Part 1: IDENTIFYING PARTS OF SPEECH [Expected time: 5 minutes]

Directions: identify and write the part of speech for each underlined word:
• Noun • Pronoun
• Verb • Preposition
• Verb (Infinitive) • Conjunction
• Adjective • Participle
• Adverb • Article

Although igloos are usually associated with Alaskan Eskimos

(Inuits), -1- they have mostly been constructed by people who lived in the 1. ____________________
central Arctic and Greenland's Thule region. Other Inuit Peoples -2- tended 2. ____________________
to use snow to insulate their houses, which were constructed -3- from 3. ____________________
whalebone and hides.
Traditionally, three types of igloos -4- were constructed. Small igloos 4. ____________________
were constructed as temporary shelters -5- and used only for one or two 5. ____________________
nights. These were built and -6- used during hunting trips, often on open sea 6. ____________________
ice. Medium-sized igloos were usually single-room family dwellings
-7- that housed one or two families. Often, several of these igloos 7. ____________________
-8- were located in a small area, forming an Inuit village. The largest igloos 8. ____________________
were normally built in pairs: -9- one of the structures was a temporary 9. ____________________
structure for community feasts and dances, while the other was -10- 10. ___________________
intended for -11- living. These igloos could be constructed from several
smaller igloos attached by tunnels. 11. ___________________
Today, igloos are used mostly for brief camping trips; -12- however, 12. ___________________
the principles behind their construction -13- remain the same. The snow 13. ___________________
used to build an igloo must have enough strength to be cut and stacked
correctly. The best snow to use for this -14- purpose is snow blown by wind 14. ___________________
because -15- it contains interlocking ice crystals, which increase the amount 15. ___________________
-16- of weight the ice can support. 16. ___________________
Because of snow’s excellent -17- insulation properties, inhabited 17. ___________________
igloos are surprisingly comfortable and warm inside. Sometimes, a short
tunnel is constructed at the entrance -18- to reduce heat loss when the door 18. ___________________
-19- is opened. Animal skins can also be used as door flaps to keep warm 19. ___________________
air in.
Architecturally, the igloo is unique -20- because it is a dome that can 20. ___________________
be constructed without an -21- additional supporting structure. Independent 21. ___________________
blocks of ice lean on one another and are polished to fit. -22- In the 22. ___________________
traditional Inuit igloo, the -23- heat from the kudlik, or stone lamp, causes 23. ___________________
the interior to melt slightly, creating a layer of ice that -24- contributes to 24. ___________________
the igloo’s strength. In fact, a correctly-built igloo will support the weight
of a person standing -25- on the roof. 25. ___________________
Part 2: BASIC READING (4 TOEFL-level passages) [Expected time: 60 minutes]

The Victorian Style of Design

Victorian style is a broad term that refers to the characteristics of design from the latter period
of Queen Victoria’s rule, from 1837 until her death in 1901. At the time, style was used as a signal
of affluence among the upper class of British society due to its ornate, showy interiors. Today, is is
still popular across the globe, particularly in Asia, where it is used to create opulent spaces that
convert a high position in society.
One of the principles of Victorian design is that unused space in a room is a sign of poor taste
and lower economic status. With that in mind, European designers sought to fill every place.
Victorian design has sometimes been viewed as indulging in a grand excess of ornament. Every
room was decorated with objects that reflected the owner’s influences and preferences. Extravagant
decorations, lace tablecloths, stained glass, vases, busts, framed paintings or prints, multi-layered
window treatments, richly patterned fabrics, and accessories were used throughout the house. The
Victorian Hotel in Vancouver, British Columbia, exemplifies the classic Victorian Style.
Chandeliers hang from the ceiling, vases with fresh flowers dot every table, and the dining room
features elaborately carved furniture and decorative teapots made of china. It is elegantly appointed,
true to the Victorian style. This hotel often hosts the royal family when they visit Canada.
Emblematic of a Victorian home was the use of vibrant, brightly colored fabrics. Complex
patterns covered every surface. Oriental rugs and heavy draperies were thought of as the height of
good taste. Windows were rarely left uncovered; rather, on them hung thick, decorative drapes. ■
The lack of light that could enter rooms through these heavy draperies was compensated for with
eye-catching appointments of velvet, silk, and satin. ■ Linen patterns ranged from flowers and
animals to geometric shapes, stripes, and woven Arabic symbols: squares and circles, typically
repeated, overlapped and interlaced to form intricate patterns. ■ Victorians loved these patterns and
used them liberally. ■
The decoration of walls and ceiling was yet another element of Victorian design. Ceilings
were covered in embossed paper or painted a light color so as not to detract from the wall
decorations. Wallpaper became enormously popular and is an enduring feature of Victorian design.
At first, this was because of the development of mass production as well as repeal of the 1712
Wallpaper Tax. Wallpaper was decorated with beautiful flowers in primary colors of red, blue, and
yellow, printed on beige paper. This was followed by the latter half of the Victorian era when
wallpaper was inspired by Gothic art of earth tones and stylized leaf and floral patterns. William
Morris was one of the most renowned designers of wallpaper and fabrics during this period. He was
influenced by medieval art, which he saw as the noblest art form, and used Gothic tapestries from
that era in his work.
1. The word affluence is closest in meaning to
A. influence
B. impact
C. wealth
D. interest
2. According to Paragraph 1, the Victorian style is used in Asia
A. to conform to cultural norms
B. to signal an elevated status
C. to attract visitors
D. to create a comfortable and welcoming atmosphere
3. According to Paragraph 2, why did Europeans fill up every space?
A. To show visitors their collections of objects
B. To demonstrate that they appreciated a grand excess of ornamentation
C. To showcase their personal interests by adorning any open spaces with pieces of art that
were aesthetically pleasing
D. To show that they had wealth and sophisticated taste
4. What can be inferred about the Victorian Hotel in British Columbia?
A. It was meticulously designed to meet the standards of the Victorian style
B. It was one of the most expensive hotels to design in Vancouver
C. It is more elegant than the home of an affluent family during the Victorian area
D. It was designed to accommodate visits from the royal family
5. The phrase indulging in is closest in meaning to

2
 A. living in
B. deriving pleasure from
C. obsessing about
D. showing an interest in
6. In Paragraph 2, why does the author mention the objects found in a Victorian style home?
A. To illustrate the objects that could be purchased only by the rich
B. To point out that Victorians indulged in many objects that did not serve a useful purpose
C. To give examples of the items that were popular in the Victorian era
D. To suggest that design has changed a great deal since Victorian times
7. What is the purpose of Paragraph 3?
A. To describe another feature of Victorian style
B. To account for the use of Arabic symbols during the Victorian era
C. To describe the patterns used in Victorian design
D. To explain how homeowners compensated for a lack of natural light in Victorian style
homes
8. The word intricate is closest in meaning to
A. interesting
B. colorful
C. attractive
D. complicated
9. All of the following are patterns that could probably be seen in Victorian linens EXCEPT
A. roses and lilies
B. bows and arrows
C. squares and circles
D. horses and sheep
10. The word liberally is closest in meaning to
A. literally
B. freely
C. beautifully
D. carefully
11.According to Paragraph 4, why did wallpaper first become popular?
A. It became more widely available and more affordable
B. It was a way to cover up plain walls and make them more interesting
C. It was a reflection of how popular the Gothic style had become
D. It was not as heavily taxed by the government as paint
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the
passage.
These materials made an otherwise dark room appear brighter.
Where would the sentence fit best?
A. Emblematic of a Victorian home was the use of vibrant, brightly colored fabrics.
Complex patterns covered every surface. Oriental rugs and heavy draperies were thought
of as the height of good taste. Windows were rarely left uncovered; rather, on them hung
thick, decorative drapes. These materials made an otherwise dark room appear
brighter. The lack of light that could enter rooms through these heavy draperies was
compensated for with eye-catching appointments of velvet, silk, and satin. ■ Linen
patterns ranged from flowers and animals to geometric shapes, stripes, and woven Arabic
symbols: squares and circles, typically repeated, overlapped and interlaced to form
intricate patterns. ■ Victorians loved these patterns and used them liberally. ■
B. Emblematic of a Victorian home was the use of vibrant, brightly colored fabrics.
Complex patterns covered every surface. Oriental rugs and heavy draperies were thought
of as the height of good taste. Windows were rarely left uncovered; rather, on them hung
thick, decorative drapes. ■ The lack of light that could enter rooms through these heavy
draperies was compensated for with eye-catching appointments of velvet, silk, and satin.
These materials made an otherwise dark room appear brighter. Linen patterns
ranged from flowers and animals to geometric shapes, stripes, and woven Arabic
symbols: squares and circles, typically repeated, overlapped and interlaced to form
intricate patterns. ■ Victorians loved these patterns and used them liberally. ■

3
 C. Emblematic of a Victorian home was the use of vibrant, brightly colored fabrics.
Complex patterns covered every surface. Oriental rugs and heavy draperies were thought
of as the height of good taste. Windows were rarely left uncovered; rather, on them hung
thick, decorative drapes. ■ The lack of light that could enter rooms through these heavy
draperies was compensated for with eye-catching appointments of velvet, silk, and satin.
■ Linen patterns ranged from flowers and animals to geometric shapes, stripes, and
woven Arabic symbols: squares and circles, typically repeated, overlapped and interlaced
to form intricate patterns. These materials made an otherwise dark room appear
brighter. Victorians loved these patterns and used them liberally. ■
D. Emblematic of a Victorian home was the use of vibrant, brightly colored fabrics.
Complex patterns covered every surface. Oriental rugs and heavy draperies were thought
of as the height of good taste. Windows were rarely left uncovered; rather, on them hung
thick, decorative drapes. ■ The lack of light that could enter rooms through these heavy
draperies was compensated for with eye-catching appointments of velvet, silk, and satin.
■ Linen patterns ranged from flowers and animals to geometric shapes, stripes, and
woven Arabic symbols: squares and circles, typically repeated, overlapped and interlaced
to form intricate patterns. ■ Victorians loved these patterns and used them liberally.
These materials made an otherwise dark room appear brighter.
13. Look again at Paragraph 4. Which of the following best expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
A. William Morris studied tapestries that were made during the medieval period and used
them in his work.
B. Because Gothic art was so popular in medieval times, William Morris decided it should
be used in his designs.
C. William Morris admired medieval art and used Gothic textiles from that time in his
creations.
D. Since medieval art was widely regarded as noble by many Victorians, it was used to make
Gothic tapestries.

4
 The Irish Potato Famine
The Irish Potato Famine, also called the Great Famine, took place in Ireland between 1845
and 1849 when potato crops failed across the country. This failure was caused by a disease known
as blight, which destroys the edible roots and tubers of the potato plant. Potato blight is relentless in
wet weather and spread unchecked throughout Ireland, rotting the potatoes on which entire villages
relied. The Irish Potato Famine was the worst agricultural disaster in Europe in the 19th century.
The potato had been the staple crop of Ireland for most of the century, appealing because it is
densely packed with nutrients and calories and relatively easy to grow in conditions in which some
crops fail, such as inclement weather. However, by relying on one crop, the Irish were extremely
vulnerable to any disease that might affect their harvests. To compound the problem, these potatoes
were genetically uniform. If crops are diverse, genetic variability allows some individual plants to
survive should a disturbance occur. Because the crops in Ireland lacked diversity, and disease could
wipe out an entire farm’s yield. In the beginning of the 1800’s, Irish farmers struggled to provide
both for themselves and for the growing demand for cereal crops from the British market. Although
struggling to exist at a mere sustenance level, they were not starving.
In 1845, blight was brought over accidentally from North America. That same year, Ireland
experienced an unusually cold and wet winter, conditions in which blight thrived. The disease took
hold of potato crops and spread rapidly. Over the next few years, each attempt at growing new
potatoes failed as blight swept across the country. People began to die of starvation, typhus, and
other diseases related to malnutrition. Rural populations suffered the biggest losses. At the time,
Britain owned most of the land in Ireland, but when disaster struck, the Irish farmers were mostly
left to their own devices; attempts from Britain to send aid were insufficient and ineffective. The
British sent cornmeal which the Irish disliked, and expected any able-bodied Irish to work on the
railroads and eat from soup kitchens. Unfortunately, the congregation of the hungry at soup kitchens,
food depots, and overcrowded workhouses created conditions that caused the spread of infectious
diseases such as typhoid and relapsing fever. Meanwhile, the British government sent a mere £8
million in relief and little more in private donations from a few sympathetic individuals. The
impoverished Irish, unable to purchase food and nearly destitute and in danger of eviction from
British landowners, were forced to continue sending cereals and meats to Britain. Britain’s
reluctance to send aid due to the prevailing attitude in Britain that the famine was merely a corrective
measure to control overpopulation added to the resentment that the Irish felt towards their British
rules. Meanwhile, taxes, rent and food exports were collected by British landlords in an amount
surpassing £6 million.
By the time the blight receded and the famine began to lose its hold, the demographics of
Ireland had undergone a dramatic change. The population, which had been over 8 million, had
dropped to 6 million by 1851. The number of agricultural laborers had declined, as many of the
surviving farmers had been evicted or emigrated to the Americas or Australia. The concentration of
land that had been distribute among many was now in the hands of a fortunate few. ■ Land began
to be used for grazing sheep and cattle rather than agricultural purposes. ■ Since many of those who
perished in the famine spoke Irish, English began to take over as the national language of Ireland. ■
By 1921, the Irish had overthrown British rule, but its population was half of what it had been at its
peak. ■
14. What can be interfered about blight?
A. It affects only potato crops
B. It spreads quickly in uncertain conditions
C. It no longer poses a threat on modern farms
D. It did not spread outside of Ireland
15. The word unchecked is closest in meaning to
A. underestimated
B. unexamined
C. unchanged
D. uncontrolled
16. Look again at Paragraph 2. Which of the following best expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
A. The Irish developed a preference for the potato because it met the nutritional needs of
the population.

5
 B. For several centuries, the potato had the highest nutrient content of any staple food in
Ireland and was very easy to grow.
C. For a long time, the primary crop of the Irish was the potato because it is both nutritious
and hardy.
D. The weather in Ireland is generally poor, so potatoes became the staple crop over the
centuries.
17. What is the purpose of Paragraph 2?
A. To warn about the dangers of crop disturbances
B. To emphasize the importance of the potato to the Irish
C. To explain why the Irish were in a vulnerable position
D. To explain how genetic variability can lead to crop failure
18. In Paragraph 3, why does the author mention soup kitchens, food depots, and overcrowded
workhouses?
A. To illustrate the conditions that the Irishworked in during the famine
B. To explain how diseases spread through the population
C. To emphasize how limited the food supplies had become in Ireland
D. To give examples of charitable organization the British established in Ireland
19. According to Paragraph 3, all of the following contributed to the disaster EXCEPT
A. disease which spread in close quarters
B. insufficient aid from the British
C. an unusually short harvesting season
D. pressure to export food
20. The word destitute is closest in meaning to
A. bankrupt
B. distressed
C. troubled
D. deserted
21. According to Paragraph 3, why were the British reluctant to send aid to the Irish?
A. Private individuals did not have the economic means to send assistance.
B. British landowners were interested in taking over the land in Ireland.
C. They believed the famine would keep the population of Ireland under control.
D. They were not aware of the terrible suffering in Ireland.
22. It can be inferred that before 1921
A. English was not spoken in Ireland.
B. The Irish relied solely on exports to survive.
C. Less than half of all vacant land was used for raising livestock.
D. Britain had authority over Ireland.
23. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the
passage.
With this new trend, the Irish now had other commodities such as milk and wool to sell
rather than relying only on crops.
Where would the sentence fit best?
A. … few. With this new trend, the Irish now had other commodities such as milk and
wool to sell rather than relying only on crops. Land began to be used for grazing sheep
and cattle rather than agricultural purposes. ■ Since many of those who perished in the
famine spoke Irish, English began to take over as the national language of Ireland. ■ By
1921, the Irish had overthrown British rule, but its population was half of what it had
been at its peak. ■
B. … few. ■ Land began to be used for grazing sheep and cattle rather than agricultural
purposes. With this new trend, the Irish now had other commodities such as milk
and wool to sell rather than relying only on crops. Since many of those who perished
in the famine spoke Irish, English began to take over as the national language of Ireland.
■ By 1921, the Irish had overthrown British rule, but its population was half of what it
had been at its peak. ■
C. … few. ■ Land began to be used for grazing sheep and cattle rather than agricultural
purposes. ■ Since many of those who perished in the famine spoke Irish, English began
to take over as the national language of Ireland. With this new trend, the Irish now had
other commodities such as milk and wool to sell rather than relying only on crops.

6
 By 1921, the Irish had overthrown British rule, but its population was half of what it had
been at its peak. ■
D. … few. ■ Land began to be used for grazing sheep and cattle rather than agricultural
purposes. ■ Since many of those who perished in the famine spoke Irish, English began
to take over as the national language of Ireland. ■ By 1921, the Irish had overthrown
British rule, but its population was half of what it had been at its peak. With this new
trend, the Irish now had other commodities such as milk and wool to sell rather
than relying only on crops.
24. The phrase distributed among is closest in meaning to
A. divided between
B. directed toward
C. shared with
D. harvested by

7
 Dreams
Sleep takes up about a third of each person’s life but did not attract the interest of scientists
until relatively recently. Sleep was considered a period of dormancy, a bland state without much
activity that seemed an unappealing subject for research. That changed in 1953 when Eugene
Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman hooked sleepers up to an early version of the
electroencephalogram machine, a machine which monitors brain activity. To their surprise, the
machine recorded a great deal of activity during sleep; in fact, the machine scribbled furiously across
half a mile of paper each night. They also noticed that sleepers had cycles of 90 minutes in which
their eye moved quickly back and forth underneath their eyelids; they called this sleep cycle Rapid
Eye Movement (REM). During REM sleep, brain activity became indistinguishable from that of a
person who is awake and active. When Aserinsky and Kleitman awoke their subjects during REM
sleep and asked them what was happening, they reported that they had been dreaming. The brain
also has periods during sleep in which activity slows down, appropriately named slow-wave sleep.
Dreams can also happen during slow-wave sleep, but most dreams occur during REM.
Dreams are a puzzling phenomenon. Most dreams are forgotten immediately; yet, they contain
events which are so extraordinary that if they happened during waking hours, they would leave a
lifelong impression. Why is sleep filled with such intense and exciting events, only to be
immediately forgotten? It is unlikely that living creatures must dream to survive. After all, reptiles
do not dream but have existed on Earth for 200 million years—far longer than modern humans. The
answer to this question still eludes science. The scientific method is like trying to put together a
jigsaw puzzle in which some of the pieces are missing, some are under the couch, and some have
been chewed up by the family dog. It is therefore not surprising that science cannot immediately
answer every question completely and satisfactorily.
Still, some tentative explanations have been put forth. The first is that slow-wave and REM
sleep play a crucial role in consolidating memories in the brain. During consolidation, events that
occurred during the day are recorded and associated with previously stored memories. While using
electrodes in experiments, researchers determined that brain activity in a sleeping animal strongly
resembles brain activity observed during learning events that had occurred that day. This hypothesis
is supported by the fact that about fifty percent of dreams include circumstances that relate to real
life events, especially if the event involved learning a new skill, or a particularly unusual experience.
For instance, 60% of research subjects who played the video game Tetris for the first time reported
that the game appeared in their dreams. Such a learning event repeated in a dream could be linked
to moving the experience into a person’s permanent memory. When learning a new language,
students who experience vivid, intense dreams that include the use of the language they are studying
are able to pick it up more quickly.
This only gives us a partial picture of the hypotheses regarding the need for REM sleep and
dreams. Another explanation is more physiological than psychological. According to David Maurice
of Columbia University, dreams trigger REM sleep which helps prevent blindness. According to this
theory, the transparent surface of the eye lacks blood vessels and is in danger of suffocating. Thus,
the eyes need to constantly move to carry oxygen through the eye. He explains that we dream in
order to experience REM sleep and thus prevent visual damage. Maurice supports this theory by
pointing out that reptiles do not experience REM sleep or dreams because the eye requires less
oxygen at lower temperatures, and reptiles sleep at a lower temperature than mammals. This theory
is fascinating, but the evidence for it is rather dubious.
■ The least intriguing theory is that dreams don’t really serve any purposes at all. ■ They
could be a pointless byproduct of the fact that the nerve cells in the brain continue to fire during
sleep. ■ Since the brain is still such a mystery, scientists probably won’t be able to pinpoint with
absolute certainty why we dream, at least in the near future. ■
25. The word bland is closest in meaning to
A. nebulous
B. dull
C. pleasant
D. bleary
26. According to Paragraph 1, all of the following are true of dreams EXCEPT
A. They are connected to brain activity.
B. They can occur during either sleep cycle.
C. They are more common during REM sleep.
D. They are 90 minutes long.

8
27. In Paragraph 2, why does the professor mention that reptiles have existed on Earth for 200
million years?
A. To cast doubt on the idea that dreams are necessary for survival
B. To give an example of animals that do not dream
C. To compare dreaming in humans and reptiles
D. To point out that reptiles have existed far longer than humans
28. Why does the author mention a jigsaw puzzle in Paragraph 2?
A. To illustrate the difficulties faced by scientists
B. To give an example of a common game played in dreams
C. To criticize the scientific approach to explaining dreams
D. To imply that science has more disadvantages than other methods of investigation
29. According to paragraph 3, a person would most likely learn how to play an instrument
A. If they go to sleep right after practicing it
B. If they experience a lot of slow-wave sleep
C. If they are woken up during REM sleep
D. If they practice playing it in their dream
30. Look again at Paragraph 3. Which of the following best expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
A. This theory could be true because half of all dreams contain information about a skill the
individual wants to learn.
B. Because we learn new skills and encounter life events that are unusual, we have a
tendency to dream about these experiences.
C. Evidence for the hypothesis is that half of our dreams include events from the day,
particularly new information.
D. When we relate a new skill to an unusual event that happened during the day, we are
more likely to dream about it.
31. What is the purpose of Paragraph 4?
A. To cast doubt on the theory in Paragraph 3
B. To introduce another theory about dreaming
C. To explain how eye movement helps transport oxygen
D. To point out the importance of REM sleep
32. What does the author imply about the physiological explanation for dreams?
A. It is promising grounds for further research
B. It is interesting but unproven
C. It can be used to understand blindness
D. It helps complete our understanding of dreams
33. The word intriguing is closest in meaning to
A. fascinating
B. stimulating
C. satisfying
D. puzzling
34. The word pinpoint is closest in meaning to
A. perceive
B. demonstrate
C. identify
D. classify
35. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the
passage.
What we do know is that REM sleep is vital, both physiologically and psychologically.
Where would the sentence fit best?
A. What we do know is that REM sleep is vital, both physiologically and
psychologically. The least intriguing theory is that dreams don’t really serve any
purposes at all. ■ They could be a pointless byproduct of the fact that the nerve cells in
the brain continue to fire during sleep. ■ Since the brain is still such a mystery, scientists
probably won’t be able to pinpoint with absolute certainty why we dream, at least in the
near future. ■

9
 B. ■ The least intriguing theory is that dreams don’t really serve any purposes at all. What
we do know is that REM sleep is vital, both physiologically and psychologically.
They could be a pointless byproduct of the fact that the nerve cells in the brain continue
to fire during sleep. ■ Since the brain is still such a mystery, scientists probably won’t be
able to pinpoint with absolute certainty why we dream, at least in the near future. ■
C. ■ The least intriguing theory is that dreams don’t really serve any purposes at all. ■ They
could be a pointless byproduct of the fact that the nerve cells in the brain continue to fire
during sleep. What we do know is that REM sleep is vital, both physiologically and
psychologically. Since the brain is still such a mystery, scientists probably won’t be able
to pinpoint with absolute certainty why we dream, at least in the near future. ■
D. ■ The least intriguing theory is that dreams don’t really serve any purposes at all. ■ They
could be a pointless byproduct of the fact that the nerve cells in the brain continue to fire
during sleep. ■ Since the brain is still such a mystery, scientists probably won’t be able
to pinpoint with absolute certainty why we dream, at least in the near future. What we
do know is that REM sleep is vital, both physiologically and psychologically.
36. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete
the summary by the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.
Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented
in the passage or are minor ideas according to the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
While the purposes of dreams is still a mystery to science, several hypotheses have been
put forth.
●
●
●
1) Dreams were ignored for many years because scientists experienced difficulty recording
the amount of activity that occurred in the brain during sleep.
2) Dreams could be used to consolidate the events of the day and help in moving events into
permanent memory.
3) When an individual wants to learn a new skill such as a language, game, or musical
instrument, the best method is to attempt to dream about it first to make the subsequent
learning process more efficient.
4) David Maurice of Columbia University has hypothesized that dreams could be useful in
preventing blindness by moving oxygen through the eye.
6) Dreams could be a form of wish fulfillment, in which we act on impulses and thoughts that
we have during the day but cannot indulge in.
7) It’s possible that dreams serve no specific purposes, but are simply the consequence of the
nerves in the brain continuing to fire while people are asleep.

10
 Rainbows and Moonbows
Rainbows are elusive and mysterious; and as such, humans have been fascinated by them long
before they were understood as a meteorological phenomenon. ■ Hindus believed that Indu, the god
of thunder and war, used rainbows to shoot arrows of lightning. ■ In Amazonian cultures, rainbows
were thought to be malign spirits that caused harm, from skin problems to miscarriages. ■ For
Buddhists, the rainbow represents the highest state before achieving nirvana, when suffering and
material desire are extinguished. ■ In the Bible, the rainbow symbolizes God’s promise that He
would never again flood the Earth.
Rainbows appear when white sunlight passes through water droplets in the air. The water
droplets bend the light like a prism, refracting the light as it passes through. This separates the white
color into its component parts. The water can be from a rainfall, mist or fog, but to form a rainbow,
white light must hit the droplet at a forty-two-degree angle, splitting it into wavelengths which
appear to the human eye as the vibrant colors of a rainbow. Rainbows do not actually exist in one
physical place, but rather depend on the position of the observer. In this sense, rainbows are optical
illusions. Two people standing at different locations will see a slightly different rainbow, since the
angle of the water refraction will necessarily differ.
Rainbows may appear as full circles; however, they typically appear as an arc of illuminated
droplets that are above the ground, centered on a line from the Sun to the eye of the observer. They
span a spectrum of colors, but any distinct bands of color are merely the result of human color vision.
In a black-and-white photo, no color bands are noticeable. Instead, in the photograph, the rainbow
appears as a smooth gradation of brightness moving from lower to higher intensity with fading on
the sides.
A moonbow, also called a lunar bow, is a rainbow produced by moonlight; sunlight that is
reflected off the Moon’s surface. Other than this major difference, its formation is the same as a
rainbow caused by solar light; that is, it is caused by the refraction of light through many water
droplets and is always positioned in the opposite part of the sky relative to the observer. Moonbows
are much fainter than solar rainbows due to the smaller amount of light reflected by the Moon than
the Sun. It is extraordinarily difficult for a spectator to discern any colors in a moonbow because the
light is too faint to excite the cones in the human eye that distinguish colors. Moonbows were noted
by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in his meteorological studies in 350 BC. He believed that
moonbows were rarer than rainbows because the colors were difficult to see in the dark.
Moonbows appear when the moon is low in the sky (less than 42º above the horizon) and the
night sky must be very dark and relatively free of clouds that would otherwise obscure them. They
can only be observed two to three hours before sunrise, or just after sunset, and there must be rain
falling opposite the moon. They may also be more discernible at extreme northern and southern
latitudes in winter months, when the extended hours of darkness provide a better opportunity to view
them.
37. The word elusive in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. inexplicable
B. deceptive
C. hidden
D. evasive
38. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the
passage.
In most cultures, however, rainbows are considered auspicious.
Where would the sentence fit best?
A. Rainbows are elusive and mysterious; and as such, humans have been fascinated by them
long before they were understood as a meteorological phenomenon. In most cultures,
however, rainbows are considered auspicious. Hindus believed that Indu, the god of
thunder and war, used rainbows to shoot arrows of lightning. ■ In Amazonian cultures,
rainbows were thought to be malign spirits that caused harm, from skin problems to
miscarriages. ■ For Buddhists, the rainbow represents the highest state before achieving
nirvana, when suffering and material desire are extinguished. ■ In the Bible, the rainbow
symbolizes God’s promise that He would never again flood the Earth.
B. Rainbows are elusive and mysterious; and as such, humans have been fascinated by them
long before they were understood as a meteorological phenomenon. ■ Hindus believed
that Indu, the god of thunder and war, used rainbows to shoot arrows of lightning. In
most cultures, however, rainbows are considered auspicious. In Amazonian cultures,

11
 rainbows were thought to be malign spirits that caused harm, from skin problems to
miscarriages. ■ For Buddhists, the rainbow represents the highest state before achieving
nirvana, when suffering and material desire are extinguished. ■ In the Bible, the rainbow
symbolizes God’s promise that He would never again flood the Earth.
C. Rainbows are elusive and mysterious; and as such, humans have been fascinated by them
long before they were understood as a meteorological phenomenon. ■ Hindus believed
that Indu, the god of thunder and war, used rainbows to shoot arrows of lightning. ■ In
Amazonian cultures, rainbows were thought to be malign spirits that caused harm, from
skin problems to miscarriages. In most cultures, however, rainbows are considered
auspicious. For Buddhists, the rainbow represents the highest state before achieving
nirvana, when suffering and material desire are extinguished. ■ In the Bible, the rainbow
symbolizes God’s promise that He would never again flood the Earth.
D. Rainbows are elusive and mysterious; and as such, humans have been fascinated by them
long before they were understood as a meteorological phenomenon. ■ Hindus believed
that Indu, the god of thunder and war, used rainbows to shoot arrows of lightning. ■ In
Amazonian cultures, rainbows were thought to be malign spirits that caused harm, from
skin problems to miscarriages. ■ For Buddhists, the rainbow represents the highest state
before achieving nirvana, when suffering and material desire are extinguished. In most
cultures, however, rainbows are considered auspicious. In the Bible, the rainbow
symbolizes God’s promise that He would never again flood the Earth.
39. What can be inferred in Paragraph 2 about rainbows?
A. They can only be seen if the observer is standing at a forty-two-degree angle from water
droplets
B. They are impossible to approach
C. They are more common after a heavy rainfall evaporates into mist
D. Their colors are brighter and more visible near waterfalls
40. The word it in Paragraph 2 refers to
A. white light
B. a droplet
C. a rainbow
D. the water
41. Why does the author mention Aristotle?
A. To point out the importance of moonbows to the Ancient Greeks
B. To compare beliefs about moonbows and rainbows
C. To describe an ancient belief about moonbows
D. To explain the reason that moonbows are not as common as rainbows
42. Look again at part of Paragraph 4. Which of the following best expresses the essential
information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Rainbows and moonbows are both caused by refractions of light through water droplets.
B. Moonbows are produced by sunlight that is reflected off the surface of the Moon, but
otherwise they are created in the same way as rainbows.
C. Moonbows occur when light is refracted through water droplets and seen from the opposite
part of the sky from where the observer is located.
D. A moonbow appears to be very similar to a rainbow, but it is formed through a completely
different process.
43. According to Paragraph 4, why are moonbows fainter than rainbows?
A. Moonbows absorb light while rainbows reflect light
B. The cones in the human eye are not excited by moonbows
C. The Moon reflects less light than direct sunlight
D. The colors of the moonbow are difficult to see in the dark
44. According to Paragraph 5, moonbows
A. appear for several hours after sunset
B. can be seen more easily during the winter
C. immediately disappear right before sunrise
D. are more visible near the Earth’s poles
45. The word obscure is closest in meaning to
A. conceal

12
 B. darken
C. confound
D. disturb
46. Directions: Complete the table below by matching five of the six answer choices with the
characteristics of rainbows and moonbows. This question is worth 3 points.
Rainbows / Moonbows Characteristics
Rainbows ● _____________________________
● _____________________________
Moonbows ● _____________________________
● _____________________________
Both rainbows and moonbows ● _____________________________
Answer Choices
1) They consist of reflected light.
2) They are more visible near the equator.
3) They stimulate the cones in the human eye.
4) They only appear under precise conditions.
5) They consist of light that has passed through water droplets.
6) They have been associated with a variety of historical beliefs.

13
 Part 3: WRITING & LANGUAGE (4 SAT-level passages) [Expected time: 35 minutes]
Many have heard of the sequoia trees, giant Californian redwoods. TYPE OF QUESTION
But few know that the trees are named after an actual living person, one
who was a giant amongst his native people: The Cherokees.
Born in the late 18th century in Oklahoma, or what was then the
Cherokee Nation, Sequoyah -1- displaying early in life a knack for figuring SENTENCE STRUCTURE
out things on his own. For instance, to -2- increase the efficiency of dairy EFFECTIVE LANGUAGE USE
production on the land his family owned he constructed a dairy house and
devised a system of milk troughs. This ingenuity served Sequoyah well in
his later vocation as a -3- silversmith, where he was able to create such SENTENCE STRUCTURE
interesting designs that his handiwork was highly sought after.
What Sequoyah is remembered for today, -4- however, had a far SENTENCE TRANSITIONS
greater impact on the Cherokee Nation: he was the first to ever develop a
functional alphabet for a Native American language. As a silversmith,
Sequoyah came in contact with many white settlers and noticed the writing
on their pieces of -5- paper, he described them as “talking leaves.” -6- SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Sequoyah, spotting the utility such an innovation offered, hoped to convince SENTENCE STRUCTURE
tribal elders that the Cherokee nation needed a similar way of
communicating. The elders, however, expressed skepticism, thinking it
impossible for somebody to communicate a person’s message if that person
-7- was not present. Some even believed that writing was a form of sorcery VERB TENSE
that should be avoided.
-8- [1] Reassured by this reception, Sequoyah began finding a way to PUNCTUATION; COMBINING
turn the complicated sounds of his language into a system of syllables. [2] SENTENCES
Hoping to prove that the Cherokee language, like European languages,
could be used to communicate important messages. [3] After isolating
himself for a year, Sequoyah finally emerged with a viable system of
writing. [4] Since much of his family believed that Sequoyah, during his
year in seclusion, was practicing witchcraft, his six-year-old daughter
became his unlikely pupil and quickly learned to read the language. -9- [5] MOVING SENTENCES
To convince the elders that the system actually worked, he needed a willing
apprentice. [6] Securing an audience with the elders, Sequoyah asked them
to say a word that he would -10- proceed to write down. [7] Then, he would WORD CHOICE
summon his daughter, who had been far beyond earshot, and she faithfully
read, to the astonishment of the elders—each word that had been written
down. [8] Within months, Sequoyah had successfully taught the writing
system to many Cherokees. -11- LOGICAL SEQUENCE:
CONCLUSION
-1-
A. NO CHANGE
B. displayed
C. displays
D. is displaying
-2-
A. NO CHANGE
B. make farm production better
C. augment the efficiency in the generation of dairy
D. ups the amount of milk that is produced
-3-
A. NO CHANGE
B. silversmith, which
C. silversmith, in which
D. silversmith that
-4-
A. NO CHANGE
B. For example,
C. , additionally,
D. , moreover,

14
 -5-
A. NO CHANGE
B. paper, describing
C. paper; describing
D. paper describing
-6-
A. NO CHANGE
B. Sequoyah spotted
C. Sequoyah, he spotted
D. Sequoyah spotting
-7-
A. NO CHANGE
B. had not been
C. were not
D. would not have been
-8- In context, which choice best combines Sentences 1 and 2?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Sequoyah was discouraged by the reaction of the elders and spent several months
avoiding the task of trying to transcribe the complicated Cherokee sounds into a
consistent writing system.
C. Undeterred, Sequoyah began working on a way of transcribing the complicated sounds
of his language into a system of symbols, hoping to prove that the Cherokee language,
like European languages, could be used to communicate important messages.
D. Believing that the Cherokee language could be used to communicate important
messages, like European languages, Sequoyah began finding a way to turn the
complicated sounds of his language into a system of syllables.
-9- Which of the following is the most appropriate place for Sentence 5?
A. Where it is now.
B. Immediately before Sentence 4
C. Immediately after Sentence 2
D. Immediately after Sentence 6
-10-
A. NO CHANGE
B. precede
C. succeed
D. progress
-11- This writer wants to conclude the passage with a sentence that highlights the enduring
legacy left by Sequoyah to his tribe. Which choice would best accomplishes this goal?
A. Many of the elders present were so impressed that they became experts of Sequoyah’s
writing system, and taught many other members of the Cherokee nation.
B. In 1825, nearly 10 years after its creation, the Cherokee nation officially adopted
Sequoyah’s writing system, an act allowing parts of tribe separated by long distances to
communicate effectively with one another and merge the divided East and West tribes.
C. The most important aspect of Sequoyah’s work was that it took a complicated phonetic
structure and turned it into an alphabet that is readily accessible to anybody who wants
to learn it.
D. Sequoyah will be forever remembered for the writing system he helped create, an
innovation that is startling even in this day of high-powered computers.

Hot Potato
Every time a person crunches into a potato chip, -12- you are enjoying the delicious taste of one of the
world’s most famous snacks. It is a treat that might not have existed without the contribution of inventor George
Crum. Born to an African American father and a Native American mother in 1828, Crumb was raised in -13-
upstate New York, he trained as a chef there as well.
In the summer of 1853, Crum was employed at Moon Lake Lodge an elegant hotel in the resort town of
Saratoga Springs. Among the items on Moon Lake Lodge’s restaurant menu were French-fried potatoes. Every
day, Crum prepared them in the standard thick-cut style that had been popularized in France, -14- whose capital

15
is Paris, and brought back to the United States by Thomas Jefferson after he finished serving as the American
ambassador.
Crum’s thick-cut potatoes were popular at Moon Lake Lodge, -15- and many prominent individuals
consumed them each summer. Crum cut and fried a thinner batch, but they also met with disapproval.
Exasperated, Crum decided to teach the guest a -16- lesson, but he produced potato slices that were too thin and
crisp to skewer with a fork. He sliced a new batch of potatoes as thin as he possibly could. -17- Therefore, he
fried them until they were hard and crunchy. To top them off, he added a generous heaping of salt.
Crumb was prepared for the guest to be disappointed yet again, but instead he was ecstatic about the
browned, paper-thin potatoes. The guest’s excitement was contagious, and other diners quickly demanded to try
them. -18- A new snack was born.
Seven years later, Crum opened his own restaurant, which -19- conveyed a basket of potato chips on every
table. Within a few years he was catering to wealthy clients, including the Vanderbilts, Jay Gould, and Henry
Hilton. By the time the restaurant closed in 1892, potato chips -20- have become a staple of Northern cooking.
Though Crum never attempted to patent his invention, the snack was eventually mass-produced and -21- they
sold it in bags. In the 1920s, the invention of the mechanical potato peeler paved the way for potato chips to
shift from a specialty item to a top-selling snack food.
Today, potatoes are second in human consumption only to rice. And as -22- thin, salted, crispy chips, they
are the top-selling snack food in the United States.

-12-
A. NO CHANGE
B. one is
C. they are
D. he or she is
-13-
A. NO CHANGE
B. upstate New York; training as a chef there as well.
C. upstate New York, it was there that he trained as a chef also.
D. upstate New York, where he also trained as a chef.
-14- The writer is considering deleting the underlined portion (adjusting the punctuation
accordingly). Should it be kept or deleted?
A. Kept, because it specifies where thick-cut potatoes originated.
B. Kept, because it describes a foreign influence on cooking in the United States.
C. Deleted, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus on the menu at Moon Lodge.
D. Deleted, because Crum only worked in upstate New York.
-15- Which choice most effectively sets up the information that follows?
A. NO CHANGE
B. but one evening an unsatisfied guest requested that Crum bring him thinner slices.
C. and patrons often chose to eat there rather than at other local establishments.
D. but other restaurants in the region served them as well.
-16-
A. NO CHANGE
B. lesson and producing
C. lesson: he produced
D. lesson; producing
-17-
A. NO CHANGE
B. Then,
C. Consequently,
D. However,
-18- The writer is considering adding the following sentence:
Crum’s potatoes were soon in such high demand that they were added to the menu as
“Saratoga chips.”
Should the writer make this addition?
A. Yes, because it adds relevant detail illustrating the popularity of Crum’s invention.
B. Yes, because it supports the idea that Crum enjoyed defying convention.
C. No, because it distracts from the paragraph’s focus on the diners at Moon Lake Lodge.
D. No, because it interrupts the logical development of the paragraph.

16
 -19-
A. NO CHANGE
B. featured
C. revealed
D. elaborated
-20-
A. NO CHANGE
B. will become
C. had become
D. becoming
-21-
A. NO CHANGE
B. sold
C. selling
D. being sold
-22-
A. NO CHANGE
B. thin, salted, crispy chips –
C. thin; salted, crispy, chips,
D. thin, salted, crispy chips;

Lucky Lindy
In 1919, the hotel baron Raymond Orteig made an offer that was hard to -23- refuse: he would award
$25,000 to any pilot who could successfully fly from New York to Paris within five years. Unfortunately,
aviation technology in the early 1920s was still very crude. -24- Born in the south of France, Orteig decided to
renew the challenge for an additional five-year period. The second round of the contest attracted an impressive
group of well-known and highly experienced -25- contenders, however, it did not produce a winner.
In the mid-1920s, Charles Lindbergh was an obscure Air Mail pilot, who delivered packages between
Chicago and St. Louis. From an early age, he exhibited an interest in the mechanics of motorized transportation.
As a college student studying mechanical engineering, he became fascination with flying -26- when he had never
so much as touched an airplane. After leaving college in 1922, Lindbergh enrolled at the Nebraska Aircraft
Corporation’s flying school, ultimately earning his certification as a flight instructor.
When Lindbergh entered Orteig’s competition, he faced several major challenges. First, he lacked the
kind of sponsorship that some of his competitors had. -27- In fact, he started out with only $2,000 of his own
savings and his $350 monthly salary from U.S. Air Mail. Eventually, though, he was able to obtain the backing
of two prominent St. Louis businessmen, Harry Knight and Harold Bixby. With their help, Lindberg managed
to -28- secure a loan large enough to fund the project. The next problem was finding a plane. The men attempted
to purchase a suitable aircraft from several large manufacturers, but -29- the costs were excessively high.
Lindbergh intended to pilot the plane himself, so he was forced to search for another option.
Finally, the group turned to Ryan Aircraft Company, a smaller manufacturer in San Diego whose owner,
B.F. Mahoney, -30- agreeing to build a single-engine plane to Lindbergh’s specifications. The contract was
signed on February 25, 1927. Dubbed “The Spirit of St. Louis,” the plane made its first flight just over two
months later. After completing a series of test flights, Lindbergh flew to St. Louis and then to Garden City, New
York. -31- He took off from Roosevelt field on May 20th, arriving in France the next morning. Not only had he
traveled over 3,500 hundred miles across the Atlantic Ocean -32- but also to become the first person ever to
stand in North America one day and in Europe the next.
-33- Immediately, the 25 year-old pilot became an instant celebrity worldwide. Newspaper headlines on
both sides of the Atlantic announced “Lucky Lindy’s” achievement to the world. For his historic exploit,
Lindbergh was also awarded the United States’ highest military decoration: the Medal of Honor.
-23-
A. NO CHANGE
B. refuse, he would award $25,000
C. refuse, he would award $25,000,
D. refuse; he would award $25,000 –
-24- Which choice most effectively sets up the information that follows?
A. NO CHANGE
B. When no winner emerged,

17
 C. A supporter of numerous charitable activities,
D. Having worked his way up in the hotel industry
-25-
A. NO CHANGE
B. contenders, so it did not produce
C. contenders but not producing
D. contenders; it did not, however,
-26-
A. NO CHANGE
B. since
C. even though
D. despite
-27- The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the writer do this?
A. Yes, because it distorts the focus of the passage by focusing on Lindbergh’s finances
rather than his flying skills.
B. Yes, because it does not provide a comparison between Lindbergh’s finances and those
of his competitors.
C. No, because it provides a specific illustration of the primary claim of the paragraph.
D. No, because it explains how Lindbergh was able to attract prominent backers.
-28-
A. NO CHANGE
B. latch onto
C. seize
D. rustle up
-29- Which choice most effectively sets up the contrast in the sentence and is consistent with
the information in the rest of the passage?
A. NO CHANGE
B. all of them insisted on choosing the pilot.
C. the engines were not strong enough for such a long flight.
D. they could not agree on the specifications.
-30-
A. NO CHANGE
B. who agreed
C. agreed
D. agrees
-31-
A. NO CHANGE
B. However, he took off
C. Meanwhile, he took off
D. As a result, he took off
-32-
A. NO CHANGE
B. but also becoming
C. but he had also become
D. and he also became
-33-
A. NO CHANGE
B. The 25 year-old pilot became an instant celebrity
C. The 25 year-old pilot immediately became an instant celebrity
D. The 25 year-old pilot became an instant celebrity right away

Maxine Hong Kingston

As the daughter of Chinese immigrants, Maxine Hong Kingston -34- enjoyed learning about traditions
from a wide variety of cultures. She watched her parents’ attempts to assimilate into American life, but she also
listened intently to their tales of the country they had left behind. -35- She was entranced by Chinese folk tales
and stories about her ancestors. She also discovered that her family had faced many difficulties in China.

18
 As an adult, Kingston came to view her writing as means of reconciling the two sides of her identity and
-36- to understand the adversity her relatives had encountered in their homeland. Blending fiction and
autobiography, myth and realism, -37- elements of both Chinese and the American literary traditions are
incorporated into her books.
The author of seven novels and two anthologies, Kingston always believed that she was born to be a
writer. -38- As a small child. she delighted in making up her own stories and narrating them to her parents. When
she learned to write, she immediately began to record the tales her mother told her. It was, she says, as if writing
had chosen her.
Kingston did not become a professional writer immediately, though. After graduating from the University
of California at Berkeley, she worked as a high school teacher for more than a decade. Finally, in 1976, she
published her first book, The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts. The book, which explored
the lives of the women -39- whom had most strongly influenced Kingston, was both a novel and a memoir, and
it earned Kingston immediate critical acclaim.
Kingston wrote her second book, China Men, as a tribute to her father and male relatives. In that work,
she -40- copies the stories of a group of men who leave China to settle in the United States, following their
families for several generations. The characters include Kingston’s father, BaBa, a Laundromat owner; her
grandfather Ah Goong, a railroad worker; and her great-grandfather, -41- Bak Goong, who farmed sugar on a
plantation in Hawaii.
-42- While Kingston’s work has generally earned praise from reviewers, it has also received some
criticism. Although Kingston based the characters on members of her own family, some of the book’s more
dramatic incidents are products of -43- its imagination. Kingston did, however, find a way to incorporate her
father directly into the book. For the Chinese translation of China Men, she asked him to provide his own
commentary in the margins of each page—a classical Chinese technique. She considered that edition among her
highest achievements -44- while it allowed her to honor her father for his writing as well as his personal
accomplishments.

-34- Which choice provides the most effective introduction to the passage?
A. NO CHANGE
B. always felt the pull of two cultures.
C. has received several awards for her contributions to Chinese-American literature
D. majored in English at the University of California, Berkeley.
-35- What is the most effective way of combining the underlined sentences?
A. While she was entranced by Chinese folk tales and stories about her ancestors, she also
discovered that her family had faced many difficulties in China.
B. Entranced by Chinese folk tales and stories about her ancestors, the discovery was made
by her that her family had faced many difficulties in China.
C. She was entranced by traditional Chinese folk tales and stories about her ancestors;
therefore, she discovered that her family had faced many difficulties in China.
D. She was entranced by traditional Chinese folk tales and stories about her ancestors, and,
moreover, discovered that many difficulties had been faced by her family in China.
-36-
A. NO CHANGE
B. she understands
C. understanding
D. understood
-37-
A. NO CHANGE
B. elements of both Chinese and American literary traditions being incorporated into
Kingston’s books.
C. the incorporation of elements of both Chinese and American literary traditions can be
seen in Kingston’s books.
D. Kingston’s books incorporate elements of both Chinese and American literary
traditions.
-38- The writer is considering the deleting the underlined sentence. Should it be kept or deleted?
A. Kept, because it supports the idea that Kingston was drawn to writing early in her life.
B. Kept, because it explains why Kingston wrote her novels in English rather than Chinese.
C. Deleted, because it repeats information presented earlier in the passage.
D. Deleted, because it blurs the passage’s focus on Kingston’s adult writing.

19
-39-
A. NO CHANGE
B. who
C. which
D. they
-40-
A. NO CHANGE
B. traces
C. engraves
D. shades
-41- Which choice most effectively preserves the sentence pattern established in the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Bak Goong, who worked on a plantation in Hawaii farming sugar.
C. Bak Goong, who worked in Hawaii on a plantation farming sugar.
D. Bak Goong, a sugar farmer on a plantation in Hawaii.
-42- Which choice most logically sets up the information that follows?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Kingston wrote The Woman Warrior and China Men as a single novel.
C. Like Kingston’s other novels, China Men is a combination of fact and fiction.
D. In 1990, filmmaker Gayle K. Yamada released a documentary about Kingston’s work.
-43-
A. NO CHANGE
B. their
C. they’re
D. her
-44-
A. NO CHANGE
B. because
C. although
D. until

20
 Part 4: READING (3 SAT-level passages) [Expected time: 35 minutes]

DIRECTIONS: Every passage or paired set of passages is accompanied by a number of questions.

Read the passage or paired set of passages, then use what is said or implied in what you read and in
any given graphics to choose the best answer to each question.

21
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23
24
25
26
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