Synchronous Generators

Dr. Francis M. Fernandez

Jan 2020

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 1

Synchronous Generators

EXCITER  Synchronous generator is the common type

used in generating stations
 It runs at constant speed and generates
constant frequency output
GENERATOR
 The filed poles are on the rotor side and the
armature is on stator side
 The armature winding is placed in the slots
on stator core

TURBINE
 Field poles are excited with a dc supply
 DC supply to the filed poles are given
through a pair of slip rings

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 2

Types of Construction
Salient Pole type Cylindrical Rotor type

Field
winding Stator

N N

S S Armature
conductors

N S Cylindrical
Field pole rotor

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Why Armature on Stator?
 Power in the field system is much less
compared to the generated power,
which is easily handled by the slip
rings.
 When the armature is on the stator N

side, generated power is directly taken Excitation

Voltage

out without the help of slip rings.

Slip
Rings

Stator
Windings

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 Relation between Speed and Frequency
2 Pole 4 Pole General case
A A

N N 2f
RPS 
S S A’
P
S N

A’
where f is the freuency
and P is the number of poles

1 revolution per second (RPS) 1 revolution per second (RPS) 120 f

makes 1 Hertz makes 2 Hertz RPM , N 
P

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 5

Synchronous Speed
 Synchronous speed is the speed at which the generator should run to
produce a constant frequency
A

P N
Number of cycles per revolution 
2 S S A’

N N
Revolution per second 
60
P N P N
Cycles per second   f 
2  60 2  60 f - freuency
120 f P - number of poles
RPM , N 
P N - speed in RPM

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 6

Three Phase Generator

 There will be three sets of similar

R windings
120o
N B'  Windings are placed 120 degrees apart
Y'

 Practically each phase winding will be

distributed across several slots
B Y
S
R'

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Practical Winding

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Single Layer Winding

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Winding example (Full pitch)
No of poles: 2, No of slots: 12, Double layer → Slots/pole/phase = 12/(2x3) = 2

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 Winding example (Full pitch)

3 phase
2 pole
12 slot
Double layer winding

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Winding example (Short Chorded)
No of poles: 2, No of slots: 12, Double layer → Slots/pole/phase = 12/(2x3) = 2

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 Winding example (Short Chorded)

3 phase
2 pole
12 slot
Double layer winding

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Features of Short Chording
 Saves copper in end connections
 Improve wave shape (reduce harmonics)
 Reduce losses – both copper loss and core loss
 Reduced voltage compared to full pitch

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 14

Slot Angle
180
Slot angle =
Slots/pole N

In this case (2 pole, 12 slot): S

180
Slot angle =  30
6

For a 4 pole 36 slot machine:

180
Slot angle =  20
9

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 15

Pitch Factor
Let the voltage induced in a conductor is E
If the coil is full pitched,
Total induced voltage in a coil = 2E

If the coil is short pitched by an angle 


Total induced voltage = 2 E cos
2

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 16

Pitch Factor Also known as coil span factor

Let the voltage induced in a conductor is E

If the coil is full pitched,
Total induced voltage in a coil = 2E

If the coil is short pitched by an angle 


Total induced voltage = 2 E cos
2
Resultant emf of chorded coil
Pitch factor, K c 
Resultant emf of full piched coil

2 E cos
= 2  cos 
2E 2
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Distribution factor
emf with distributed winding
Distribution facor, K d  N
emf with concentrated winding
S
180
Slot angle,  =
Slots/pole

m = Slots/pole/phase

m = phase spread angle

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 Distribution factor
emf with distributed winding
Distribution facor, K d 
emf with concentrated winding

 AB = 2r sin
Arithematic sum = m 2r sin 2
2
m
Vector sum = 2r sin
2

m m
2r sin sin 
Kd = 2  2
 
m 2r sin m sin
2 2

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 19

Example
For a 3 phase 36 slot 4 pole winding find the distribution factor

180 180
Slot angle,  =   20
Slots per pole 9

36
Slots/pole/phase, m  3
43

m 3  20
sin sin
Distribution factor, K d = 2  2  0.956
 20
m sin 3 sin
2 2

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 20

EMF Equation
A
Z  Number of coil sides in series per phase
N
P  Number of poles S A’
S
f  Frequency N

N  Speed in RPM
  Flux per pole

In one revolution each conductor is cut by P webers

60 d  P NP
d   P dt  Average emf induced    volts
N dt 60 60
N
P 120 f
Substituting for N Average emf induced    2 f  volts
60 P

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EMF Equation

For the total winding, average emf  2 f Z

 4 f T

RMS value  4.44 f T


K c  cos
Considering pitch factor and distribution factor, 2
m
sin
RMS value of per phase voltage, E  4.44 K c K d  f T volts Kd = 2

m sin
2

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Example
A 4 pole 3 phase star connected alternator having 60 slots with 4 conductor per slot runs at
1500 rpm. Coils are short pitched by 3 slots. If the phase spread is 60 degrees, find the line
voltage induced fir for a flux per pole of 0.75 Wb distributed sinusoidally in space. All turns per
phase are in series.

60
Slots/pole/phase, m  5
43

180 180
Slot angle,  =   12
Slots/pole 15

Coil pitch  15  3  12  144 Short chording angle,   180  144   36

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 23

 60  4
Number of turns, T   40
23
m 5  12
sin sin
 36 2  2  0.957
K c  cos  cos  0.951 Kd =
2 2  12
m sin 5  sin
2 2

Per phase voltage  4.44 K c K d  f T

 4.44  0.951 0.957  0.75  50  40  6061.3 volts

Line voltage  3  Vph

 3  6061.3  10498.5 volts

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 24

Harmonics
 Defined as sinusoidal voltages and currents at
frequencies other than the fundamental frequency.
 Harmonic frequencies are integer multiples of the
fundamental frequency

f ( x)  a 0   [a n cos(nx )  bn sin( nx )]
n 0

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 25

Kc and Kd for Harmonic Frequencies
mn
sin
n 2
K cn  cos K dn =
2 n
m sin
2
where n is the harmonic order

5  36
if n = 5 and  = 36 K c5  cos 0
2

Short chording can help to eliminate harmonics

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 26

Line voltage with harmonics in generated emf

Phase voltage
VRY = VR - VY

Third Harmonic
voltages

Line voltage

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Line voltage with harmonics in generated emf

Phase voltage
VRY = VR - VY

Third Harmonic
voltages

Line voltage

Third harmonics cancel in line voltage

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 28

Slot Harmonics
 Distortion of flux occur due to variation of
reluctance between the slot area and tooth area
 Distortion of flux produce distortion in voltage
waveform which is known as slot harmonics
 Slot harmonics is reduced either by skewing of
field poles or by incorporating fractional slot
winding

4 February 2020 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 29

Methods for Elimination of Harmonics
 120 Degrees phase spread
 Eliminates 3rd order harmonics
 Short Chording
 Eliminates 5th and 7th order harmonics
 Fractional slot winding
 Eliminates slot harmonics
 Skewing of field poles
 Eliminates slot harmonics
 Star connection
 Eliminates triplen (order 3, 9, 15 etc) harmonics

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120 Degree Phase Spread Winding

60°

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Fractional Slot Winding

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Example
Calculate the rms value of induced voltage per phase of a 3 phase, 10 pole, 50 Hz, alternator
with 2 slots per pole per phase and 4 conductor per slot in 2 layers. The coil span is 150 degrees.
Flux per pole has a fundamental component of 0.12 Wb and a 20 % third harmonic component.
Also find the line voltage.

Slots/pole/phase, m  2 Slots/pole  2  3  6

180 180
Slot angle,  =   30
Slots/pole 6

Short chording angle,   180  150   30

10  2  4
Number of turns, T   40
2

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 33

 m 2  30
sin sin
 30 2  2  0.966
K c  cos  cos  0.966 Kd =
2 2  30
m sin 2  sin
2 2

Per phase fundamental voltage  4.44 K c K d  f T

 4.44  0.966  0.966  0.12  50  40  995 volts

mn 2  3  30
sin sin
3 3  30 2  2
K c3  cos  cos  0.707 K d3 =  0.707
2 2 n 3  30
m sin 2  sin
2 2

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 34

 0.2  0.12
3   0.008 Wb f 3  150 Hz
3

Per phase third harmonic voltage  4.44 K c3 K d3  3 f3 T

 4.44  0.707  0.707  0.008  150  40  106 volts

Per phase voltage  E12  E32

 9952  1062  1000 volts

Line voltage  3  995  1723.4 volts

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 Thank You

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