‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﻳﺩﻩ ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻟﻣﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺩ‬

‫ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳﻪ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻧﺩﺱ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ‪ /‬ﻋﺑﺎﺱ ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻋﺑﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺷﻣﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﻭﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‪ :‬ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻭﺍﺋﺩ ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺣﻭﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ )‪(casing‬‬

‫• ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ )‪(cementing Equipments‬‬
‫• ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ‬
‫• ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺱ ‪ :‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪ :‬ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪. (Mud Logging‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۲‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 (‫)ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬۳ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas)

 ‫)ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ(‬
‫ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﻭﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻧﺎ ﺳﻭﻑ ﺍﺧﺗﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﻭﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪ Bohai -32‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻡ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺗﻪ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ‪HOO4-M272‬‬
‫ﻻﻥ ﺃﺟﺯﺍءﺍﻷﺑﺭﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻼﻫﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﺳﻭﻑ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻅﺎﺋﻑ ﻛﻝ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻷﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﺑﺭﺝ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
 : ‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺑﺭﺝ ﺣﻔﺭ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
1. Hoisting and Rotation System.
2. Mud circulation System.
3. Well Control System.
4. Power Generation System.

1.Hoisting and Rotation System.

2.Mud circulation System.

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬٦ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas)

3.Well Control System.

4.Power Generation System.

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬۷ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas)

 ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ )Mast or Derrick‬ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺭﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻣﺗﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﻷﻋﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺇﺳﻧﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎﻑ‬

‫‪Substructure‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫‪ Cellar‬ﻭﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺑﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺭﺽ ﺗﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭ)‪ (Draw Work‬ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻳﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺩﻻﻉ‪.‬‬

‫‪Draw Work‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (Rig‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﺇﺧﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻬﻳﺊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﻭﻓﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﻭﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﻭﺗﻧﺯﻳﻝ ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻭﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫‪ ، STRING‬ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺭﺝ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ )‪(D.W‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۸‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪Crown Black‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ) ‪ ( Mast‬ﻭﻅﻳﻔﺗﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺑﺻﻌﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﺑﻭﻁ ﺣﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪( Drilling Line‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺭﺑﻁ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺯﻭﺯﺓ )‬
‫‪ ( Sheave‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺛﺑﺕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺣﺑﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪ ( Drilling Line‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻛﺭﺓ ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ‬
‫ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ) ‪. ( Real Apply‬ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺯﻭﺯﺓ ) ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﺑﺑﻛﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ( ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﻠﺧﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﻊ )‪ ( Fast Line‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫)‪ (D.W‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺋﺩﺓ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ) ‪Fast‬‬
‫‪ (Sheave‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﻊ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪Top drive‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺛﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻛﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﻭﺗﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺫﻭ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺭﻳﻙ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻭﺻﻝ ﺑﻌﻣﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎﻑ ﻭﺗﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺿﺑﺎﻥ ﻛﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﻼﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻣﻥ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻳﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﺣﻔﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻭﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺎﻕ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﺟﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻁﻭﻝ ﺑﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺛﻼﺙ‬
‫ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻁﻭﻝ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ‪ Kelly‬ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۹‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪Traveling Block‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻭﺯ ) ‪ ( Sheave‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺩﻭﺭ ﺣﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺑﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻣﻛﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻌﻳﺩ ﻭﺇﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺣﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎﻑ ) ‪ ( Hook‬ﺗﻐﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺣﺩﻳﺩﻱ )‪. ( Steal Housing‬‬

‫‪Hook‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎﻑ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭ ‪ Swivel‬ﻭﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﺧﻳﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪Swivel‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺑﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺣﻣﻝ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺑﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ )‪(Rotary hose‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺑﺭ ) ‪ (Goose neck‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻊ ﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (wash pipe‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺯء ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻋﻠﻭﻱ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺻﻝ ﺑـ ) ‪Goose neck‬‬
‫( ﻳﻧﻘﻝ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ)‪ (Rotary hose‬ﻭﺟﺯء‬
‫ﻣﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﺭﺑﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻟﻠـ )‪ (swivel‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﻗﻼ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
 ‫‪Rotary Table‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ‪:Rotary Table :‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ‪Master‬‬
‫‪Bushing‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻓﺗﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‪.‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻠﻘﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Bowl‬ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻓﺗﺣﺔ ‪ Master Bushing‬ﻟﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻼﺋﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﺎﺳﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪(Slips‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻟﻳﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁﻲ ﻟﻣﺎﺳﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻓﺗﺢ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺑﺩﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺧﺭﻯ ﺍﺻﻐﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺎ ﻟﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻓﺗﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻥ ‪ Master Bushing‬ﻭﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻣﻥ‬
‫‪.Rotary Table‬‬

‫‪mud pumps‬‬
‫ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺳﺣﺏ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺣﻭﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺿﺧﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ ﻟﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‬

‫‪Diesel Generator‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻭﻟﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﻭﻟﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺟﺯﺍء ﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎء ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱۱‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪Fuel Tank‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺣﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻧﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﻳﻕ ‪Monkey Board‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻘﻑ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ)‪(derrick man‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺳﻧﺎﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺣﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﺯﻳﻝ ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﻳﺳﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻣﻧﺻﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﻭﺍﺟﺯ ﻳﻁﻠﻕ‬
‫‪finger‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻧﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪(board‬ﻭﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (۱۲‬ﺣﺎﺟﺯ ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ )Stabbing Board‬ﻣﻧﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ(‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻧﺻﺔ ﺗﺷﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻧﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﻳﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻗﻝ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺑﻠﻎ ﺣﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪-۹‬‬
‫‪ (۱۲‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻧﺯﻳﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﻟﺷﺩﺓ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Power Tong‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱۲‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪Floor‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪Rotary‬‬
‫‪ (Table‬ﻭﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺣﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﺯﻳﻝ ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﺭ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻭﺗﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﺭ ﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫ﻳﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ‪. Dog House‬‬

‫‪:Cat Walk‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺗﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ )‪(floor‬‬

‫‪:Pipe‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻣﺭ ﻟﻸﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺣﻭﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Ramp‬‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ )‪ (floor‬ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺣﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﺯﻳﻝ ﻟﻸﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Pipe Rake‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺳﺗﻧﺩ ﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺗﻪ ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﻭﻓﺣﺹ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱۳‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪Mouse hole‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﻳﻣﺗﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﺷﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Elevator‬ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎﻑ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺳﺣﺏ ﻭﺇﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺑﻁﻳﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺻﻧﻑ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﻗﻁﺭ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺑﻁﻳﻥ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪ ( Center –Latch Bottleneck Elevator‬ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪(۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺍﻟﻕ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺷﻳﻭﻋﺎ ً ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ( Side –Door Collar Elevator ) (۲‬ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻗﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱٤‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪( Slip-Type Tubing Elevator ) (۳‬‬
‫ﺃﻻﻧﺯﻻﻗﻲ ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : (Casing Elevator ) (٤‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪: Spider elevator‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻸﺣﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪(a‬‬

‫ﻟﻣﺳﻙ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :Pick Up Elevator (b‬ﻭﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻣﻝ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱٥‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 (‫ )ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ‬Connection tools

(‫)ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ‬

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬۱٦ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas)

‫ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺗﺳﺎﻫﻡ ﺑﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺗﺢ ﻭﺷﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺑﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻳﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪Tong Spinner‬‬
‫ﺗﺳ���ﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟ���ﺭﺑﻁ ﻭﻓ���ﺗﺢ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳ���ﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔ���ﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳ���ﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌ���ﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧ���ﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻝ) ﻓﻛﻳﻥ( ﻳﻛﻭﻧﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﺗﺑﺩﻳﻝ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺻ�ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ�ﺭﺑﻁ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻁ�ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳ�ﺔ ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳ�ﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳ�ﻝ ﺑﻛﺎﻓ�ﺔ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬ�ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻛﻝ) ﻓﻙ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺛﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ‬

‫‪Spinning Wrench‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﻔﺗﺢ)ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺗﺣﻬﺎ ﺑـ ‪ ( Tong Spinner‬ﻭﺷﺩ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺗﺣﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺯﻡ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻬﺯ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻏﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﻳﻌﺱ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺢ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩﺓ ‪. Tong Spinner‬‬

‫)‪Casing spinner (Power Tong‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺷﺩ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺣﺳﺏ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱۷‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪)SLIPS‬ﻣﺎﺳﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ( ‪:‬ﻭﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫‪.۱‬ﻣﺎﺳﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪:‬ﻭﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﻛﻝ ﺟﺯء ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪ (18 dieses‬ﻭﻛﻝ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻘﺳﻡ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﻟﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ) ‪54‬‬
‫‪ (dieses‬ﻭﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﻙ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۲‬ﻣﺎﺳﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ‪:‬ﻭﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﻙ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ )ﺍﻟﻔﻙ( ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ) ﺍﻟﻔﻙ( ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻘﺎﺻﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﻭﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻝ ﻓﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﻭﻛﻝ ﻓﻙ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (۷‬ﺩﺍﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻙ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﺎﺳﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﺑﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﺎﺳﻙ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺳﻣﻰ )‪. (safety clam‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﻙ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺳﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺷﺭﻳﻁ ﺣﻠﺯﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﻳﺭﺑﻁ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﻹﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺷﻝ ﻣﺎﺳﻙ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻛﻝ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﺯﻭﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (Dies‬ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﻣﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ )‪(safety clam‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺑﺿﻳﻥ ﻟﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﺣﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ ﺃﻧﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻝ ‪safety‬‬
‫‪ clam‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺗﺢ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﺻﻼ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۳‬ﻣﺎﺳﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ )‪ : (SPIDER‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺎﺳﻙ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﻳﻛﺑﺭ ﻭﻳﺻﻐﺭ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺿﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺗﺎ ﻭﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺿﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺯﻟﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻭﺿﻊ‪ SPIDER‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺣﻣﻭﻻﺕ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﺻﻝ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ )‪ (٥۰۰‬ﻁﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻫﻭ)‪. (BJ‬‬

‫ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ) ‪( STRING‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱۸‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
 ‫ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻧﻘﻝ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻳﻝ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ) ‪( Drill Pipe‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺗﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻛﻝ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻳﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬

‫) ‪ ( joint‬ﻭﻛﻼﺛﻧﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ) ‪ ( Stand‬ﻭﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻁﻭﻝ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﺳﺭﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺻﻧﻑ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﻧﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﻁﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺯﺍﻧﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪OD‬‬ ‫‪ID‬‬ ‫‪Weight‬‬ ‫‪Wall thickness‬‬ ‫‪Collapse resistance‬‬
‫‪Grade‬‬
‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪Ibm/ft‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪Psi‬‬

‫‪۳.٥‬‬ ‫‪۲.٦۰۲‬‬ ‫‪E75‬‬ ‫‪۱٥.٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۱٤٤۷۲‬‬

‫‪۳.٥‬‬ ‫‪۲.٦۰۲‬‬ ‫‪G105‬‬ ‫‪۱٥.٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.٤٤۹‬‬ ‫‪۲۰۲٦۰‬‬

‫‪۳.٥‬‬ ‫‪۲.۷٦٤‬‬ ‫‪E75‬‬ ‫‪۱۳.۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳٦۸‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰۱٥‬‬

‫‪۳.٥‬‬ ‫‪۲.۷٦٤‬‬ ‫‪G105‬‬ ‫‪۱۳.۳‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳٦۸‬‬ ‫‪۱٦۸۲۰‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٤.٤۰۸‬‬ ‫‪E75‬‬ ‫‪۱٦.۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۲۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۳۲۷٥‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٤.٤۰۸‬‬ ‫‪G105‬‬ ‫‪۱٦.۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۲۹٦‬‬ ‫‪۳۸٥۰‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٤.۲۷٦‬‬ ‫‪E75‬‬ ‫‪۱۹.٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳٦۲‬‬ ‫‪٥٥۱٤‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪٤.۲۷٦‬‬ ‫‪G105‬‬ ‫‪۱۹.٥‬‬ ‫‪۰.۳٦۲‬‬ ‫‪٦٥٥۲‬‬

‫‪.۲‬ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ) ‪(Drill Collar‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺛﻘﻳﻠﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﻣﻳﻛﺔ ﻭﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﻣﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻭﺇﺑﻘﺎء ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺩ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﻛﺯﺓ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ) ‪ ( STRING‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻣﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﻷﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ‪)SPIRAL :‬ﺍﻟﺣﻠﺯﻭﻧﻲ( ﻭ ‪)Slick‬ﺍﻷﻣﻠﺱ(ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺿﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﺯﻭﻧﻲ ‪ SPIRAL‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻻﺣﺗﻭﺍء ﺳﻁﺣﻪ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺣﻠﺯﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﻝ ﺣﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎﻕ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ )‪ (%٥۰‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺗﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺳﺎء ﻟﻛﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻣﺗﻠﻙ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻣﺎﺱ ﺍﻗﻝ ﺑـ )‪ (%٥۰‬ﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻣﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺳﺎء ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۱۹‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪OD‬‬ ‫‪ID‬‬ ‫‪Weight‬‬
‫‪Thread type‬‬
‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪Ibm/ft‬‬

‫‪٤.۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۲.۲٥‬‬ ‫‪٤۷‬‬ ‫‪3 1/2 IF‬‬

‫‪٦.۷٥‬‬ ‫‪۲.۸۱۲٥‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪4 1/2 IF‬‬

‫‪۸‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۱٤۷‬‬ ‫‪6 5/8 R‬‬

‫‪۹.٥‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۲۱۸‬‬ ‫‪7 5/8 R‬‬

‫‪.۳‬ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ )‪(Heavy wall drill Pipe‬‬

‫ﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﻘﺎء ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﺷﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﺿﻊ ﺛﻘﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (۱‬ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ‪ TOOL JOINT‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻭﺃﻁﻭﻝ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺷﺩ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۲‬ﺟﺩﺭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻣﻙ ﻟﺗﺳﻠﻁ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫‪ (۳‬ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺂﻛﻝ ) ‪ ( wear pad‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺣﻔﻅ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺑﻌﻳﺩﺍ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺂﻛﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻳﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪OD‬‬ ‫‪ID‬‬ ‫‪Weight‬‬ ‫‪collapse‬‬ ‫‪Ten. yield‬‬
‫‪Grade‬‬
‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪Ibm/ft‬‬ ‫‪Ibm/ft‬‬ ‫‪Ton‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪G105‬‬ ‫‪۷۳.٤‬‬ ‫‪٤.٥‬‬ ‫‪۳۰۷‬‬

‫‪.٤‬ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺑﺗﺎﺕ ) ‪( stabilizer‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۲۰‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺑﺗﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺭﻛﺯﺓ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺇﺑﻘﺎء ﺧﻳﻁ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻣﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺎﺋﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻘﻠﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ ﻟﻠﺑﺋﺭ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ) ‪ (Totco‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻧﺯﻝ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﺑﺳﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﻘﺎﻁﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻳﺳﺣﺏ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺗﺳﺣﺏ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠﻛﺔ‪.‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺑﺗﺗﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺋﻣﺎ ﺍﻗﻝ ﺑـ) ‪(1/16 in‬ﻣﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ‬

‫‪.٥‬ﻣﻧﻌﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ) ‪(Reamer‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺭﺑﻁ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻟﺗﻧﻌﻳﻡ ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺗﻣﻬﻳﺩﺍ ﻹﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﺗﻧﺯﻝ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺇﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺟﻭﻳﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺟﺎﻭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺇﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺭﻛﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻌﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﻝ ﺑـ) ‪1/16‬‬
‫‪(in‬ﻣﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻟﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ‪.‬ﺗﻧﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻌﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Drilling Jar .٦‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺷﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪ (Stuck Pipe‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﺳﻠﻳﻁ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻔﻝ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺗﺣﺭﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﺗﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ‬

‫‪Shock Sub Tool.۷‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﺯﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺑﺑﻪ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻠﻪ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۲۱‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺩ ) ‪ (٦۰-۳۰‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪.۸‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺷﻁﺎﺕ ) ‪(Scraper‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺇﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻧﺯﻝ ﻋﺎﺩﺗﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺷﻁﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻣﻛﺗﻣﻝ ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺑﻁﺎﻧﺗﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﻻ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻹﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺟﺱ ﺍﻵﺻﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻧﺗﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻹﺟﻼﺱ ﺣﻭﺍﺟﺯ ﻣﻁﺎﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺯﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺣﺹ ‪.‬ﺗﻧﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺷﻁﺎﺕ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻷﻧﺔ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻣﺯﻕ ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺿﺦ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‬

‫‪.۹‬ﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺩﺓ ) ‪( junk sub‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻧﺯﻝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺗﺎ ً ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺣﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻋﺗﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Bit Sub‬‬ ‫‪.۱۰‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺃﺳﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺭﻛﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪ ( PIN‬ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺭﺑﻁﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻥ) ‪ ( PIN‬ﺃﻭﻻ ﻓﻼﺑﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻁﻬﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺽ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪ Bit Sub‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪. ( BOX) X ( BOX‬‬

‫‪Cross over sub (X.O.S) .۱۱‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻪ ﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺣﺟﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺇﻥ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ )‪ (X.O.S‬ﻣﻥ )‪ ( PIN ) & ( BOX‬ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ )‪( PIN ) & ( BOX‬‬
‫ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺇﻝ )‪ ( BOX‬ﻻ ﻳﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﻁﺭ ) ‪ ( PIN‬ﻭﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۱۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻓﺭﺓ )‪:(Bit‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ )ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺷﺔ (ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺇﺣﺟﺎﻡ ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.PDC‬‬

‫‪mud system‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۲۲‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ )‪ Shale shaker‬ﻭ ‪ Mud pits‬ﻭ ‪Desilter‬ﻭ ‪ desander‬ﻭ‪Degaser‬ﻭ ‪mud‬‬
‫‪(pumps‬‬

‫‪mud pumps‬‬
‫ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺳﺣﺏ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺣﻭﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺿﺧﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺝ ﻟﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‬

‫‪Shale shaker‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺑﻙ ﻭﻫﺯﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻋﻭﺩﺗﻪ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺟﺭﻱ ﺣﻔﺭﻩ ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻌﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻟﻛﻲ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۲۳‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

‫ﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭﻩ ﻣﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :desander‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬

‫‪:Desilter‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﺭﻛﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪ desander‬ﻭﺗﻘﻭﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﺳﺗﺑﻘﻰ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻗﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪:Degaser‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬

‫‪)Mud pits‬ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ(‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﻭﺣﺔ ﻣﺻﻧﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ‬

‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺣﺿﺭ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻳﺧﻠﻁ ﺑﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۲٤‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 Well Control System
‫ﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬
: ‫ﻭﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‬

1. BOP stack : included ( Annular , single ram , double ram).

2. BOP Control system .
3. Mud Gas Separator .

Annular
A large valve, usually installed
above the ram preventers,
that forms a seal in the annular
space between the pipe
and well bore. If no pipe is
present, it forms a seal on the
well bore itself.
Annulus

single ram , double ram

A blowout preventer that uses
rams to seal off pressure on
a hole that is with or without
pipe. It is also called a ram
preventer. Ram -type preventers
have interchangeable ram
blocks to accommodate different
O.D. drill pipe, casing, or
tubing.

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬۲٥ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas)

2.BOP Control system:

The storage device for

nitrogen pressurized
hydraulic fluid, which is
used in operating the
blowout preventers.

3.Mud Gas Separator .

A device that removes gas
from the mud coming out of a
well when a kick is being
circulated out.

Choke Manifold
Choke Manif
The arrangement of piping and
special valves, called
chokes, through which drilling
mud is circulated when the
blowout preventers are closed
to control the pressures
encountered during a kick

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬۲٦ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas)

 ‫)ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ (‬
‫ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪(drilling mud‬‬
‫ﻓﻭﺍﺋﺩ ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻓﻭﺍﺋﺩ ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.۱‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﻭﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ) – ‪100 ft/min‬‬
‫‪(200 ft/min , 0.5 m/sec – 1 m/sec‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺄﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻭﻋﺔ )‪ (Yield Point‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪.۲‬ﺗﺑﺭﻳﺩ ﻭﺗﺯﻳﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﺯﻳﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﻁﻳﻥ ﻳﻘﻠﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﻭﻳﻘﻠﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪.۳‬ﺑﻧﺎء ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺑﺗﺭﺳﻳﺏ ﻛﻌﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ )‪ (mud cake‬ﻣﻌﺩﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ ﺩﺧﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺋﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻛﻌﻛﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺗﻭﻧﺎﻳﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺏ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻘﻠﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻣﺛﻝ )‪ (cmc , starch‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺑﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻔﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻳﺩﺍ ﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﻛﻌﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﺑﺗﺳﻠﻳﻁ ﺿﻐﻁ ﻫﺎﻳﺩﺭﻭﺳﺗﺎﺗﻳﻛﻲ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻗﻠﻳﻼ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﻲ ﻭﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ )‪ (15-20 kg/cm2‬ﻭﻳﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﻭﺳﺗﺎﺗﻳﻛﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫𝐭𝐡𝐠𝐢𝐞𝐖 𝐝𝐮𝐌 × 𝐡𝐭𝐩𝐞𝐝‬
‫= 𝒆𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒑 𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒚𝑯‬
‫𝟎𝟏‬
‫‪.٥‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩﻩ ﻟﻠﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺩ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﺏ ﻭﺧﺻﻭﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺣﺏ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪.٦‬ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺧﻳﻁ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﺳﻧﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪.۷‬ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺑﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻓﺣﺻﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪.۸‬ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ‬
‫ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۲۷‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺣﻭﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺣﻭﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺿﺭﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻣﻼﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺣﻭﺻﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻳﺱ )‪ (API‬ﻭﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺣﻭﺻﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.۱‬ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(mud weight‬‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ =‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺣﻘﻠﻳﺎ ﺗﺗﻡ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (mud balance‬ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻠﺊ ﻭﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺭﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺛﻘﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻡ ﻣﻭﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﺗﺣﺭﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻥ ﺛﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍءﺓ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍءﺓ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ) ‪. ( , lb/gal (ppg) , lb/ft3 gm/cm2‬‬

‫) ‪ Gradient of pressure = ( PSI/ft‬‬

‫‪ SP.Gr.=(lb/ft3 )/62.3=(lb/gal)/8.33=(gm/cm3 )/1‬‬

‫‪mud balance‬‬

‫‪.۲‬ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ )‪: (Viscosity‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻳﺳﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺭﺷﺎﻝ )‪(Marsh Funnel‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﻋﺎء ﻗﻳﺎﺱ )‪ (Measuring Cup‬ﻭﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺑﻣﻸ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬
‫)‪ (1500 cc‬ﻭﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻧﺯﻭﻝ ﻟﺗﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺛﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﻳﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء )‪ ۲۸‬ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۲۸‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻭﺋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Fann V-G meter‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﻣــﻥ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠــﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻛﻳﺔ )‪ (P.V.‬ﻭﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣـﻁﺎﻭﻋﺔ ))‪ (Yield Point (YP‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎء‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺩ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻭﻏﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫) ‪ ٦۰۰‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍءﺓ ) 𝟎𝟎𝟔∅( ﺛﻡ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ ۳۰۰‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ( ﻭﺍﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍءﺓ‬
‫𝟎𝟎𝟑∅ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫𝟎𝟎𝟑∅ ‪ Plastic Viscosity (P.V.)=∅𝟔𝟎𝟎 -‬‬ ‫)‪(in centipoises‬‬

‫𝟎𝟎𝟔∅‬
‫=)‪ Apparent Viscosity (A.V.‬‬ ‫)‪(in centipoises‬‬
‫𝟐‬
‫‪ Yield Point (Y.P.)=∅𝟑𝟎𝟎 - P.V.‬‬ ‫) ‪( in lb/100 ft2‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۲۹‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪Fann V-G meter‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻛﻳﺔ )‪:Plastic Viscosity (P.V.‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻳﻌﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻟﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻳﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻓﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺑﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯ ﻭﻋﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻭﻋﺔ )‪: Yield Point (Y.P.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﻋﻧﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺟﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﻭﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺗﻭﻧﺎﻳﺕ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻭﻋﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻔﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Lignosulfonats‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺫﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻭﺛﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳۰‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪.۳‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ ‪: gel strength‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺗﺟﺎﺫﺏ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻛﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺿﺭﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫)‪ (Viscometer‬ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺗﺩﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﺛﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻕ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﻣﻥ ﻗﺭﺍءﺍﺕ )‪ ۳۰۰‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ (‬
‫ﻭ )‪ ٦۰۰‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ( ﺑﺧﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ) ‪ ٦۰۰‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ‪ ۱٥‬ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ( ﺛﻡ ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﺭﺍءﺓ ) ‪ ۳۰۰‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ( ﺛﻡ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﺛﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻗﺭﺍءﺓ ﺃﻗﺻﻰ ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺷﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﺛﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺛﻡ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻕ ﻭﻗﺭﺍءﺓ ﺃﻗﺻﻰ ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﺷﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻕ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻭﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ )‪ . (lb /100 ft2‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺑﻧﻔﺱ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻭﻋﺔ )‪.(Y.P.‬‬

‫‪.٤‬ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ )‪: (Filtrate‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺷﻳﺢ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺑﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻌﻛﺔ ﻁﻳﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟــــ )‪ (cmc , starch‬ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺃ(‪: API – Filtrate .‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺷﻳﺢ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺷﻳﺢ‬
‫ﺛﻡ ﺇﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﻏﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺳﻠﻳﻁ ﺿﻐﻁ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (100 PSI‬ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ‪ ۳۰‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ )‪ (30 min.‬ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ ۳۰‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﺑـ )‪. (cm3‬ﻭﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺅﺧﺫ ﻓﻲ )‪ (7.5 min.‬ﻭﻳﺿﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ )‪ ( 2‬ﻟﻧﺣﺻﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﺧﻼﻝ )‪ (30 min.‬ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫�‪ F 30 min.= F 7.5 min‬‬ ‫‪=2× F 7.5 min‬‬
‫‪7.5‬‬
‫‪ ∴ F 30 min.= 2× F 7.5 min‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‪: API – High Temperature , High Pressure Filtrate.‬‬

‫ﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺟﻬﺯ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺷﻳﺢ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺷﻳﺢ ﻭﺗﻌﺭﻳﺽ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪300 0‬‬
‫‪ (F‬ﻭﺿﻐﻁ )‪ (500 PSI‬ﻟﻣﺩﺓ )‪ ۳۰‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ( ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ )‪ ۳۰‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﺑﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻟﻠﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﻭﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﻛﻌﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻠﻭﺙ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺻﻭﺻﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﻳﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﻠﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺛﻝ ) ‪Chrome Lignite ,‬‬
‫‪ (Lignosulfonate‬ﻟﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﻛﻌﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺗﻭﻧﺎﻳﺕ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺑﻭﺟﻭﺩﻩ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻌﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻘﻝ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺗﻭﻧﺎﻳﺕ ﻓﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻌﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺳﻣﻳﻛﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺃﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳۱‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
 ‫‪.٥‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ )‪:(sand content‬‬

‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﺑﺏ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﺿﺭ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺑﺑﻪ ﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺧﺩﻳﺵ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻋﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ )‪. (1 %‬‬

‫ﻭﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ‪ :‬ﻣﻧﺧﻝ ‪ ، 2.5‬ﻗﻣﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻗﺭﺍءﺓ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ )‪. (0-20 %‬‬

‫ﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺟﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺗﻐﻠﻕ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺧﺽ ﺟﻳﺩﺍ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺳﻛﺏ ﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻝ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺧﺽ ﻣﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺳﻛﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻝ ﺛﻡ ﻳﺛﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻝ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﺛﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻭﻫﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺛﻡ ﻳﻐﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻝ ﻟﻛﻲ ﻳﻧﺯﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﺭﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﺭﺳﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﺭﺃ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳۲‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪.٦‬ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎء ﺛﻡ ﻳﺳﺧﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺗﺑﺧﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺛﻡ ﺗﻣﺭﺭ ﺍﻷﺑﺧﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻛﺛﻑ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﺳﺟﻝ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻭﻛﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻭﺗﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪A.‬‬ ‫‪% oil by volume = ml oil × 10‬‬

‫‪B.‬‬ ‫‪% water by volume = ml water × 10‬‬
‫‪C.‬‬ ‫‪% solid by volume = 100 - (ml oil + ml water)×10‬‬
‫‪D.‬‬ ‫‪Grams oil = Corrected ml oil ×0.8‬‬
‫‪E.‬‬ ‫‪Grams water = ml water‬‬
‫𝑚𝑔‬ ‫𝑏𝑙‬
‫= ‪F. Grams mud‬‬ ‫= ‪×10‬‬ ‫‪mud weight ×1.2‬‬
‫𝑐𝑐‬ ‫𝑙𝑎𝑔‬
‫)‪G. Grams solid = F- (D+E‬‬
‫)‪H. ml solid = 10 – (ml oil + ml water‬‬
‫𝐺‬
‫= ‪I. Average SP.gr. of solids‬‬
‫𝐻‬
‫𝐺‬
‫‪J. Solid % by weight = ×100‬‬
‫𝐹‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﺢ )‪ (salt water‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺗﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﻭﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺢ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺿﺑﻭﻁﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟـ ) ‪ (Retort‬ﺑﻣﻸ ﻭﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺗﻪ )‪ (10 cc‬ﺑﺎﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻳﻐﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻳﺛﺑﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (steel wool‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (steel wool‬ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻏﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎء ﺛﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺗﺑﺧﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺛﻑ ﺗﺗﻛﺛﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ‬
‫ﻟﺗﻧﺯﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﻋﺩﻩ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ) ‪ (aerosol‬ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬
‫ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻭﺿﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ) ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ( ﻭﻳﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ ﺃﻭﺗﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﻛﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻁﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻣﺎﻛﺔ ﻛﻌﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺑﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺗﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻧﺧﻝ ﻧﺎﻋﻡ ﻭﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺯﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳۳‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫ﺇﻥ ﺣﺟﻭﻡ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻔﺻﻝ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻣﺑﻳﻧﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Screen Size‬‬
‫‪Mechanical‬‬ ‫‪Micron size removed‬‬
‫)‪(mish‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪Down to 1410‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪Down to 997‬‬

‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪Down to 705‬‬

‫‪Shale shaker‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪Down to 249‬‬

‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪Down to 174‬‬

‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪Down to 140‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ )‪(Desander‬‬ ‫‪Down to 50 or 60‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺕ )‪(Desilter‬‬ ‫‪Down to 30 or 20‬‬

‫ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺏ )‪(Setting in pits‬‬ ‫‪Down to 2‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪.۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪.۲‬‬
‫ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪.۳‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺏ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺑﻘﻰ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺏ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.۷‬‬

‫‪ PH .۷‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻭﺿﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻳﺳﺗﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺑـ‬
‫‪PH‬‬
‫𝟏‬
‫( 𝟎𝟏 𝐠𝐨𝐥=‪PH‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪Or PH= −𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝑯+‬‬
‫‪𝑯+‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳٤‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PH‬ﻣﻥ )‪ (0-14‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ )‪ (7‬ﻣﺣﻳﻁ ﻣﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ )‪ (0-7‬ﻣﺣﻳﻁ ﺣﺎﻣﺿﻲ ﻭ)‪(7-14‬ﻣﺣﻳﻁ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺣﻳﻁ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻱ ﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻥ )‪ (8-12.5‬ﻭﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ PH‬ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻔﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PH‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺣﻘﻠﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (PH-Paper‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻟﻭﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟـ ‪ PH‬ﻭﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﻗﺭﺍءﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﺧﺫ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺞ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻳﻁ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻕ ﺗﺅﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍءﺓ‪.‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻲ‬

‫‪ -۸‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ‪: Alkalinity‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺟﻳﺩ ﻣﺳﻳﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻣﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﻝ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺟﻳﺩﺍ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺧﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻁﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﺑﻐﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻭﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻥ) ‪ (𝐶𝑂2‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺳﺗﻙ ﺻﻭﺩﺍ )‪ (HaoH‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪. (𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 ) Lime‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ Pf -‬ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺅﺧﺫ ﺳﻡ‪ ۳‬ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻭﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻳﻪ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻧﻭﻧﻔﺗﺎﻟﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺭﺍء ﺛﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺣﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﺣﺎﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﻳﻙ )‪ (H2SO4‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﺇﻥ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻣﺽ )‪ (Pf‬ﻫﻭ‬
‫𝑵‬
‫𝒇𝒐 𝒍𝒎 = 𝒇𝑷‬ ‫𝑶𝑺 𝑯‬
‫𝟒 𝟐 𝟎𝟓‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳٥‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
 ‫𝑁‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻭﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ‪ Mf‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻳﺔﻭﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ‪ 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4‬ﻛﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺗﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺩﻱ ﺇﻥ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻣﺽ ﻣﺗﺿﻣﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ‪ Pf‬ﻫﻭ ‪Mf‬‬

‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ‪ 𝐻𝐶𝑂3−‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭ ) ‪ ( = 0Pf‬ﻭﺗﺻﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ‪ OH-‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭ ﻭﺟﻳﺩ) ‪( Pf =Mf‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ‪ 𝐶𝑂3−‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭ ) ‪( 2Pf =Mf‬ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ) ‪ ( OH-&𝐶𝑂3−‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭ)‪ (2Pf> Mf‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ‪ 𝐻𝐶𝑂3− &𝐶𝑂3−‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺭ)‪ (2Pf< Mf‬ﻭﺗﺻﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ‪: Pm‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Pm‬ﻳﺅﺧﺫ ﺳﻡ‪ ۳‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻳﺧﻔﻑ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ)‪٥۰‬ﺳﻡ‪ (۳‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﺭ ﺛﻡ ﻳﻣﺯﺝ ﺟﻳﺩﺍ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻧﻭﻧﻔﺗﺎﻟﻳﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺣﻳﺢ ﺣﺎﻣﺽ‬
‫𝑁‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﻳﻙ ‪𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫𝑁‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﻑ ﻫﻭ ‪Pm‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﺇﻥ ﺣﺟﻡ ‪𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4‬‬
‫‪50‬‬

‫‪Lb‬‬
‫( ‪Lime Content‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‪= 0.26 (Pm-FwPf‬‬
‫‪bbl‬‬

‫‪Fw = Water Fraction‬‬

‫‪Pf =Filtrate alkalinity‬‬ ‫)ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ(‬

‫ﻭﻟﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫𝐛𝐋‬ ‫𝒇𝑷‪𝑷𝒎 −‬‬
‫( ‪Lime Content‬‬ ‫=)‬
‫𝐥𝐛𝐛‬ ‫𝟒‬

‫‪.۹‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺃ( ﺗﻌﻳﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻭﺭﻳﺩ ‪ :‬ﺗﺅﺧﺫ )‪ ۱‬ﺳﻡ‪ (۳‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻭﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎء ﺗﺳﺣﻳﺢ‬
‫)‪ (titration dish‬ﻭﻳﺧﻔﻑ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﺭ )‪ (40 – 50 mL‬ﺛﻡ ﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﺗﺎﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻛﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺛﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺣﻳﺢ ﻧﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺔ ﺑﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ )‪(0.001 gm‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ )‪ (0.01 gm‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻳﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺳﺟﻝ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻧﺗﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺔ ﺑـ )‪ (gm‬ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺢ ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ CL = PPm = mL 0.001 gm silver nitrate × 1000‬‬

‫‪ NaCL (PPm) = PPm CL- × 1.65‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳٦‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

‫‪Or‬‬

‫‪ CL-PPm = mL 0.01 gm silver nitrate × 10000‬‬

‫‪ NaCL (PPm) = PPm CL- × 1.65‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﺗﺣﺿﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻭﺍﺯﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺑﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﺣﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎء ﻣﺎﻟﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻁﻳﻥ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺗﺣﺿﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﻁﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺣﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺣﻔﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﺣﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‪.‬ﺗﻌﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ )ﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﻳﺳﻳﻭﻡ(‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺅﺧﺫ )‪ (50 mL‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺣﻳﺢ ﺛﻡ ﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ )‪ (2 mL‬ﻣﻥ ﻣﺣﻠـــﻭﻝ‬
‫)‪ (hardness buffer solution‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (5 - 10‬ﻗﻁﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ) ‪hardness indicator‬‬
‫‪ (solution‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ) ﻻ ﺗﺣﺳﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺣﻳﺢ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﻳﺳﻳﻭﻡ ( ﺛﻡ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ )‪ ۱‬ﺳﻡ‪ (1 mL) (۳‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻭﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺣﻳﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻳﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻣﺭﻱ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﻳﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﺛﻡ ﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺣﻳﺢ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﻭﺗﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (mLs) titrating solution × 20= epmCa++& Mg++‬‬

‫‪ (mLs) titrating solution × 400= ppm Ca++& Mg++‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ 1 mL titrating solution = 20 epm‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﺗﺣﺿﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻭﺍﺯﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺑﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻧﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﺍﻳﺕ )‪ (CaSo4‬ﺍﻭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺑﺳﻳﺔ )‪ (CaSo4 , 2H2O‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎء ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﺳﻳﻭﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (2H2OCaSo4 ,) (Gypsum‬ﻓﻲ ﻁﻳﻥ )‪ (gyp-mud‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺏ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺗﻛﻬﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﺍﺗﻳﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻼﺗﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳۷‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺿﻳﺭ ﻋﺳﺭ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﺍ )‪ (Na2CO3‬ﻭﺑﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ‬
‫)‪ (gm/m30.06‬ﻟﻛﻝ )‪ (1 epm‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺩء ﺑﺗﺣﺿﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﺍ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (NaOH‬ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺃﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (Lignosulfonate‬ﻟﻐﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۳‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﻰ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﻛﺎﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﻳﻭﻡ‬
‫)‪. (NaHCO3‬‬

‫) ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ (‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﺫﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺛﻝ ‪ Nacl‬ﻭﺍﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﻳﺳﻳﻭﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻳﺯﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺭﺍﻳﺕ ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻭﻣﺎﻳﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻣﻝ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺗﻭﻧﺎﻳﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﻣﺛﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻭﻧﺎﻳﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻭﺭﺍﻳﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﻳﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۳‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻣﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﺯﻳﺩﻩ ﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻳﻣﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﻠﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺷﺢ ﻣﺛﻝ )‪ (cmc , starch‬ﻭﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻳﻣﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﺧﻔﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ )‪.(Chrome Lignite , Lignosulfonate‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﺟﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺳﻁ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻱ ﻣﺛﻝ )‪.(NaOH‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺗﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺎﻛﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺑﻛﺗﺭﻳﺎ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻬﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺣﻼﺏ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳۸‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻁﻳﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻔﻁﻲ‪:‬ﻭﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﻁﻳﻥ ﻧﻔﻁﻲ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎء ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ )‪%(۲٥-٥‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻁﻳﻥ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻁﻳﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺷﺢ‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﻁﻳﻥ ﻧﻔﻁﻲ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ )ﻻ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎء(‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ‪ :‬ﻁﻳﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﻁﻳﻥ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻁﻳﻥ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪Polymer mud ‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﻁﻳﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫)ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ (‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ۳۹‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫)ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻊ (‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ )‪(oil well cementing‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﻲ‪annulus‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ‪ Casing‬ﺑﻐﺭﺽ ﺗﺛﺑﻳﺕ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﻭﺇﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﻏﺯﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻹﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
‫‪ cuttings‬ﻭﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪ drillingfluid‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻣﻸ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﺗﺣﻭﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺣﺎﻟﺔﺃﻟﺻﻠﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻡ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﻭﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻣﺎﺿﻭﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ )‪(casing‬ﻫﻭ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺋﻊ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.۱‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﺳﻧﺎﺩ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ ﻻﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.۲‬‬
‫ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.۳‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻧﺎﺩ ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻧﻬﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻭﻣﻧﻊ ﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﺑﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻣﻳﺎﺓ ﺍﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﻳﺔ )‪:(primary cementing‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﺑﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺑﺎﺣﺩ ﺍﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ )ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ – ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁﻳﺔ – ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ (ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺑﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ )‪.(single stage cementing‬‬ ‫‪.۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ)‪.(cementing through drilling string‬‬ ‫‪.۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ )‪.(Multi-Stage Cementing‬‬ ‫‪.۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ ) ‪.(Cementing by reverse circulation‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﻲ )‪.(Liner cementing‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺷﺢ )‪.(cementing of casing with filter‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤۰‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ‪:‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ )‪:(Secondary Cementing‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺗﺟﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻧﺟﺎﺡ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺻﻠﻳﺢ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫﻫﺎ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻓﺣﺹ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺫﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ )‪.(cementing through casing shoe‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻭﺏ )‪.(cementing through perforation‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ ‪ :‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪:‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺗﻧﻔﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺑﻕ ﺫﻛﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﺯﻝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻗﺭﺏ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺳﺩ ﺟﺯء‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ )‪.(Squeeze cementing‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﺟﻌﻲ )‪.(Plugging Back Operation‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ )‪:(cementing Equipments‬‬

‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ )‪.(cementing Head‬‬ ‫‪.۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﺫﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻳﻠﻳﺔ )‪.(Guide Shoe‬‬ ‫‪.۲‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ )‪.(Float collars‬‬ ‫‪.۳‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ))‪.(stage cement (DV‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ )‪.(casing centralizers‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫‪.(top plug & Bottom plug) Cement Plugs‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤۱‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫)ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ(‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤۲‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
 ‫‪.۱‬ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ )‪:(cementing Head‬‬

‫ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬

‫ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺗﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻭﻟﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ ﻣﺩﺧﻝ ﻹﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺳﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ )‪ ،(top plug & Bottom plug‬ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻁﺎء ﺳﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻓﺗﺣﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻁﻠﺏ‬
‫ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (top plug & Bottom plug‬ﻳﺩﻭﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺭﺑﻁ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺗﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪.۲‬ﺍﻟﺣﺫﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻳﻠﻳﺔ )‪:(Guide Shoe‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﻭﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ‪Casing‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻬﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﻣﻧﻊ ﺗﺧﺑﻁﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺷﻧﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻣﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻛﺭﻭﻱ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻝ ‪ Casing‬ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺿﺧﻪ ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪.float shoe‬ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺻﻧﻊ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺭ ‪ Drillable‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﻔﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺩء‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ‪New Hole‬‬

‫‪.۳‬ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ )‪:(Float collars‬‬

‫ﻳﻭﺿﻊ ‪ FloatCollars‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ‪Guide shoes‬ﺑﺄﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﺑﻭﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻣﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﻣﻧﻊ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺇﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ)‪.(Casing‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤۳‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫‪.٤‬ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ))‪:(stage cement (DV‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (DV‬ﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﻭﺳﺗﺎﺗﻳﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻳﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (DV‬ﻣﻥ ﻧﻔﺱ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬ﻣﻛﺎ ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻓﺗﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺳﻡ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (DV‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ )‪ (closing plug‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﺗﺣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﻔﻝ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﻗﺫﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺢ )‪. (opening bomb‬‬

‫‪.٥‬ﻣﺭﻛﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ )‪.(casing centralizers‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺿﺑﻁ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ) ﺗﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ( ﻭﻣﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻛﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ ﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪:(top plug & Bottom plug) Cement Plugs.٦‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻬﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪-۱‬ﻋﺯﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺿﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﻛﺷﻁ ﻭﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻐﻭﻁﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻣﻠﻲء ﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺻﻧﻊ ‪ Cement Plugs‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﻭﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﻭﻫﻣﺎ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Bottom Plug‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺿﺧﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻻً‬
‫ﻭﺗﺣﺗﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺳﻣﻳﻛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺗﺗﻣﺯﻕ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺿﺦ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﻫﻲ)‪ (Top Plug‬ﻭﻫﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺻﻧﻌﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻣﺕ ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺿﺧﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺿﺦ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤٤‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ ﻓﺣﺹ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺟﺑﺔ ﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺣﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻧﻘﻲ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﺋﻲ )‪.(initial setting time‬‬ ‫‪.۱‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ )‪.(final setting time‬‬ ‫‪.۲‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ )‪.(cement Fineness‬‬ ‫‪.۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻣﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ )‪.(specific Gravity of cement slurry‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻳﻕ )ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ()‪.(Free Water - Stability‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺗﺭﺷﻳﺢ ﻣﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ )‪.(Filtration of cement slurry‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻟﺻﺧﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.۷‬‬

‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔﻭﺍﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪ ،fluidloss‬ﺃﻭ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻙ ) ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻟﻠﺣﺎﻟﺔﺃﻟﺻﻠﺑﻪ(‬
‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺟﻼﺕ‪(Accelerators ) :‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﺧﻥ )‪ (Thickening Time‬ﻟﻸﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ‪ surface casing‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺯﻣﻥ ﻁﻭﻳﻝ ﻭﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺯﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻅﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ )) ‪ ( waiting on cement (WOC‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺢ )‪ (NaCl‬ﻛﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺟﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻠﻭﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ )‪(CaCl2‬‬

‫‪ .۲‬ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺧﺭﺍﺕ )‪( Retarders‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻛﺱ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﺧﻥ )‪(Thickening Time‬ﻓﺊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺿﺦ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻟﻣﺭﺗﻔﻌﻬﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺟﻝ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺗﺻﻠﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺃﺷﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﻭﻛﺳﻰ ﻛﺭﺑﻭ ﻛﺯﻳﻠﻳﻙ‬

‫‪ .۳‬ﻣﻘﻠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ )‪( Extenders‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﻟﻠﺳﻣﺎﺡ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻟﻠﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺷﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ‬

‫‪.٤‬ﻣﺯﻳﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ‪( Weighting )Agents‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻳﺕ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺭﺡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺑﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ )‪.(single stage cementing‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺃﻭﻻً ﻋﻣﻝ ﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ )‪ (Circulation‬ﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻭﺍﺋﻕ ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺿﺦ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﺦ )‪ (Pressure Test‬ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺻﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺿﺦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (Wash‬ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻳﻬﺎ )‪ (Spacer‬ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪-۳‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ )‪.(Bottom Plug‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺿﺦ ﻣﺧﻠﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Top Plug‬ﻭﺿﺦ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻓﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ )‪.(Displacement‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﺗﻡ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (BottomPlug‬ﺃﻣﺎﻡ )‪ (Float Collar‬ﻭﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻁ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ‬
‫‪ -۷‬ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺑﺎﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Bottom Plug‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﻳﻔﻲ ﺣﻔﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‬
‫‪ -۸‬ﻳﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺿﺦ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Top Plug‬ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Bottom Plug‬ﻭﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻁ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻧﻬﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۹‬ﻳﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺻﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (Float Collar‬ﺍﻷﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻟﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺳﺗﺎﺗﻳﻛﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤٦‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺭﺡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ )‪:(Multi-Stage Cementing‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪:‬ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺃﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻼﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﺦ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻻﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﺧﻥ )‪ (Thickening Time‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺿﺦ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺭﻉ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺿﻐﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺅﺛﺭ ﺳﻠﺑﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺿﺦ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺭﺑﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻁﺎﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۲‬ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺩﺭﻭﺳﺗﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﻣﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺷﻘﻕ ﻭﺑﻬﺫﺍ ﺗﻘﻠﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺷﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۳‬ﺍﻟﺳﻣﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎﺋﻲ ) ‪ (selective cementing‬ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻭﺟﺩ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺳﻣﺎﺡ ﺑﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻁﻭﻝ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺻﺎﺩﻑ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﺧﻥ )‪.(Thickening Time‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤۷‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺗﻳﻥ )‪:(Two – Stage cementing‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻁﻭﻕ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺫﻭ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ )‪ (DV‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﻧﺯﻳﻝ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻧﺻﻑ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺫﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ )‪ (Float shoe‬ﻭﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭ )‪.(Float collars‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ‪:‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺑﻧﻔﺱ ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺑﻣﺭﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻗﻣﺔ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﻣﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (DV‬ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.۱‬ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻗﺫﻳﻔﺔ ﻓﺗﺢ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻭﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺟﺫﺍﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ )‪. (DV‬‬

‫‪.۲‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺟﻠﻭﺱ ﻗﺫﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺢ ﻳﺳﻠﻁ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺑﺣﺩﻭﺩ )‪ (1200-1500 psi‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ﻗﺹ ﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺯ)ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ( )‪ (Bottom sleeve‬ﻟﻠﺳﻣﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻛﻡ ﺃﻟﻘﺎﻋﻲ ) ‪Retaining‬‬
‫‪ (pins‬ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻝ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﻳﻛﺷﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪.۳‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﺑﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ﺗﺟﺎﻧﺳﻪ ﻭﻟﺗﻬﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺑﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻳﻔﺗﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻗﺩ ﺑﺩﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﻛﺗﺳﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺑﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﻭﻫﻧﺎ ﻳﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﺑﺿﺦ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﺇﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﺿﺦ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻕ )‪ (upper sleeve‬ﻳﻣﺭ ﻣﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (DV‬ﺑﺎﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﻲ ﺁﺧﺫﺍً ﻣﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﺧﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٥‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (DV‬ﻳﺳﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﺿﻐﻁ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (1500 psi‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﻣﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻏﻼﻕ ﻭﺑﻬﺫﺍ ﻳﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٤۸‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬٤۹ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas)
 ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺯﻣﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﻣﺩﻯ ﻧﺟﺎﺡ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺛﺑﻳﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻭﺍﻛﺛﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﻳﻭﻋﺎ ﻫﻲ )‪ (CBL , VDL‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺛﺑﻳﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺛﻘﻳﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﺦ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻣﻧﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺑـ )‪.(Squeeze‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٥۰‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 .‫ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺱ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺱ‬
: ‫ﺍﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ‬

.(open hole) ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬.۱

.(cased hole) ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬.۲

(HFOO2-M325 , HF004-M272 , HF001-M267) ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬

: ‫ﺟﺭﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‬

Hole Hole size logging program

1.PEX (BHC-HALS-MCFL-LDL-
CN-GR-SP-DEV-CAL).
2.CMR-GR
open
hole
8 1/2" 3.DSI-GR
4.FMI-GR
5.MDT(SFTT)-GR

cased after cement of casing

hole (13 3/8" , 9 5/8" , 7")
CBL-VDL-CCL-GR

Where:

GR: Gamma Ray.

SP: spontaneous potential.
MSFL: Micro Spherically Focused Log.
BHC: Bore Hole Compensated.
CAL : CALIPAR LOG
CBL: Cement Bond Logging.
VDL : Variable Density Log
CCL:Casing Collar Locator
SFTT:Sequence Formation Test Tool
DSI: Dipole Sonic Imager
FMI: Imagine Log

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬٥۱ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas)

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬٥۲ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas)
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪ :‬ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪. (Mud Logging‬‬

‫‪mud logging‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺗﺗﺳﺟﻳﻼﺗﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ ) ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ (‬

‫ﻣﻧﺄﻫﻣﺎﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺗﺎﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓﺃﺛﻧﺎءﺣﻔﺭﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﻳﺔﻭﺍﻟﺗﻳﺗﺯﻭﺩﻓﺭﻳﻘﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﺑﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔﻭﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔﻏﺎﻳﺔﻓﻳﺎﻷﻫﻣﻳﺔﺗﺳﺎﻫﻣ‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛﻠﻛﺑﻳﺭﻓﻳﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔﺇﻧﺟﺎﺯﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭﺑﻛﻔﺎءﺓﻭﺃﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻳﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔﺗﺳﺟﻳﻼﺗﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ؟‬

‫ﻫﻳﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔﺍﺳﺗﺧﻼﺻﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔﻟﺣﻅﻳﺔﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺗﺎﻷﺭﺿﻔﻳﻘﺎﻋﺄﺳﻔﻼﻟﺑﺋﺭﺃﺛﻧﺎءﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺑﻣﻌﻧﯩﺄﺧﺭﻫﻳﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔﻭﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔﻟﻧﻭﺍﺗﺟﻔﺗﺎﺗﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪ (cuttings‬ﻭﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪(drilling mud‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﺄﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻣﻧﻌﺩﻣﻬﻔﻳﺎﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺗﺎﻟﻣﺣﻔﻭﺭﺓﻛﻣﺎﺃﻧﻬﺎﺗﻭﻓﺭﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﺣﺭﺟﻬﻠﺳﻼﻣﺔﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﻛﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔﺿﻐﻁﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺣﻣﺔﻭﺑﻭﺍﺩﺭﺣﺩﻭﺛﺎﻟﺗﺳﺭﺑﻠﺣﻔﺭﺓﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ )‪ (KICK‬ﺃﻭﻓﻘﺩﺍﻧﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ )‪ (Mud Loses‬ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔﺗﺳﺭﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻛﻝ ﺑﺳﺎﻁﻪ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﺑﺭ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺇﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻭﻣﻌﻣﻠﻣﺗﺣﺭﻛﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻛﻣﺭﻛﺯﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻠﻠﺑﺋﺭ‬ ‫)‪(٦-۲‬‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺗﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﻁﻭﺍﻗﻣﻌﻣﻠﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺣﺑﻳﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭﻳﺣﺗﻭﯩﻌﻠﯩﺎﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺗﺎﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺗﺎﻟﺑﺋﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﺭﺑﻁ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔﻭﺍﻟﺻﻭﺗﻳﺔﻭﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﻣﻌﻳﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺑﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﺛﻝ‪shale shaker ,mud tanks ,mud pumps, crown block ,rotary :‬‬
‫‪ ،table‬ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺯﺍء ﻭﺗﺭﺳﻝ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺗﺈﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺧﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺻﻝ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪،‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺭﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪،‬ﻋﺭﺽ ﻗﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﻣﺟﺱ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﺎ ‪،GR‬ﺣﺟﻡ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻟﻠﺑﺋﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪ ،R.P.M‬ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺭﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪ ،W.O.B‬ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ‪ MUD LOGGING‬ﺑﺭﺑﻁ ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ‪ MUD LOGGING‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﻪ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ ﺷﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﻬﻧﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻡ‪، TOOL PUSHER‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ ﺗﺭﺑﻁ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻳﺎﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﺎﻟﺗﻳﺗﻭﻓﺭﻫﺎﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔﺗﺳﺟﻳﻼﺗﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ؟‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٥۳‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﻓﺭﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔﻋﻧﻁﺑﻘﺎﺗﺎﻷﺭﺿﺎﻟﻣﺧﺗﺭﻗﺔﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﻛﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭﻭﺗﻭﺍﺟ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻟﺻﺩﻭﻋﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁﺄﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻭﺍﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﺔﻛﻣﺎﺃﻧﻬﺎﺗﻭﻓﺭﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻌﻧﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﻛﺳﺭﻋﺔﺍﻟﺗﻭﻏﻝ‬
‫)‪ (R.O.P‬ﻭﻛﻣﻳﺔﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﺭﻓﺔﻣﻧﻭﺇﻟﯩﺎﻟﺑﺋﺭﻭﺗﻘﺩﻳﻣﺗﻭﺻﻳﺎﺗﺣﻭﻻﻧﺳﺑﺎﻟﻁﺭﻗﻠﻠﺣﻔﺭﻟﺗﻌﺯﻳﺯﺍﻷﺩﺍءﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻼﻟﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻭﻟﺔﺩﺍﺧﻠﻭﺣﺩﺓﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ(‬ ‫)ﻁﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔﻭﺣﺩﺓﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔﺑﺟﻭﺍﺭﺃﺣﻭﺍﺿﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺗﺎﺭﻭﻋﺭﺿﺛﻼﺛﺔﺃﻣﺗﺎﺭﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ ً‬ ‫‪۸‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺑﺩﻭﻣﻧﺎﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻛﻭﺣﺩﺓﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓﺑﻁﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓﻣﻌﻣﻠﺻﻐﻳﺭﻣﺗﺣﺭﻛﻳﻛﻔﻳﻸﻋﻣﺎﻟﻔﺣﺻﻧﻭﺍﺗﺟﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﻭﺗﺟﻣﻳﻌﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺗﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔﻓﻳﻣﻌﻣﻠﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎﻷﺩﻭﺍﺗﺎﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻳﺔﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔﺍﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻣﺎﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﻣﺛﻼﻟﻣﻳﻛﺭﻭﺳﻛﻭﺑﻠﺗﻛﺑﻳﺭﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺗﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻭﺭﻭﺳﻛﻭﺑﻠﻠﺗﺻﻭﻳﺭﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻳﻭﺍﻷﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺗﺎﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓﻛﺄﻛﻳﺎﺳﺟﻣﻌﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺗﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺷﺣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺗﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﻓﻳﺗﻣﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻬﺎﻋﻠﯩﻌﺩﺓﻧﻘﺎﻁﺧﺎﺭﺟﻭﺣﺩﺓﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻭﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁﺑﺄﺟﻬﺯﺓﺣﺎﺳﺑﺈﻟﯩﺩﺍﺧﻠﻭﺣﺩﺓﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎﺃﻧﻬﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﻘﻼﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺗﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓﺇﻟﯩﻣﻛﺗﺑﻣﺳﺋﻭﻻﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔﻋﻧﻁﺭﻳﻘﻭﺻﻠﺔﻧﻘﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﺣﺳﺎﺳﻘﻳﺎﺳﺳﺭﻋﺔﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ)‪Drilling Speed (ROP‬‬

‫‪ -۲‬ﺣﺳﺎﺳﺿﻐﻁﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ)‪Standpipe Pressure (SPP‬‬
‫‪-۳‬ﺣﺳﺎﺳﻘﻳﺎﺳﺣﻣﻠﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻳﺑﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ)‪Hook load (HL, WOB‬‬
‫‪-٤‬ﺣﺳﺎﺳﻘﻳﺎﺳﺳﺭﻋﺔﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ)‪Rotary speed (RPM‬‬
‫‪-٥‬ﺣﺳﺎﺳﻘﻳﺎﺳﺗﺭﺩﺩﻣﺿﺧﺎﺗﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ)‪Stroke Speed (SPM‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺣﺳﺎﺳﻘﻳﺎﺳﻣﻌﺩﻟﺳﺭﻳﺎﻧﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ)‪Mud Flow out (MFO‬‬
‫‪ -۷‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﻘﻳﺎﺳﺧﻭﺍﺻﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ)‪Mud (Temperate/Conductivity/Weight‬‬
‫‪ -۸‬ﻗﻳﺎﺳﻐﺎﺯ‪H2S‬‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﻣﺎﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬

‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻧﻁﺎﻗﻣﺎﻟﻌﻣﻠﻣﻥ‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﯩﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ‪ :Sample Catcher‬ﻳﻘﻭﻣﻭﺍﺑﺟﻣﻌﻌﻳﻧﺎﺗﻔﺗﺎﺗﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﻭﺗﺭﺗﻳﺑﻬﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺈﻟﯩﻭﺣﺩﺓﺍﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ‬

‫‪ -۲‬ﻣﺳﺟﻠﻳﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪:Mud Logger‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻭﻣﻭﺍﺑﺗﺻﻧﻳﻔﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺗﻭﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯﻫﺎﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻭﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ‬

‫‪ -۳‬ﻣﺣﻠﻠﻳﺎﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:Data Engineer‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٥٤‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺗﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺗﺎﻟﻐﻧﻳﺔﺑﺎﻟﻧﻔﻁﺄﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻭﻧﻘﻼﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺗﺈﻟﯩﻣﺳﺋﻭﻻﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔﻣﺎﻟﻛﺔﺍﻟﺑﺋﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔﻭﺻﻔﺎﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺗﻔﻳﺎﻟﺑﺋﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎﺗﻭﻓﺭﺧﺩﻣﺔﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔﺳﻬﻠﻬﻠﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔﺃﻋﻣﺎﻻﻟﺣﻔﺭﺩﻭﻧﻌﻧﺎءﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔﺷﺎﺷﺎﺗﺎﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺎﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔﻋﻠﯩﺳﻁﺣﺎﻟﺣﻔﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺓﻭﻏﺭﻓﺔﻣﺳﻭﺅﻻﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﺔﻟﻠﺑﺋﺭﻭﻏﺭﻓﺔﻣﺩﻳﺭﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬

‫ﻟﺫﻟﻛﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭﺧﺩﻣﺎﺗﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻣﺎﺋﻌﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﻣﻧﺄﻫﻣﺧﺩﻣﺎﺗﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﻭﺍﻟﺗﻳﺗﺳﺎﻫﻣﺑﺷﻛﻠﻛﺑﻳﺭﻓﻳﺗﺣﺳﻳﻧﺄﺩﺍءﻓﺭﻳﻘﺎﻟﺣﻔﺭﻭﺗﻭﻓﺭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻣﺎﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﻠﻛ‬
‫ﻻﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻳﻧﻌﻠﯩﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪ ٥٥‬ﻣﻥ ‪٥٦‬‬ ‫)‪(Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas‬‬

 Noor.k.k-1994

‫ﻟﺣﻣﺩ ہﻠﻟ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻳﻥ‬

:‫ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴًﺎ‬

٥٦ ‫ ﻣﻥ‬٥٦ ‫ﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬ (Drilling Engineer : Abbas Radhi Abbas) https://t.me/NoorAlbersi_Library
Tele: Intellectualrevolution