

24.
(a)
Expl
aint
hecondi
ti
onsnecessar
yforger
minat
ioni
nseeds. (
12mar
ks)

Answer.i
)Wat er(moi st
ur e);
- Act ivatesgermi nat i
onenzy mes; /breaksseeddor mancy
- Pr ovidesmedi um f orenzymest oact ;
- Isamedi um fort ransport
ationofdi ssolvedf ood;
- Sof tensseedscoat ,whichbur stopent oallowemer genceofradi
cleandplumule;
- Hy droly si
soff ooddur i
ngger minat i
on;
i
i) Oxygen
Oxidationoff ooddur i
ngrespi r
ationt oprovideenergyforger
minati
on;
/cel
ldiv
isionandformati
onof
new
ti
ssues;
i
ii
)Opt imum t emper ature
- Sui tablef oractionofger mi nati
onenzy meswhi chhydroly
sestor
edfood;
0c
- Lowt emper aturebel ow0 i nactivatesgermi nat
ionenzymesslowi
ngdownger mi nat
ionr
ate;
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- Hi ght
emper
atur e400cdenat
eabov uresger
minat
ionenzy
messt
oppi
ngger
minat
ion;
i
v)Enzymes
- Br
eaksdownf
oodbyoxi
dat
ion

- Foodstoredar
eini
nsol
ubl
efor
m e.
g.car
bohy
drat
esf
atsandpr
otei
nsandhencemustbeact
eduponby
theenzymes;

Example
Starch amylase malt
osemaltase gl
ucose;
Li
pids li
pase fat
tyaci
dsandglycer
ol;
Protei
nspr
oteaseaminoaci
ds;

v
) Viabil
i
ty;
- Ref er
stopercentagechangethataseedwil
lgermi
nat
eandwhenplanted;
- Onlyseedswi t
hliveandhealt
hyembryoswi
llgermi
nat
eandgrow;
- Seedsstoredforal ongti
melosethei
rvi
abi
l
ity;
v
i)Hormones
- Thesestimulatecertai
nmetabol
icpat
hwaysintheger
minat
ionpr
ocess;

(
b)Descr
ibet
her
oleoft
hef
oll
owi
nghor
monesi
ngr
owt
handdev
elopmentofpl
ant
s.

i
) Auxi
ns (
4mar
ks)

answer
.-Promotescel ldi
visi
on/ cell
elongation/ i
nfluencetr
opi
cresponse;
- Pr omotefruitformation(parthonocar py)
;
- Promotesfor mat i
onofabsci ssionlayer/bringsabout;l
eaffal
l
;
- Promotescel ldiff
erenti
ationofv ascularti
ssue;
- Causesapical domi nance/ i
nhibit
sgr owthanddev el
opmentoflat
eral
duds;
- Promotesgr owt hofadv enti
ti
ousr ootsonst ems;
- IAAandcy tokininsinducesheal i
ngofwounds;

i
i
) Gi
bber
ell
i
ns (4mar
ks)

answer.-Pr
omot escelldi
vision/cel
lel
ongationindwar fplants;
- Par t
henocarpy/ i
nit
iatingfor
mationoffruit
swi t
houtf ert
il
izat
ion.
- For mationofsidebr anchesofstem /endapicaldomi nance;
- I nhi
bitgrowthofadv enti
ti
ousroots;
- Act i
vateshydrolyt
icenzy mesduringgerminati
on/ promot esgerminat
ionofseeds/
breaksseed
dormancy ;
-Aff
ectsleafexpansionandr etar
dsleafabscissi
on;
25a)whatismeantbythefollowingterms
i
) Excretion
Answer.-t
heseparat
ionandel
iminati
onofwastepr
oduct
sofmet
abol
i
sm f
rom t
hebody
; 1mk
i
i) Secret
ion
Answer.-t
herel
easeofuseful
substancesbyt
hebody; (
1mk)
i
ii
)Egest i
on
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Answer
-theremovalofi
ndi
gesti
bleandundigest
edsubstancesf
rom t
hebody;
(rej
ecti
ngest
ed)1mk
i
v)homeostasis
Answer
.-themaint
enanceofconstanti
nter
nalenvi
ronmentinanor
ganism; (1mk)

(
b)Expl
ainhowt
heosmot
icpr
essur
eint
hehumanbl
oodi
smai
ntai
nedatnor
mal
lev
el.(
12mar
ks)

Answer .animpulset othepituit

arygl
and; Thepitui
tarygl
andi sstimulatedt oproducemor eADH; Whichmake
kidneytubulesmor eper meabletowat er;
andmor ewaterisreabsor bedintothebloodloweri
ngt he
osmot icpressuretonor mal ;
whenosmot icpressureofbl ooddecreases;(osmoreceptorsin)hy pothalamusandpi t
uit
aryglandareless
stimulated;l
essADH i spr oduced;whichmaket hekidneyt ubuleslessper meabletowater;l
esswat eri
s
reabsorbedintoWhenosmot icpr
essur eofbloodincr
easesabov et henor mall
evel
;(osmoreceptorsin)
hypothalamusi ssti
mul atedtosentthebl oodraisi
ngtheosmot icpressuretonormal;

(
c)Descr
ibehowt
heoxy
geni
ntheal
veol
usr
eachest
her
edcel
l
s. (
4mar
ks)

Answer.I
nhal
edoxygendissol
vesint
hemoi stur
einthealv
eolus;t
heoxygenconcentr
ati
oninthebloodi
s
l
owerthantheal
veol
us;oxygendi
ffuses;
throughtheal
veolusepi
thel
i
um,capil
lar
ywallsi
ntotheredbl
ood
cel
l
;

26(a)Howarelungsadaptedtotheirfunction?
 Hasnumer ousalveol
i;t
hatprov idelargesur faceareaforeffi
cientgaseousexchange;
 Epitheli
all
ini
ngbet weenalveoliwal landbl oodcapi l
lari
esisthin;t
opr ovi
deashor terdi
ff
usion
distanceforeasygaseousexchange;
 Itishighlysuppli
edwi t
hbl oodcapi llar
ies;thattransportoxygenandcar bon(IV)oxidetoand
from thebodyt i
ssuesrespectively;
 Lungsar ecov er
edwi t
hpl euralmembr ane;whi chisgast ightthuschangesinpr essurewit
hin
thelungscanoccurwi thoutex t
er nalint
erference;
 Lungsi sspongy&hasnumer ousal veol
i;thataccumul atel
argev ol
umeofgases.

(
b)Descr
ibet
hemechani
sm ofopeni
ngandcl
osi
ngoft
hest
omat
ausi
ngt
hephot
osy
nthesi
stheor
y.

Answer
.Openi ng
 I ntheguar dcel l
st herear echloroplasts; whichcar ryoutphot osy nt
hesisinthepresenceofl i
ght;
 Dur ingt hedaygl ucosei spr oducedi nt heguar dcells;thisincr easesosmot icpressure;
compar edt ot henei ghbour i
ngepi dermal ;wat erisdr awnf rom t heepidermal cel
lcellsi
ntothe
guardcel lsbyosmosi s; t
heirturgidi
tyincr eases;
 Thei nnerwal l
sofguar dscel lsar ethi
ckert hant heot herwal l
; soouterwal l
sstretchmor ethan
theinnerwal lscausi ngguar dcel l
st obul geout war ds; causingst omatatoopen;
Closing
 Dur ingt heni ghtt her ei snol ight;nophot osy nthesist akespl acei ntheguar dcel l
s;Glucosein
theguar dcel l
si sconv ertedintost arch.Thi sl ower st heosmot icpressureoft heguar dcell
s
thant henei ghbour ingcel l
s;
 Wat erist hendr awnf rom t heguar dcel lsbyosmosi sintot heepi dermalcellsmaki ngthem to
bef l
accid
 Thi nnerout erwal lshrinkandt hecur vat ureoft hethickeri nnerwal lr
educes; t
hest omataclose;
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27.
(
a)Descr
ibet
hev
ari
ousmechani
sm off
rui
tandseeddi
sper
sal
.

Answer.Wat erdi spersal

 Suchseedsandf r
uit
sencl oseai rinthem t olowertheirdensi t
yforbuoyancy;
 Theyhav ef i
brous/ spongyt olowert hedensi tyforbuoy ancy;
 Hav ei mper meabl eseedcoatorepi carpt opr eventwaterf r
om enteri
ngduringfl
oatati
onsoas
toav oidr ot t
ing;
 Theseedscanr emai nviablewhi leinwat erandonl ygermi natewhil
eonasui tabl
emedium;
Winddi sper sal
 Theyar elight ;andsmal l;tobeeasi lycar ri
edbywi ndcur rentsduetolowerdensit
y;
 Hav edev elopedext ensionwhi chcr eat eal argersurfacear ea;soastobekeptaf loatinwind
currentse. g.Par achutelikestructures,Wi nglikesurface;
Animal disper sal
 Br ightlycol ouredt oat t
ractani mal s
 Fl eshyt oat t
ractani mals;
 Somehav ehookl i
kest r
uct ur
est oat t
achonani mal sfur
Sel
f-dispersal
 Theyhav eweakl i
nesont hefruitwal lalongwhi chtheybur stopent orel
easeseeds,whichget
scattered.Thi soccur swhent emper aturechangessuddenl y
.

(
b)Descr
ibet
hev
ari
ousev
ent
sthatoccuri
naf
loweraf
terf
ert
il
izat
ion.

 I
nnerandout eri nt
egument sdevelopsintotheseedtesta.
 Theovarywal lformsf r
uitwall
 Theovuledev elopsintoseed( s)
 Thecoroll
adr i
esandwi thersaway.
 Thecalyxmayper si
stordr i
esandwi t
heraway
 Sti
gmaandst yleshriv
els,dri
esandwi theraway.
 Theandroecium ( malepar t
)shri
velsdri
esandwi ther
saway .
 Tri
ploi
dnuclei developintoprimaryendosperm oftheseed.
 Thezygotefor meddev elopsintoembry o.

28(a)ExplaintheadaptationsofKidneytubulestotheirfunction (
10mks)

Answer.Longandl i
ghtlyboil
edt oi
ncr easethesur faceareaforabsorpti
on.
Thetubuleli
ninghasmonol it
htoincreasei t
ssur facearea
Ri
leysuppli
edwi t
habl oodcapil
lari
esf oreffi
cienttransportandreabsor
pt i
on.
hi
ghlycoil
eddistalandproxi
malcanheat ed tubulesslowdownmov ementoff il
tr
ationtoal
l
ow
moret i
meforr eabsorpt
ion.
Theloopofhencehasacount ercurrentflowsy stem ofthebloodandgl omer ul
arfi
lt
ratesoasto
maintai
nsteepconcent r
ati
ongradientf orthediff
usionofr eabsorpt
edpr oducts

(
b)Descr
ibet
her
oleofpi
tui
tar
ygl
andi
nfemal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem.(
10mks)
PSH–whi
chst
imul
atest
hedev
elopmentofgr
awf
ianf
oll
i
de;
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ls,
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st
imul
atesthecorpusintermtosecretprogester
one;
LH-St
imulat
esmat ur
ationofgrat
infol
li
cleandov ul
ati
on
- stimulat
esthecorpusinter
mt osecretprogester
one;
- Oxy gen–stimulat
estheconstructi
onoft he wherewall
tobr
ingaboutpar
tur
ati
on
- stimulat
esproducti
onofmel tofthemammar ygland(
meltl
etdown)

29 (a)Discusstheeconomicimportanceoffungi (
10mks)

 Somef
ungi
areusedasf
oode.
gmushr
ooms

 Somefungiareusedf orfermentati
oninbaki ngandbr ewi ngi ndustri
es
 Somefungiareusedi npr oducti
onofor ganicaci
dsl i
keci tri
caci d;
 Someareusedinproduct ionofantibi
oti
cs; e.
gpenicil
lium; forpr oducti
onofpenici
ll
in.
 Sapr
ophyt
icfungidecomposedeadanddecay i
ngor ganicmat t
er;rel
easi
ngnutri
entst othesoi
l
;
 Somefungiareusedinsci enti
fi
cresearche. gNeurospor acr assai susedingeneti
cr esear
ch;
 Somefungicauseshumandi seasessuchasr i
ngwor m, candi di
asis;
 Somecauseplantdiseasesl i
kecoffeeber r
ydisease,latebl i
ght
 Somecausefoodspoi lage
 Somecausefoodpoi soninge. gAspergill
usnigerwhichpr oducesaf lat
oxi
ne

(
b)Descr
ibet
hephot
osy
nthesi
stheor
yoft
heopeni
ngofst
omat
ainpl
ant
s(10mks)

Answer.Theguar dcell
shav echl
oroplasts;
wherephotosynthesi
stakesplace;dur
ingtheday
sugari
spr oduced;
whichisosmot i
call
yacti
v e;t
hisi
ncreasesosmot i
cpressureofguardcel
ls;thusdrawingwater
moleculesfrom nei
ghbour i
ngepi
dermal cel
ls;byosmosis;andbecameturgid;Theouterthi
nner
wall
sstretchmor ethaninnerwal
ls;causingtheguardcell
stobulgeoutwards;openingthe
stomata;
30.Expl
ainhowmammal
i
anbodymai
ntai
nsconst
antwat
erbal
ancedur
ingosmor
egul
ati
on
(
20mks)

Answer
.Dehy drati
on;leadstol owwat erleveli
nthebody ;l
eadstohi ghosmot i
cpressureofthebodyflui
ds;
thehy pothalamusdet ect sthi
s;sendsimpulsestothepitui
tarygland;t
or el
easeantidi
uret
ic
hormone/ v
asopressini ntoblood;ADH sti
mul at
esnephront ubul
es; t
obemor epermeabletowater
mol ecules;t
hismakesmor ewat ertobereabsorbedfrom glomerularfi
l
trat
e;tothebloodstr
eam;hence
lessamountofur iner eleased;

Butduri
nglargeint
akeofwat erincr
easesthel
evelofwateri
nthebody;t
hisl
ower
sosmoticpr
essur
e
ofbodyfl
uids;l
eadingt
ol essstimulat
ionofpi
tui
tar
yglandbyhypothal
amusthepi
tut
orygl
andisl
ess
st
imulat
edt oproducelessantidiur
eti
chormones;

Thenephr
ontubul
esbecomel essper
meabl
etowat
er;
lesswat
eri
sreabsor
bedf
rom gl
omer
ularf
il
tr
ate;
andmoreuri
neisproduced;

31(a)Describetheprocessoffertilizationinafloweringplant. (
15mks)
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Answer .Pollengrainsasti
ckinthesti
gamasur face;thatsurf
aceofst i
gmapr oducesachemi calsubstance;
which
stimul at
est hepoll
engraintoproduceapol l
ent ube/germinat e.Thepollentubegrowsdown(i ntothe
ti
ssueoft hesy l
e)fr
om whereitderi
vesnut r
ient
;thegener ati
v enucleusdividestogi
v eri
setot womal e
nucl eiandt heembryosaccontainseightnuclei
,2sy negads, ovum t wopolarnucl
ei,
threeanti
podal cel
s,
whenpol lentubereachesthemi cr
opilethevegetati
venucl eus/ poll
entubenucleusinthepoll
ent ube
disintegratesandmakenucl eusfuseswiththeeggcel landf or mt hezygote.

Theot
hermal
enucleusf
usswit
hthetwopol
arnucei
tof
orm at
ri
podnucl
eus.
Thepr
ocessi
nvol
vesdoubl
efer
ti
li
zat
ion.

(b)St
atethechangest hattakeplaceinafl
owerafterfer
ti
li
zati
on.
Answer.I
nt ergumentchangesi ntoseedcoat/
testa
Zy
got eintoembr y o
Ovar ywal l
intoper i
carp
Ovar yintofruit
Ovulei ntosedd
Tr
ibloidnucleuesi ntoendosperm
St
yledr i
esup/ fal
lofleavingascar
/corol
ladri
esup( f
all
soff
)st
amendr
yup
(r ejdegerationdisi
nergrates)

32(a)Discusseyeaccommodation. (
10mks)
Answer
.Accommodat i
onistheabil
i
tyoftheey etofocusbothfarandnearobjects;
Foraccommodat i
onofadistantobj
ectciwayMuscl esreal
x;cr
eat i
ngatensiononsuspensor
y
li
gametns/suspensoryl
igmentscontr
act;thelensbecomef l
attenedot
rlessconveys;
minimi
zingt
he
ref
ract
ivepoweroflens;
bri
ngingli
ghtraysfrom afarobj
ecttofocusont heret
ina;

Foraaccommodat i
onofaneatobj ectal
ianymusclescontr
act
srel
axi
ngl
esiononsuspensory
l
igametns/
sensoryl
igamentssphericali
nshape;thi
sincr
easether
efr
act
ivepowerofl
ens;thatbr
ings
l
ightr
aysfrom anearobj
ecttofocusont heret
ina;

(b)Di
scusst heprocessofhear i
nginman. (
10mks)
Answer.funnelshapedpi nnacoll
ectssoundwav es;anddirectsthem totheaudi t
or ymeatus/eardr um;
Eardrum vibrat
esandt ransformssoundwav eintov i
brati
ons;thevibrat
ionscor etr
ansmi ttedtotheear
ossicl
iswher et
heyar eamplifiedandt r
ansmittedtotheor alwindow.Vibrationsfr
ontehor alwindo.
Vibrati
onsfrom theoralwindowcr eatespressurewav esont heflui
d/perlymphi ncochlea; movement
offlui
dincochleacausessensor yhairstobest i
mulated/ t
orched;generati
ngani mpul se;theimpulse
i
st r
ansmi t
tedtot hebrai
nsv iaaudit
orynerveforinterpret
ationonpi t
ch.intensi
tyanddi recti
onof
sound;

33.Describethestructureandfunctionofvariouspartsoftheskin (
20mks)

a)Epi
dermishast hreelay
er s
i
) Corni
fiedlayer;
Madeofdeadcel l
sthatprot
ectsagai
nstdesi
ccat
ion/mechanicaldamages;
i
i) Granularlay
er;madeofl i
vi
ngcell
sthatr
eplacewornoutcell
sofcorni
fi
edlayer;
i
ii
) Malpighianlay
er;whichacti
vel
ydivi
detogiveri
setonewepider
mal cel
ls
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- Hasmel
ani
nwhi
chscr
eensagai
nstUVl
i
ght
;cel
l
spr
oduci
ngmel
ani
nsy
nthesi
sev
itami
nD

b)Der
mi scell
s
(i
) Hasbl oodcapi l
l
ariesthatsuppl yf ood/ andoxy gen/removeexcr etorypr oducts;orar teri
esthat
vasolidatewhent emper aturesar elow
(i
i
) Hassweatgl ands; thatproducesweatwhi chconsi stsofwaterandsal ts/sodium chl ori
de/urea
andl acti
caci d;assweatev aporates,latentheatofv apori
zationist akenawayf rom t hebody
thereforereducingt hebodyt emper at
ur es; undercoldconditi
ons, l
ittlesweatispr oducedhence
li
ttl
elatentheatofv aporizat i
onist akenawayf rom thebodyt herefor econservingheat ;
(i
i
i) Hashai rfoll
icleswhi chhav ehair;whichi nsulat
est hebodyagai nstheatl oss/hai rstanderectto
trapairwhent hetemper at ureislow; hai rli
ef l
attoal l
owheatl osswhent emper atureishigh;
throught hi
st heski nactsasat emper atur eregulator.
(i
v) Ner veendings; whichar esensi ti
vet ov ariousst i
mul i
;theskintheref oreactsasasensor yorgan.
(v
) Sebaceousgl and; whichpr oduceoi lysubst ancesebum whi chi swat errepell
ant /antisepti
c;
preventsdr y
ingandcr ackingoft heski n.
(v
i) Subcut aneousf at;whichi nsulatest hebodyagai nstheatl
oss.

34.
(
a)Dur
ingav
oti
ngexer
ciset
ensi
onwashi
ghoneoft
heaspi
rant
swasf
uri
ousandwant
edt
o
faceaveryaggr
essi
veopponent
.Expl
aint
hephy
siol
ogi
cal
changest
hatoccuri
nhi
sbodyt
opr
epar
e
himforthefi
ght
. (
14mks)

Answer .Adr enal glandssecr etadrenali

neintobloodst r
eam; car
diacfr
equency/heartbeati
ncr eases;whi
le
arteri
olesleadi ngt oskeletalmusclesdi l
ate;causingmor ebl
oodt obedirect
edtothet i
ssues;toconv eymore
ox ygen;andgl ucose; andal soremov ecarbon( iv
)oxideandot hermetaboli
cwastes; l
iv
erconv ertgly
cogento
glucose; met abolicrate/r
espi r
ati
oni nskelet
al musclesincr
ease;tosupplyener
gy;inter
costalsmusclesand
diaphragm cont r
actandr el
ax; f
asterincr
easingdept hofbreathi
ng;tosupplymoreoxy gen;andr emoveexcess
carbon( iv)oxidef rom thelungs

b) (
( i)I
dentif
yeachofthefol
l
owingr
esponsesdescri
bedbelow.
(a)Apersoncoughswheneveraf
orei
gnbodyirr
it
atestherespi
rat
orytr
act
Answer.Refl
exact
ion; (
1mk)
(
b)Whenev erabel
lisrung,
adogispr
esentedwi
thameal .Aft
erseveral
daysof

pr
act
ice,
thedogsal
i
vat
esoncet
hebel
li
srungev
eni
ffoodi
snotav
ail
abl
e

Answer
.Condi
ti
onedr
efl
ex; (
1mk)

(
ii
)St
atet
hedi
ff
erencebet
weent
het
wor
esponsesi
dent
if
iedi
n(b)abov
e(4mks)

REFLEXACTI
ON CONDI TI
ONEDREFLEX
Si
nglest
imul
usbr
ingaboutr
esponse Ori
ginalst
imul
usassociatedwi
thanew
st
imulustobri
ngresponse
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I
ndependentofexper
iences Requi
resexper
ience

Sensor
ycomponentr
emai
nst
hesame Pri
mar ysensor
ycomponentr
epl
acedby
secondarycomponent

Ref
lexsi
mpl
e Ref
lexmodi
fi
ed

35.
a)Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weenHomol
ogousandAnal
ogousst
ruct
ures. (
4mks)
Answer
.-Homol ogousst ructures;
Str
uctur
esofsameembr y
onicori
gin;t
hatbecomemodi fi
edint
hecour
seofevol
uti
onto
perf
orm dif
ferentfunctionsindiff
erentecologi
cal ni
ches;
-Analogousst r
uctures;
Str
uctur
esofdi ffer
entembr y
onicorigi
n;thatbecomemodi fi
edint
hecour
seofevol
uti
on
toperf
orm similarfunctionsinthesameecol ogicalni
ches;

b)Descr
ibehownat
ural
sel
ect
ionbr
ingsaboutadapt
ati
onofaspeci
est
oit
senv
ironment
(16marks)

 Organi smsi nthesameenv ironmentar eal wayscompet ingf orresour cessuchas

food,mat es,shel teret c;
 Theref ollowst r uggl ef orexi stenceandt hoseor ganism t hatarewel l
/bestadapt edtosur vi
ve
andbr eedi nt hepr ev aili
ngenv i
ronment al conditi
onsur v i
vet other eproduct i
vemat uri
tyand
giveriset oof fspr i
ngoft henextgener ation;
 Thel ess/ poor l
yadapt eddi ey ounghencel eadingt osur vivalforthef i
ttest;
 Thef av our ablechar acteristicpossessedbyt hefitt
estor ganism ar egenet ichencear epassed
ont ot heof fspring;
 Thisleadt oanat uraloccur renceofv ariationwi t
hinaspeci es;
 Thev ar iationst hatar egenet icarepassedon/ tr
ansmi ttedt osuccessi vegener ationsof
offspring;
 Consequent l
yther eisagr adual changei nt hechar acteristi
csoft hespeci esmaki ngi tbet
ter
adapt edt oi tsenv i
ronment ;
 Accumul ationofsmal lvar i
at i
onov eral ongper iodoft imel eadt ot heemer genceofnewf orms
oflif
ei .e.speci es;
 Ifsuitedt oandwel l adapt edt othenewenv i
ronmentt hesenewf ormr eproducesuccessf ull
y
andpassont hei rchar act eristics;
 Ifnotsui tedt hesenewf or m ar eeli
minat ed bynat ur
e, leavingmut antformswhi char ebett
er
adapt edt ot heenv ironment ;
 Throught hispr ocessnat ur esel ectsthoseor ganism wi thbet t
eradapt ations;
 Whi l
eensur ingt heel i
mi nat ionoft hosenotabl et oadaptt ot hechangi ngenv ir
onment;
 Thust hechangi ngenv ironmentf or
cesanor ganism / speciest oadapt /beel i
mi nated;
36.Describetheroleofhormonesinthehumanmenstrualcycle (
20mks)

 Ant
eri
orl
obeofpi
tut
arygl
andsecr
etesf
oll
i
clest
imul
ati
nghor
mone;
FSH
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causesGr aafi
anf ol
li
cletodev el
opi nt heov ar
y ;andal sost imulatesov ari
an
ti
ssuest osecreteoest rogren; oestrogencauset herepairofut erine
wal l;
oestrogenalsost imulat esant eri
orl obeofpi tuaryglandt osecr ete
l
ut einizi
nghor mone; LHcauseov ulational socausesgr aaf i
anf oll
icleto
changei ntocorpusi nteum LHst imul atescor pusl it
eum t osecr et
e
progest eronewhi chcausespr oli
ferationofut erine;wallinpr eparationfor
i
mpl antati
on;progesteronei nhibitthepr oductionofFSH; thusnomor e
folli
clesdev el
opandoest rogenpr oduct i
ondr ops/ reduces;
 Int henextt woweekspr ogest eronel evelr ises;andi nhibitsproduct ionofLH;
from t hepitui
tar
ygl and;corpusl uteum st opssecr eti
ngpr ogesteroneand
menst ruati
onoccur s;whent helev elofpr ogest eronedr ops; anteriorlobeof
pituitaryglandstartssecreti
ngFSHagai n;andcy clerepeat s;

37.Givingexamplesgiveanaccountoftheevidenceoforganicevolution.
Answer
.-COMPARATI VES-ANATOMY
Compar isonsofst r
uct ureofdi ff
erentorgani smsshowr esembl ancesi nstructure;andf uncti
ons; e.g.
digestivesy stems; homol ogousst ructure;li
kepent adacty l
li
mb; i
nvertebratesar esimi l
arbutper for
m
diff
erentf unctions, showi ngcommonancest ry;analogousst ruct ur
e;aremor phologicall
ydiff
er entbut
perform si mi l
arf unct ions; showingconv ergentinev ol
ution.
-Compar at i
veembr y ology
Embr yosofv erterbrat eshav egreatsimilarit
yshowi ngcommonancest ry;e.g.thelongt hinandot her
bodysy stem;
-Cellbiology ;compar ativeser ol
ogy
Cellsfrom di f
fer entor gani sm havesi milari
tyinst r
ucture;andf unctioning;closelyrelatedanimal shave
similarpl asmapr oteins; suggest i
ngcommonor igi
n.
-Geogr aphi cal distr
ibut ion
Organism or iginatedf rom acommondi spersalcent er
;whent hecont inentswer ej
oint ,
conti
nent aldri
ft
occur r
edi solatingtheor ganismsbr ingdi f
ferentpat t
ernsofev oluti
onduet oadapt atione.g.thegala
pagesf i
nches.
-Taxonomy
Classificat i
onandev ol utionrelati
onshipgr eatsimi l
ari
tyi norgani sm ofthesamear eae. gphylum
havingl ess, commonf eatureswhi l
especi eshav et hehighest .

Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowst
heski
nst
ruct
ure.Usei
ftoanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ows:

Z
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(
a)Namet
hepar
tlabel
ed

V–Capi
l
lar
yloap

W-paci
nianCor
puscl
e(sensi
ti
vet
opr
essur
e)

X-
vei
n

Y-
Art
ery

Z-
epi
der
mis

(b)Di
scusst hefunct i
onsoft hef ol
lowingpart
softheskin.
(i
)Themal pighi anlayer (3mks)
Answer.Giver i
set ot henewepi der
mi s,hasmelani
nthatgi
vecol
ort
otheski
n,gi
vepr
otecti
onagai
nst
harmfulult
raviol
etr ay sfrom thesun,
(i
i)Granularl ayer (
1mk)
Answer.Itgivesriset ot hecornfiel
dlayer

(
ii
i)Cor
nif
iedl
ayer (
1mk)
ss

38.
Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erentev
idencesofev
olut
ion 20mar
ks

Answer.Comparat
iveanat
omy/t axonomy;
Member sofaphyl
um /groupshowsi mil
ari
ties;organi
smshav est
ruct
ures/or
gansperf
ormingt
he
samefunct
ion;e.g.di
gest
ivesystem ;nervoussystem samefunct
ionet
c(anycor
rectexampl
e
1mk)

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ls,
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Thepent
act
ylli
mb/anycorr
ectexample;t
hesearecall
edhomol ogousor
gans/st r
uctur
es;
hologous
(sameori
ginbuthavedi
ff
erentf
uncti
on;Analogousstructur
es/diff
erentstr
uctur
esperf
orming
thesamefunct
ione.
g.wi
ngsofinsect
s,batandbir
ds;Analogous–diff
erentor
igi
nbutperf
orming
samefuncti
on;

Fossi
lrecords/Paleont
ology;remainsoforgani
smspr eser
vedinnat
ural
l
yoccurr
ingmater
ial
sfor
manyy ear
s;show morphologi
calchangesoforgani
smsov eral
ongperiodoft
ime;e.
g.skul
lof
man(legofhorse)

Comperat
ive embr
yol
ogy
;embryos of ver
tebr
ates hav
e si
mil
ar mor
phol
ogy
;suggest
ing t
he
organi
smshaveacommonor
igin/ancest
ry;

Geographicaldistr
ibuti
on;conti
nentspresentaret houghttohav
ebeenal argelandmass;joi
ned
together;asar esultofcont
inent
aldif
t;esolat
ion;occurr
edbr
ingi
ngaboutdi
ff
erentpatt
ernsof
evoluti
on;e.g.glamasi ntheamaxonsr esemblet hecamel/anyothercorr
ectexamplee. g.
kangarooi nAustral
i
aJaguarinS.Ameica;camel inAfr
ica;

Comparat
iveserol
ogy/physi
ology;ant
igen– anti
bodyreacti
ons/RH f actor
/bl
oodgroups/
haemoglobi
nst r
uct
urer
evealsomephy l
ogenet
icrel
ati
onshi
p among organi
sms /common
ancest
ry.

39.
Descr
ibet
headapt
ati
onsoft
hei
l
eum t
oit
sfunct
ion 20mar
ks

Answer
.
- Has secr etorygl ands /cr ypts ofl ieberkuln whi ch secretes enzy mes ( mal t
ase /sucr ose /
pept idase/l ipaset ocompl etedigest i
onofl i
pids/sugar/pr oteins.
- Gobl etcellssecr et emucusal l
owsf orsmoot hmov ementoff ood/pr otectwal lofil
eum f r
om
act i
onofdi gest i
veenzy mes
- Ver yl ongt opr ovi
del argesur facear eaforabsor ption
- Highl yf ol
ded/coi ledt oslowmov ementoff oodt oal lowmor et i
mef ordi gesti
on/absor pti
on/
i
ncr easesur facear eaforabsor pti
on.
- Hasnumer ousv i
l
liwhi chincr easesur f
acear eaf orabsor pti
on/mi crovil
luswhi chfurt
heri ncrease
sur facear eaf orabsor pt i
on.
- Il
eum wal l/v il
lihav et hi
nepi thel
ium whi chi sonl yonecel lthi
ckt or educedi stanceov erwhi ch
digest edf oodhast odiffuse.
- Vill
iar ehighlyv asculised/hav ear i
chnetwor kofbl oodcapi l
lariesforrapidt r
ansportfrom smal l
i
nt est i
nes/mai ntainast eepconcent r
ationgr adient.
- Vill
i hav elactealsf orabsor ptionoff att
yaci dsandgl ycerol
- Cel l
sofi l
eum wal lhav eal argecountofmi tochondr iator el
easeener gyt hataidinactiv
et ransport
acr osst heepi thelium. Max20mks

41.
a)Expl
ainhowt
het
racheal
syst
em i
nar
thr
opodsi
sadapt
edf
orgaseousexchange
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(
10mks)
Answer .
-Hav eamuscul arvalvethatcont rolsopeingandcl osingofspiraclestoal l
owent ryofai rand
preventsexcessi velossofwat erfrom thebodyt i
ssuesbyev aporati
on
-Hasspi ralbandsofchi tint okeepi topent omaintainit
sshape, preventitfrom collapsing
henceper mitti
nggaseousexchange
-Tracheoleslackspi ralbandsofchi ti
nsoast opermitmor egaseousexchanget hrought hem
aschitinwoul dhav ehinder edgaseousexchange
-Attheendoft het r
acheol esi sathinfilm ofmoist
uret hatfacil
i
tatesdissoluti
onofgases
-Eacht racheolemov esascl osertot hecellsaspossibletomi nimizediffusi
ondi stance, hence
fast
erexchangeofr espir
ator ygases
-Openi ngofspiraclesissur r
oundedbyat uffofhairstotrapdustpar ti
clesandmi croorganism
andpr eventexcessiv ewat ertossbyev aporat
ion
(
b)Whatar
ethepossi
blecausesofi
ncompl
etef
ossi
lrecor
ds? (
10mar
ks)

-
Whol eorgani
smsort heirpartshav edecomposed.
-
Bodypar tsmayhav ebeenscav engedupon.
-
Poorenv i
ronmentalconditi
onsdi dnotsuchtheirfossil
ization.
-
Fossilsmighthav
ebeendest roy edbygeologicalacti
v i
ti
essuchasear thquakes,
f
aultyandmassmov ement .
-
Distort
ionordest
ructi
onbypar tsofanor ganism duringf ossil
i
zat
ion/ sedi
ment
ati
on
whichmaygi vewrongimpr essionoft hestr
uctures.
-
Thebodymaybet oosof tforfer ti
li
zat
ion.
-
theprobabil
it
yoffossil
izati
oni ngener al
lyl
ow.

42.Descr
ibet
hemet
hodsbywhi
chpl
ant
sgetr
idoft
hei
rwast
epr
oduct
s. (
20mar
ks)

Diff
usion;
Gaseouswast eproductssuchascar bon(
IV)oxi
de;oxy
genandwat
erv
apour
;di
ff
uset
hrough
thestomata/cuti
cle/
lenti
cel
s;i
ntotheenvi
ronment;
Transpir
ati
on;
Excesswaterv apour
; i
sexcr
etedthrought
ranspi
rat
ion;

Deposit
ion;
Somet oxicwast essuchasal kaloidsandnitr
ogenouscompoundse. g.nicoti
nic, caf
feine,
quini
ne,cocai neandglycosi
des/ sugarcompoundssuchascol chi
cines( anytwoexamples);
areconvertedi nt
onon-tonicinsolubleforms;anddeposi
tedincert
aint i
ssuesoftheplantor
agingstr
uct ures;Thosedeposi t
edi nagingstr
uctur
esarelostwhent hesestruct
uresdieor
dropduringl eaffal
lorf
ruitf
all;

Exudati
on;
Resins,
tanni
ns,gumslat
ex,r
ubber
,oi
l
s,muci
l
ageandoxal
atesar
erel
easedi
nfl
uidf
orm ata
sl
owr ate/
exudedthr
oughthebar
kathest
em,por
esoffr
uit
;

Gut
tat
ion;
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ls,
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Incondi
ti
onsofhighhumidi
ty;someplant
spart
icularhydr
ophyt
es;
excreteexcesswat
er;
t
hroughspeci
ali
zedti
ssuecal
ledhydat
hodes;waterissecr
etedi
nform ofdropl
ets;

Recycli
ng
Substancessuchascar
bon(IV)oxi
deandmetabol
icwaterf
rom respi
rat
ionar
eusedi
n
photosynthesi
s;whi
l
eoxygenfr
om phot
osy
nthesi
sisusedinrespir
ati
on;

43.
Expl
ainf
ivemi
l
est
onesi
ntheev
olut
ionofmant
hathav
emadehi
mthemost
domi
nantspeci
esonear
th. (
10mar
ks)

-Manhasal argerbraingivi
nghim mov eint
ell
ectualcapaci
tyandthishasenabledhi
m
toexploittheenv i
ronmentf ull
y.
-Abili
tytospeak/ uselanguaget ocommuni cateclearl
ywithhi
sf el
lowmen.
-Bipedallocomot ion,upri
ghtposturethatfr
eesthehandsandr isesthem t
omani pul
ate
theenv i
ronmentandcar ryobject
s.
-Apr ehensile/gr
aspinghandt hatenableshimtohandl ethi
ngswi t
hahighdegreeof
preci
sion.
-Forwardf acingey eswhichgiveshim athreedimensionalvi
ewf orthe purposeof
j
udgingdi stancesandhav ewiderangl
eofv iew.

Descr
b) ibehowMesophypl
anti
sadapt
edt
oit
shabi
tat
s: (
10mks)

Answer.
-Treesmaygr owv erytalli
nf orestsecosy stem duet ocompet it
ionforlightasv egetati
onis
verydense
-Somepl ant sar ecl imberswhi chsuppor tthemselvesonl argetreeinanat t
emptt oreachlight
-Somepl ant sar eepi phytesgr owingont reebranchest or eachlight
-Someunder growt hplantshav enumer ouschl oroplast swhi char esensitiv
et olowlight
i
ntensit
yt oenabl et hem carryoutphot osy nthesisinlowl ighti
ntensity
-Manypl antshav el eafmosai cthatmi nimi seov er
lappi ngandov er
shadowi ngandi ncrease
exposureofl eav est olight
-thoseinar easwi t
hadequat ewat ersuppl ypossesbr oadl eaveswi ththincuticl
eandmany
stomataonbot hsidesoft hel eaftoincr easet r
anspi ration
-Thoseindr yerareashav ef ewerst omat aw3hi char emai nlyl
ocat edont helowersur faceto
reducetranspi rat
ion.
-Somewhi chl eav ei nwetar eashav eshal lowrootst oabsor blesswat er
-Largetalltreeshav edev elopedbut ressr ootsorpr opr oot sforext r
asuppor t.
-Thoseindr yerareashav edeepr ootst oabsor bwat erf rom wat ertabl
e
-Somehav ewaxyandgl ossysur f
acet or ef l
ectli
ghtt or educeabsor pt
ionofl i
ghthence
Nove
ls,
Upda
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com
r
educet
ranspi
rat
ional
sot
odr
ipof
frai
nwat
er.

44.
Descr
ibehowwat
ermov
esf
rom soi
ltot
hel
eav
es (
20mks)

Answer,Thecel
lsapofther
oothaircelli
shighlyconcentrat
edduetot
hepresenceoft
hefoodcomponentoft
he
pl
antrootsuchasstar
ch.Waterandmi neralsalt
sinthesoilisi
ndi
l
utefor
m andther
efor
ehaslower
concent
rati
onascomparedtothecellsapoft heroothai
rs.
Wateranddi ssol
vedmi neralsal
tstherefor emov esf rom hy potonicsolutioni nt hesoil i
ntothecel lsapoft heroot
hai
rswhi chishypertonicbyosmosi s.Thi spr ocessmakest hecont entoft her oothai rcellsaptof orm ami xt
ure
ofdil
utedmol ecul
eofl owconcent r
at i
oncompar edtot hatofthepi l
if
erousl ayeroft her oot.Wat eranddi ssolv
ed
mineralsal
tsmov ef rom thecellsapoft her oothai rsbyosmosi sintothepi li
ferouslay erwhi chisofhigher
concentrat
ion.Mov ementofwat eranddi ssolvedmi ner alsalt
si ntothepi l
iferousl ayerthenmakesi toflower
concentrat
edcompar edt otheadjacentcor t
excel lconcent rat
ion.Wat ermov esbyosmosi si nt
ot hecortexcell
s
byosmosi sfrom t
hepi lif
erouslayerwhi chi soflowerconcent rat i
on.Thismakescor t excellsbecomehy potonic
bydil
utingthecellcontentcompar edt ot headj acentendoder mi s.Dissolvemi neralsaltsandwat ermolecules
fr
om thecor t
exintot heendoder miscel l
sbyosmosi s.Theendoder miscell sapbecomesl essconcent rateddue
todil
uti
onwi t
hwat ermol eculescompar edt otheadj acentper icyclecellsap.Asmor ewat erenterstheper i
cycle
i
tscontentbecomel owlyconcent r
at edcompar edt otheadj acentxy lem vessel s.
Thisleadstomovementofwat erbyosmosi si
ntothexy l
em vessel
s.Throught hexy
lem,wateri
sconduct
edup
byvari
ousmechanism oft
ranspirat
ionsuchasrootpressure,
capill
ary,
adhesiveandcohesi
vefor
cesand
tr
anspir
ati
onpul
l.Thiswatertheoccupiesthespongymesophy lcell
softheleaf.

45.
Di
scusst
headapt
ati
onsoft
hehumaney
etoi
tsf
unct
ions (
20mks)

Answer.-
Thescl er
ot i
clay erwhichcont ainst oughconnect i
vetissuefi
breswhi chhel
psittosupport
andpr otectt heot herpartsoft heey ebal l
.
-Thechor oidswhi chcontainmanybl oodcapill
ari
eswhi chsupplyoxy genandnutr
ientsofthe
reti
naandr emov esmet abolicwast esf r
om ey e.
-I
tshighlypi gment ed,
topr eventr eflecti
onofl i
ghtwi t
hintheposteri
orchamberoft heeyeball
.
-Theret i
nawhi chcont ai
nsphot orecept orcell
scalledconesandr ods.Itissai
dtobet heli
ght
sensit
iv epar toftheey e.Conesar eadapt edforli
ghtandcol ourvisi
onwhi l
erodsareadapted
fordiml ightv i
sion.
-Thevitreoushumour -
Whi chisundert urgorpressure.I
thelpstomai ntaint
heshapeoft he
posteriorchamberoft heey ebal l.Italsoplaysani mportantparti
nther efr
act
ionofli
ghtrays

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ls,
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l.
com
enabl i
ngt hem tobef ocusedont her et
ina.
-Thecor nea, t
ransparentandcur v edwhi chhel pstopl ayani mpor t
antroleinfocusingoft he
i
mageont hereti
na.Itaccount sf orthel argestrefractionoflightrays.
-Theaqueoushumour–Cont ainsoxy genandnut rients,whichnour i
shthecor neaandt hel ens.
Itisunderpr essurethushel pingt omai ntaintheshapeoft heant eri
orchamber soft heey e.I t
alsopl ay sapar tintherefractionofl i
ghtr aysenabl i
ngt hem tobef ocusedont hereti
na.
-TheI ri
si sheav i
lypigment ,topr ev ententryofl i
ghti ntotheey eexceptthroughi t
scent ral
aper t
ur ecal l
edthepupi l
.Itcont ainsci rcularandr adial muscleswhichconst r
ictordilatet he
pupi ldependi ngont heintensityofl i
ght.
-TheI ensi selastic,
thereforeal l
owschangesi nit
sshapedependi ngont hetensionexer ted
throught hesuspensor yli
gament s.Thisenabl esitt obr i
nglightrayscomi ngfrom eithernear
orf arobj ectsintosharpfocusont heforea.

-Theci l
iary’sbodyCont ainst heci li
arymuscl eswhosecont racti
onandr elaxat
ionalter
sthe
tensi onexer tedont hesuspensor yligaments.
-Thi sint urnal ter stheshapeoft hel ensenabl ingi ttofocusf orbot hnearanddi stantobj
ects.
-Theey elidswhi char emov abl eandopaquest ructurescanbecl osedt hroughar efl
exacti
onto
pr otectt heey ef rom t oomuchl ightorf r
om f orei gnobjects.
-Theey emuscl eshel pt omov et heey eballwithi ntheor bit
.Thel ateral
r ect usmuscl esmov et heey eupanddownwhol etheobl i
que
muscl es, mov et heey ebal li
ni tsupanddownmov ement .
-Thel achrymal glandwhi chcont inuouslysecr etesawat ery,sali
neand
ant isepticf l
uidcal ledt ear s.Thet earsmoi stent hecorneaandwash
for eignpar ticlesoutoft heey e.
-Theey elashes, whi char emanyhai rs,pr
otectt heey efrom theent ry
ofsmal l f
orei gnpar t
icles.
-Theey ebr owsr aisedpor tionoft heskinabov et heey e,thi
cklycov ered
wi thhai r,whosef unct ionsar et opr eventsweatanddustf rom enter i
ngtheey e.

46.a)Describehowtheheartbeatiscontrolledandmaintained (
10mar
ks)

Answer .Thesinoautri
al nodei nit
iat
esandmai nt
ainstheheart
beat;bygener ati
ngawav eofel
ectri
calsignals
thatspreadsthroughbot hat r
ia;makingt hem contr
actsimult
aneously;t
hesi gnalt
henspr eadstotheaut ri
a-
ventri
cularnode(AVN); duringwhi chtheat r
iaemptyintotheventr
icl
es;thesignalsspreadstothepurkinje
fi
bres;thenconductsignalst ot heapexoft heheart;
andt hr
oughthev entr
icularwall
s;thesesi
gnalstr
igger sa
wav eofpower ful
contractionofbot hv entr
icl
es;fr
om theapextowardst heat r
iadri
vi
ngbl oodinlar
gear ter
ies;
thecardiacmuscl esar
emy ogenichencenotcont rol
ledbynervoussti
mul ati
on.

b)Descr
ibet
hest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionoft
hrombocy
tes (
10mar
ks)

Answer.Thrombocyt
esar ebl
oodfragmentsthatar
eirr
egul
arl
yshaped;t
heyl
ackedanuclearandt
hey
pl
ayamaj orrol
einbloodclot
ti
ngprocess.
Nove
ls,
Updat
edICT,KAS
NEB,Col
lege,
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hS c
hool,
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maryNotes&Revi
si
onKit
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ah@g
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l.
com
Whenadamagedbl oodv essel i
sexposedt oai r
;theinactiveenzy mepr othr
ombini sconver
tedtoact i
ve
2+
enzymethrombin;underinfluenceoft hr
ombopl asti
nf actorslikeCa ; t
hrombintheconvertssoluble
pl
asmapr otei
nsfibr
inogen; int
oinsolubl
epr otei
nf i
bresfibri
n;fibrinf ormsaf i
nemeshov erthewound
tr
appingbloodcell
s;andlar geprot
einstof orm asoftf i
brincl
ot ;serum oozesoutt hr
oughtheclot;and
duetoexposuretoairitdriesupandhar denstof or
m ascab; whi chser vestoprotectsof
tunderlyi
ng
ti
ssueandal l
owittoheal quickl
y.

47.
a)Def
inet
het
erm secondar
ythi
ckeni
ng (2mrks)
Answer
.Secondaryt
hickeni
ngisthei
ncr
easei
ngi
rt
hwi
dth/ci
rcumf
erenceoft
hestem br
anches
androotsofwoodyplants

b)Br
ief
lydescr
ibehowsecondar
ythi
ckeni
ngoccur
sinwoodypl
ant
s (
14mr
ks)

Answer .Secondar yt hickeni ngi sfacili

tat
edbymer i
stemat i
ccells/cambi um; l
ocatedbetweenphl oem
andxy lem t i
ssuei nthev ascul arbundl esofthepl ants;
Thecambi um cellsdi vider adially
; t
of orm aring/cy l
inderofcambi um ti
ssue;withxylem i
nsidetheri
ng; and
phloem out si
det her i
ng; cel l
soft hecambi um dividet oform secondar yphl
oem out si
de;Latervascul
ar
cambi um /cambi um bet weent hev ascularbundlesdi vi
det oform secondaryparenchy ma;ther
ebyincreasing
thegr owt hoft hemedul l
aryr ay s;muchmor exy l
em cel l
sar eformedt hanthoseoft hephloem;thuspushi ng
thephl oem andt hecambi um r ingout wards;
Ther ateofgr owthi sdependentont heseasons/r ai
ns; result
inginannual r
ings;
corkcambi um di videst of orm newcor k/
barkt oaccommodat etheexpendingt i
ssueand
secondar ycor t
exi nside

c)i
)St
atet
woway
sinwhi
chgr
owt
hinpl
ant
sisdi
ff
erentf
rom t
hati
nani
mal
s (
2mr
ks)

Answer
.-Growt
hinplant
sconti
nuesthr
oughoutpl
antl
i
fewhi
lei
nanimalsi
tstopsatadult
hood.
–Gr owt
hinplant
soccursatt
heapices/api
calgr
owt
hwhil
ethatofanimal
sisdistr
ibut
ed
thr
oughoutt
hebody;

i
i
)St
atehowecdy
sisaf
fect
sthegr
owt
hofi
nsect
s (
2mr
ks)

Answer
.El
ysi
sall
owst
henewsof
tti
ssuest
ogr
owf
ast
er;
causi
ngani
ncr
easei
nthemassoft
he
Si
nsect

48.
a)Di
scusst
heappl
i
cat
ionofanaer
obi
crespi
rat
ioni
nindust
ryandathome (
15mks)

Answer .- Sewage Treatment;

Themi cro-organi
smspr esenti
nsewagebr eakdownthecontentsofthesewageananaer obical
ly i
nto
l
esst oxicforms;
-Brewi ngindustry;

Manuf actureofalcohol
i
cdr i
nks(wines,beerandspir
it
s)areproducedbyfermentat
ion(usingYeast )
;Beeris
producedbyf er
mentati
onofmal tosefoundingrai
ns/winesareproducedbyfermentat
ionoff r
uitsugar;

-Dairyindustry;

e.
g.Yoghur tismadebyf er
mentingsugarinmilk;
-Pr oducti
onofpoweral cohol/gasohol /
methanol;
fordri
vi
ngmachi nesandengines.
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ls,
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-ProductionofBi ogasf rom plantandani malwaste; Theor ganicmatteri
ncowdungbr okenint
ogasesli
ke
methane; 
-Baki ngindustry;
Yeasti saddedt odoughmi xturecausingittorise;duet oproduct i
onofcarbon(i
v)oxi
de
bubblesar i
singf r
om f er
ment ati
on;
-Commer cialproductionofor ganicacids;

Forexampl eci t
ricacidandv inegarusedf orfoodpr eser
vation;

-Maki ngofcompostmanur e;Or gani
cmat t
erinplantmat eri
alisbrokendownanaerobical
l
ytoform or
gani
c
manur e;
-Silagemaki ng;Fr eshgreenpl antmat er
ial
sar eparti
all
yferment edtofor
m sil
age;usedassani
mal f
eed.

49.a)Givefoureffectsofhypothyroidism (
4mar
ks)

Answer
.-Cr
eat
ini
sm i
nchildren
- Muyodedemai nadul t
s
- Reducedheart
beatr ate
- Reducedbreat
hingr ate
- Lowbodyt emperature
- Mentalandphysicalsluggi
shness
- Weighgain

(
b) Br
ief
lydescr
ibet
hepr
ocessofhear
ingi
nman (
16mar
ks)

Answer.Thepinna’pi
cksupandconcentratessoundwav es;di
rectingthem i
ntothei
raudi
tor
ycanal;
from
wheretheystr
iketheeardrum;causi
ngittovibrat
e;andtransf
or m soundwavesnotsoundvibr
ati
ons;
vi
brat
ionsfr
om theeardrum ar
etransmit
tedtot hemallei
us;whicht r
ansmit
sthem tothei
ncus;t
hentothe
st
apes;thethr
eeearosiclesampli
fysoundv i
brati
ons;astheytr
ansmi tthem t
otheoralwi
ndow;

Fr
om t
heov alwi
ndowvi
brat
ionsar
et r
ansmitt
edtot
heperi
l
umph;
oft
hecochl
ea;
int
hecochl
eat
hev
ibr
ati
ons
st
imul
atesensor
ycel
lhai
rs;
togeneratener
veimpul
ses;

Whicharetr
ansmitt
edt
ot hebr
ains;vi
atheaudi
tor
yner
ve;
fori
nter
pret
ati
on;
thebr
aini
nter
pret
sthei
mpul
ses
assound;ofspeci
fi
cpi
tchandloudness;

50.Explaintheadaptationsofxerophytestotheirhabitat (
20mar
ks)
s

Answer
,-Leav
esar
ereducedi
nsi
zet
oreducesur
facear
eaov
erwhi
cht
ranspi
rat
ionoccur
s;

- Sheddingofl eavesduringdr ought/hotconditi

onstor educeS. Athickwaxycut icl
etomi ni
mi zethe
rat
eofcut iculart
ranspirati
on;
- Leaveshav et hi
ckwaxycut i
cletomi nimi
zet herateofcut i
culartranspir
ation;
- Somel eavesar efoldedt oreduceS. Aexposedt osun’srayshencer educingrateoftr
anspirati
on;
- Somehav esunkenst omat awhi chaccumul atewaterv aporindeeppi t
s;reduci
ngsaturati
ondef i
cit
hencereduci ngrateoftranspirati
on;
- Mostoft hem hav ereducednumberofst omatat oreducether ateoft r
anspirat
ion;
- Someexper i
encer ever
sedst omat alrhyt
hm toreducet ranspirat
ionr at
e;

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ls,
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- Somehav edeepr ootstoabsorbwaterf or
m deepthesoi
l;//ot
hershavesuperf
ici
alrootstoabsor
b
wateraf
tershort/
lightshowerofrai
n;
- Someplantsstorewat erinl
argeparenchymacellscont
ainedinsuccul
entst
emsandl eaves;
- Somearedr oughtev ader
si.
e.germinate.Fl
owerandproduceseedsduringshortr
ainyseason
bef
oredroughtsetsi n;

51.(a)Explaineachofthefollowingbiologicalphenomena:-
(
i)Ther
ootofahor
izont
all
ypl
acedseedl
i
ngusual
l
ycur
vesdownwar
ds. (
3mks)
Answer.Theauxinsareposi
ti
vel
ygeot
ropi
c√dif
fusetothel
owerregi
onoftheroott
ip.Hi
ghauxin
concent
rati
oninhibi
ts√growthi
nroot
sthusl
owerregi
onofrootgr
owsslowly
;thenupperpar
t,t
hus
curv
aturedownwar ds√.

(
ii
)Theshootofahor
izont
all
ypl
acedseedl
i
ngcur
vesupwar
ds. (
3mks)
Answer.Auxinsareposi
ti
vel
ygeot
ropi
c,di
ffuset
olowerr
egi
onoftheshoott
iphi
ghauxi
n
concent
rati
onstimulat
esgrowt
hinshoot,
lowerr
egionwi
thhi
ghauxi
ngrowsfast
er,
thanupperpar
t,
thuscurv
atureupwards√.

(
b)Ast
udentsi
tt
ingunderashadeofat
reeonahotsunnydayshi
ft
edherey
esf
rom t
he
shadet
othesunl
i
tjeti
ntheskyandt
henl
ookedbackatapageonherbook.Descr
ibe
t
hechangest
hatoccur
redi
nherey
es. (
14mks)

Looki
ngatt
hesunl
i
ghtj
et Looki
ngbackatapage

 Cir
cul armuscl esinthei riscont r
act;while  Circul
armuscl esint heiri
srel
axwhi l
eradial
ther adialmusclesint hei ri
srelax muscl escont act;
 Thepupi lbecomessmal l
;  Thepupi l becomesl arge;
 Lessl i
ghtpassesthr ought hepupi ltoget  Mor elightpassest hroughthepupiltoget
i
ntot heeye; i
ntot heey e
 Cil
iarymuscl esintheci l
iarybodi esrelax
;  Cil
iarymuscl esint heci l
i
arybodiescontract
 Suspensar yli
gment sbecomest ot/t
ension  Suspensor yli
gment sloosen/tensi
onis
i
ncr easesi nthesuspensor yligament s; reducedorl ostinthesuspensor yli
gament s;
 Thel ensbecomesl ongandt hin; thelensbecomesshor tandthick;
 Thej etisbr oughttof ocus  Thepr intedwor dsint hepagear ebroughtto
focus

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tedI
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