UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS: S.G. = 0.652
1. Unit Weight
Weight (W)
𝜸 = Volume (V) Problem 2:
Aluminium Ammonium Sulfate has a mass of 600kg and a
2. Mass density: volume of 0.40m3 .
Mass (m)
𝝆 = Volume (V) a. Compute its mass density.
Mass (m) 600 kg
3. Specific Volume: 𝝆 = Volume (V)= 0.4 𝑚3 = 1,500 kg/m3
1
Vs = ρ b. Compute its specific weight.
Weight (W) 5.886 kN
4. Specific Gravity 𝜸 = Volume (V) = = 14.715 kN/m3
0.4𝑚 3
specific gravity of fluid
S.G. = specific gravity of water W = mg
unit weight of fluid W = 600 ( 9.81)
= unit weight of water
W = 5886 N = 5.886 kN
density of fluid c. Compute its specific gravity.
= density of water
specific gravity of fluid 1500
5. Shear Stress of Fluids: S.G. = specific gravity of water = 1000 = 1.5
dV
𝝉=𝝁
dy
Common Fluids and their Specific Gravity
Where:
𝜏 (tau) = shear stress (if not given)
Water………………………………….. 1.0
𝜇 (mu) = dynamic or absolute viscosity
𝑑𝑉 Sea Water…………………………….. 1.03
𝑑𝑦
= time rate of strain or velocity gradient Oil…………………………………...… 0.8
6. Kinematic Viscosity: Mercury……………………………..… 13.6
μ
ʋ=ρ Glycerine……………………………… 1.26
7. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
∆P Problem 3:
EB = - ∆V
V A certain fluid has a unit weight of 133.416kN/m3.
Where: a. Compute its mass density.
EB = bulk modulus of elasticity 𝜸 = 133.416 kN/m3 x 1000 = 133,416 kN/m3
133,416
∆P = change in unit pressure 𝝆 = 9.81 = 13, 600
∆V
= volume change per unit volume b. Compute its specific gravity.
V
8. Surface Tension specific gravity of fluid
S.G. = specific gravity of water =
13,600
= 13.6
F Pd 1000
σ=L= 4
c. What is the most probable liquid that is under concern?
Where: a. Water
σ = surface tension in N/m b. Glycerine
F = elastic force transverse to a length L c. Mercury (Answer)
9. Capillarity d. Ammonia
4σ cos θ
h= γd
Where: Problem 4:
h = height of capillarity rise or depression A liquid which is compressed in a cylinder has a volume of
σ = surface tension 1000 cu.cm. at 2 MPa and a volume of 990 cu.cm at 2.5Mpa
γ = specific weight of liquid a. Compute the bulk modulus of elasticity
d = diameter of tube a. 20MPa b. 30MPa
c. 40MPa d. 50MPa
For an ideal gas: b. Compute the coefficient of compressibility.
P a. 0.01 b. 0.02
𝝆 = RT
c. 0.03 d. 0.04
Where: c. Compute the percentage of volume decreased
P = absolute pressure of gas in Pa a. 1% b. 2%
R = gas constant c. 3% d.4%
= 287 J/kg-OK SOLUTION
= 1716 lb-ft/slug-OR ∆P (2 - 2.5)
a. EB = - ∆V = - (1000 - 990) = 50 MPa
T = absolute temperature in OKelvin V 1000
= OK = OC + 273
= OR = OF + 460 b. Cc =
1 1
= 50 = 0.02
𝐸𝐵
Problem 1
If 4.6m3 of fluid weighs 3000 kg. ∆V (1000 - 990)
a. calculate its mass density in kg/m3. c. = = 1%
V 1000
Mass (m) 3000 kg
𝝆 = Volume (V)= = 652.174 kg/m3
4.6𝑚 3 Problem 5:
b. calculate its unit weight in N/m3. A volume of one cu.m. of water is subjected to a pressure
Weight (W) 29,430 N
𝜸 = Volume (V) = increase of 14MPa.
4.6𝑚 3
a. Compute the change in volume if it has a bulk modulus of
c. calculate its specific gravity.
specific gravity of fluid 652.174
elasticity of 2200MPa in cu.m.
S.G. = specific gravity of water = a. 0.0062 b. 0.0064
1000
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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
c. 0.0066 d. 0.0068 Solution 8:
b Compute the percentage of volume decreased.
a. 0.62% b. 0.64% Gay Lussac’s Law states that, for a given gas at constant
c. 0.66% d. 0.68% volume, the ratio of pressure to Absolute temperature is
c. Compute the coefficient of compressibility constant.
a. 0.000454 b. 0.000323 p1 p2
=
c. 0.000282 d.0.000898 𝑇1 𝑇2
SOLUTION: 101.325 p2
5.a
∆P
EB = - ∆V = (320+273.15)
(25+273.15)
V
14
2,200 = - ∆V P2 = 201.579 kPa
1
∆V = 0.0064 m3 PROBLEM 9
∆V 0.0064 At -230C, a sample of gas occupies a volume of 0.05 m3
5.b = 𝑥 100 = 0.64%
𝑉 1
1 1 under a pressure of 80 kPa. Find the pressure of the gas
5.c Cc = = 2200 = 0.00045 when it is heated to 1100C and expanded to a volume of
𝐸𝐵
0.1m3.
Problem 6:
The radius of the test tube is 1mm. The surface tension of Solution 9:
water is equal to 0.0728N/m.
Combined Gas Law
a. Find the capillary rise in the tube in mm.
b. If wetting angle is 80°, determine the surface tension 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2

SOLUTION: 80 x 0.05 𝑃 (0.1)

2
6.a = (273+110)
(273−23)
R = 1 mm; d = 2 mm = 0.002 m
σ = 0.0728 N/m P2 = 61.28 kPa
θ = 0 (Water)
PROBLEM 10
4σ cos θ
h= Find the volume occupied by 2 g mol of an ideal
γd
4(0.0728) cos 0 gas at Standard Absolute Temperature and
h= 9810 (0.002) atmospheric Pressure
h = 0.01484 m = 14.842 mm
6.b Solution 10:
4σ cos θ
h=
γd In terms of gram mole, the ideal gas equation can
0.01482 = 9810 (0.002)
4σ cos 80
be re written as:
σ = 0.4192 N/mm pV = nRT
PROBLEM 7
P – Pressure in kPa
A 200 mL gas sample is at 250C and atmospheric
pressure. It is heated to 1210C under constant pressure. V – Volume occupied by 1g mol of an ideal gas in
Find the new volume of the gas. liters

SOLUTION 7 T – Absolute Temperature (oK)

R – Universal gas constant, 8.314 J / (g mol)( oK)

This problem can be solved using the concept of Charles’
Law; For a given gas at constant pressure, the ratio of n – number of gram mole
volume to absolute temperature is constant.
𝑉1 𝑉
101.325 (Vmol) = 2(8.314)(273)
= 𝑇2
𝑇1 2
Vmol = 44.8 liters
T = 273.15 + oC
200mL 𝑉2 PRESSURE
= (121+273.15)
(25+273.15) SITUATION 1
A cylindrical tank shown below has a height of 5 meter
V2 = 264.4 mL
filled with water to a depth of 3 m and oil (SG = 0.82) up
PROBLEM 8 to a depth of 2 m.

450 ml of unknow gas sample is at 250C and experiences

atmospheric pressure (Patm = 101.325kPa). It is heated
to 3200C while the volume remains the same. Find the
new pressure of the gas.

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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
1. Calculate for the pressure created by the fluids at the find the pressure at the bottom if the tank contains water
bottom of the cylindrical tank. and the gauge at the top reads 76 kPa.
a. 115.24 kPa
b. 102.53 kPa
c. 77.28 kPa
d. 95.62 kPa

a. 49.050 kPa
b. 42.518 kPa
c. 12.060 kPa
d. 99.121 kPa

SOLUTION 4:
2. Calculate for the force to be carried by the tank at the
bottom if it has a diameter of 2 m. Pbottom = Ptop + ∑ (γh)
= 76 kPa + ( 9.81 kN/m3) ( 4 m )
a. 37.888 kN = 115.24 kPa
b. 143.0 kN
c. 154.095 kN
d. 311. 398 kN
SITUATION 2
An open tank is inclined at 70o from the horizontal
3. What is the equivalent height of water if oil is contains 3 types of fluid with specific gravity as shown
converted? above.
a. 1.2 m
b. 1.4 m 5. Find the pressure at the interface of oil and water
c. 1.6 m a. 55.144 kPa
d. 1.8 m b. 15.696 kPa
c. 20.981 kPa
SOLUTION 1: d. 36.115 kPa
Remember:
The pressure experienced by one point at a certain
elevation is equal to the summation of the pressure
(including the hydrostatic pressure) above that point.
Therefore:
Pbottom = ∑ (γh)
= 0.82 (9.81 kN/m3) (2 m)
+ 1 ( 9.81 kN/m3) ( 3 m )
= 45.518 kPa

SOLUTION 2:
F=PxA
F = 45.518 kPa x
π
(2 m)2 6. Find the pressure at the interface of water and sea
4 water.
F = 143.0 kN a. 99.261 kPa
b. 45.126 kPa
c. 57.191 kPa
SOLUTION 3:
d. 60.953 kPa
Take note that the pressure created by one fluid should
be equiuvalent to the other, in this case, you can use:
7. Find the pressure at the bottom
a. 88.302 kPa
PA = PB
b. 70.331 kPa
SA γA HA = SB γA HB c. 90.782 kPa
d. 65.335 kPa
Cancelling same value of unit weight of water,

SA HA = SB HB SOLUTION 5:

0.8 x 2 = 1 x HB The inclination of the tank does not affect the pressure at
a certain elevation
HB = 1.6 m
Poil – water = ∑(γh)
PROBLEM 4 = 0.8 (9.81 kN/m3) (2 m)
Two pressure gauges are attached at the top and at the + 1 ( 9.81 kN/m3) ( 3 m )
bottom side of the tank. If the tank has a height of 4 m, = 15.696 kPa
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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
SOLUTION 6: c. Given that the elevation goes higher, at the
same time, the pressure goes higher.
Pwater- sea water = 0.8 (9.81) (2 m) + 1 ( 9.81) ( 3 m ) d. Vaccum pressure is the difference between
= 45.126 kPa the atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure and
gives a negative value
SOLUTION 7:
SOLUTION 10:
Pbottom = 0.8 (9.81) (2 m) A is correct, it is known as Pascal’s Law
+ 1 ( 9.81) (3 m ) B is correct, the direction acts perpendicularly at
+ 1.03 ( 9.81) (3 m) all times
= 65.335 kPa C is wrong, as the elevation goes higher the
magnitude of the pressure decreases.
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION 6: D is correct, a negative value of pressure is a
You can also use the pressure at the interface of water vaccum pressure and creates suction.
and oil (15.696 kPa) then add the hydrostatic pressure
created by the water to up to the interface of water and
sea water FORCES ON PLANE SURFACES

Pwater- sea water = 15.696 kPa + 1 9.81) ( 3 m ) PROBLEM 1

= 45.126 kPa
Determine the hydrostatic force acting on one face of the
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION 7: plane having a rectangular cross section width of 3m and
Pbottom = 45.126 kPa + a height of 2m with the top flushed with water.
1.03 ( 9.81) (3 m)
= 65.335 kPa

SITUATION 3 Solution 1:
Two pressure gauge was established at the top and at
the bottom of the building, the gauge at the top reads 723 F = γ h̅ A
mmHg while at the bottom reads 760 mmHg. The unit 𝑚
weight of the air is 0.01235 kN/m3 F = (9.81 kN/m3) (22 ) (3m x 2m)

8. What is the approximate height of the building? F = 58.86 kN

a. 300 m b. 400 m
SITUATION
c. 500 m d. 600 m
9. If each floor measures 5 m, what is the top floor of the
An rectangular gate on one face of a prism container is
building? hinged at the bottom as shown retains a oil (SG = 0.81).
a. 77th
b. 78th 2. Find the value of the hydrostatic force in kN that is
c. 80th experienced on the gate
d. 81st
3. Find the value of the force P that is necessary to be
SOLUTION 8: applied on the top to hold the gate
“mmHg” is a unit of pressure that means __ (blank) mm
height of column of Mercury (SG = 13.6)
Pbottom = Ptop + ∑ (γh)
γbottomh = γtoph + γairh

13.6 (9.81) (0.76m) = 13.6 (9.81) (0.723m) + 0.01235(H)

Solving for H,
H = 399.708 m ≈ 400 m

SOLUTION 9: 4. If P is limited only to 1 kN, determine the height of the

For this kind of questions, we will be starting to count on water that this container can retain measured from the
the 1st floor.. hinge
0 m = 1st floor
5 m = 2nd floor
5m
 + 1 = 2nd floor
5
10 m = 3rd floor
10m
 + 1 =3rd floor
5
400
Floor level = 5
+ 1 = 81st floor

PROBLEM 10
Which of the following statement is NOT true?
a. The pressure at all points inside a static fluid
are all equal.
b. The pressure acts perpendicular or normal to SOLUTION 2:
the boundary surfaces
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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
F = γ h̅ A
𝑚
F = 0.81 ( 9.81) (12 ) (0.8m x 1m)

F = 3.178 kN

SOLUTION 3:

Solve for the location of the center of pressure

for you to be able to take moment on the hinge.
Take note that we are considering water now (SG = 1)
Yp = y̅+ e The height “Z” of the water from the bottom, varies,
The h̅ also varies, and the area also varies.
e = (A𝐼𝑋y̅ )

3 3
Ix = (𝑏ℎ
12
) = (0.8(1)
12
) ↻∑M0 = 0
Ix = 1/15 =0.06667 m 4 F (0.33333Z) = P(1)
We will be replacing F with new value considering
y̅ = h̅ (since our gate is on upright position) water.
Since F = γ h̅ A, then
h̅ = 0.5 m F (0.33333 z) = P(1) will become
0.066667
e = ((0.8)(1)(0.5)) = 0.166667 m γ h̅ A (0.33333 z) = P (1). P = 1.
We will be having the equation in terms of variable z
z
Yp = y̅+ e = 0.5+0.167777 1(9.81) (2) (z x 0.8) (0.3333z) = (1) (1)
Yp = 0.667 m from the oil surface 1(1)
Z3 = 1.308
(Location of the center of pressure) z = 0.914 m
Or simply you can assume a triangular pressure
diagram acting on the gate with zero pressure at the SITUATION
top, giving you the location of the center of pressure to A rectangular gate on one face of a prism container is
be 2/3 from the top and 1/3 from the hinge. hinged at the bottom as shown retains water
The vertical distance from the center of gravity to the
center of pressure was measured to be 0.3 m.
Yp = (23)(1m) = 0.667 m

5. What is the total pressure experienced by the gate

6. How far from the bottom is the total thrust acting

Now, take moment at the hinge, the moment at the 7. What would be the value of P enough to close the
hinge is zero, because it is free to rotate at that point. gate if the tank is full of water?
↻∑M0 = 0 SOLUTION 5
The vertical distance between the center of gravity and
F(0.333) = P (1)
the center of pressure is the eccentricity, e =0.3
(3.178 kN) (0.333) = P (1) e = (AIXy̅ )
2(y)3
( 12 )
P = 1.058 kN 0.3 = ( y )
(2)(y)(2 )

y = 1.8 m
F = γ h̅ A
F = 9.81 (1.8/2) ( 1.8 x 2)
SOLUTION 3:
F = 31.784 kN

SOLUTION 6
z = (1/3)(1.8) = 0.6 m

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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
h̅ = 1.2 + y
SOLUTION 7 Z = 13 h
F = γ h̅ A Z = 13 (3.6 m)
F = 9.81 (3/2) (3 x 2) z = 1.2 m
F = 88.29 kN Solving for y,
sin 300 = 𝑦𝑧
y
sin 300 = 1.2 ; y = 0.6 m
h̅ = 1.2 + y
h̅ = 1.2 + 0.6
h̅ = 1.8 m

F = γ h̅ A
↻∑M0 = 0 = 9.81 (1.8) ( 12 x 2.4 x 3.6 )
F(1/3) (3) = P (3) = 76.283 kN
(88.29) (1/3) (3) = P (3)
P = 29.43 kN
SOLUTION 9

SITUATION

A triangular gate as shown is submerged on water.

8. Find the value of the hydrostatic force acting on one

side of the gate.

9. Determine the location of the hydrostatic force from

the water surface.

10. If the triangular gate will be inverted (i.e. the vertex Solve for y̅;
̅
will be at pt. A and the base will be at pt B) , calculate sin 300 = hy̅
the new value of the hydrostatic force acting on the sin 300 = 1.8y̅
; y̅ = 3.6 m
gate. Solving for Yp = y̅ + e
e = (A𝐼𝑋y̅ )
3
Ix = ( 𝑏ℎ
36
)
SOLUTION 8: (
𝑏ℎ3
)
e = ( A36y̅ )
2.4 𝑥 3.63
( )
e=( 36 )
1
( 2 x 2.4 x 3.6 ) 3.6

e = 0.2 m
Yp = y̅ + e
Yp = 3.6 + 0.2
Yp = 3.8 m

SOLUTION 10

F = γ h̅ A
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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
𝜋
9.81( 4 𝑥 1.12 )(1.9) + 9.81 VPb = 3.625 + 110 VPb
VPb = 0.1406 m3
W = 𝛾𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 9.81 (0.1406)
W = 15.468 kN

2. BFcyl = W cyl + W pb
𝜋
9.81( 4 𝑥 1.12 )(1.9) = 3.625 + W Pb
W Pb = 14.1 kN

3. BFcyl = W cyl + W pb
𝜋
9.81( 4 𝑥 1.12 )(2.4) = 3.625 + W Pb
W Pb = 18.75 kN

DAMS:
F = γ h̅ A
h̅ = 1.2 + y Overturning Moment (OM)
Z = 23 h OM = Ʃ moment about the toe due the active forces
Z = 23 (3.6 m) other than the weight of the dam
z = 2.4 m
Solving for y, Resisting Moment (RM)
sin 300 = 𝑦𝑧 RM = Ʃ of counter clockwise moment about the toe due
y
sin 300 = 2.4 ; y = 1.2 m to weight of dam
h̅ = 1.2 + 1.2 Factor of safety against overturning:
RM
h̅ = 2.4 m F.S.OT = OM
F = γ h̅ A Factor of safety against sliding:
= 9.81 (2.4) ( 12 x 2.4 x 3.6 ) μRy
F.S. sliding =
= 101.710 kN ƩFx
Where:
μ = coefficient of soil friction
BUOYANCY ƩMTOE = 0
Note: moments are due to active and reactive forces.
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
“Any body completely or partially submerged in SITUATION
a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is acted upon by an The section of a concrete gravity dam has 2m top width
upward, or buoyant, force the magnitude of which is and 4m bottom width and 8n high. The depth of water at
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.” the upstream side is 6m. Neglect hydrostatic uplift and
BF = 𝜸Liquid x Vsubmerged use unit weight of concrete equal to 23.5 kN/m3.
Coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and
the foundation is 0.6
1. Determine the factor of safety against sliding.
a. 2.40 b. 1.581
c. 1.437 d. 1.916

2. Determine the factor of safety against overturning.

a. 4.88 b. 3.904
c. 5.856 d. 5.33

SOLUTION 1
SITUATION 𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ̅𝐴
A hollow cylindrical tank with 1.10 m diameter has =9.81(3)(6x1)
height of 2.4 m. It weighs 3.625 kN in air. F = 176.58 kN
1. Determine the weight of lead attached to the outside F = 176.58 kN
bottom so that the tank will be submerged vertically 1.9 y = 1/3 (6) = 2m
m in fresh water. Density of lead is 110 kN/m3 W1 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉1
a. 12.5 kN b. 15.5 kN =23.5(2(8)(1))
c. 18.6 kN d. 21.5 kN W1 = 376 kN
2. Determine the weight of the lead loaded inside so W2 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉2
that the tank will be submerged vertically 1.9 m in fresh =23.5(1/2(2)(8)(1))
water. W2 = 188 kN
a. 14.1 kN b. 9.81 kN X1 = 4 - 1/2 (2)
c. 10.6 kN d. 16.2 kN X2 = (2/3)(2) = 1.333m
3. Determine the maximum weight of the lead loaded Rx = F = 176.58 kN
inside so that the top of the cylinder will be flush with Ry = W1 + W2 = 376 + 188
the water surface. Ry = 564 kN
a. 20.50 kN b. 22.35 kN 𝜇𝑅𝑦 (0.6)(564)
c. 16.85 kN d. 18.75 kN 𝐹𝑆𝑠 = = = 1.916
𝑅𝑥 176.58
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION 2
1. BFcyl + BFpb = W cyl + W pb
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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
RM = 376(3) + 188(1.333) SITUATION
RM = 1378.604 kN-m An open cylindrical tank, 2.5m in diameter and 5m
OM = F x y high contains water to a depth of 3.75m. it is rotated
= 176.58 (2) about its own vertical axis with a constant angular
OM = 353.16 kn=m
𝑅𝑀 1378.604 speed 𝜔.
𝐹𝑆𝑜 = = = 3.904 12. If 𝜔 = 2.5𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐. how much water is spilled
𝑂𝑀 353.16
(𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓) out?
a. 0 b. 1
c. 0.5 d. 1.25
ROTATING VESSELS
SOLUTION 12
𝜔2 𝑟 2
ℎ=
2𝑔
𝜔 = 2.5 rad/sec
2
(2.5) (1.25)2
ℎ=
2(9.81)
h = 0.50
h/2 = 0.25 m < (5 - 3.75)
therefore no liquid spilled (answer)

1 13. What maximum value of angular velocity in rpm

Volume = 2 πR2h
can be imposed without spilling any liquid?
V2 ω2r2
h= = a. 53.50 b. 66.88
2g 2g
c. 60.80 d. 45.60
PROBLEM 10 SOLUTION 13
An open cylindrical vessel having a height equal to h/2 = 5 - 3.75 ; h = 2.5
its diameter is half-filled with water and revolved 𝜔2 𝑟 2
ℎ=
about its own vertical axis with a constant angular 2𝑔
speed of 150 rpm. Find its minimum diameter so 2
(𝜔) (1.25)2
that there can be no liquid spilled. 2.5 =
2(9.81)
a. 397.58mm b. 361.44mm 𝜔 = 5.60 rad/sec x 30/ 𝜋
c. 271.15mm d. 318.07mm 𝜔 = 53.50 𝑟𝑝𝑚 (answer)
SOLUTION 10:
14. If 𝜔 = 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐, how much water is spilled out?
H = D; r = D/2
a. 1.03 b. 0.91
𝜔 = 150 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑥 𝜋/30
c. 0.77 d. 1.14
𝜔 = 5𝜋 rad/sec
2
(5𝜋) (𝐷/2)2 SOLUTION 14:
𝐷=
2(9.81) 𝜔 = 6 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
D = 0.318m or 318.07mm (answer) 2
(6) (1.25)2
ℎ=
2(9.81)
h = 2.87 m
PROBLEM 11 some liquid spilled but the vortex of the
An open cylindrical tank 1.5m in diameter and 2.2m paraboloid is inside the tank since h<3.75
high is full of water when rotated about its vertical Vspilled = Vair(final) – Vair(initial)
axis at 25 rpm, what would be the slope of the water 1
𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋(1.25)2 (2.87)
surface at the rim of the tank? 2
a. 0.655 b. 0.524 Vfinal = 7.044
c. 0.786 d. 1.048 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝜋(1.252 )(1.25)
SOLUTION 11 Vfinal = 6.14
Slope = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 Vspilled = 7.044 - 6.14
𝜔2 𝑥 Vspilled = 0.91m3 (answer)
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑔
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
𝜔 = 25 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑥 𝜋/30 A. Horizontal Acceleration:
5
𝜔 = 𝜋 rad/sec
6
2
5
( 𝜋) (0.75)
6
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
9.81
Slope = 0.524 (answer)

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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
a a
Tan 𝜃 = g P2 = P1 + 𝜸h(1 ± )
g
Case 2: Open Tank
a
P2 = 𝜸h(1 ± )
g
Case 1: Open Tank Where:
+ = for upward acceleration
- = for downward acceleration

SITUATION
A vessel 2.5m in diameter containing 1.6m of water
PA = 𝜸hA
PB = 𝜸hB is being raised.
1. Find the pressure at the bottom of the vessel in
Case 2: Closed Tank With Air kPa when the velocity is constant
PA = P1 + 𝜕hA a. 17.84 b. 19.62
PB = P1 + 𝜕hB c. 13.38 d. 15.70

SOLUTION 1
𝜌 = 𝛾ℎ
𝜌 = 9.81(1.6)
P = 15.70 kPa (answer)

Case 3: Closed Tank Without Air Space 2. Find the pressure at the bottom of the vessel
PA = 𝜸hA’ when it is accelerating 0.4m/s2 upwards.
PB = 𝜸hB’ a. 18.57 b. 20.43
HGL = Hydraulic Grade Line – line connecting all points c. 16.34 d. 13.93
of zero gage pressure
SOLUTION 2:
𝑎
𝜌 = 𝛾ℎ(1 + )
𝑔
0.4
𝜌 = (9.81)(1.6)(1 + )
9.81
P = 16.34 kPa (answer)
SITUATION
An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is SITUATION
4.5m long, 1.2m wide and 2m high is filled with An open tank containing oil (sp. gr. = 0.82) is
water to a depth of 1.5m accelerated vertically at 7.5m/s2. Determine the
1. What maximum horizontal acceleration can ba pressure 2.5m below the surface if the motion is;
imposed on the tank without spilling any water 3. if the motion is upward with a positive
a. 2.48 b. 2.18 acceleration
c. 1.86 d. 2.73 a. 54.09 b. 35.49
c. 43.275 d. 49.18
SOLUTION 1
0.5 SOLUTION 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎
2.25 𝜌 = 𝛾ℎ(1 + )
𝜃 = 12.53 𝑔
𝑎 7.5
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝜌 = (9.81𝑥0.82)(2.5)(1 + )
𝑔 9.81
𝑎 = tan(12.53)(9.81) P = 35.49 kPa (answer)
a = 2.18m/s2 (answer)

4. if the motion is upward with a negative

2. Determine the accelerating force on the liquid acceleration.
mass? a. 6.56 b. 5.78
a. 17.66kN b. 22.07kN c. 7.22 d. 4.74
c. 20.07kN d. 15.05kN SOLUTION 4
−7.5
SOLUTION 2 𝜌 = (9.81𝑥0.82)(2.5)(1 + )
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎 9.81
𝑀 = 𝜌(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑) P = 4.74 kPa (answer)
𝑀 = 1000(4.5𝑥1.2𝑥1.5)
M = 8100 kg
𝐹 = (8100)(2.18) 5. if the motion is downward with a positive
F = 17658 N or 17.66kN (answer) acceleration
a. 4.74 b. 5.78
B. Downward/Upward Acceleration: c. 7.22 d. 6.56
Case 1: Closed Tank SOLUTION 5

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 UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES – NAGA CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MODULE # 1
FLUID MECHANICS
𝑎
𝜌 = 𝛾ℎ(1 + )
𝑔
7.5
𝜌 = (9.81𝑥0.82)(2.5)(1 − )
9.81
P = 4.74 kPa (answer)

6. if the motion is downward with a negative

acceleration.
a. 54.09 b. 43.275
c. 35.49 d. 49.18

SOLUTION 6
𝑎
𝜌 = 𝛾ℎ(1 + )
𝑔
−7.5
𝜌 = (9.81𝑥0.82)(2.5)(1 − )
9.81
P = 35.49 kPa (answer)

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