Name: Dequilla, Fredlyn, G.

Section: 1-SEDS1

Project – Outputs

Answer the following questions as an output of the lessons. (20 points)

1. How did classical philosophers describe Earth’s place in the Universe?

Historically, many European ancient civilizations along with other classical

philosophers like Aristotle in classical Greece and Ptolemy of Roman Egypt believed that
geocentric model was the predominant description of the cosmos. Geocentric model shows that
all the heavenly bodies are revolving around the Earth. Aristotle’s model of the universe is
geocentric where the Sun, moon, stars and planets are all orbiting the Earth inside the Eudoxus
spheres. Additionally, Ptolemy suggested that planets like Mars move in circles as they orbit the
Earth, where the circles are called epicycles. As a result, some philosophers back at the time
would say that the Earth is the center of the solar system or the universe.

2. What is your concept of the age of the Universe? How did it come into existence and what
existed before it?

According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe was created around 13.7 billion years
ago as a result of a tremendous expansion that blew up space like a huge balloon. Many
theoretical physicists and cosmologists today embrace this view. The cosmic microwave
background radiation is a projected thermal fingerprint of the Big Bang that has been
discovered by scientists. According to their argument, there are no such items older than 13.7
billion years, which implies that the universe only formed about that time. They contend that the
cosmos then experienced an incredibly short and spectacular episode of inflation that saw it
accelerate past the speed of light. Within the space of a few seconds, it doubled in size possibly
100 times or more, all within the span of a few tiny factors of a second. Beforehand, larger atoms
and groupings of atoms were produced by the earliest stars. More stars were born as a result of
that. Galaxies were merging and colliding at the same moment. Things like asteroids, comets,
planets, and black holes developed when new stars were forming and dying.

3. Where are we in our own galaxy? Explain.

Our Solar System and Earth are located about 25,000 light years to the galactic center
and 25, 000 light years away from the rim. So basically, if you were to think of the Milky Way as a
big record, we would be the spots that roughly halfway between the center of the edge.
Astronomers have agreed that Milky Way probably has two major spiral arms, the Perseus arm
and Scutum Centaurus arm that has several arms and spurs. The Solar System is located in a
region in between the two arms called the Orion-Cygnus arm. This arm measures 3,500 light
years across and 10,000 light years in length where it breaks off from the Sagittarius arm.

The Solar System is thought to be close to the galactic plane because the Milky Way splits the
night sky into two about equal halves. Due to the gases and dust that cover the galactic disk, the
Milky Way's surface brightness is rather modest. We are unable to glimpse the brilliant galactic
core or properly perceive what is on the opposite side of it as a result. You might be shocked to
find that the Sun takes 250 million years to complete one rotation around the Milky Way; this is
referred to as a "Galactic Year" or "Cosmic Year." There were still dinosaurs on Earth the previous
time the Solar System was in this location in the Milky Way. It shows that after so many studies on
the universe, we still don’t know what will happen next.

4. Why did galaxies become spiral, some elliptical and some irregular?

The apparent form of galaxies is used to classify them. Typically, these forms can be
classified as elliptical, spiral, or irregular. A galaxy's shape can provide information about the
galaxy's age and star kinds.

Spiral galaxies comprise a center cluster of stars that is encircled by a disk with arms that
create a spiral shape. A spiral galaxy's bulge typically contains older, redder stars than the rest of
the galaxy. Additionally, the disk is encircled by a fainter, approximately spherical stellar halo. One
of our closest neighbors, the Andromeda galaxy, is an illustration of a spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies
with a bar of stars running across the center are known as barred spiral galaxies. About 2/3 of all
spiral galaxies that have been detected, including the Milky Way, are assumed to be barred spiral
galaxies. Depending on how tightly curled the spiral arms look, spiral and barred spiral galaxies
are sub-classified.

Elliptical galaxies lack structure and have a rounded ellipsoidal form, which gives them
the appearance of a huge spherical or elliptical ball of stars. The length and thinness of elliptical
galaxies can be used to categorize them. Elliptical galaxies often have extremely ancient stars, low
gas, and dust but do not actively produce new stars. Because the stars in an elliptical galaxy are
frequently close together, the galaxy's core seems to be one enormous star. The quantity of light
emanating from the nearby stars would make the Earth brilliant all the time, with no distinction
between day and night, if it were located inside an elliptical galaxy.

Undefined in shape, irregular galaxies are those. Before being distorted by the
gravitational attraction of nearby galaxies, many irregular galaxies were likely spiral or elliptical
in shape.