UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNOLOGICA DE CAMPECHE

MANTENIMIENTO INDUSTRIAL

THERMAL MACHINES

PRACTICE 3.1 AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION

MAINTENANCE

STUDENT’S NAME:

1.- Edgar Jiménez Hernández

2.- Ramón Fernández Mendoza
3.- Oshmar Jhair Hernández Rodríguez
4.- Diana Margarita Hernandez Sanchez
2.-
3.-
4.-
5.-

TEACHERS NAME:
Mto. ABIEL MONTERO ESPINOSA

GRADE: GROUP:

5° Quarter A

SYLLABUS:

T.S.U. INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE

PRACTICE 3.1 AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION
MAINTENANCE

Describe:
1. Types of air conditioners (include illustrations).

PORTABLE AIR CONDITIONER WITHOUT OUTDOOR UNIT

This type of portable air conditioning equipment does not require

installation, unlike splits or heat pumps that require the placement of an
extractor outside. It is enough to place the hot air extractor tube manually in
a window. Due to its specific characteristics, buying a portable air
conditioner is indicated in second homes or rental flats, to cover occasional
heat waves or as support for a traditional air conditioning installation.

But as in any purchase of air conditioning equipment, before choosing the

best portable air conditioner, it is important to know how it works and
compare the characteristics of these systems, their advantages and
disadvantages. This article is a complete guide to buying energy efficient
portable air conditioners.

SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING

A compressor unit is located outside connected to evaporator

units inside. A Split air conditioner is one of the most
widespread air conditioning systems at the domestic level.
When we talk about Split we refer to the indoor unit of the
installation that also requires an outdoor unit that is installed
on the facade or balcony of the house to extract the hot air
outside. An installation of this type can also have several Split
units. In this case, we would talk about a MultiSplit system.

The most common is the split wall or wall air conditioner. In the event that it is installed embedded in the
ceiling, it will be a cassette-type air conditioner.
MULTI-SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING

It is a split system with one outdoor unit and several indoor units, which allows conditioning several rooms
or a large premises with a single outdoor unit. These systems process the air and thus modify the humidity
and temperature of the room.

CASSETTE AIR CONDITIONER

It is also a split system, with the condenser located in the outdoor

unit, in which the indoor unit is installed recessed in the ceiling,
connected to each other by a system of ducts installed under a false
ceiling. It is generally used to air-condition commercial premises or
large spaces such as offices, since it has more power than a wall-
mounted split and its four air outlets cover more space to be cooled.

They are units that can work with direct systems, direct expansion, and indirect systems, hydronic systems.
There are different sizes, shapes, powers... We can find them in different facilities, although the most
common is the tertiary sector: offices, commercial premises, bars-restaurants... since it is a simple,
functional and aesthetic alternative.
DUCTED AIR CONDITIONING

It is a centralized air conditioning system, generally, that is embedded in the false ceiling of the premises
or home. The distribution of cold air (or hot if it is a reversible heat pump) is carried out through hidden
ducts also in the false ceiling that end in strategically placed and generally adjustable grilles through which
the air flow exits.

These air distribution systems can generate the temperature change through an air -air heat pump or a fan
coil (water-air). Therefore, both its consumption and its energy efficiency will largely depend on the type of
system chosen, regardless of whether the air outlet is carried out through ducts integrated into the false
ceiling.

REVERSIBLE AIR CONDITIONING OR HEAT PUMP

These systems that we have mentioned before, can be heat pumps that generate air conditioning by
working in a "reversible" way. The heat pump is a thermodynamic device that takes the heat present in a
medium (for example, air, water, earth) to transfer it to another with a higher temperature level (f or example,
in a room to heat it). Getting air conditioning with a reversible heat pump is the most efficient way to reduce
the temperature of a space, since the heat pump always delivers more energy than it consumes.
FAN COIL OR FAN COIL

A fan coil or fan coil is the term that refers to a water-air air conditioning unit made up of a heat exchanger,
a fan and a filter. To cool or heat the water, the fan coil requires an outdoor unit with a refrigerant -water
exchanger.

They can work either cooling or heating the environment, depending on whether they are fed with chilled
water from a refrigerator or with hot water from an aerothermal heat pump or a common boiler.

It has an important advantage over VRV or VRF systems, since refrigerants generally displace oxygen and
are denser than air, they generally tend to concentrate from the ground upwards, which makes them
dangerous in the event of a leak. for people when the practical limit (kg/m3) of kilograms per cubic meter
of refrigerant is exceeded in the smallest room of the installation, established in the safety regulations for
refrigeration installations.

ROOF TOP OR EQUIPMENT ON DECK

These are compact, high-power units that take in air from a rooftop and distribute it through ducts. Its use
is widespread in commercial spaces where the cover is in direct contact with the area to be air -conditioned,
such as department stores, supermarkets, etc.
WATER CHILLERS WITH HEAT RECOVERY

These systems are capable of modifying the levels of humidity or concentration of toxins in the air found in
an environment or room. Water chillers can take heat from one area to another but their main advantage is
that they are not affected by the practical limits of the refrigerant since they work with water as a refrigerant.
On the contrary, they need a water distribution system and air conditioners or fan coils and are usually
noisier and bulkier.

These equipment’s are installed in large buildings where they need

cold and heat at the same time of the year in different areas, and are
also applicable in industrial processes where hot and cold water need
to be produced at the same time, such as for heating water for
sanitary use.

Installations that have large loads of cold heat is discharged into the
atmosphere in large quantities, for these cases heat recovery chillers
are used. Typically, chillers operate with condensing temperatures
close to outside air temperature. Most installations cannot use much of the heat that is recovered.

Heat recovery chillers produce hot and cold water at the same time and independently, this guarantees
high performance and high savings in electricity consumption. These units are optimized for higher
condensing temperatures, so increasing heat recovery (recovered heat temperature from 11ºC to 28ºC)
increases the condensing temperature.
INVERTER AIR CONDITIONER

The Inverter system is not a type of air conditioning, but a quality or

technology that regulates the mechanism of an air conditioning
system by changing the frequency of the electrical cycle of its
compressor. Instead of frequently starting and stopping, the
compressor rotates continuously, helping to keep the room
temperature constant. An energy expenditure directly proportional
to the required cooling capacity is ensured, thus avoiding unnecessary consumption and prolonging the life
of the compressor.

Inverter technology regulates the air conditioning mechanism by changing the frequency of the electrical
cycle, that is, it regulates the speed of the compressor. Instead of frequently starting and stopping to obtain
the desired average temperature, with the inverter the compressor rotates continu ously, which helps to
keep the room temperature constant.

The Inverter air conditioner reaches the comfort zone more quickly. Without using this technology, the
premises heat up or cool down excessively since they cannot be regulated in equipment without an inverter,
so it takes more time to reach its optimum level, but the level drops quickly. On the other hand, the Inverter
maintains a comfortable temperature all the time with smooth starts and shutdowns, also consuming much
less.
2. Air conditioners and frigorific chambers components (include illustrations).

COMPONENTS OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

• Refrigerant gas

R134a is the gas that until recently was used in the automotive industry, but has been replaced since
January 1, 2018 by R1234yf, which complies with current anti-pollution regulations. These types of
refrigerant gases have the characteristic of being able to change states continuously.

 Compressor

It is responsible for increasing the pressure of the refrigerant gas in the circuit. It is driven mechanically via

the accessory belt and electrically by the driver via the A/C switch. As long as the air conditioning is not

connected, the compressor does not rotate internally and only the pulley rotates. When we activate the A/C

button, the electromagnetic clutch sticks against the rotating pulley, transmitting the rotation to the interior,

being at this moment, in which the compressor begins to work internally, generating refrigerant gas pressure.

 Dehydrator filter

It is a filter located between the compressor and the condenser

or forming parts of it depending on the make and model of

vehicle. Its mission is to filter and dry any traces of moisture

from the refrigerant gas.

  Condenser

The condenser is a radiator that is placed at the front of the vehicle and always ahead of the engine radiator.
It is responsible for receiving the gas pressurized by the compressor and filtered by the dehydrator filter.
The change of state from gas to liquid occurs in the condenser.

 Expansion valve

It is located at the inlet of the evaporator and its mission is to regulate the passage of refrigerant liquid,
control the expansion of the fluid at high pressure and prevent the evaporator from freezing .

 Evaporator

It is a much smaller radiator than the condenser and similar in

size to the heating radiator or heater. It is placed in the heating
cabinet and is responsible for cooling the air that passes
through it, producing the change from liquid state to gaseous
state of the refrigerant gas. The expansion valve contributes to
this change of state by spraying the liquid into it.
  passenger compartment fan

It is responsible for introducing the air into the passenger compartment and can be regulated by the driver.

 Thermostat

Its mission is to regulate the temperature inside the passenger compartment, and can be activated manually
like the older ones or electronically like the current ones. It is responsible for activating or deactivating the
electromagnetic clutch of the compressor, depending on the temperature inside the passenger
compartment. Its location is inside the passenger compartment.

 Pressure switches

They are safety elements that cut off the power supply to the compressor
in the event of incorrect pressures. They are usually mounted at the inlet
and outlet of the compressor, for low and high pressure. In the case of the
so-called cuatrinary, they are installed in the high pressure circuit, which in
addition to cutting off the power supply to the compressor due to
overpressure or low pressure, connects the 1st speed of the fan and the
2nd speed, fulfilling the four functions in one same item.
  Pipelines

They are responsible for housing the refrigerant gas and are distinguished
by their outer diameter, being narrower in high pressure and wider in low
pressure.

Therefore, the synchronization of all the components that make up the air
conditioning system will make driving safer and more comfortable, providing
a low temperature in the passenger compartment when it is hot outside.

FRIGORIFIC CHAMBERS COMPONENTS

Components
• Compressor: The compressor is the “heart”. It is responsible for generating the pressure differences in
which the cycle works.

• Evaporator: It is responsible for heat exchange, extracts heat from the cold room.

• Condenser: It is the component responsible for expelling heat to the outside environment.

• Expansion valve: It is responsible for closing the cycle and conditioning the refrigerant that comes out as
condensed, lowering its pressure and temperature, preparing it to extract heat from the cold room again.
3. Diagnostic procedures carried out on a air conditioner (or frigorific chamber).

The different tests that a good technician must develop in the automotive air conditioning diagnostic
process.

Visual Inspection Process

Before using diagnostic tools for automotive air conditioning, the technician can develop a process of
observing the following items:

 Start the vehicle's engine, turn on the air conditioning; set fan to full speed, temperature knob to cold;
wait several minutes and check the cooling generated by the system.
 Verify the correct operation of the mixing, mode and recirculation compounds, which can affect the
generated cooling temperature.
 The condition of the fins of the condenser, coolant radiator, steering box cooler or automatic box must
be inspected, which must be in perfect condition and free of particles that could obstruct the air flow.
 The various shrouds, deflectors, and focusers for the condenser fan or cooling system must be
present and properly installed to ensure proper airflow.
 Check that the car's cooling system is in perfect working order.
 The single or drive belt of the compressor must be checked for its condition and the tension it maintains.
 Verify that when the air conditioning is turned on, the electromagnetic clutch is observed to work
correctly.
 It should be located if the vehicle's air conditioning system is equipped with a pollen filter and observe
the state in which it is found.

A clogged filter obstructs the flow of air over the evaporator and significantly affects the evaporation process
of the refrigerant, reducing the cooling of the occupant compartment.

DIAGNOSIS OF TEMPERATURES OF THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF AUTOMOTIVE AIR

CONDITIONING

It consists of checking by touch the temperature of the components and pipes both high and low in the
circuit. We must start the car's engine and bring it to operating temperature and we will als o turn on the air
conditioning.

The test will consist of touching the different components to establish if their tem perature is correct or not.
  When touching the compressor, it must be at a hot temperature since there is friction inside it, but
mainly it is the component that is responsible for compressing the refrigerant and in doing so raises
its temperature. Said temperature is transferred to the compressor.

 The high pressure pipe between the compressor and the condenser must also be at a high
temperature since it is the line that transports the refrigerant compressed by the compressor.

 The condenser has a high temperature in the coolant inlet section (called the inlet point) and a lower
temperature in the coolant outlet area, which allows us to verify that this part fully fulfills its function
of cooling the coolant that it contains. enter.

 The pipe that transports the refrigerant from the condenser to the evaporator must have a lukewarm
temperature (before the expansion valve or the fixed or variable orifice valve).

 Evaporator outlet piping must be cold temperature.

 The pipe that transports the refrigerant from the evaporative valve to the compressor must have a
cold temperature until the inlet to the compressor.

If the touch tests carried out on each of the components and pipes of the air conditioning system are different
from those explained, it is very possible that there is an obstruction in the component or in the pipe whose
temperature is not in a normal state. After locating in this way an identification of a problem, we would have
to carry out the pressure test of the system.

SYSTEM PRESSURE TEST

To develop this process, the workshop must have different types of tools.

There are two types of equipment on the market to develop the test:

1. The traditional system of multiple manometers.

2. air conditioning diagnostic stations

These two pieces of equipment allow you to take pressure from the automotive air conditioning system.

The pressures will be measured both on the low and high pressure side and it is carried out in two moments
with the engine stopped and the air conditioning system off and the other test with the engine and the air
conditioning system on.

a. With the engine off, the pressures should be the same both high and low, more or less around in an
ambient temperature of 20° to 25° C 14.5 PSI. In case of lower than normal pressure, we must:
  Empty the system.

 Perform a leak test, if any occur, make the necessary repair.

 Charge the system with the correct amount of refrigerant.

 Carry out the pressure test with the engine running.

b. The pressures with the engine running in normal state should be found on the low pressure side between
20 to 40 PSI on the high side between 150 to 310 PSI at a temperature of 20° to 25° C. If the values are
not found In these values there would be different damages that we can diagnose through the clocks, such
as the following:

 Faulty compressor.

 Evaporator clogging.

 Condenser obstructions.

 Damage to evaporator valve or fixed or variable orifice valve.

 System lack of refrigerant charge.

 Excessive refrigerant charge in the system.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS

This system is very important that the automotive technician clearly knows its components, functions and
how to develop a correct diagnosis.

In this system, the automotive technician must use his knowledge in automotive electricity, in the
interpretation of electrical plans and in automotive electronics, in the different vehicle models we find
different configurations, in the models up to the year 2002 we find air condition ing circuits that worked
separately from each other. the heating system and these models employ conventional electrical circuits
that can only be diagnosed with the automotive multimeter.

But in recent models the air conditioning circuits work together with the heating system and works as an
electronic control system which uses the signals from the sensors of the system and also interfaces with
other electronic modules such as the engine PCM, to. To diagnose this system, the technician needs his
knowledge in electronics and specialized tools such as the automotive scanner and the oscilloscope.
4. Air conditioner (or frigorific chamber) maintenance plan (select a procedure: PREVENTIVE O CORRETIVE).

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PLAN FOR AN AIR CONDITIONER

 Preventive Maintenance

It is the preventive technical action that seeks to prolong the useful life of the equipment, basically it is a
routine that must be repeated in periods of time ranging from 60 days to 90 days.

The goal of preventive maintenance is to identify early signs of a defect to minimize the risk of unscheduled
breakdowns and reduce the need for corrective maintenance.

Primarily, the preventive maintenance of air conditioners seeks to keep the equipment clean and lubricated
in all its parts, with adjustments and basic changes in screws, electrical terminals and, in general, the
monitoring of electrical consumption readings, noise, condensation and evaporation temperatures of the
refrigerant.

The extension of the useful life of the air conditioning equipment that is undergoing maintenance depends
on the alarms that arise during preventive maintenance, and on the corrective actions that are made.

In air conditioning applications such as: offices, work areas, etc., we normally find the equipment saturated
with dust, clothing fibers and grease, the mixture of these elements generates a sludge that covers the
coils, water pumps and filters. air outlet. Depending on the number of people in the heated area, it will be
more or less frequent for preventive maintenance of the air conditioning system.

 IMPORTANCE OF PROVIDING MAINTENANCE TO THE MINI SPLIT

A mini split is made up of several parts that, in the same way, must be cleaned and maintained from time
to time (every 6 months is recommended) to prolong its useful life and m inimize repair costs.
4.1 illustrations.

4.2 Describe maintenance sequence.

Indoor Unit Maintenance

 Disassembly of the necessary parts to achieve easy access to places where it is difficult to reach
for cleaning.

 Cleaning of filters, fan, evaporator and covers.

 Cleaning and disinfection with chemical products of the filters, evaporator, condensate tray and
drain hose.

 Reassembly of all parts and placement of filters.

 Carrying out measurements to verify the correct functioning of the equipment. The following
parameters are reviewed: fan speed, temperature, thermal jump and remote control functions.
Outdoor Unit Maintenance

 Disassembly of necessary parts for a correct cleaning and verification of elements.

 Cleaning of Condenser, Covers and all the interior of the outdoor unit.

 Cleaning of the Condenser and Interior of the Cabinet with Chemicals.

 Verification of the correct operation of all the elements (reversing valve, fan, compressor,
temperature sensors, starting capacitors)

 Taking measurements: Voltage, Amperage, Temperature, Pressure.

Electrical System Maintenance

 Review of the power supply from the board to the unit, before and after the maintenance service.

 Review of the arrival of electrical power to the terminals of the equipment, before and after the
maintenance service.

 Cleaning of control board contactors.

4.3 Tests involved about the maintenance applied.

 Inspection and cleaning of the place where the equipment is located

 Inspection and cleaning of all the components of the air conditioning
 Review, cleaning, opening, closing.
 Review and tightening of connections in general
 TECHNICAL REPORT

 Brand: Carrier
SPECS  Capacity: 18000 BTU/H
 Current: 9.5 A
 Strain: 208 – 230 V

BACKGROUND The equipment is operational and only the dirty evaporator

and air filter can be seen.

Once the review of the various mechanisms of the

equipment was carried out, the following was carried out:
WORKS CARRIED OUT  Cleaning of air filters
 Condenser cleaning
 Evaporator cleaning
 Review of the electrical circuit
CHANGES MADE In the maintenance carried out, no defective elements were
found that require changes.
Once the work was finished, performance tests were
carried out and the following parameters were taken:
 Work intensity: 8.8 Amps
WORK PARAMETERS  Voltage: 226 volts
 Low pressure: 62 PSIG
 Supply air temperature: 6 °C
NOTES:
A) ENGLISH LENGUAGE.
B) NO LESS THAN 10 PAGES AND NO MORE THAN 20 PAGES
C) TWO ILLUSTRATIONS PER PAGE
D) INCLUDE TECHNICAL DATA SHEET OF THE VEHICLE.

RUBRIC: