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l. Br1n Marvr College, 198'lt. Paths to Christian Sanctity," Greek Ortltodor Tlteological Review
55, no. 1-4 (March I, 2010): 253-254.

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Commentary on tlrc Epistles to the Ephesians and to the
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" Stem, David H.: Jewish New Testqntent Corrunentary: A
Companion Volmne to tlrc Jewish New Testamerlr. electronic ed.
Clarksville: Jewish New Testament Publications. 1996, c1992.
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MacArthur, John Jr. The MacArthur Stuctl, Bible. Nashville: 63
Tlrc ptilpit Cot,trtt,tt;,,- :
Word Pub., 1991, c1997 , Acts 12:1. ,-:-
M. Spence-Jones. Bellin _ r *
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6s
Kistemaker, Simon J. and William Hendriksen. New Testament
Commentary: Etpositiort of tlte Acts o.f tlrc Apostles. New
Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1953-
2001,p.432.
66
Herbert Danby, tr'ans.,The Mishnah, M Bikkurim 3:4 (London:
Oxford University Press, 1933), p. 97. Cited by; Hughes, R. Kent.
Acts: Tlte Clrurclt A fire. Preaching the Word. Wheaton, Ill.:
Crossway Books, 1996, p.164.
u' Mason, Steve. Josephus and the New Testament. Peabody,
3E Ministries,
Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1992, ch 4.

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Testament Con'rrrrentr:. r -.- -

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Oxford Unirersitr pr.,... -:: :
Act.s: Tltc Cltrrrt.lt .A -... -r j,_ -
ut Mills, M.S. 7fte Acts Crossway Books. lgqn -
of the Apostles. Dallas: 3E Ministries, o' Mason. Ster e. Jo:c:r
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Commentary: Acts oJ the Apostles Vol. I. Ed. H. D. M. Spence-
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A lresford, ['l ampshire : John Hunt Publishers LId, 2000, p.7 24 'o Tlte Nicette tttrtl pt,,:_,,.
ut 7r Lightfoot 'work..-
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Northwestem Pub. House, 1988, p.128.
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Background Conunentary: New Testatnent. Downers Grove, lll.: to
InterVarsity Press, 1993; Acts 26:9-12. Schiirer, His.ton , .

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..:prJs: Baker Book House, 1953- New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House,
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::s. \lurray J. The Secorttl EPistle
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Antiquities 4:238 cited by: Harris, Murray l. The Seconcl Epistle Intemational Critical t
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to tlrc Corinthians: A Conmrcntary on tlrc Greek Tert. Grand
Rapids, Mich.; Milton Keynes, UK: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.;
Paternoster Press, 2005. 80 1
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Antiqttities 4:238, 248
es
tn. Ker.1:1, cited by: Garland, David E. 2 Corinthianr. The New
American Commentary. Vol.29. Nashville: Broadman & Holman
- S:r e One: Social AsPects of Publishers, 2001, c1999 . 497
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1l:t,ttLttive Approaches to New m. Makkot 3:15, cited by: Harris, Murray J. The Seconcl Epistle
tonoon, SPCK, 198s).93. to the Corintlians: A Cotturtetttury on tlrc Greek Tert.802

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to Ilte CorintltitUt.\; f t
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cited hr. r .-- .- .-
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American Comntenran. ,,
" A. E. Harvey, "Forty Strokes Save One: Social Aspects of --
Publishers, 2001. cl99q :*-
Judaizing and Apostasy," in Alternative Approaches to New '6 tn. Mukkot 3:l-i. circ; - . .-:-
Testoment Stud1,,ed. A. E. Harvey (London: SPCK, 1985).93.
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Eerdrnans, 1994) 125
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B:..:dnratt & Holman Publishers'
lnternational Critical Commentary series. Edinburgh: T. & T.
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Book of Acts in i:. : -.
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Commentary. Vol.29. Nashville: Broadmar.r & Holman Publishers, Intemational Critrc". L --:-
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Clrurclt; a Stucly of a Conflict .front the Moccabees to Donatus,
Apo|.39.13,):\ (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1961),288.
105
,'i L.,rc/ Rorrre (Cambridge; New Eusebius Hist. Ecc'\.5.1 .55
106
s. . qq5 t. 18. 54. Moss, "Curent Trends in the Study of Early Christian
.: Rlrre' (Carnbridge; New York: Martyrdom," 23.
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Erhortation to Marh-rdom22-3
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York: Cambridge University Press, 1995),28, 54. 'no Moss, "Current t,.. --
G. W Bowersock, Martltrclom ancl Rome (Cambridge; New York: Martyrdom," 23.
107
Cambridge University Press, 1995), 28, 54. Exhortatiorl to t\lut.i.,,-: __-:
r08
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-;K o.,l'i: ;i \! Decline and fall of the Roman Empire .u( 3 Gibbon
,- ' .--; 'i|-l\ 'L'!\ +\ "'
G. E. M. de Ste. Croix r;r ;.e C-Ul .t i\ 3, , rl-t! .: ^:J qJ-
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,!J ".$'i1 i*Klr 3 ;r.!J\ c,J\","t;9"Jt o:*-.=J\ lrb"i\ l!U" ri1,Jla.
.Lightfoot's edition
.+ti," LaUl j+ C 3.JUI )\+::-Y\ ;i J1 c)u;. J J-,
T;:, First Epistle of Clement to
:ee\ lert revised on Lightfoot's "t Cr Moss, "The Discourse of Voluntary Martyrdom: Arrcient
and Modem," CHURCH HISTORY 81, no. 3 (September 2012):
532.

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-t rt
.'.tr1vyv111ions: A treasury of Moss, "Curent Trends in the Study of Early Christian ;,Jijl .3U.ll
i ;-,,,:,;Iiorl.t for pctstors, teaclrcrs Martyrdom," 23.
l\ Brble Communications 1996,
.\'1r e. .LJ\ :-Il '"

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.rbi .rr ';i 'j njit i.K,r :c;K;.j-!i eU.; j of;*|t
oll -;^-;. ,.l .*_-..rS=-.__
Tan, P. L.. Encyclopeclia of 7700 illustrtttions: A treosury of
Moss, "Current Trends rr ir:_ \-
illttstrtttions, anecclotes, .facts and Etotations for postors, teachers ,-
and Cltristicur workers. Garland TX: Bible Communications 1996,
no 3331 , The Catacombs.
.j-. -j)\r! )\'&:;-")J O:ri+ g ilLJl 1jK .:r* f-rJ\ e-!\ JUII ;6 ('")".ro0 Xproto3
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-i5'J rac 1:J\ *$J cl---."- ,"'5 .r^L J+y tcr-rv poptripu-rv t!S\16,
('i')".:L '
-.--' J' Roland Knox 6; ,.r:+ t+!\;!.!t d -+\j
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r;.',;.a.i1;.1111. (New York: Oxford rrv
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;----:-(- _j--:: i=: j;Fl *-i gi Roland Knox ,_5;
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"r r+ _Ji ;.-Kl\ ,:;K "t4";i ..r*r(r &u\ *;^:-u\ ;1 u;r+ '" ilLrl ..,b-.S,, _*;_A__ , i
Eus., Hist. eccl., 5.76.1; ) *ry)\ ic*J\" _: jJ .:rK C\J +Llll J)
.,1. L,,Jl j> ,):j.:; c;K C! ,(S.tA.t:6.20.3
;,il 1-,.-; Y Ul" :__*a-_ :. .._
,; irl .,r*,tt ;)\€.Jl ppr"
,i,J! Vettius Epagathus .rjtrll *..! ,*t"-lr r-,.. jc +tr:l\r
"r.J
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c...! -'K s-J! ,'3i o"""t & *,:i ,;++ 6)Ki t-r.o .(Mart. L-yons, l.7O)
ji' j+:- * J; lilrrldr ii'li c-f j a-" -ra:;-is: Ljri q; if
.q4-,U\ .-ii\jjl -L.) jraL::]1 j"
rr0 Ronald
Arbuthnott Knox, Entlursiasm. (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1961), 49.

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). .---a; i,-: b ia.aii LU--
l'tl William Tabberrree, "Early Montanism and Voluntary
Martyrdonr," Colloquiurrt 17,no.2 (May l, 1985): 34.
142
Mart. Carpus l{l,42.
'o' The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fatlrcrs, vol. i.,Etts. Hist. Eccl., v,
1f.
'o' Ibid., v, i, 3o
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Musurillo, H. Tlrc Acts of the Christian Marrv*rs,71
'o'Ibid., ii, 25, 8
't* Ibid., iv,26.3
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g -r;: q)\ ,oJ the Holy Mar4,ys Perpetuct ctncl Felicitas .i t. i-t. r.

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r52
Ibid., ii, 23, t g ir6
l53 Musurillo . H. Tltt Ar,r,
rbid., iv,22,4 '" Ibid., ii, 25. 8
, /-

''o lbid., ii,23, 1o; 23,14.,32,2 '** Ibid.. iv,26. 3

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.11 ,a c(f ..f .-rL;\ ,;:-dli ;l:)
, P.:r'i,,tt O.f tlrc Holy Martyrs 't6 Tertulianus, Ael Mart., I
"'Tertulianus, Ad Mart., 3
ts&
The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol.iii, A Treatise on the Soul, ch iv,
23t.
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T( \ttunL'trl, 504-508.

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'uo Tlrc Ante-Nicene Fcfiher, The Passiort of the Holv Martyrs 156

Perpetua and Felic:itrts, ch vi, 705 ,- -I ertultanus, Atl .llttrt.. .

16r 't' Tertulianu s. Ad .ll,trr.. -.

Tertulianus, Acl Mart.,2 ''" Tlte Antc-Nicctrt, Fttti:< -
'u2 Et,s, Op.cit., v, 19, 3 231.
| 63
Tlrc o I o g i t' I Di c t i o n ct ry oJ the N ew Te tanrc n t, 5 04- 5 08. I5q ,
u s
Atutn0,55

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l. cited by; G.Kittel, .(rr : r j;) rr;s-*r-;1L, "-\i ql^.j- +<--u-c # ,.E*]1
rlrc New Testcunent, 504- rut
Irenaeus; Against Here.sics. Book iv, ch xxxiii.508
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r67lbid,,
Book iii, ch xviii.447
r68
Clement, Strottrutu iv, xxi. 133. l, cited by; G.Kittel,
G.Friedrich: Tlreological Dictionar,- oJ the New Testament, 504-
508.

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e r-:. \.!)ltultar1' Martyrdorn," 542
.0. r..:JLJI J-Jl ,+\j;\ c,LL(i
::e StLrdy of EarlY Christian r70
Clenrent, Stonuttu iv.ix. p..122
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.

illoss, "The Discourse of Voluntary Martyrdom," 542

t73 ,0.:")-K.-)1 i*o5,ul -.J _-_;
Stronruta tv. lo - -
r74 Moss, "Current
Trends in the Study of Early Christian
Maftyrdom," 24. 170 ^,lement. Slr(ttnutd
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1;11 \lart)rdom," 540.

:.c
l7s
--^g :!r-:i-'J\ r o. r.i,1 ,*r-:\, In Jer. Hom. 4: 3

.r r. ,(tllr) ,u.;Q;s\ i.*\- rl -r:c ;\r ',;*'!1 ,(.r^:;lt1 ,.,1:: 11:\, ':L( r,c
176
-r:c :\,a:i\\ , v,*,i+ 9";:\, Eusebius, Hist. Ecc\.6.2.294

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.r*.K -u-c ;:\a:J\ e;K
a*\ gs pJt C\-ri! er ilL .:J ,cLL(J ,_rtV-,s\ esr.aj
,s-*s.3"t*. oy" \.ol; oft ciVy\ ui ('un).o:Jl qi\+
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.r d)i ,\ *e t-
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!r-.aljl l-r-b

r77
Eusebius. Hisr. Ec'c\.6.2.2-6
''* Moss, "The Discourse of Voluntary Martyrdom," 540.
17e
Att E.tltorttrtiott tct Murtvdrom,3g
.\o uo co.cQyi i")Ji -i,tc :it i;,'jl r , ,,*.i+
,-;:b 175
In Jer. Hom. 4: 3
'8" Ibid. J
\r uo cs.jtVyi i">\-Ji -r.-c :\<.:;'i\ r ,.,qe+ r-;:b ,.1 ".,o,(,rcr)._.rEr-., i-...,* - _,
''u Eusebius. Hisr. Et.<.1. h.: :*:
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rgf:J oll -rlr
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Philos., ix, 12,10, cited by; G.Kittel, G.Friedrich; Theological
(-()il.\tittttiotls of the Holl' Dictionary of tlrc New Testantent,504-508.
'" Err.r. op. cir.. v, 18. 5.
183
Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 5.1.10; Musurillo, Acts, 64; cited by;
Aune, D. E.. Vol. 528, Revelotion l7-22 op.cit.,8l3.
-.)tJi uc :'rs.:;'!\ ,+L( f '*' Soromen, Hist. Ecr:l. iv, ch. 21.
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Ante-Nicene Fathers, yol. vii, Constittttions of the Holv Philos.. ix. 12. 10. crrcc _ .

Apostles,387. Dicionary of rlte Ntu. T, .,..

.
r86
Eusebius, Hist. Eccl.4.16.lg3 ,o,
Lus. op. <.it.. v. lS.
tt' Cornru. on Jolm,book 6: 36
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Eusebius. Hist. E< r I :
E.. Vot.52B. R,.t, ..
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Cyprian, e2. 52
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dJi, ,c!J.l + Cri ,J=:* ia:,:li Jl alLr\ '''

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IV, Muenchen 1964, S. 93- 9.
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++ rer-..>_:
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Lypflan, ep. ) t.t:
The Nicene ancl Post-Nic'ene Fctthers, vol. iv, Cyprian: epistels,
xx,298 t.yprtan, qt. 52
"t Art. Procons..2.1
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nc Voiunlan MartYrdom," 35. j ai,I Lr,!r-i g k-'! oi v+ GJ\ rr,'it J,

)\a-:&.!\
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'f r".-.:. ch. ii. 134 J$3, f .J:q U W;K ,:,,!l + ,r+l e;3r';i iu(t
i -. ":--.- ^:-c t-eL-Jl "r*'F 'o'

.--....t. :-t:)y*,-,,)i,\ "*J\J rur

--- Acl. Procons., 1.5
.( r..r 1es
The Nicene antl Post-Nicene Fatlrcrs, vol. iv, Cyprian: epistels,
1r P.rrt ii. The Easterns Decline 19. 2; 55.4; 58.8.
re6
Eusebius Hist. Eccl.6.41 .22
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Tabbemee, "Early Montanism and Voluntary Martyrdom,,, 35.
"t The Nicene ctnd Post-Nicene Fathers, vol. iv, Athanasius: select g :t+t.;*Yl +f,I ,uj, _;
works and letters, to tlrc Bishops of Egypt, ch. ii,231 =, +-.
.;;'if" iL ;r'lf -ir ;K tl ,1,:;:+ -rc ai\"Ji ,-'lF 't'
qrri:,--r -ilo .jc qjL4 G \:.-_S -t :
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.( t'.r '," Arr. prctcott,t,.. | ,5

',-' Tha_Ni< ettc
200
Ibid, ,The History of tlrc Arians, part ii, The Easterns Decline tutd po.tt-.\i, , ,.: .i..
tlte Council ert Rctme,273 19.2;55.4;58.s
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("').,. ,rJ^ Ibid, Treafinent ofthe Poor,293
-r-! t" The Nicene ancl Post-Nicene Fatlrcrs, Vol. iv, Life of Antony,
208
to'
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The Nicene antl Post-Nicene Fatlrcrs, vol. ix, Hitary of Poitiers,
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The Nicene urttl pt,.:_
History oJ Armenia, 7 08. C ate c lrc ti ca I Lectt t re.\, Lecru::
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rJi i;.;Ui
.1,rrr-ll.) Commodus Eusebius Hist. Eccl. 4.1 3,))\.t!i oL.pJl j ;;rl1
=i 223
Eusebius Hist. Eccl.4.9
224
Donald L. Jones, "Cltristianitl' and Ernperor Worship frorn
Hadrian to Constantine." Perspectives irt Religious Studies 6, no. I
rt1
.- --g .: .;L\ a-as r!1,,:j\yr: (March 1,1979):35.
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- t,,.a-.-.- ..:.
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Eusebius Hi.t.t. E,.,.1.J.u
2rt --- Donald
Ibid. L. Jorres. ..( r: -: :_
rYo.,,, (re rf tt1 Hadrian [o Constalrlirr
rIJ r;rLg-}1 i.as r)1,cj!_9r: e... p,-. __
(March I, I979): 35
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"' Jones, "Christianity and Emperor Worship from Hadrian to
Constantine," 37.
228
:o: \\ trrship from Hadrian to Frend, Marryrdom ancl Persectrtion in the Earl-t, Clurc:h; o
Sndy of a Conflic't.frorn tlrc Maccabees to Donatus,,322-3.
t2'
Tertullian , Acl Scapulcutt iv.6-7 .

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L.n-.\Jr $.)lA ).a^-.
_-'_-

r' Jo,res. ..Christiarrtr

230
Lactantius , Dit,. inst. V.11.19.
Constantine...
::: : __,
3 7.
"' Jones, "Christianity and Emperor Worship from Hadrian to -" Frend. Murh.nlortt titt,
Constantine," 38-39. i..
l!:,!,
--' ,tn Cortflicr.tr-,,rt ,ili, i,i
"'Ibid., 39.
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"$" ;19.=J\ -,-i 6lr* OU! pf-r.clf g-;,;,*Ej C
i-j :,(!r )t\2\ ort":,j "t Jones, "Christianity and Emperor Worship from Hadrian to
Constantine." 39.
+A'-" * o,*t Ln-.;i Jlr [.; jjL]l "J-b ;,.r6ii .Fr:!1 p r, ""

John R. Knipfing, "rhe Libeli or,n" ,""IH:IHl .tr;

Harvord Theologicul Ret,ier, 16. no. 4 (October l, 1923):345-90.

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,yrF ef ,,.l oKLr )3\A) ;rUi Jones. ..Christiartrrr :_

Corrstantine,'. 39.
. :_

nA -t* ar.-:..
=i -.--.' -. + --,. :,

{9h, n. Knipfing.
..The
136
Etrsebirrs, Hi st. Ecc\.4.39,40 L _-:
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clb ,,-r, * .r"'i\ \iA ,JJ, il:B * oL!J\ a rou(t -J -l-Jt 1+ C JL ti _i", -,.'-
238 2r7
Errsebirrs. Hi.sr. Eccl.l .13-15 Eusebius, Hist. Eccl.- .ir,
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Hen.'rn. .\ Hcmdbook on the
'ork: United Bible Societies,
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I-l:. Irttenrutional Standarcl .\ttt cr,9L4.-;yi a").Jt -rr :16:;-'!\ ,(".p.Li\) +,r.: r.;:ls
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\1Y
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