Training Center Mannheim

Synchronous Generator

Power output of a 3-phase Generator

Voltage induced in a Conductor

ui φ

π π 3
π π t/s
4 2 4

Prinziple of a single-phase
generator

The conducter rotates in a

N magnetic field
Inducing of a electrical voltage,
S whose progress is sinusoidal and
the polarity is changing

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Frequency and number of pol pairs

N S

Due to a rotation of the bar magnet, the

magnetic field in the coil is changing, to be
precise in direction and force.
This induces a alternating voltage in the coil.

Which value effects the cycle duration and

frequency ?

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Frequency and number of pol pairs

N S
20ms
20ms
N N
S
S

N N
20ms

N
20ms

S N

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Frequency and number of pol pairs

The number of poles on a synchronous generator depends upon to the

speed of rotation and the frequency we wish to produce.
Consider, e.g. a stator conductor that is successively swept by
the N and S poles of the rotor.
If a positive voltage is induced when an N pole sweps across the
conductor, a similar negative voltage is induced when the S pole speeds
by. Thus, every time a complete pair of poles crosses the conducter, the
induced voltage goes through a complete cycle. The same is true for every
other conducter on the stator.

We can therefore deduce that the generator frequency is given by:

1

f = p⋅n
f = frequency of the induced voltage [ f ] = = Hz
s
p = number of poles on the rotor

n = speed of the rotor

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Frequency and number of pol pairs

Frequency
Engine type
50Hz 60Hz

TCG 2015 1500 rpm 1800 rpm

TCG 2016 1500 rpm 1800 rpm

TCG 2020 1500 rpm 1800 rpm

TCG 2032 1000 rpm 900 rpm

TBD 2016 1500 rpm 1800 rpm

TBD 2020 1500 rpm 1800 rpm

FL 913 3000 rpm 3600 rpm

SBV 628 750 rpm 900 rpm

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3-Phase Circuit
A 3-phase generator is similar to a single-phase generator, except that
the stator has three identical windings instead of one.

The three windings are placed at 120° to each other

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3-Phase Circuit

Circuit 1

The three windings are placed at

120° to each other.

Circuit 3 Circuit 2

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Voltages induced in a 3-phase Generator

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Voltages induced in a 3-phase Generator

When the magnet is rotated at constand speed, the voltages induced in the
three windings have the same effective values, but the peaks occur at
different times. At the moment when the magnet is in the same position as
one of the three the stator windings, the voltage is at ist maximum
positive value.

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Phase Voltage

L1

UPhase1

L2

UPhase2

L3

UPhase3

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Phase Voltage

UL1

UL2

UL3

Neutral conductor (N)

Protection Earth (PE)

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Phase Voltage

UL1

UL2

UL3

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Voltage Relationship
For the calculation of phase-to-phase voltage,
the have to geometrically add.

UL12 = UL1 + UL2 UL12 = UL1 + (-UL2)

Using the simple trigonometry, and based

upon the fact that the length of the line-to-
neutral phasors is UL1-N
UL1
2
2
cos 30° =
UL1
UL12 = cos 30°— 2— UL1

UL12 = √3— UL1

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Voltage Relationship
Generell speaking, the line–to-line voltage
( phase-to-phase) is therefore √3 times the
line-to-neutral voltage:

U = √3— UStg

UL12,UL23, UL13 = Line-to-line

UL-N = Line-to-neutral
√3 = a constant

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Wye (star) Connection
The three single –phase circuits are electrically independent.
Consequently, we can connect the three return conductors to form a
single return conductor, called neutral, carries the sum of the three
currents.
However, the loads must be
identical in order to remove the
neutral. If the load are not
idendical, the absence of the
neutral produces unequel
U = 230V
U = 230V voltages across the three
loads.

I = IStr

U = 230V U = √3 — UStr

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Delta Connection
Let us determine the voltage and current relationship in such s delta
connection, assuming a resistive load. The resistors are connected
across the line. The voltage across each element is equal to the line
voltage. The voltage across the elements are 120°ou t of phase.

Therefore, we use the simple

trigonometry, based on the
U = 400V knowledge about the wye
connection, but here we take
in account the effective value
of the current.
U = 400V
I = √3 — IStr

U = UStr
U = 400V

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