Socio cultural reform movements

BRAHMO SAMAJ:(The society of god)

 Raja Ram Mohan Roy(1772-1833) - founder

 he is called as "father of Indian Rennaisance" and maker of Modern India

 called as Morning star

 he was a polyglot: Hindi , Bengal, hebrew, latin, french , english, sanskrit, persian , arabi ,urdu .

 learned hindu philosophy , quran and Bible

 reinterpreted hindu doctrine - Vedanta , upanishads

 translated vedas and upanishads to bengali

 campaign for abolition of sati, condemned polygamy and caste system

 he demanded right of inhertitance and property for women

 advocated widow remarriage , faith in monotheism

 IN 1814 he estb Atmiya Sabha (Society of friends)to propogate monotheistic ideas of Vedantas.

 Founded Brahmo sabha in Aug 1828

 form of worship in brahmo samaj was : Prayers, meditation and readings of Upanishads and no
idol,painting or image ,etc

 no preisthood ,no idolatory, no sacrifices allowed

 he did not want to estb new religion , he only wanted to purify hinduism

 Orthodox hindu like Radhakant deb and Akshat Kant were against Roy

 Radhakant deb estb Dharma sabha to counter brahmo sabha

 Brahmo Samaj had no faith in incarnations , transmigration of souls, doctrine of karma ,etc

 dues to his efforts govt declaration in 1829 declared practice of Sati as crime

 Roy supported David Hare's efforts to found hindu college in 1817

 his english school taught mechanics and voltaire's taught philosophy

 he estb Vedanta college in 1825

 brought out journals in bengali , hindi , english and persian

 demanded abolition of taxes on tax free lands, reduction of export duties on Indian goods and
abolition of East India company's trading rights

 demanded Indianisation of superior services and seperation of executive and judiciary

 demanded judicial equality between Indians amd europeans and trial be held by jury

 His associates were: David hare, Alexander duff, Debendranath TAgore, PK Tagore,
Chadrashekahr Deb, Tarachand Chakraborty, Derozians , ishwar chandra vidyasagar , ashwini
kumar datta

 After his death , Debendranath tagore (1817-1905)took over the samaj

 TAgore founded Tatvabodhini Sabha(tatvabodhini patrika another organ) in 1839 and in 1842 he
joined Brahmo samaj

 Keshab Chandra Sen joined Samaj in 1858. TAgore appointed him as Acharya of Brahmo samaj.
Sen popularised the movement outside Bengal i UP, PUNJAB, BOMBAY AND MADRAS

 keshan chandra sen advocated intercaste marriages , started reading chrustian muslim parsi
scriptures in samaj. He had a liberal and cosmopolitan outlook

 his radical nature created hostility between sen and debendrnath tagore

 he was removed from office of acharya in1865

 KEshab chandra sen formed : Brahmo Samaj Of India in 1866

 Debendranath ke samaj ko Adi Brahmo samaj kaha gaya

 IN 1878 he married his 13 year old daughter to mahraja of cooch - bihar

 his followers left the smaaj and formed -- SADHARAN BRSHMO SAMAJ

 kESHAB CHANDRA SEN INSPIRED" PRARTHANA SAMAJ"

 WORKS OF RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY

 1)1809- Gift to Monotheists (Tuhfat-ul-muwahddin)

 2)1820- Precepts of jesus

 3) compiled Bengali Grammar

 4) 1821 - Samvad Kaumudi- Newspaper

 5) 1822 - Mirat -Al - Akhbarat- Persian

  Dayal Singh trust implanted Brahmo ideas by opening Dayal Singh College at Lahore in 1910

Atmiya Sabha - 1814

Brahmo sabha- 1828

Adi Brahmo samaj -debendranatn tagore

Brahmo samaj of India - keshabchndra sen

Sadharan bgarhmo samaj or neo brahmo samaj - followers of keshab

Legacy of brahmo samaj

 Paramhansa Mandali was started in 1840 as a secret group(liberal ideas and encourage
breakdowm of caste and communal barriers)

 Manav Dharma sabha was started in 1844

 Prarthana samaj in 1867

 M G RANADE : Sarvajanik sabha and social conference 1887

 Gopal krishna gokhale :Servants of India society 1905

 Pandita ramabai - Arya mahila samaj and sharda sadan in 1889

 V R Shinde - All India depressed classes mission 1906

PRARTHANA SAMAJ(1867)

 Prarthana sabha founded in 1849 and prarthna samaj in 1867

 In 1867, Keshab Chandra Sen helped Atmaram Pandurang found the Prarthana Samaj in Bombay

 precursor of prarthana samaj was param hansa sabha

 Paramhansa Mandali was started in 1840 as a secret group(liberal ideas and encourage
breakdowm of caste and communal barriers)

 Manav Dharma sabha was started in 1844

 Prarthana samaj in 1867

 M G RANADE joined samaj in 1870 (put so many efforts) : Sarvajanik sabha and social
conference 1887

 Gopal krishna gokhale :Servants of India society 1905

 Pandita ramabai - Arya mahila samaj and sharda sadan in 1889

 V R Shinde - All India depressed classes mission 1906

  Other leaders of Samaj - RG Bhandarkar and NG Chandvarkar

 The emphasis was on monotheism, but on the whole, the samaj was more concerned with social
reforms than with religion

 This samaj was attached to Bhakti cult of Mahaeashtra

 : (i) disapproval of caste system

 (ii) women’s education,

 (iii) widow remarriage, and

 (iv) raising the age of marriage for both males and females.

 D K karve and Vishnu shastri

 Ranade and karve founded widow remarriage movement and widows home association

DEROZIO AND YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT

 Henry Vivian Derozio -born in 1809

 Taught at Hindoo college from 1826 to 1831 (founded by david hare in 1817)

 inspired from french revolution

 first nationalist poet of India

 because of his radical thougjts he was removed from the college in 1831

 advocated women rights and demanded education for them

ARYA SAMAJ

 formed at Mumbai in 1875

 HQ of samaj at lahore

 revivalist , reuslt of reaction to western influences

 founder : Dayanand Saraswati (real name - Moolshankar Trivedi) born in old Morvi state in
Gujrat in brahmin family

 wandered as an ascetic for 15 years in search of truth

 he believd that in vedic religion there was equality and later hinduism based on puranas created
inequality - formed Arya samaj
 his views were published in his works-- Satyarth praksh (the true exposition)

 he wanted to revive Aryan religion as the only religion , no caste system , montheism ,women
can read vedas (upanayan)

 he considered vedas as "India's rock of ages "

 Dayanand held that god , soul and matter are distinct entitites

 slogan : Go BAck TO VEDAS

 Veda Bhashya Bhumika --- How to take vedas in todays context - It was a commentary on
vedas

 revival of Vedic learning and Vedic purity of religion and not a revival of Vedic times.

 he accepted modernity , he accepted doctorine of karma and reincarnation

 SHUDDHI movement to reconvert to the Hindu fold the converts to Christianity and Islam. It also
tried to uplift untouchabkes and change them to pure caste Hindus

 He received education on Vedanta from a blind teacher named Swami Virajananda in Mathura

 He criticised later Hindu scriptures such as the Puranas and the ignorant priests for perverting
Hinduism.

 criticised Maya(illusion), niyati(destiny),idolatory ,untouchability,charm, animal sacrifice

,feeding the dead, taboo on sea voyages

 He described hindu race as children of children

 Dayananda subscribed to the Vedic notion of chaturvarna system in which a person was
identified as a brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya or shudra not by birth but according to the occupation
and merit of the person.

 he lamented hindu race as children of children

 fixed marraige age of boys as 25 and girls as 16

 (i) God is the primary source of all true knowledge

 ; (ii) God,as all-truth, all-knowledge, almighty, immortal, creator of Universe, is alone worthy of
worship

 ; (iii) the Vedas are the books of true knowledge

 ; (iv) an Arya should always be ready to accept truth and abandon untruth;

 (v) dharma, that is, due consideration of right and wrong, should be the guiding principle of all
 actions

 ; (vi) the principal aim of the Samaj is to promote world’s well-being in the material, spiritual and
social sense

 ; (vii) everybody should be treated with love and justice;

 (viii) ignorance is to be dispelled and knowledge increased;

 (ix) one’s own progress should depend on uplift of all others;

 (x) social well-being of mankind is to be placed above an individual’s well-being.

 Intercaste marriages and widow remarriages were also encouraged

 Dayananda also met other reformers of the time—Keshab Chandra Sen, Ishwar Chandra
Vidyasagar, Ranade,Deshmukh

 arya samaj rendered social service in times of calmities like earthquKE ETC

 Dayanan died in 1883

 Lala hans raj and lala lajpat rai started Dayanand Anglo Vedic College(D.A.V) in 1886 at lahore

 a difference of opinion between two groups in the samaj arose over the curriculum of the D.A.V.
College

 two groups formed

1. College Party or Culture party=== lala hans raj , lala lal chand , lala lajpat rai

2. Mahatma or gurukul party== Guru datta vidyarthi, lala munshi ram( later called as Swami
Shrddhanand)

 various issues arised like english curriculum and vegetarianism or non vegetarianism

 thus samaj spltted in two

 College party retained control over DAV colllege and school

 while other small arya branches and arya pratinidhi sabha were taken by mahatma party

 Swami Shradhanand opened Gurukul in 1900 At Gujraanwala (in west punjab now in pakistan),
In 1902 it was shifted to Kangri near HArdiwar hence the name Haridwar kangri

 The gurukul aimed at providing an indigenous alternative to Lord Macaulay’s education policy by
offering education in the areas of vedic literature, Indian philosophy, Indian culture as well as
modern sciences and research.
  It also founded the Kanya Mahavidyalay at JAlandhar in 1896 amd sponsored education for
widows

 Dayanand's poltical slogan was - " INDIA FOR INIDANS", first to use the word Swaraj in modern
times, also supported Hindi as National language

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF 1875 NEW YORK

 Madame HP Blavatsky (Russian lady ), And colonel MS Olcott

 impressed by upanishads and Indian culture

 Dayanand Saraswati invited them to india

 they shifted their head quarters from US to India in Adyar , on the outskirts of Madras

 translated sanskrit books to english so that the world should know about India

 It belived that a special relattionship could be estb between ones sould and god by prayer
contemplation etc

 It believed in karma , reincarnation , and drew inspirtaion from upanishads, samkhya ,yoga and
Vedanta schools of thought

 it also seeks investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man

 At one time it aligned with arya samaj too

 Annie beasant(came to India in 1893) -- active -- opened branches

1. 1898 - central Hindu School at Benaras --- both hindu religion and western scientific culture was
taught

2. Benaras Hindu University (BHU ) started in 1916

3. started home rule

4. bacame first woman president of INC

 revivalist

Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar :

- was born on 26 sept 1820

- in 1850 he bacame the principal of sanskrit college

- opened sanskrit college for non brahmins

-was secretary of Bethune school(estb in 1849)

-he introduced the widow remarriage practice , by pushing widow remarriage act 15 of 1856

- he reconstructed the Bengali alphabet - 12 vowels and 40 consonants

RAMKRISHNA MISSION in 1897

 intellectual elites supported brahmo samaj and average bengali found emotional satisfaction
in BHAkti and Yoga

 Ramkrishna Paramhansa (1836-1886) was a poor preist at the Kali temple in Dakshineshwar,
calcutta

 childhood name -- Gadadhar Chattopadhyay

 Trust in all religion

 He is considered to have attained the highest spiritual experience available to Hindus.

 did not write any books , only speakings in the form of parables and metaphors

 Two objectives of the Ramakrishna movement were

 —(i) to bring into existence a band of monks dedicated to a life of renunciation and practical
spirituality, from among whom teachers and workers would be sent out to spread the universal
message of Vedanta as illustrated in the life of Ramakrishna, and

 (ii) in conjunction with lay disciples to carry on preaching, philanthropic and charitable works,
looking upon all men, women and children, irrespective of caste, creed or colour, as veritable
manifestations of the Divine

 God is one just names are different

 He recognised Idol worship , but not symbols or rituals

 Laid foundation of ramakrishna math

 The headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission are at Belur near Calcutta.(it was shifted
to Belur by vivekanand in 1898)

 The two are twin organisations, though legally and financially separate
  "AS MANY FAITHS ,SO MANY PATHS"

 he said service of man is service of god

 married to Sardamani mukherjje later called Sarada devi

 he considered her as embodiment of divine mother

 Ramakrishna mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda , in 1897 , 11 years after

RAMAKRISHNAS death

 Narendranath datta --- in search of god

Swami Vivekananda

 Narendranath datta - real name

 preacher of neo hinduism

 Ramakrishna experiences , upanishads , gita and examples of buddha and jesus

 DHYANA SAMADHI - Total trance

 " strength is life , weakness is death"

 attended PArliament of religion at chicago in 1893

a. Brothers and sisters of america

b. every religion is equal and great

c. be united not divided

 gave several lectures on Vedanta in USA and LOndon before resturning to India in 1897

 Subhash chandra bose said : VIvekananda is father of Modern Nationalist Movement

 The service of jiva is worship of siva

 The mission still runs hospitals , dsipensaries etc , and help in natural calamities

MUSLIM MOVEMENTS:

will add later

MARATHI::::

JAGANNATH SHANKAR SETH:(1803- 1865):

 born on 10 feb 1803 , Mumbai

 called as"Archietct of Modrm Mumbai"

 Murkute family(Daivadnya Brahmin caste ) , Murbad , thane

 languages- marathi , english and sanskrit

 "jodonia dhan uttam vyavhare udas vichare vech kari"

 founded Bombay Native Education Society in Mumbai with the help of Elphinstone

 this society opened many schools in and out of Mumbai

 financial support foe Students Literray and Scientifc Society

 started girls school at his residence

 the Bombay Education society's name was changed to Bombay Native Institutin in 1824, then
in 1840 it bcame Board of Education and in 1856 it became Elphinstone educational Society

 made a member on Board of Education to control educational system of Mumbai

 founded Bombay Association along with Dadbhai Naoroji on 26th AUg 1852

 memeber of legislature oh Mumbai(state)

 Acharya Atre says "Nana was Uncrowned emperor of Mumbai"

 he was called "Justice of peace"

 Govt law college was founded in 1855 with his help and later it was affiliated to Bombay
University in 1860

 member of Senate of Bombay University

 friend and supporter of Vishnudas Bhave

 Nana and Jamsetji jeejeebhoy - Bombay to Thane Train

 convinced British to appoint Indians to jury

 1845-- Grant Medical Collge - estb along with jeejeebhoy (also made bathrooms)--- DR Bhau
Daji Lad was a student over there
  1849- studnets literary and education society along with Naoroji ---first political organisation
in Bombay presidemcy

 1857-- MUMBAI UNIVERSITY

 Agro and horticulture society

 underground drainage in Mumbai , mercentile banks , workshop for prisoners

 gave donation of 5000 rs for estb of Victoria Garden and Prince Albert Museum in 1862

 Balashahstri jambhekar , Naoroji, MG ranade, RG Bhandarkar were students during nana's period
in elphinstone educational imstituion. LAter Gopal krishna gokhale and Tilak also joined it

 Nana passed away on 31 july 1865

Acharya Balshahstri Jambhekar (1812-1846)

 born on 6th jan 1812 at Pombhurle , RAjapur taluka of Ratnagiri distrcts( Todays devgarh taluka
of sindhudyrg dist)

 intelligent , polyglot -- Sanskrit , English , Marathi , Kannad , Bengali and Persian

 Deputy secretory of Bombay Native Education Society AT the age of 17

 assistant proff in elphinstone collge (taught hindi and mathematics ,, naoroji was his student)

 teacher of prince of akkalkot

 inspector of primary school in Mumbai Presidency

 worked as director of teachers education classs

 he was opponet of brahmin orthodoxy

 in favour of shuddhikaran i.e purification of converts( NArayan and shreepati)

 sheshyadri case :Narayan was forcefully cnverted , shripat was saved by jammbhekar from
conversion

 he started "DARPAN " in 6th jan 1832 -- first marathi newspaper in maaharastra lasted for 8 and
half years)

 Ragunath harishchandra and janardan vasudev worked for Darpan

 price of darpan = 1 rupee and had two columns i marathi and english. It included principles of
equality and liberty and condition of widows remarriage
 magazine-- "DIGDARSHAN" in 1840, bhau mahajan was also associated with this magazien

 He is calle as " FATHER OF MARATHI NEWSPAPERS ". hence 6th january is celebrated as
Journalist day in Maharashtra

 HE was a history researcher and senior journalist

 wrote on subj like history , geo, grammr , maths , poetics , ethics ,etc

 found " The Bombay native general Library" in 1845

 1822- Bombay native school and school society

 first person to print Dnyaneshwari in 1845

 first to publish research article in quarterly journal of Asiatic society

 also started Native Improvement Society . Studnets literary and scientific society was its
offshoot.

 worked as director of Colaba Observatory

 he created text books for the first time and hence called as pioneer of textbooks

 Shri Narayan Chandolkar - first marathi president of INC called him pioneer sage

 1st marathi historian

 given honour of justice of peace in 1840 by james kanark

 WORKS:

i. Shunyalabdhi

ii. Hindustancha itihas

iii. history of ancient india

iv. sar sangrah

v. englandcha itihas

vi. neetikatha(stories on morality)

vii. bhgol vidya

viii. bal vyakran

Dadoba Pandurang tarkhadkar:(9th may 1814 - 17 oct 1882)

 called ad Panini of Marathi language ,,,, wrote maharashtra bhasheche vyakran in

1836

 mumbai born , religious person

 taught Nawab of Jawra state at elphinstone college (surat)

 in 1852 he ws appointed as deputy collector of Ahmednagar

 suppressed the revolt of Bhils and hence given the title "RAOBAHADUR"

 worked as translator in Baroda state

 founded and presided "Upyukt Dnyan Prasarak Mandal"

 He founded "Manavdharma Sabha "-- with cooperation of Durgaram Manchhram , Dinmani

Shankar Dalpatray at Surat on 23 june 1844. This sabha was based on his book dharma
vivechan

 manavdharma sabha -- God is one and belongs to one caste, there is one religion

 it had less followers

 Then he estb : Paramhansa sabha with help of friends like bhikoji chavan , ram balkrishan jayakr
and Durgaram mehta in 1849 at Mumbai(it was a secret society) aim-- oppose idol worship,
monotheism and destroy caste and communal barriers

 Members of paramhansa sabha had to eat cake baked by christians , water fetched by lowers
catse, etc

 In 1860 its register of (500followers regidtered ) was stolen and christian missionary journal
attcaked .thus came to an end in 1860

 Out of manavdharma sabha and paramhansa sabha came out the prarthana samaj which was
found by his brother Dr. Atmaram tarkhadkar

 Dadoba died --- 17 october 1882

 WORKS: HIS PEN NAME WAS EK JAGATHVASI ARYA)

I. Paramhansik Brahmadharma

II. Maharashtra Bhasehche vyakran [1836]

III. Dharmavivechan[1843]
IV. Mabaichya ovya

V. YAshoda pandurangi

VI. shishubodh