cfly{s ultljlw cWoog

-PsLs[t_

k|yd cw{-jflif{s k|ltj]bg

-cf=j=@)&&÷&*_

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefu
 e"ldsf
g]kfn /fi6« a}Í P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd a}+sn] d"No l:y/tf, zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt, ;dli6ut cy{tGq,
ljQLo ahf/sf] cj:yf, d'b|f k|bfo tyf ljb]zL ljlgdoh:tf ljifodf cWoog ug]{, tYofÍ
;Íng÷k|zf]wg÷ljZn]if0f ug]{ / gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd ub{5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf # adf]lhd
g]kfn ;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs lgsfo tyf lghL If]qn] a}+snfO{ cfly{s tyf ljQLo ljifodf cfjZos ;"rgf
pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . jf:tljs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍsf] lgoldt ;Íng tyf
ljZn]if0fdfkm{t df}lb|s Pjd\ ljQLo gLltsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ ePsf sf/0f g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn]
lgoldt ¿kdf cfly{s ultljlw cWoog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
cfly{s ultljlwsf] ljZn]if0f tyf k|If]k0f ug]{ d"n cfwf/ ;dod} k|fKt x'g] ljZj;gLo tYofÍ tyf ;"rgf g}
xf] . cfly{s tyf ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0faf6 d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf]
cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L eO{ cfjZos gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . ;fy},
tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfn] cy{tGqsf ljljw If]qdf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dod} klxrfg u/L pko'Qm ;'emfjdfkm{t
;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{df g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
b]zdf ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uPkZrft\ k|zf;lgs ljefhgsf] :j¿k ;d]t kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;+/rgf
cg';f/ tLg txsf] ;/sf/ /xg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd k|fb]lzs ;+/rgf cg';f/ cfly{s ultljlw
cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s ultljlw tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g, @)&^ df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf k|b]zl:yt sfof{noaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bg, :ynut ;j]{If0f, ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] cGt/lqmof /
låtLo tYofÍsf cfwf/df b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf ;d]6L of] PsLs[t k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . of] PsLs[t
k|ltj]bg;Fu} k|b]z cg';f/ k|fb]lzs cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg klg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3Lo
;+/rgfsf] kl/j]zdf kof{Kt tYofÍx¿ pknAw x'g g;ls/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . t;y{, o; cWoog k|ltj]bgsf
s]xL ;Ldfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg' x'g] ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf sfof{no Pjd\
;+:yfx¿ tyf tYofÍ ;Íngdf ;dGjo ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] o; a}+ssf k|b]zl:yt sfof{nok|lt cfef/
k|s6 ub{5' . c;xh kl/l:yltdf klg of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ ;+of]hg ug'{ x'g] lgb]{zs >L dfwj b+ufnnfO{
ljz]if wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . o;}u/L of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ ;+nUg x'g' x'g] cfly{s ljsf; zfvfsf pk–
lgb]{zsx¿ >L cjlGtsf l/dfn, >L laGtL >]i7 / >L hgs/fh ;fksf]6f, ;xfos lgb{]zsåo >L pbo/fh
kf}8]n / >L Plnzf dfgGw/ tyf k|wfg ;xfos >L ljj]s b]jsf]6f / ;xfos >L /f]xg Ao~hgsf/nfO{ klg
wGoafb lbg rfxG5' .

8f= k|sfz s'df/ >]i7

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
ljifo–;"rL
k]h g++=
;f/f+z
kl/R5]b ! M cWoog kl/ro 1
kl/R5]b @ M cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s l:ylt 3
kl/R5]b # M s[lif If]q 7-17
3.1 s[lif pkhn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]q 7
3.2 s[lif pTkfbg 8
3.3 kz'k+IfL, df5f tyf jghGo pTkfbg 9
3.4 l;FrfO 11
3.5 If]qut s[lif shf{ 12
3.6 ;x'lnotk"0f{ s[lif shf{ 13
3.7 s[lif If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf 14
kl/R5]b $ M pBf]u If]q 18-22
4.1 k|b]z cg';f/ pBf]usf] ljj/0f 18
4.2 pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u / pTkfbg 18
4.3 If]qut cf}Bf]lus shf{ 20
4.4 cf}Bf]lus If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf 21
kl/R5]b % M ;]jf If]q 23-31
5.1 ko{6g 23
5.2 ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f tyf l/on:6]6 23
5.3 ljQLo ;]jf 25
5.4 ;]jf If]q shf{ 27
5.5 oftfoft 28
5.6 ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ 29
5.7 ljkGg ju{ shf{ 29
5.8 k'g/shf{ 30
5.9 ;]jf If]qsf] r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf 31
kl/R5]b ^ M k"jf{wf/ If]q 32-36
6.1 k"jf{wf/ l:ylt 32
6.2 k"jf{wf/ If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf 36
kl/R5]b & M jfXXo If]q / /f]huf/L 37-41
7.1 j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 37
7.2 /f]huf/L 39
7.3 afXo If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf 41
kl/R5]b * M ;+3Lo Pjd\ k|fb]lzs sfo{qmd tyf of]hgf 42-45
8.1 sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog 42
8.2 cGo sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog 43
kl/R5]b ( M cfly{s kl/b[io 46
 ;f/f+z
cGt/f{li6«o l:ylt
1. cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ ;g\ @)@) df ljZjsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg j[l4b/ #=#
k|ltztn] C0ffTds /x]sf] 5 .
2. lh & df /x]sf ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] cfly{s j[l4 C0ffTds /Xof] eg] a]/f]huf/L b/ pRr /xg uof] .
Sofg8fsf] a]/f]huf/L b/ (=^ k|ltzt / cd]l/sfsf] *=! k|ltzt;Dd /xg uof] .
3. ;g\ @)@) df ef/tsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ * k|ltztn] C0ffTds /Xof] eg] rLgsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ @=#
k|ltzt /xg uof] .
s[lif
4. ;dLIff cjlwdf vfB tyf cGo afnLsf] pTkfbg @=( k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . o:tf afnLn] 9fs]sf] e"–
If]q eg] )=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
5. t/sf/L pTkfbgdf ;fdfGo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . kmnkm"n tyf d;nfsf] pTkfbgdf eg] ;fdfGo lu/fj6
cfPsf] 5 .
6. kz'hGo pTkfbg cGtu{t b"w pTkfbg !=# k|ltzt / df;'' pTkfbg &=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg]
c08f pTkfbg !=^ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . jghGo pTkfbg cGtu{t cf}iflwhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg %=!
k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 eg] sf7 pTkfbg $=@ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 .
pBf]u
7. ;dLIff cjlwdf pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u cf};tdf %)=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
8. @)&& k'; d;fGt;Dd a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] k|jfx u/]sf] s'n shf{df cf}Bf]lus If]qdf k|jfx
ePsf] shf{sf] c+z ##=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
;]jf
9. ;dLIff cjlwdf ko{6s cfudg !# xhf/ ^ ;o ( /x]sf]] 5 . sf]le8–!( k|efjsf sf/0f
ko{6s:t/Lo xf]6n tyf nhsf] ;ª\Vof (=) k|ltzt / z}of ;ª\Vof &=# k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 .
10. 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg ;ª\Vof !!=@ k|ltzt / /lhi6«]zgaf6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:j !!=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
3/ ejg :yfoL gS;f kf; ;ª\Vof eg] !#=& k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 .
11. @)&& c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf k'; d;fGtdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lgIf]k (=# k|ltztn] /
shf{ k|jfx !@=# k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cf};t shf{–lgIf]k cg'kft *%=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
12. a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] s'n lgIf]kdf afudtL k|b]zsf] c+z ^*=) k|ltzt / s'n shf{df o;
k|b]zsf] c+z %^=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lgIf]k / shf{df s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd qmdzM
!=) k|ltzt / !=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
13. ;dLIff cjlwdf oftfoft ;fwgsf] ;ª\Vof ^=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf]] 5 .
k"jf{wf/
14. ljB't\ hl8t Ifdtf ! xhf/ $ ;o %* d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 eg] k|ltJolQm ljB't\ vkt @ ;o ^)
lsnf]jf6 306f k'u]sf] 5 .
15. g]kfndf p8fg eg]{ cGt/f{li6«o jfo';]jfsf] ;ª\Vof @& /x]sf] 5 . ;a} df};ddf ;~rfngdf /xg]
ljdfg:ynsf] ;ª\Vof #& /x]sf] 5 .
16. cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] kmfu'g;Dd ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 s'n ! xhf/ % ;o
($ ls=dL ;8s lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
17. ;ldIff cjlw;Dddf uf}tda'4 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f cfof]hgfsf] () k|ltzt lgdf{0f sfo{
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L, kf]v/f If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f cfof]hgfsf] ^@ k|ltzt
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
18. sfa]nL sl/8f]/ 6«fG;ld;g nfOg sfo{ cGtu{t !#@ s]=EfL= k|;f/0f nfOg cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ;DkGg
ePsf] 5 . sf]zL sl/8f]/sf] @@) s]= eL= k|;f/0f nfOg cGtu{t #@^ j6f 6fj/dWo] #@@ j6f 6fj/
lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .

2
 kl/R5]b !
cWoog kl/ro
1.1 k[i7e"ld
df}lb|s gLlt tyf ljb]lz ljlgdo gLltdfkm{t d"No :yfloTj, XafXo If]q :yfloTj, ;du| ljQLo If]q
:yfloTj tyf cfly{s j[l4sf] nflu ;fwgsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] p2]Zox¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] b]zsf] cfly{s ultljlw ;DaGwL cWoog u/L ;f]xL adf]lhd cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0f ub}{
cfPsf] 5 eg] o:tf cWoogaf6 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f / cfly{s lg0f{ox¿ ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfn /fi6« a}+Ín] lj=;+= @)@% b]lv pkTosfaflx/ /x]sf zfvf tyf pkzfvf sfof{nodf ;Djfbbftf
kmfF6sf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s ultljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf Pj+ tYofÍ ;Íng ug]{ u/]sf] lyof] . pQm
kmfF6n] :yfgLo cfly{s ultljlwsf] hfgsf/L tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf ;do–;dodf cg';Gwfg ljefudf
k7fpg] ub{Yof] . lj=;+= @)#@ df sfo{ lgb]{lzsf hf/L u/L ;Djfbbftf kmfF6nfO{ If]qLo cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|df kl/0ft ul/of] . If]qLo cg';Gwfg s]Gb|af6 cfly{s ultljlw ;DaGwL cWoog x'g] u/]sf]df lj=;+=
@)$( b]lv pkTosfaflx/sf sfof{nodf a}+lsË ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg O{sfOsf] Joj:yf u/L
If]qLo:t/df ;f]xL O{sfO tyf cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefu, cfly{s ljsf; dxfzfvfdfkm{t sf7df8f}+
pkTosf Pjd\ cf;kf;sf If]qsf cfly{s ultljlwsf] cWoog sfo{ lgoldt ¿kdf xF'b} cfPsf] lyof] .
cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^* b]lv æg]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf pkTosfaflx/sf sfof{noåf/f ;Dkfbg ul/g] cWoog–
cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, @)^&Æ cg'¿k b]zsf $! lhNnf ;d]6L cfly{s ultljlw cWoog
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ u/]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! b]lv b]zsf $& lhNnf ;d]6L cfly{s ultljlw
cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ yflnof] . cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ b]lv !) lhNnf yk u/L %& lhNnfsf]
cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{] ul/Psf] lyof] .
b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uP kZrft cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg'¿k k|sfzg
ug]{ p2]Zon] cly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& b]lv b]zsf & j6} k|b]zsf && lhNnfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L PsLs[t /
k|fb]lzs cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿ tof/ ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
1.2 cWoogsf] p2]Zo
o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/ tLg txsf] ;/sf/ /xg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd
k|fb]lzs ;+/rgf cg';f/ cfly{s ultljlw cWoog÷ljZn]if0f ug]{ / cfly{s ljZn]if0f tyf gLlt
th'{dfsf nflu ;"rgf Pj+ tYofÍsf] bfo/f lj:tf/ ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ljleGg cfly{s If]qx¿sf]
l:ylt / o;df eO/x]sf kl/jt{g ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;d]t o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
1.3 cWoog ljlw
cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ tYofÍ tyf ;"rgf :ynut e|d0f
u/L ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . s[lif ;DaGwL tYofÍ ;+3Lo s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno, k|fb]lzs
e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno Pjd\ dftxtsf lgb{]zgfno, s[lif 1fg s]Gb|, e]6]l/g/L
c:ktfn tyf kz' ;]jf lj1 s]Gb|af6 ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . pBf]usf] tYofÍ gd'gf 5gf}6df k/]sf
pBf]uaf6 :ynut e|d0f tyf ljB'tLo dfWodaf6, a}+lsË tYofÍ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 ;Íng
ul/Psf] 5 .
1
 ;fy}, ko{6g;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍ ko{6g ljefu, g]kfn ko{6g af]8{, xf]6n Joj;foL ;+3af6, 3/hUuf
gS;fkf; tYofÍ gu/kflnsfaf6, k"jf{wf/;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍ cfly{s k"jf{wf/ sfof{no, /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf Pj+ cGo
lghL÷;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 låtLos tYofÍ ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . tYofÍ tyf ;"rgf ;Íngsf] nflu
Od]n, ˆofS;, j]j;fO6, EMAP tyf 6]lnkmf]gnufot ljB'tLo dfWodsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . k"jf{wf/,
;+3Lo cfof]hgf, kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd nufotsf tYofÍ cfly{s ;j{]If0faf6 ;d]t lnOPsf] 5 .
;dLIff cjlw, ut cjlw / b'O{ jif{cl3sf] tYofÍ ;Íng u/L ;dLIff cjlw / ut cjlwsf] k|ltzt
kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/df tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
1.4 cWoogsf] ;Ldf
sf]le8–!( sf sf/0f tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg] sfof{no tyf pBf]ux¿ aGb /x]sfn] :ynut ;j]{If0f
ug{ ;lsPsf] lyPg . k|To]s lhNnfaf6 tYofÍ ;Íng u/L PsLs[t ul/Psfn] s[lif pTkfbg, l;FrfO{,
k"jf{wf/nufotsf tYofÍ b]zsf] ;du| tYofÍ;Fu s]xL km/s kg{ uPsf 5g\ . b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf
uPkZrft\ s[lif, k"jf{wf/ nufotsf tYofÍnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ hf/L /x]sfn] o; ;DaGwL tYofÍ
k"0f{ ¿kdf ;Íng ug{ sl7gfO /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . o;y{, tLg} txsf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿n] tYofÍ
;Íng / Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . sltko lghL pBf]u tyf
k|lti7fgx¿n] klg tYofÍ pknJw u/fpg lxlRsrfpg], ;dodf g} pknJw gu/fpg] / ck"0f{ tYofÍ
lbg] u/]sf]n] oyfy{ cfly{s l:ylt ;dodf g} phfu/ ug{ sl7gfO x'g] u/]sf] l:ylt 5 .
1.5 cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf
cWoognfO{ ( j6f kl/R5]bdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . kl/R5]b ! df cWoogsf] kl/ro, kl/R5]b @ df
s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] cGt//fli6«o l:ylt, kl/R5]b # df s[lif, kl/R5]b $ df pBf]u, kl/R5]b %
df ;]jf, kl/R5]b ^ df k"jf{wf/ / kl/R5]b & df afXo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
o;}u/L, kl/R5]b * df ;+3Lo Pjd\ k|fb]lzs of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd / kl/R5]b ( df cfly{s kl/b[io
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

2
 kl/R5]b @
cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s l:ylt
2.1 ljZj cfly{s l:ylt
;g\ @)!( sf] l8;]Da/sf] cGTolt/ rLgsf] j'xfgdf b]vfk/]sf] sf]le8–!( sf] dxfdf/L ljZjJofkL
¿kdf km}lng uof] . cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] k|yd cw{–jflif{s cjlwdf klg ljZjsf k|foM ;a}
b]zx¿ sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Laf6 k|efljt /x] . sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Ln] ljZjJofkL :jf:Yo ;Í6sf
cltl/Qm cfly{s ;Í6x¿ lgDTofof] . clws+z d'n'sx¿df sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0f /f]Sg ul/Psf
aGbfaGbLh:tf pkfox¿n] ubf{ cfly{s ultljlwx¿ g/fd|f;
] Fu k|efljt eP . kmntM cfly{s j[l4b/df
7'nf] lu/fj6 cfof] eg] a]/f]huf/L b/x¿ a9] .
cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ ;g\ @)@) df ljZjsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg j[l4b/ #=#
k|ltztn] C0ffTds /xg uof] . lh & cGtu{t /x]sf ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] cfly{s j[l4 C0ffTds /Xof]
eg] a]/f]huf/L b/ pRr /xg uof] . Sofg8fsf] a]/f]huf/L b/ (=^ k|ltzt / cd]l/sfsf] a]/f]huf/L b/
*=! k|ltzt;Dd /xg uof] .
tflnsf @=! M ljZjsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ / a]/f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt
cfly{s j[l4b/ a]/f]huf/L b/
d'n's
@)!( @)@) @)!( @)@)
Sofg8f 1.9 -5.4 5.7 9.6
k|mfG; 1.5 -8.2 8.5 8.2
hd{gL 0.6 -4.9 3.2 4.2
O6fnL 0.3 -8.9 9.9 9.1
Hfkfg 0.3 -4.8 2.4 2.8
a]nfot 1.4 -9.9 3.8 4.5
cd]l/sf 2.2 -3.5 3.7 8.1
;|f]tM cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if
;g\ @)@) df sf]le8 !( sf] sf/0f g]kfnLsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ uGtJo d'n'sx¿ ;d]t g/fd|/L k|efljt
x'g k'u] . g]kfnLsf] k|d'v >d uGtJo d'n'sx¿ blIf0f sf]l/of, stf/, ;fpbL c/]laof / dn]l;of
nufotsf b]zx¿sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ C0ffTds /xg uof] . o;y{, g]kfnLsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/df c;/ kg{
uof] .
tflnsf @=@ M g]kfnLx¿sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|d'v uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf]] cfly{s j[l4b/ .
cfly{s j[l4b/
d'n's
@)!( @)@)
ckmuflg:tfg 3.9 -5.0
ax/fOg 2.0 -5.4
hfkfg 0.3 -4.8
s'j]t 0.4 -8.1
dn]l;of 4.3 -5.6
cf]dfg -0.8 -6.4
3
 stf/ 0.8 -2.6
;fpbL 0.3 -4.1
c/]laof
blIf0f sf]l/of 2.0 -1.0
o'PO{ 1.7 -5.9
;|f]tM cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if
sf]le8–!( sf sf/0f g]kfnsf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿sf] cfly{s ultljlwx¿ klg cTolws k|efljt aGg k'u]
. ko{6gdf lge{/ dfNbLE;sf] cy{tGq ;g\ @)@) df #@=@ k|ltztn] v'lDrg k'Uof] . ;g\ @)@) df
ef/tsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ * k|ltztn] C0ffTds /Xof] eg] aËnfb]zsf] cly{s j[l4b/ #=* k|ltzt /
rLgsf] @=# k|ltztn] wgfTds /xg uof] .
tflnsf @=# M blIf0f Pl;ofnL b]zx¿sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ / a]/f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt
cfly{s j[l4b/
d'n's
@)!( @)@)
ckmuflg:tfg 3.9 -5.0
aËnfb]z 8.2 3.8
e'6fg 4.3 -0.8
ef/t 4.0 -8.0
dfNbLE; 7.0 -32.2
g]kfn 6.7 -1.9
kfls:tfg 1.9 -0.4
>LnÍf 2.3 -3.6
;|f]tM cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if
ljZj a}+ssf] tYofÍ cg';f/ ;g\ @)!( df ljZjsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg $
k|ltzt, pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg @* k|ltzt, pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] of]ubfg !& k|ltzt tyf ;]jf
If]qsf] of]ubfg ^!=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
5d]sL d'n's ef/t / rLgsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] ;+/rgfdf ;]jf If]q / pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg
a9L /xg] u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)@) df ef/tsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf]
of]ubfg qmdzM !*=* k|ltzt, @^=( k|ltzt / %$=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf]
j[l4b/ qmdz M )=( k|ltzt, –(=@ k|ltzt / –*=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, rLgsf] s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM &=& k|ltzt, #&=* k|ltzt / %$=% k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 eg] s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] j[l4b/ qmdzM #=) k|ltzt, @=^ k|ltzt / @=! k|ltzt /x]sf]
5.

4
 tflnsf @=$ M g]kfn, ef/t / rLgsf] If]qut j[l4b/ tyf lx:;f -k|ltztdf_
ef/t rLg Gf]kfn
If]q
lx:;f j[l4b/ lx:;f j[l4b/ lx:;f j[l4b/
s[lif !*=* )=( &=& #=) 26.2 2.2
pBf]u @^=( –(=@ #&=* @=^ 13.4 -3.7
;]jf %$=# –*=* %$=% @=! 60.4 -4.0
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/ –*=) @=# $=)
;|f]t M cfly{s ;j]{If0f, ef/t @)@)÷@!
g]zgn Jo"/f] ckm :6\ofl6l:6S;, rLg @)@!
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

2.2 d"No l:ylt

sf]le8–!( sf] sf/0f dfudf cfPsf] sdL tyf sRrf t]nsf] d"Nodf cfPsf] lu/fj6sf sf/0f ;g\
@)@) df clwsf+z cy{tGqsf] d"Noj[l4 b/ ;g\ @)!( sf] t'ngfdf sd /xg uPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o
d'›f sf]ifsf cg';f/ ;g\ @)!( df #=% k|ltzt /x]sf] ljZj cy{tGqsf] d"No j[l4b/ ;g\ @)@) df #=@
k|ltzt /xg uof] .
tflnsf @=% M ljZjsf] d'›f:kmLlt
-pkef]Qmf d"Nodf cfwfl/t, k|ltzt_
cy{tGq 2019 2020
ljZj cy{tGq 3.5 3.2
ljsl;t cy{tGq 1.4 0.7
pbLodfg tyf ljsf;zLn cy{tGq 5.1 5.1
pbLodfg tyf ljsf;zLn Pl;of 3.3 3.1
pbLodfg tyf ljsf;zLn o'/f]k 6.6 5.4
dWok"j{ tyf pQ/ clk|msL d'n'sx¿ 7.6 10.6
Go"g cfo ePsf ljsf;zLn cy{tGq 8.4 11.7
;|f]tM cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if
;g\ @)!( sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)@) df dfNbLE;afx]s cGo blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿sf] pkef]Qmf
d'›f:kmLlt a9\g uPsf] 5 . ef/t / rLgsf] pkef]Qmf d'›f:kmLlt ;g\ @)!( df qmdzM $=* k|ltzt /
@=( k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;g\ @)@) df qmdzM ^=@ k|ltzt / @=$ k|ltzt /xg uPsf] 5 . laut b'O{
jif{b]lv g]kfnsf] d'b|:kmLlt ef/tsf] eGbf sd /xg uPsf] 5 .
tflnsf @=^ M blIf0f PlzofnL d'n's tyf rLgsf] d'›f:kmLlt -pkef]Qmf d"Nodf cfwfl/t, k|ltzt_
d'n's 2019 2020
aÍnfb]z 5.5 5.6
e'6fg 2.8 4.2
ef/t 4.8 6.2
dfNbLE; 1.3 -1.6
g]kfn 4.6 6.1
>LnÍf 4.3 4.6
kfls:tfg 6.7 10.7
ckmuflg:tfg 2.3 5.6
rLg 2.9 2.4
;|f]tM cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if
5
cd]l/sg OghL{ OGkm/d];g P8\ldlg;6«];gsf cg';f/ ;g\ @)@) sf] hgj/Ldf ^#=^% cd]l/sL 8n/ k|lt
Aof/n /x]sf] sRRff t]nsf] d"No ;g\ @)@! sf] hgj/Ldf cd]l/sL 8n/ %$=&& df em/]sf] 5 . sf]le8–!(
sf] sf/0f ljZj cfly{s ultljlwdf ;Írg cfpg uO{ t]nsf] dfudf sdL cfPsfn] o;sf] d"Nodf lu/fj6
cfpg uPsf] xf] . xfnsf dlxgfx¿df t]nsf] dfudf j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf]n] sRrf t]nsf] d"No a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

6
 kl/R5]b #
s[lif If]q
3.1 s[lif pkhn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]q
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf k|d'v s[lif afnL -vfB tyf cGo afnL, t/sf/L Pjd\
kmnk"mn tyf d;nf_ n] 9fs]sf] s'n If]qkmn )=^ k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf]
If]qkmn !=# k|ltztn]] 36]sf] lyof] .
vfB tyf cGo afnL M ;dLIff cjlwdf vfB tyf cGo afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn )=% k|ltztn] a9]sf]]
5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] If]qkmn !=( k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . ;du| s[lif afnLsf] If]qkmndf
wfg afnLsf] If]qkmn ;a}eGbf w]/} #!=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

;|f]t M s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno, s[lif 1fg s]Gb|x¿

t/sf/L M ;dLIff cjlwdf t/sf/L afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn !=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf pQm If]qkmn !!=# k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] .
kmnkm"n tyf d;nf M ;dLIff cjlwdf kmnk"mn tyf d;nf afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn )=$ k|ltztn]
a9]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn !=@ k|ltztn] 36]sf]] lyof] .
k|b]zut l:ylt M ;dLIff cjlwdf k|b]z g+= ! / afUfdtL k|b]zdf vfB tyf cGo afnLn] 9fs]sf]
If]qkmndf ;fdfGo lu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 eg] cGo k|b]zdf a9]sf] 5 . t/sf/L afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn
k|b]z g+= @, afudtL, u08sL, s0ff{nL / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf a9]sf] 5 eg] k|b]z g+= ! / n'lDagL
k|b]zdf 36]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, kmnkm"n tyf d;nfhGo afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn k|b]z g+= @, u08sL /
;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf a9]sf] 5 eg] k|b]z g+= !, afudtL, n'lDagL / s0ff{nL k|b]zdf 36]sf] 5 . wfg
afnLn] 9fs]sf] s'n If]qkmndf k|b]z g+= @ sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @%=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL
k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd @=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf !
-;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

7
 Tfflnsf #=! M s[lif pkhn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]q
If]qkmn -x]S6/_ k|b]zut lx:;f-k|ltzt_
k|b]z t/sf/L kmnkm"n t/sf/L
vfB tyf vfB tyf kmnkm"n tyf
tyf tyf tyf
cGo afnL cGo afnL d;nf
afujfgL d;nf afujfgL
k|b]z g+= ! 8,84,572 41,222 60,858 20.9 16.7 24.6
k|b]z g+= @ 8,34,134 58,805 47,006 19.7 23.9 19.0
afudtL k|b]z 5,36,786 41,194 30,166 12.7 16.7 12.2
u08sL k|b]z 4,27,171 24,116 25,141 10.1 9.8 10.2
n'lDagL k|b]z 7,98,000 50,470 27,059 18.8 20.5 10.9
s0ff{nL k|b]z 2,72,938 13,902 18,131 6.4 5.6 7.3
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z 4,82,206 16,518 39,334 11.4 6.7 15.9
;|f]t M s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno, s[lif 1fg s]Gb|x¿
vfB tyf cGo afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf k|b]z g+= ! sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @)=( k|ltzt / s0ff{nL
k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd ^=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . t/sf/L tyf afujfgLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf k|b]z
g+= @ sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @#=( k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd %=^ k|ltzt /x]sf]
5 . o;} u/L kmnkm"n tyf d;nf afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf k|b]z g+= ! sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @$=^
k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd &=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
3.2 s[lif pTkfbg
;dLIff cjlwdf k|d'v s[lif afnL -vfB tyf cGo afnL, t/sf/L / kmnk"mn tyf d;nf_ sf] s'n
pTkfbg @=@ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf afnLsf] pTkfbg #=# k|ltztn]]
a9]sf] lyof] .
vfB tyf cGo afnL M ;dLIff cjlwdf vfB tyf cGo afnLsf] pTkfbg @=( k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 .
;du| s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbgdf wfg afnLsf] pTkfbg ;a}eGbf a9L @&=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

;|f]t M s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno, s[lif 1fg s]Gb|x¿

8
 t/sf/L M ;dLIff cjlwdf t/sf/L pTkfbg )=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf t/sf/L
pTkfbg !)=$ k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] .
kmnkm"n tyf d;nf M ;dLIff cjlwdf kmnkm"n tyf d;nf afnLsf] ;du| pTkfbg )=% k|ltztn]
36]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] pTkfbg $=% k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] .
k|b]zut l:ylt M ;dLIff cjlwdf k|b]z g+= @, afudtL / u08sL k|b]zdf vfB tyf cGo afnLsf]
pTkfbg a9]sf] 5 eg] k|b]z g+= !, n'lDagL k|b]z, s0ff{nL k|b]z / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf 36]sf] 5 .
t/sf/L pTkfbg k|b]z g+= @, afudtL, u08sL, n'lDagL / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf a9]sf] 5 eg] k|b]z g+=
! / s0ff{nL k|b]zdf 36]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, kmnkm"n tyf d;nfhGo afnLsf] pTkfbg afudtL, u08sL,
n'lDagL / ;'b"/ klZrd k|b]zdf a9]sf] 5 eg] k|b]z g+= !, k|b]z g+= @ / s0ff{nL k|b]zdf 36]sf] 5 .
wfg afnLsf] s'n pTkfbgdf k|b]z g+= @ sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L #)=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL
k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd @=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf @
-;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
Tfflnsf #=@ M s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg -d]=6g_

pTkfbg -d]l6«s 6g_ k|b]zut lx:;f -k|ltzt_

k|b]z t/sf/L kmnkm"n vfB tyf t/sf/L kmnkm"n
vfB tyf
tyf tyf cGo tyf tyf
cGo afnL
afujfgL d;nf afnL afujfgL d;nf
k|b]z g+= ! 31,24,325 5,52,726 2,71,632 19.8 17.1 22.1
k|b]z g+= @ 39,84,887 8,16,505 1,75,491 25.3 25.3 14.3
afudtL k|b]z 21,41,554 6,53,550 1,97,563 13.6 20.3 16.1
u08sL k|b]z 12,76,920 3,17,830 1,72,375 8.1 9.9 14.0
n'lDagL k|b]z 28,25,675 5,05,299 1,64,215 17.9 15.7 13.4
s0ff{nL k|b]z 7,43,821 1,46,382 1,20,996 4.7 4.5 9.9
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z 16,83,527 2,34,337 1,26,054 10.7 7.3 10.3
hDdf 1,57,80,710 32,26,629 12,28,326 100.0 100.0 100.0
;|f]t M s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno, s[lif 1fgs]Gb|x¿
vfB tyf cGo afnLsf] pTkfbgdf k|b]z g+= @ sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @%=# k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf]
lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd $=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . t/sf/L tyf afujfgL pTkfbgdf k|b]z g+= @ sf] lx:;f
;a}eGbf a9L @%=# k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd $=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L,
kmnkm"n tyf d;nf afnLsf] pTkfbgdf k|b]z g+= ! sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @@=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg]
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd (=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
3.3 kz'kGIfL, df5f tyf jghGo pTkfbg
kz'hGo pTkfbg M ;dLIff cjlwdf b"w pTkfbg !=# k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf b"w
pTkfbg )=( k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf df;' pTkfbg &=@ k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . ut
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf df;' pTkfbg @=$ k|ltztn]] a9]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff cjlwdf c08f pTkfbg !=^ k|ltzt / pmg pTkfbg @)=# k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf c08f pTkfbg @!=( k|ltzt] a9]sf] lyof] eg] pmg pTkfbg !=( k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] .
9
df5f pTkfbg M ;dLIff cjlwdf df5f pTkfbg #=* k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
df5f pTkfbg @!=$ k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] .
jghGo pTkfbg M ;dLIff cjlwdf jghGo pTkfbgtk{m cf}iflwhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg %=! k|ltztn]
a9]sf] 5 eg] sf7 pTkfbg $=@ k|ltzt, bfp/f pTkfbg !@=% k|ltzt / cGo pTkfbg )=# k|ltztn]
36]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf sf7 pTkfbg (=^ k|ltzt, bfp/f $@=& k|ltzt, cf}iflwhGo
j:t'sf] pTkfbg @%=) k|ltzt / cGo pTkfbg @)=! k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t
ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf # -;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df lbOPsf]] 5 .
tflnsf #=# M k|d'v kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbg
pTkfbg lx:;f -k|ltzt_
k|b]z b"w df;' c08f df5f
-xhf/ ln6/_ -d]=6g_ -xhf/ uf]6f_ -d]=6g_
b"w df;' c08f df5f
k|b]z g+= ! 3,07,477 57,894 1,20,289 6,984 19.6 19.8 14.9 14.2
k|b]z g+= @ 2,67,128 46,469 51,099 19,431 17.0 15.9 6.3 39.6
afudtL k|b]z 3,04,453 51,242 3,42,290 4,689 19.4 17.5 42.5 9.6
u08sL k|b]z 1,73,868 29,789 78,619 10,478 11.1 10.2 9.8 21.4
n'lDagL k|b]z 2,46,575 56,908 67,611 5,627 15.7 19.5 8.4 11.5
s0ff{nL k|b]z 1,65,795 30,197 96,630 58 10.6 10.3 12.0 0.1
;'b"/klZrd
k|b]z 1,05,811 19,550 48,938 1,784 6.7 6.7 6.1 3.6

hDdf 15,71,106 2,92,048 8,05,475 49,051 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

;|f]t M s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno, e]6]/Lg/L c:ktfn tyf kz' ;]jf lj1 s]Gb|x¿
k|b]z g+= ! df ;a}eGbf a9L !(=^ k|ltzt b"w pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf
sd ^=& k|ltzt b"w pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . df;' pTkfbgdf k|b]z g+= ! sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L !(=*
k|ltzt / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd ^=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . c08f pTkfbgdf afudtL
k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L $@=% k|ltzt / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd ^=! k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, df5f pTkfbgdf k|b]z g+= @ sf] lx::ff ;a}eGbf a9L #(=^ k|ltzt / s0ff{nL
k|b]zsf] lx::ff ;a}eGbf sd )=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

10
 rf6{ #=# M k|b]zut b"w, df;', c08f / df5f pTkfbg lx:;f

;|f]t M s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno, e]6]/Lg/L c:ktfn tyf kz' ;]jf lj1 s]Gb|x¿
3.4 l;FrfO
;dLIff cjlwdf s'n l;l~rt If]qkmndf !=) k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf s'n
l;l~rt If]qkmn )=* k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . s'n v]tL ul/Psf] e"–efudWo] %)=& k|ltzt If]qkmndf
l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . b]zsf] s'n v]tLof]Uo If]qkmndf k|b]z g+= ! sf] lx::ff ;a}eGbf a9L @@=$
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx::ff ;a}eGbf sd $=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf $ -;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

11
 ;|f]t M pmhf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;~rfO{ dGqfno, hn;|f]t tyf l;~rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg sfof{nox¿
b]zsf] s'n l;l~rt If]qkmndf k|b]z g+= @ sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @^=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL
k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd #=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf #=$_ .
tflnsf #=$ M l;l~rt If]qkmndf k|b]zut lx:;f
k|b]z If]qkmn lx:;f
-x]S6/df_ -k|ltztdf_
k|b]z g+= ! 3,63,802 24.2
k|b]z g+= @ 4,00,558 26.7
afudtL k|b]z 1,53,379 10.2
u08sL k|b]z 2,13,862 14.2
n'lDagL k|b]z 1,88,240 12.5
s0ff{nL k|b]z 50,728 3.4
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z 1,32,799 8.8
;|f]t M phf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;FrfO{ dGqfno, hn;|f]t
tyf l;FrfO{ ljsf; l8lehg sfof{nox¿
3.5 If]qut s[lif shf{
@)&& c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf @)&& k'; d;fGt;Dd a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 s[lifdf k|jflxt
shf{ @@=* k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=@ va{ #( ca{ ^) s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf]
shf{ #%=$ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf s'n s[lif shf{dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L ?=&% ca{
#! s/f]8 shf{ cGo s[lif tyf s[lifhGo ;]jf zLif{sdf k|jfx ePsf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd ;'tL{ afnLdf
?=!# s/f]8 %* nfv k|jfx ePsf] 5 . s[lif If]qdf k|jflxt shf{df k|b]z g+= ! sf] c+z !^=* k|ltzt,
k|b]z g+= @ sf] c+z !$=% k|ltzt, afudtL k|b]zsf] c+z #&=& k|ltzt, u08sL k|b]zsf] c+z (=!
k|ltzt, n'lDagL k|b]zsf] c+z !%=& k|ltzt, s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] c+z !=$ k|ltzt / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf]
c+z $=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf % -;du| tyf k|b]zut_
df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
12
 ;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
3.6 ;x'lnotk"0f{ s[lif shf{
@)&& k'; d;fGt;Dd ;x'lntk"0f{ shf{tkm{ ^) xhf/ * ;o &( C0fLnfO{ ?=! va{ #^ s/f]8 C0f
k|jfx ePsf] 5 . ;f] cjlwdf k|jflxt ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L Jofj;flos s[lif tyf
kz'kG5L Joj;fotkm{ ## xhf/ * ;o !& C0fLnfO{ ?=&^ ca{ %( s/f]8 shf{ k|jfx ePsf] 5 eg]
cGo zLif{s cGtu{t @& xhf/ ^@ C0fLsf] ?=@# ca{ && s/f]8 shf{ aSof}tf /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf #=% M ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] ljj/0f
C0fL ;ª\Vof afFsL shf{ -?=bz nfvdf_
shf{ k|sf/ @)&^ @)&& @)&& @)&^ @)&& @)&&
c;f/ c;f/ k'; c;f/ c;f/ k';
Jofj;flos s[lif tyf kz'kG5L
shf{ 17,203 24,763 33,817 32,189.5 54,114.1 76590.6

lzlIft o'jf :j/f]huf/ shf{ 24 65 103 11.5 35.2 51.3

ljb]zjf6 kms]{sf o'jf kl/of]hgf
shf{ 49 221 539 32.9 151.7 402.0
dlxnf pBdzLn shf{ 796 6682 25298 512.2 4,353.5 21,781.8
blnt ;d'bfo Joj;fo ljsf;
shf{ 70 351 630 36.3 185.3 365.1
pRr / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos
lzIff shf{ 60 84 87 14.5 20.0 34.3
e"sDk kLl8tx¿sf] lghL cfjf;
lgdf{0f shf{ 93 221 240 24.6 54.7 56.8

13
 sk8f pBf]u ;~rfng - 61 164 - 648.5 1,082.9
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
kl/ifbaf6 dfGotf k|fKt ;b:oaf6
lnOg] tflnd - - 1 - - 0.2

o'jf :jf]/f]huf/ shf{ - - - - -

hDdf 18,295 32,448 60,879 32,821.5 59,563.0 100,365.1

;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿

3.7 s[lif If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf
3.7.1 r'gf}tL
;a} k|b]zdf s[lif If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . s]xL r'gf}tLx¿ ;dfg k|s[ltsf 5g\
eg] sltko r'gf}tLx¿ k|b]zcg';f/ km/s–km/s k|s[ltsf 5g\ . s[lif pkhsf] ahf/ tyf Go"gtd d"No
;'lglZrt ug'{, ;dodf dn, aLpm nufot s[lif cfutsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{, jif}{el/ e/kbf]{ / lbuf]
l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug'{, zLt e08f/, s[lif ahf/, ;8sh:tf s[lif k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/ u/L s[lif If]qsf]
ljsf; ug'{, a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0fn] a9\b} uPsf] s[lif hdLg v08Ls/0f /f]Sg', s[lif If]qsf] yk
cfw'lgsLs/0f, oflGqsLs/0f, tyf ljljwLs/0f ug'{, s[lifdf cg';Gwfg, k|ljlw tyf k|fljlwssf] k|of]u
u/L s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lif j:t'df cfTdlge{/ aGg', lgjf{xd'vL s[lifnfO{ Jofj;flos s[lifsf]
¿kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{, a]/f]huf/ o'jfnfO{ s[lif If]qtkm{ cfslif{t ug'{ cflb s[lif If]qdf ljBdfg
;dfg k|s[ltsf r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ . oL afx]s k|b]zut ¿kdf /x]sf] r'gf}tLx¿ b]xfosf] tflnsf #=^ df
lbOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf #=^ M s[lif If]qsf] k|b]zut r'gf}tL
k|b]z s[lif If]qsf r'gf}tL
 v'nf l;dfgfsf] sf/0f s[lifhGo pkhx¿sf] cTolws rf]/L k}7f/L x'g]
x'Fbf pTkflbt s[lif pkhx¿sf] Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No tf]Sg] / ;f]sf]
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
k|b]z g+= !
 t'ngfTds nfesf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ul/Psf If]q / afnLx¿df PsLs[t
¿kdf ;3g s[lif sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/L s[lifsf]
Jofj;flosLs/0fdfkm{t cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] cfwf/ v8f ug'{ .
 k|b]z g+= @ wfgsf] ks]6 If]q /x]sf] / g]kfn ;/sf/n] wfgsf] !!^
k|hfltsf aLp :yfgLo df6f]sf] pj{/tfsf b[li6n] k|efjsf/L /
kl/0ffdd'vL x'g] egL l;kmfl/; u/]sf] eP tfklg ef/tLo ahf/af6
sd;n k|sf/sf aLpsf] cglws[t cfoft x'g] u/]sf]df ;f] sfo{nfO{
k|b]z g+= @ b'?T;fxg u/L df6f]sf] pj{/ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df aLp lahgsf]
pknAwtf sfod ug'{sf ;fy} o;sf] k|of]unfO{ clej[l4 ug'{ .
 k|b]z @ df wg'iff nufotsf lhNnfx¿ df5fkfngsf nflu ;'k/
hf]gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]df oL If]qx¿df pTkfbgzLntf a9fpgsf nflu
yk ;x'lnotx¿ pknAw u/fpg' .
afudtL k|b]z  cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f / hldgsf] v08Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ .

14
  v]tLof]Uo, ;dy/ / pj{/ e"ld 38]/L tyf cfjf;Lo k|of]hgsf nflu
u08sL k|b]z v08Ls[t ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf]n] pj{/ hdLg ;+/If0f ug'{ .
 ;LdfjtL{ If]qaf6 v'nf ¿kn] cfoft x'g] s[lif pTkfbg;Fu o; If]qsf]
s[lif pkhn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;ls/x]sf] / Eff/taf6 lelqg] vfB kbfy{sf]
n'lDagL k|b]z k|efjsf/L Sjf/]G6fOg gx'g] u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s pTkfbgsf]
k|lt:kwf{ sfod /fVg' .

 k|lt:kwf{ds nfe ePsf s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg u/L pQm

j:t'x¿sf] Jofj;flos v]tLtkm{ s[ifsx¿nfO{ cfslif{t u/L ;du| s[lif
s0ff{nL k|b]z
If]qsf] pTkfbsTj clej[l4 u/fpg' .

 u}/–s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf

;'b"/klZrd k|b]z k"jf{wf/ -l;~rfO{, ;8s, lah'nL, ;~rf/, pBf]u tyf pGgt k|ljlwx¿_
df kof{Kt nufgL cfs[i6 ug{' .

3.7.2 ;Defjgf
g]kfnsf ;ft} k|b]zx¿df s[lifsf ljleGg ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ef}uf]lns / df};dL ljljwtfn] ubf{
ljleGg k|sf/sf s[lif j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . t'ngfTds nfesf lx;fan]
ef}uf]lns ljljwtf cg'¿k s[lif pTkfbg ug]{ xf] eg] cGt/–k|b]z s[lif pkhsf] Jofkf/ a9fpg / k|j4{g
ug{ ;Sg] y'k|} ;Defjgf 5g\ . sf]le8–!( sf sf/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 g]kfnLx¿ kms]{sf, u}/–s[lif
If]qx¿ dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f k|efljt ePsf / o'jfx¿sf] hg;ª\Vofdf 7'nf]] lx:;f /x]sf] ;Gbe{df
o'jfx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos 9Ëaf6 s[lifdf kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf] 7'nf]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt z}lIfs hgzlQm a9\b} uPsf], k|ltJolQm cfodf ;'wf/ x'Fb} uPsf sf/0f cfGtl/s
dfu a9]sf], ;~rf/ tyf oftfoftsf ;Ghfn a9\b} uPsf], u|fdL0f If]q ;x/Ls[t x'Fb} hfg yfn]sf], ljB't\
cfk"lt{ ;xh ePsf], k|f]T;fxgd"ns sfo{qmdx¿sf sf/0f s[lif If]qtkm{ lzlIft o'jfx¿sf] cfsif{0f a9\b}
uPsf], ljQLo kx'Fr a9\b} uPsf], pRr h}ljs ljljwtf /x]sf] cflb h:tf sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ s[lif If]qsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0f / Jofj;flosLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] h:tf ;Defjgf ;a} k|b]zdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; afx]s
k|b]zut ¿kdf /x]sf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ tflnsf #=& df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf #=& M s[lif If]qsf] k|b]zut ;Defjgf
k|b]z s[lif If]qsf ;Defjgf
 ljZj ahf/df cuf{lgs xl/of] lrof (Green Tea) sf] dfu cTolws /x]sf]
;Gbe{df xl/of] lrofsf] g]kfnL a|f08 :yfkgf u/L t];|f] d'n'sdf lgof{t ug{
;s]df lrof v]tLdf lj:tf/ eO{ Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngdf 6]jf k'Ug] .
k|b]z g+= !
 sf]bf], kmfk/ tyf ds}sf] lk7f], hf} tyf ds}sf] ;ft'', a];f/, cn}rL,
u]8fu''8Lsf] bfn, l3p, l;:gf]sf] w'nf], skmL, t/sf/L, kmnkm""n, v;Laf]sf /
nf]sn s''v'/fh:tf cuf{lgs s[lifhGo pkhsf] lj/f6gu/, w/fg, latf{df]8
15
 h:tf o; k|b]zsf 3gf hg;ª\Vof ePsf ;x/L If]qdf cTolws dfu
/x]sf]n] o; k|b]zsf] dWo kxf8L If]qnfO{ pQm pkhx¿sf] xjsf] ¿kdf
ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] .
 kxf8L lhNnfx¿df pTkfbg x'g] lsjL, gf;kftL, cf?av8f, cfNrf h:tf
kmnkm"nx¿af6 pTkfbg x'g] jfOg, hfd, h'; / h]nL pBf]u :yfkgf ug{
;lsg] .
 ;f]n'v'Da' / Onfddf lsjL, wgs'6fdf a]n / Pef]sf8f], ef]hk'/df ;'Gtnf /
sfutL, ;+v'jf;efdf ?b|fIf, ;'g;/Ldf 8«fugk|m'6, emfkfdf ;'kf8L /
k|fs[lts /a/ cflbh:tf pRr d"No ePsf lgof{tof]Uo s[lif pkhsf]
pTkfbg a9fpg ;lsg] .
 o; k|b]zsf] pRr e"–efu tyf lxdfnL e]udf k|z:t dfqfdf vs{, rf}/
tyf r/g If]q ePsfn] kz'kfng -rf}/Lkfng, e]8fkfng, a|fvfkfng_ tyf
hl8a'6L -lr/fOtf], kfFrcf}Fn], h6fd;L, kfiff0fe]b h:tf_ v]tLsf] k|j4{g ug{
;lsg] .
 o; k|b]zdf /x]sf] sfFs8le§f / /fgL gfsfaf6 l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ ef/t,
aËnfb]z tyf e'6fg;Ddsf] b'/L glhs /x]sf]n] pQm b]zaf6÷df x'g] k}7f/L
tyf lgsf;Lsf] 9'jfgL nfutdf x'g] sdLn] nfut k|ltikwL{ eO{ cGt/f{li6«o
Jofkf/ ;xh x'g] .
 k|b]z @ df wg'iff nufotsf lhNnfx¿ df5fkfngsf nflu ;'k/ hf]gsf]
¿kdf /x]sf]df oL If]qx¿df yk ;x'lnot a9fO{ pTkfbg a9fpg ;lsg] .
 o'jf ju{nfO{ df5fkfngtkm{ cfslif{t u/L d'n'snfO{ df5fdf cfTdlge{/
k|b]z g+= @ t'Nofpg'sf ;fy} df5f lgof{t ug{ ;lsg] .
 o; k|b]zdf pj{/ tyf ;dy/ e"ld /x]sf]n] kz'kfng, df5fkfng, t/sf/L
tyf kmnkm"n v]tL, vfBfGg afnLsf] pTkfbg a9fO{ d'n'ssf] s'n ufx{:y
pTkfbgdf of]ubfg lbg ;lsg] .
 o; k|b]zsf wflbª, eQmk'/, sfe|] tyf g'jfsf]6nfO{ t/sf/L ks]6 If]qsf]
¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] .
afudtL k|b]z  o; k|b]zdf ;+3Lo /fhwfgL, ag]kf, w'lnv]nh:tf pRr hg;ª\Vof ePsf
;x/x¿ ePsf]n] t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, df5f, df;' nufot j:t'sf] Jofj;flos
s[lif tyf ahf/sf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] .
 dgfª / d':tfª lhNnfdf Jofj;flos :ofp v]tL tyf cGo kxf8L
lhNnfx¿ sf:sL, :ofª\hf, uf]/vf, afUn'ª / kj{tdf Jofj;flos ;'Gtnf
v]tLsf] pRr ;Defjgf /x]sf] .
 k|b]zdf /x]sf tfn tn}of tyf gbL gfnfx¿af6 s'nf]÷gx/df cfwfl/t
cfw'lgs l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg ;lsg] kof{Kt ;+efjgf /x]sf] .
u08sL k|b]z
 pRr kxf8L If]qx¿df e]8f, Rofª\u|f / rf}+/Lkfng Joj;fo k|j4{g ug{
;lsg] . o:tf If]qdf kz'kfng Joj;fo k|j4{g ePdf pmg, b"w, 5'kL{ /
df;'sf] pTkfbg;d]t j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 . cGo lhNnfx¿df Jofj;flos
afv|fkfng, ufO{÷e}+;Lkfngsf] ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 .
 o; k|b]z cGtu{t dgfª / d':tfªafx]ssf kxf8L If]qsf] e"–agf]6 ;'ud
16
 k|s[ltsf] ePsf] tyf l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsg] ;dy/ -a]+zL_ hdLgx¿
k|z:t dfqfdf /x]sf]n] Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tL tyf vfBfGg afnLsf]
pTkfbgk|j4{g ug{ ;s]df Jofj;flos s[lif tyf ahf/sf] pRr ;Defjgf
/x]sf] .
 k|b]zsf] kxf8L / pRr lxdfnL If]qdf hl8a'6Lx¿sf] Jofj;flos v]tL ug{
;lsg] pRr ;Defjgf /x]sf] .
 o; k|b]zdf kxf8L tyf t/fO{ e"–efudf clwsf+z s[lif pkhsf] pTkfbgsf]
nflu df};dL ljljwtf /x]sf]n] cGgafnL, kmnkm"n, t/sf/L ;fy} hl8a'6L
n'lDagL k|b]z v]tL ug{ pko'Qm /x]sf] .
 o; k|b]zsf ;a} kflnsfx¿ ;8s oftfoftsf] kx'Frdf /x]sfn] s[lif
pkhx¿ ;lhn} ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf] .
 s0ff{nL k|b]z k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] nflu clt pko'Qm If]q ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf]
ljsf; tyf k|j4{gsf nflu cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] .
 o; k|b]zdf s0ff{nL, e]/L nufotsf 7"nf gbLx¿, vx/] vf]nf, d"n
kf]v/Lh:tf kfgLsf 7'nf–7'nf ;|f]tx¿ pknAw ePsf]n] cfw'lgs
s0ff{nL k|b]z
k|ljlwdfkm{t l;FrfO{ ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] .
 o; k|b]zaf6 ef/t tyf cGo j}b]lzs d'n'sx¿df /f]huf/Lsf nflu hfg]
;ª\Vof pRr /x]sf]n] To:tf >ldsx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos s[lif,
pwdzLntfh:tf If]qdf vkt u/fpb} :jb]zd} /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] .
 hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf shf{ nufgL Go"g /x]sfn]] shf{ kl/rfng j[l4 u/L
cfly{s ultljlw a9fpg / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg] .
 bfr'{nf, aemfª / afh'/f lhNnfsf :ofp pTkfbs ls;fgx¿sf] pTkflbt
:ofpsf] ahf/Ls/0f tyf n3' k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgfdfkm{t :ofp pTkfbgdf
k|f]T;flxt ls;fgsf] cfocfh{g a9fpg ;lsg] .
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z
 o; k|b]zdf kfOg] pRr d"Nosf hl8a'6Lx¿sf] k|zf]wgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs
lghL ;fem]bf/L df]]8]ndf hl8a'6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgfdfkm{t /fh:j j[l4
tyf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsg] .
 o; k|b]zdf /}yfg] k|hftL xfn nf]kf]Gd'v hf]/fonL af:dtLsf] ;+/If0f u/L
pRr d"Nodf lgof{t ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] .

17
 kl/R5]b $
pBf]u If]q
4.1 k|b]z cg';f/ pBf]usf] ljj/0f
b]ze/ 3/]n', ;fgf, demf}nf / 7'nf u/L * xhf/ $ ;o ^& pBf]ux¿ pBf]u ljefudf btf{ /x]sf 5g
. pBf]u ljefusf]] tYofÍ cg';f/ afudtL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L % xhf/ ^ ;o #! pBf]u btf{ ePsf
5g\ eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd #* pBf]u btf{ ePsf 5g\ .
Tflnsf $=! M pBf]u ljefudf btf{ ePsf pBf]usf] ljj/0f
s'n k"FhL
pBf]usf] s'n l:y/ k"FhL Rffn' k"FhL -?
-? /f]huf/L
;ª\Vof -? ca{df_ ca{df_
k|b]z ca{df_
k|b]z g+= ! 812 525.4 494.5 31.0 82473
k|b]z g+= @ 574 124.6 91.2 33.9 58848
afudtL 5631 841.6 742.2 99.5 376912
u08sL 790 494.0 468.1 25.9 47853
n'lDagL 500 155.3 127.6 27.7 51040
s0ff{nL 38 110.4 108.6 1.8 2405
;'b"/klZrd 122 39.3 35.9 3.4 10500
hDdf 8467 2290.6 2068.0 223.2 630031
;|f]t M pBf]u ljefu
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] u/]sf] cfly{s u0fgf @)&% cg';f/ b]ze/ ( nfv @# xhf/ # ;o %^
k|lti7fg ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . afudtL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L @ nfv *@ xhf/ ( ;o @) k|lti7fg
-#)=^ k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd $@ xhf/ * ;o & k|lti7fg -$=^
k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ .
Tflnsf $=@ M b]ze/ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgsf] ljj/0f
k|b]z ;ª\Vof k|ltzt
k|b]z g+= ! 1,68,518 18.3
k|b]z g+= @ 1,17,670 12.7
afudtL 2,82,920 30.6
u08sL 1,00,684 10.9
n'lDagL 1,47,789 16.0
s0ff{nL 42,807 4.6
;'b'/klZrd 62,968 6.8
hDdf 9,23,356 100
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu
4.2 pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u / pTkfbg
;dLIff cjlwdf ;j]{If0fdf ;d]l6Psf !%$ pBf]usf]] cf};t Ifdtf pkof]u %)=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
;j]{If0fdf ;d]l6Psf pBf]udWo] s+lqm6 pBf]un] ;a}eGbf a9L **=& k|ltzt Ifdtf pkof]u u/]sf]
b]lvPsf]] 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf ^ -;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
cWoogn] ;d]6]sf pBf]udWo] jg:ktL £o" tyf t]n, ux'Fsf] lk7f], kz'bfgf, la:s'6, rfprfp, k|zf]lwt
lrof, wfuf], cf}ifwL, ;fa'g, /ª, s+lqm6, kmnfdsf] 58 tyf kftf, hL=cfO{= tf/, 3/]n' wft'sf ;fdfg
18
cfNd'lgod / 6fo/ tyf 6\o"jsf] Ifdtf pkof]u a9]sf] 5 eg] rfdn, lrgL, dlb/f, lao/, xNsf k]o
kbfy{, l;Gy]l6s sk8f, klZdgf, ufd]{06, k|zf]lwt 5fnf, sfuh, /f]lhg, Knfli6ssf ;fdfg, hL=cfO{=
kfOk / lah'nLsf tf/ / s]a'nsf] Ifdtf pkof]u 36]sf]] 5 .
Tfflnsf $=# M k|b]zut Ifdtf pkof]u -k|ltzt_
ut cjlwsf] Ifdtf ;dLIff cjlwsf] Ifdtf
k|b]z
pkof]u pkof]u
k|b]z g+= ! 44.63 50.79
k|b]z g+= @ 39.38 44.85
afudtL k|b]z 40.18 48.91
u08sL k|b]z 52.94 60.67
n'lDagL k|b]z 43.58 50.66
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z 39.12 48.03
;du| 40.0 50.7
;|f]t M ;j{]If0fdf ;d]l6Psf pBf]ux¿
u08sL k|b]zsf pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf pkof]u ;a}eGbf a9L] ^)=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;'b"/klZrd
k|b]zdf ;~rflnt pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf pkof]u ;a}eGbf sd $*=) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -rf6{ $=!_ .
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf p3f]ux¿ gd"gf 5gf}6df gk/]sf] xF'bf o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g . sf]le8–!(
sf] dxfdf/Lsf] afah'b klg pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf s]xL a9]sf] b]lvG5 . t/,
;du|df pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u sd g} /x]sf] 5 .

;|f]t M ;j{]If0fdf ;d]l6Psf pBf]ux¿

k|b]z g+= ! df jg:klt £o" tyf t]n, cGo vfB kbfy{, h'6sf ;fdfg, wft'sf pks/0f, l;d]G6
nufotsf] pTkfbg k|d'v /x]sf] 5 eg] k|b]z g+= @ df sfuh, r'/f]6, nQfsk8f, l;d]G6, k|zf]lwt
5fnf, cf}iflw, kmnfdsf] 58 tyf klQÙ afudtL k|b]zdf k|zf]lwt b"w, kz'bfgf, klZdgf, tof/L kf];fs,
cf}iflw Ù u08sL k|b]zdf la:s'6, rfprfpÙ n'lDagL k|b]zdf tf]/Lsf] t]n, ux'Fsf] lk7f], ljo/, cf}iflw,
l;d]G6 tyf ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf ux'Fsf] lk7f], lr/]sf] sf7, /f]lhg nufotsf j:t'sf] pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf]
5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf & -;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

19
4.3 If]qut cf}Bf]lus shf{
@)&& c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf @)&& k'; d;fGtdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cf}Bf]]lus If]qdf k||jfx
u/]sf] shf{ &=# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=!@ va{{ * ca{ * s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
o:tf] shf{ @#=@ k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . s'n shf{dWo] cf}Bf]lus If]qdf k|jflxt shf{sf] c+z ##=!
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus shf{dWo] vfgL ;DaGwL pBf]udf )=^ k|ltzt, s[lif, jg tyf k]o kbfy{ ;DaGwL pBf]udf
!^=@ k|ltzt, u}/–vfB j:t' pTkfbg ;DaGwL pBf]udf ##=% k|ltzt, lgdf{0f ;DaGwL pBf]udf #)=^
k|ltzt, ljB't\ Uof; tyf kfgL ;DaGwL pBf]udf !$=& k|ltzt / wft'sf pTkfbg, d]l;g/L tyf
O{n]S6«f]lgs ;DaGwL pBf]udf $=$ k|ltzt shf{ k|jfx ePsf] 5 .

;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿

cf}Bf]]lus shf{dWo] afudtL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L ?=& va{ *@ ca{ -^$=* k|ltzt_ shf{ nufgLdf
/x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd ?=^ ca{ ^( s/f]8 shf{ -)=^ k|ltzt_ nufgL /x]sf] 5 -
tflnsf $=$_ .
Tfflnsf $=$ M k|b]zut cf}Bf]]lus shf{
k|b]z /sd -?= bz nfvdf_ lx:;f -k|ltzt_
k|b]z g+= ! 12,8,468.00 10.6
k|b]z g+= @ 93,287.56 7.7
afudtL k|b]z 7,82,916.73 64.8
u08sL k|b]z 58,553.75 4.9
n'lDagL k|b]z 1,14,243.91 9.5
s0ff{nL k|b]z 6,695.26 0.6
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z 23,921.13 2.0
hDdf 12,08,086.34 100.0
;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
20
 cf}Bf]]lus shf{df k|b]z g+= ! df k|jflxt shf{sf] lx:;f !)=^ k|ltzt, k|b]z g+= @ sf] &=& k|ltzt,
afudtL k|b]zsf] ^$=* k|ltzt, u08sL k|b]zsf] $=* k|ltzt, n'lDagL k|b]zsf] (=% k|ltzt, s0ff{nL
k|b]zsf] )=^ k|ltzt / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf k|jflxt shf{sf] lx:;f @=) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;
;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf * -;du| tyf If]qut_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿

4.4 cf}Bf]lus If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf
4.4.1. r'gf}tL
sf]le8–!( sf] dxfdf/Laf6 k|efljt pBf]u If]qsf] k'g?Tyfg ug'{, pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u a9fO{
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug'{, cf}Bf]lus >d–;DaGwdf ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg', gofF cf}Bf]lus If]q,
sl/8f]/, ljz]if cfly{s If]q cflbsf] :yfkgf ug'{ / ePsf If]qx¿sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng
u/L pwf]ux¿sf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{, cw{–bIf tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] knfog /f]sL pBf]u
If]qdf bIf >dzlQmsf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ug{', pBf]u :yfkgfsf] nfutdf sdL Nofpg', cf}Bf]lus
If]qx¿df k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ub}{ pBf]ux¿ cfslif{t ug'{, cf}Bf]lus sRrf kbfy{sf] :jb]zL pTkfbg
a9fpg', cf}Bf]lus cfk"lt{ >[ª\vnf k|efjsf/L agfpg', nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L t'ngfTds
nfe / k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfsf lgof{td"ns pBf]udf k|ToIf ljb]zL nufgL cfsif{0f ug'{ cflb ;dLIff
cjlwdf b]lvPsf k|d'v r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
4.4.2. ;Defjgf
nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g] u/L gLltut, sfg'gL tyf k|lqmofut ;xhLs/0f x'Fb} hfg',
;x'lnotk"0f{ pmhf{ cfk"lt{dfkm{t pBf]ux¿sf]] nfut sd u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug{
;lsg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'Fb} hfg', cf}Bf]lus j:t'sf] cfGtl/s dfu pRr x'g', ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L
21
lgsfodf x'g] cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf :jb]zd} pTkflbt ;fdu|LnfO{ a9fjf lbg] Joj:yfsf] sf/0f
:jb]zL pTkfbgsf] k|of]u a9\g] / vfgLhGo pBf]u lj:tf/ x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L,
l;d]G6 nufotsf pBf]u cfTdlge{/tftkm{ pGd'v ePsfn] o:tf pTkfbgsf] cfoft 36\b} uO{
cfTdlge{/tfsf] cltl/Qm lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . sf]le8–!( sf sf/0f ;Ldf
gfsfx¿df ul/Psf] s8fOn] rf]/L k}7f/L /f]lsg uPsfn] :jb]zL pTkfbgsf] dfu a9]sf] cj:yfn]
lg/Gt/tf kfPdf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg a9\g] ;Defjgf;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

22
 kl/R5]b %
;]jf If]q
cw{–jflif{s cfly{s ultljlw cWoogdf ;]jf If]qleq ko{6g, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f tyf l/on:6]6 ;DaGwL
sf/f]af/, ljQLo ;]jf / oftfoft ;]jfx¿ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f ;du| ;]jf If]qdf
gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 . ko{6g / ;fj{hlgs oftfoft If]q ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt ePsf] 5 eg] 3/hUuf,
ljQLo ;]jf nufotsf If]qx¿df t'ngfTds ¿kdf sf]le8–!( sf] k|efj sd k/]sf] 5 .
5.1 ko{6g
sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f ko{6s cfudg ;ª\Vof ut cjlwsf] t'ngfdf (&=* k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5
. ;dLIff cjlwdf ko{6ssf] cfudg ;ª\Vof !# xhf/ ^ ;o ( /x]sf] 5 . ko{6s:t/Lo xf]6n tyf
nhsf] ;ª\Vof (=) k|ltztn] 36L @ xhf/ % ;o !* / z}of ;ª\Vof &=# k|ltztn] 36L &$ xhf/ %
;o *$ sfod ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf ( -;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;|f]t M g]kfn ko{6g af]8{

5.2 ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f tyf l/on:6]6
;dLIff cjlwdf 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg ;ª\Vof !!=@ k|ltztn] a9]/ # nfv (! xhf/ ^ ;o %% k'u]sf] 5
. ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ;f]] ;ª\Vof %=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf 3/hUuf
/lhi6«]zgaf6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:j !!=& k|ltztn] a9]/ ?=!% ca{ ( s/f]8 (^ nfv k'us
] f]] 5 . ut jif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] /fh:j ##=# k|ltztn] a9]sf]] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf 3/÷ejg gS;f kf; ;ª\Vof
eg] !#=& k|ltztn] 36]/ @^ xhf/ ^ ;o %* k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf 3/÷ejg gS;f
kf; ;ª\Vof @!=^ k|ltztn] 36]sf]] lyof] . sf]le8–!( sf] sf/0f lghL cfjf; lgdf{0fdf sdL cfPsf]
tyf k'g/lgdf{0fsf] sfo{;d]t ;lsFb} uPsf] sf/0f 3/ hUuf gS;f kf; ;ª\Vofdf sdL cfPsf] xf] .

23
 Tfflnsf %=! M ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f tyf l/on:6]6
3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg 3/÷ejg :yfoL 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg
k|b]z
;ª\Vof gS;f kf; ;ª\Vof /fh:j -?= bz nfvdf_
k|b]z g+= ! 79,956 3,349 1,632.90
k|b]z g+= @ 99,151 1,860 1,412.52
afudtL k|b]z 84,951 13,196 7,314.51
u08sL k|b]z 23,321 2,295 964.69
n'lDagL k|b]z 70,112 4,078 3,063.06
s0ff{nL k|b]z 15,720 699 240.25
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z 18,444 1,181 471.67
hDdf 3,91,655 26,658 15,099.60
;|f]t M e"dL Joj:yf tyf clen]v ljefu, gu/kflnsfx¿
;dLIff cjlwdf k|b]z g+= @ df ;a}eGbf a9L ((,!%! / s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd !%,&@)
3/hUuf lsga]r -/lhi6«];g ;ª\Vof_ sf/f]af/ ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L, ;dLIff cjlwdf afudtL k|b]zdf
;a}eGbf a9L !#,!(^ / s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd ^(( j6f 3/÷ejg :yfoL gS;fkf; ePsf] 5 .
-tflnsf %=!_

;|f]t M e"ld Joj:yf tyf clen]v ljefu, gu/kflnsfx¿

3/–hUUff /lhi6«]zg ;ª\Vof k|b]z g+= @ df ;a}eGbf a9L @%=# k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd
$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -rf6{ %=@_ . u08sL k|b]zafx]s ;a} k|b]zx¿df 3/–hUUff /lhi6«]zg ;ª\Vof

24
 a9]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, afudtL k|b]zdf 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zgaf6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:j 36]sf]] 5 eg] cGo
k|b]zdf o:tf] /fhZj a9]sf] 5 . 3/÷ejg :yfoL gS;fkf; ;ª\Vof s0ff{nL / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf
a9]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|b]zdf 36]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf !) -;du| tyf
k|b]zut_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
5.3 ljQLo ;]jf
@)&& k'; d;fGt;Dd jfl0fHo a}+ssf $,^!#, ljsf; a}+ssf !,)$*, ljQ sDkgLsf @%$ tyf
n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfsf $,@&@ u/L hDdf !),!*& zfvf ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;dWo] afudtL
k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L @,^$) tyf s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd #(( zfvf ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
ljQLo ;]jf ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf !! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿

@)&& k'; d;fGt;Dd a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ;Íng u/]sf] s'n lgIf]k @)&& c;f/ d;fGtsf]
t'ngfdf (=# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=$@ va{ *@ ca{ *% s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
o:tf] lgIf]k (=% k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] .

25
;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
@)&& c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] k|jfx u/]sf] shf{ @)&& k'; d;fGtdf !@=#
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=#^ va{ %$ ca{ ^) s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ o:tf] shf{ !#=@ k|ltztn]
j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . @)&& k'; d;fGtdf shf{ lgIf]k cg'kft *%=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . @)&& c;f/
d;fGtdf o:tf] cg'kft *#=) k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . shf{ lgIf]k cg'kft k|b]z g+= @ df ;a}eGbf a9L
!$!=^ k|ltzt / afUdtL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd &!=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -rf6{ %=%_ .

;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿

@)&& k'; d;fGt;Dddf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] kl/rfng u/]sf] s'n lgIf]kdf afudtL k|b]zaf6
kl/rfng ul/Psf] lgIf]ksf] c+z ;a}eGbf w]/} ^*=) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zsf]
!=) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s'n shf{ k|jfxdf afudtL k|b]zdf ul/Psf] shf{ k|jfxsf] c+z ;a}eGbf w]/}
26
 %^=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] c+z !=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lgIf]k tyf shf{
;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf !@ -;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
5.4 ;]jf If]q shf{
@)&& k'; d;fGt;Dd a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ;]jf If]qdf k||jfx u/]sf] shf{ @)&& c;f/ d;fGtsf]
t'ngfdf !@=* k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=!$ va{{ %@ ca{ &@ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
o:tf] shf{ @%=( k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . s'n shf{dWo] ;]jf If]qdf k|jflxt shf{sf] c+z #(=*
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
;]jf If]qdf k|jfx ePsf] shf{dWo] yf]s tyf v'b|f ljqm]tf pkIf]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L %)=! k|ltzt shf{
k|jfx ePsf] 5 eg] ljQ, aLdf tyf crn ;DklQ pkIf]qdf @)=^ k|ltzt, ko{6g pkIf]qdf !!=)
k|ltzt, oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ pkIf]qdf ^=^ k|ltzt / cGo ;]jf pkIf]qdf !!=& k|ltzt shf{
k|jfx ePsf] 5 . ;]jf If]qdf k|jflxt shf{dWo] afudtL k|b]zdf k|jflxt shf{sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L
%^=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd !=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL
lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf] tflnsf * -;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
Tfflnsf %=@ M k|b]zut ;]jf If]q shf{
k|b]z /sd -? bz nfvdf_ lx:;f -k|ltztdf_
k|b]z g+= ! 1,56,114.00 10.7
k|b]z g+= @ 1,22,382.91 8.4
afudtL k|b]z 8,21,394.87 56.5
u08sL k|b]z 1,07,319.30 7.4
n'lDagL k|b]z 1,74,889.53 12.0
s0ff{nL k|b]z 20,564.02 1.4
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z 50,061.69 3.4
hDdf 14,52,726.32 100.00
;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
afUdtL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L %^=% k|ltzt ;]jf If]qdf shf{ k|jfx ePsf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf
;a}eGbf sd !=$ k|ltzt ;]jf If]qdf shf{ k|jfx ePsf] 5 .-tflnsf %=@, rf6{ %=^_

27
 ;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
5.5 oftfoft
;dLIff cjlwdf cWoog If]qdf btf{ ePsf s'n ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;ª\Vof cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf]
t'ngfdf ^=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ $@ nfv #) xhf/ #$ k'u]sf] 5 . o;dWo] df]6/;fOsn ;ª\Vof &=!
k|ltzt tyf cGo ;jf/L ;fwg #=! k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rLsf]
tflnsf !( -;du| tyf k|b]zut_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
k|b]zut ¿kdf t'ngf ubf{ @)&& k'; d;fGt;Dddf afudtL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L !$ nfv ^$
xhf/ * ;o #! ;jf/L btf{ ePsf 5g\ eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd % xhf/ $ ;o @& ;jf/L
btf{ ePsf 5g\ . -tflnsf %=#_
tflnsf %=# M ;jf/L ;fwg btf{sf] k|b]zut ljj/0f
k|b]z oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] s'n ;ª\Vof lx:;f -k|ltzt_
k|b]z g+= ! 6,52,186 15.4
k|b]z g+= @ 10,28,843 24.3
afudtL k|b]z 14,64,831 34.6
u08sL k|b]z 11,607 0.3
n'lDagL k|b]z 9,30,678 22.0
s0ff{nL k|b]z 5,427 0.1
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z 1,36,462 3.2
hDdf 42,30,034 100.0
;|f]t M oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{nox¿

28
5.6 ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{
@)&& k'; d;fGt;Dddf ^) xhf/ * ;o &( C0fLnfO{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ k|jfx eO{ ?=!)) ca{ #&
s/f]8 aSof}tf /x]sf] 5 . s'n ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{df k|b]z g+= ! sf] c+z !^=( k|ltzt, k|b]z g+= @ sf]
c+z *=^ k|ltzt, afudtL k|b]zsf] c+z #*=( k|ltzt, u08sL k|b]zsf] c+z !$=@ k|ltzt, n'lDagL
k|b]zsf] c+z !%=$ k|ltzt, s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] c+z !=@ k|ltzt / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] c+z $=* k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 . -rf6{ %=&_

;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿

5.7 ljkGg ju{ shf{
@)&& k'; d;fGt;Dd a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 k|jflxt ljkGg ju{ shf{{ @)&& c;f/ d;fGtsf]
t'ngfdf @#=& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=@ va{ #* ca{ @^ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
o:tf] shf{ #@=( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . s'n ljkGg ju{ shf{df k|b]z g+= ! df k|jflxt shf{sf]
c+z !#=( k|ltzt, k|b]z g+= @ sf] c+z &=& k|ltzt, afudtL k|b]zsf] c+z %)=& k|ltzt, u08sL
k|b]zsf] c+z !)=) k|ltzt, n'lDagL k|b]zsf] c+z !!=! k|ltzt, s0ff{nL k|b]szsf] c+z @=& k|ltzt /
;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] c+z #=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . . -rf6{ %=*_

29
 ;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
5.8 k'g/shf{
@)&& k';d;fGtdf o; a}+saf6 ;x'lnot b/df k|bfg ul/g] k'g/shf{ ?=^( ca{ (^ s/f]8 nufgLdf
/x]sf] 5 . s'n k'g/shf{ pkof]udf afudtL k|b]zsf] c+z ;a}eGbf a9L %*=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg]
s0ff{nL k|b]zdf !=& k|ltzt k'g/shf{ k|jfx ePsf] 5 . -rf6{ %=(_

;|f]t M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿

30
5.9 ;]jf If]qsf] r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf
5.9.1 r'gf}tL
sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Laf6 ko{6g If]q ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt ePsf] xF'bf o; If]qnfO{ k'g?Tyfg ug'{ k|d'v
r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs oftfoft / dgf]/~hgsf If]qx¿ klg sf]le8–!( af6
k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . o;sf] k'g?Tyfg u/L /f]huf/L ;+/If0f ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L,
u'0f:t/Lo / e/kbf]{ oftfoft ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug'{, ljQLo kx'Fr lj:tf/ tyf ljQLo ;fwgsf] ;Gt'lnt
ljt/0f ug{', t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L pTkfbgzLn / /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g] If]qdf ljQLo ;|f]t k|jfx ug{'
r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
5.9.2 ;Defjgf
ljQLo kx'Fr lj:tf/ eO{ lgIf]k tyf shf{ k|jfx j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf]n] pTkfbgd"ns sfo{sf] nflu shf{
pknAwtf a9\b} uPsf], uf}tda'4 / kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGgkZrft\ xjfO{
;]jfdfkm{t cGt/f{li6«o hut;Fu ;Dks{ yk x'g] ePsfn] ko{6g k|j4{g x'g], g]kfnsf] ko{6sLo If]qdf
cfsif{0f oyfjt\ /x]sf]n] sf]le8–!( sf] k|sf]ksf] cGTo;Fu} of] If]q k'gMhfu[t x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf]
5.

31
 kl/R5]b ^
k"jf{wf/ If]q
6.1 k"jf{wf/ l:ylt
k"jf{wf/ l:ylt cGtu{t ;dLIff cjlwdf k|d'v k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf / o;;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]hgfx¿sf]
k|ult l:yltaf/] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
;8s
@)&& kmfu'g;Dddf ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 d'n'se/ /0fgLlts / :yfgLo ;8s ;~hfn u/L sfnf]kq]
;8s !% xhf/ ( ;o &$ lsnf]ld6/, u|fe]n * xhf/ % ;o *@ lsnf]ld6/ / sRrL ;8s * xhf/
( ;o &@ lsnf]ld6/ u/L s'ndf ## xhf/ % ;o @* lsnf]ld6/ ;8s lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{
@)&&÷&* sf] cf7 dlxgfdf ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 @*$ lsnf]ld6/ sRrL, %)$ lsnf]ld6/ u|fe]n /
%%) lsnf]ld6/ sfnf]kq] u/L ! xhf/ # ;o #* lsnf]ld6/ ;8s lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
@)&& kmfu'g;Dddf k|b]lzs tyf :yfgLo :t/af6 sRrL, u|fe]n / sfnf]kq] u/L hDdf ^# xhf/ %
;o && lsnf]ld6/ ;8s lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . lgdf{0f ePsf ;8sdWo] afudtL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L
@$=& k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd %=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] k|yd ^ dlxgf;Dddf k'iknfn dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ !*&( dWo] (!$
ls=dL= ;8s sfnf]kq]df :t/f]Gglt ePsf] 5 . pQm nf]sdfu{sf] s'n !@( k'ndWo] *$ k'nsf] lgdf{0f
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . x'nfsL /fhdfu{ cfof]hgfsf] !&(@ ls=dL= dWo] %!@ ls=dL= ;8s sfnf]kq] / @!(
k'n dWo] (% k'nsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . uN5L–lqz'nL–d}n'Ë–:ofk|'mj];L–/;'jfu9L ;8s
cfof]hgfsf] *@ ls=ld= dWo] @! ls=ld= sfnf]kq] ePsf] 5 .
ljdfg:yn
g]kfndf p8fg eg]{ cGt/f{li6«o jfo';]jfsf] ;ª\Vof @& /x]sf] 5 . ;a} df};ddf ;~rfngdf /xg]
ljdfg:ynsf] ;ª\Vof #& /x]sf] 5 . Ps cfGtl/s / tLg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf
/x]sf 5g\ .
;dLIff cjlw;Dddf uf}tda'4 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f cfof]hgfsf] () k|ltzt lgdf{0f sfo{
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L, kf]v/f If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f cfof]hgfsf] ^@ k|ltzt
lgdf{0fsfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
;'?Ëdfu{
sf7df08f}sf] yfgsf]6 bxrf]sb]lv–l;:g]vf]nf;Dd @=% lsnf]ld6/sf] nDafO{ ePsf] ;'?ªdfu{ lgdf{0fsf]
qmddf /x]sf] 5 . xfn pQm ;'?ªdfu{ vGg] sfdn] ult lnPsf] 5 . o; ;'?ªdfu{sf] !* k|ltzt sfd
;DdGg ePsf] 5 .
/]ndfu{
;dLIff cjlwdf hogu/÷hgsk'/–alb{jf; &) ls=ld /]ndfu{ dWo] cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf]
kmfu'g;Dddf %^ lsnf]ld6/ /]ndfu{sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
32
hnljB't\
;dLIff cjlwdf cfGtl/s ljB't\ hl8t Ifdtf ! xhf/ $ ;o )! d]ufjf6af6 ! xhf/ $ ;o %*
d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 eg] k|ltJolQm ljB't\ vkt @ ;o ^) lsnf]jf6 306f k'u]sf] 5 . (# k|ltzt
hg;ª\Vofdf ljB't\ kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 . k|ltJolQm ljB't\ vkt @^) o'lg6 k'u]sf] 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df
k|ltJolQm ljB't\ vkt pRr /x]sf]n] g]kfnn] ;d]t pBf]u, k"jf{wf/ tyf 3/of;L k|of]udf ljB't\ vkt
a9fO{ k|ltJolQm ljB't\ vkt a9fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] k|yd ^ dlxgf;Dddf dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] x]8jS;{sf
;a} ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO{ l/he{jfo/sf] k/LIf0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . $& ls=ld= nfdf] @@) s]=le=
k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . c?0f t];|f] hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfsf] -()) d]ufjf6_
ef}lts k|ult $) k|ltzt / ljQLo k|ult @^=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
k|;f/0f nfOg
cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& ;Dddf ^^ s]=le= Ifdtfsf] %!$ lsnf]ld6/, !#@ s]=le= Ifdtfsf] #,!$#
lsnf]ld6/ / @@) s]=le= Ifdtfsf] @%% lsnf]ld6/ u/L #,(() lsnf]ld6/ k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ePsf]
5.
tflnsf ^=! M k|;f/0f nfOgsf] ljj/0f
;ls{6 -ls=ld=_ yk
qm=;+ cfly{s jif{ ^^ !#@ hDdf k|;f/0f
@@) s]=le $)) s]=le nfOg
s]=le= s]=le=
1 2071/072 494 2130 - - 2624
2 2072/073 494 2417 - - 2911 287
3 2073/074 494 2596 75 78 3243 332
4 2074/075 514 2717 75 78 3384 141
5 2075/076 514 3143 255 78 3989.50 606
6 2076/77 514 3143 255 78 3990 0.00
;|f]t M g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f
sfa]nL sl/8f]/ 6«fG;ld;g nfOg lgdf{0f sfo{ cGtu{t !#@ s]=EfL= k|;f/0f nfOg cfof]hgfsf] sfo{
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . sf]zL sl/8f]/sf] @@) s]= eL= k|;f/0f nfOg cGtu{t #@^ j6f 6fj/dWo] #@@ j6f
6fj/ lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .
;f]n' sl/8f]/ cGtu{t kg]{ !#@ s]=EfL= k|;f/0f nfOg cfof]hgfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf] 5
. o;sf] ef}lts k|ult (*=! k|ltzt Pjd\ ljQLo k|ult *@ k|ltzt / #)@ j6f 6fj/dWo] @(@ j6f
6fj/ lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . To:t}, () ls=dL= 6«fG;ld;g nfOgdWo] &) ls=dL= nfOg lgdf{0f
;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
l;FrfO{
@)&& k'if dlxgf;Dddf l;S6f ll;FrfO{ cfof]hgfsf] afFw lgdf{0f, klZrd d"n gx/ $% ls=ld=, k"jL{
d"n gx/sf] %) k|ltzt sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ sl/a & xhf/ x]S6/ hldgdf l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf]
33
 5 . /fgL hd/f s'nl/of l;FrfO{ cfof]hgfsf] Og6]s, d"n gx/, lkm8/ gx/, l;6lnª j]lzg / kfj/
xfp;sf] sl/a () k|ltzt sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{g ax'–p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfsf]
;'?ª lgdf{0f eO{ k|of]uzfnf tyf qm;/ AoflrË KnfG6 :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .
/fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿
tflnsf ^=@ n] ;dLIff cfjlwdf /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] l:ylt k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o
uf}/jsf s]xL cfof]hgfx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf klg w]/}
h;f] /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|ult klg ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] 5}g .
tflnsf ^=@ M– /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfsf] ljj/0f
@)&&
cfof]hgfsf] ;'? ;DkGg nfut ?=
qm=;+= cjl:ylt nIo k';;Ddsf]
gfd ldlt x'g] ldlt -;+zf]lwt_
vr{ k|ltzt
1. l;S6f ll;FrfO{ n'lDagL k|b]z @)%(÷ $@,&^^ @)*$÷ @% ca{ @ 22.44
cfof]hgf ^) x]S6/ *% s/f]8
2. aaO{ ll;FrfO{ n'lDagL k|b]z @)$%÷ #^,))) @)&(÷ !* ca{ 18.65
cfof]hgf $^ x]S6/ *)
3. /fgL hd/f ;'b"/klZrd @)^*÷ #*,#)) @)*)÷ @& ca{
s'nl/of k|b]z ^( x]S6/ *! &) s/f]8 34.41
cfof]hgf
4. ;'gsf]zL afudtL k|b]z @)&#÷ !@@,))) @)*)÷ $^ ca{
dl/g / k|b]z g+= @ &$ x]S6/, *! !( s/f]8 2.07
8fOe;{g @*=^
cfof]hgf d]ufjf6
5. dxfsfnL ;'b"/klZrd @)^#÷ ##,%@) @)*)÷ #% ca{
l;FrfO{ k|b]z ^$ x]S6/ *! 61.49
cfof]hgf
6. e]/L aaO{ s0ff{nL k|b]z, @)^*÷ %!,))) @)&(÷ ## ca{
8fOe;{g n'lDagL k|b]z ^( x]S6/, $^=* *) !( s/f]8 9.27
ax'p2]ZoLo d]ufjf6
cfof]hgf
7. dflyNnf] afudtL k|b]z @)^&÷ $%^ @)&&÷& %@ ca{ *
tfdfsf]zL ^* d]ufjf6 * s/f]8 212.00*
hnljB't\
cfof]hgf
8. a'9L u08sL u08sL k|b]z @)^(÷ !@)) @)*#÷ @ va{ ^)
hnljB't\ &) d]ufjf6 *$ ca{ 13.55
cfof]hgf
9. ljB't\ k|zf/0f afudtL k|b]z, tof/L $)) s]=le= cd]l/sL
cfof]hgf n'lDagL k|b]z r/0fdf @*( ls=ld= 8n/ %@
/x]sf] cfGtl/s s/f]8 7.16
@# ls=ld=
cGt/b]zLo
10. klZrd ;]tL ;'b"/klZrd !@)) -
hnljB't\ k|b]z d]ufjf6

34
 cfof]hgf
11. uf}td a'4 n'lDagL k|b]z @)&@÷ #)))×^) @)&&÷& ^ ca{ *@
cGt/fli6«o &# Psn wfjg * s/f]8 63.07
ljdfg:yn dfu{
12. kf]v/f If]qLo u08sL k|b]z @)^* @%))×$% @)&(÷ @@ ca{
cGt/fli6«o Psn wfjg *) 47.07
ljdfg:yn dfu{
13. lghu9 k|b]z g++ @ @)&!÷ #^))×$% @)*%÷ ! va{ @)
cGt/fli6«o &@ Psn wfjg *^ ca{ 10.00
ljdfg:yn dfu{
14. /]Nj] tyf d]6«f] k|b]z g++ @ @)^%÷ &) ls=ld=÷ &) ca{
ljsf; ^^ !#!&=$ ^! s/f]8 20.15
cfof]hgf ls=ld=
15. x'nfsL k|b]z g++ !, @)^^÷ !&(@=$@ @)&(÷ ^% ca{
/fhdfu{ k|b]z g++ @, ^& ls=ld= *) @) s/f]8
afudtL,
u08sL, 47.66
n'lDagL /
;'b"/klZrd
k|b]z
16. k'iknfn - k|b]z g++ !, @)^$÷ !*&( @)&(÷ ! va{ !
dWo–kxf8L_ afudtL, ^% ls=ld= *) ca{ %)
nf]sdfu{ u08sL, s/f]8
n'lDagL, 21.37
s0ff{nL /
;'b"/klZrd
k|b]z
17. pQ/ blIf0f - k|b]z g++ ! @)^%÷ !^@ ls=ld= @)*)÷ !^ ca{
sf]zL_ ^^ *! @) s/f]8 8.65
nf]sdfu{
18. pQ/ blIf0f - u08sL k|b]z @)^^÷ $#! ls=ld= @)*)÷ @& ca{
sfnLu08sL_ ^& *! 4.12
nf]sdfu{
19. pQ/ blIf0f - s0ff{nL k|b]z,
@)^$÷ @*$ @)&(÷ $ ca{ !)
s0ff{nL_ n'lDagL k|b]z^% ls=ld=÷ *) s/f]8 6.52
nf]sdfu{ !$% ls=ld=
20. sf7df8f}+ k|b]z g++ @, @)&$÷ &@=% @)*)÷
@ va{ !#
t/fO{–dw]; afudtL k|b]z &% ls=ld= *! ca{ (% 13.84
b|'t dfu{ s/f]8
21. d]nDrL afudtL k|b]z @)%% %! s/f]8 @)&&÷& #! ca{
vfg]kfgL ln6/ * -k|yd #^ s/f]8 10.65
cfof]hgf r/0f_
22. kz'ktL If]q afudtL k|b]z @)%&÷ @*^=^ @)&*÷ ! ca{ @& 15.00
ljsf; sf]if %* x]S6/ &( s/f]8
23. n'lDagL If]q n'lDagL k|b]z ;g\ !!%% ljufx @)&*÷ & ca{ %) 55.38
ljsf; sf]if !(&* &( s/f]8
24. /fi6«klt r'/] k|b]z g++ !, @)&!÷ t/fO{ @)(#÷( !) ca{ 9.62

35
 ;+/If0f k|b]z g++ @, &@ dw]zsf #& $ @@ s/f]8
sfo{qmd afudtL, lhNnf
u08sL,
n'lDagL,
s0ff{nL /
;'b"/klZrd
k|b]z
* cfof]hgfsf] nflu ?=! ca{ ljlgof]hg ul/Psf]df cGo ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 lnOPsf] cfGtl/s C0faf6
;d]t u/L ?=@ ca{ !@ s/f]8 vr{ ePsf]
;|f]t M cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] ah]6sf] cw{–jflif{s ;dLIff k|ltj]bg, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

6.2 k"jf{wf/ If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;+efjgf

6.2.1 r'gf}tL
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f cfof]hgf lgwf{l/t ;do / nfutdf lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/;lxt ;DkGg ug'{, lgdf{0f
Joj;foLx¿sf] bIftf clej[l4 u/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df tLj|tf Nofpg', ;8s, l;FrfO{, vfg]kfgL /
;~rf/ nufotsf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{x¿df ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿aLr cfk;L
;dGjo sfod ug{', k"jf{wf/ If]qsf cfof]hgfx¿ lgdf{0fsf] qmddf 3/÷hUuf d'cfAhf ;DaGwL ljjfbsf]
zL3| ;dfwfg ug{,' ljZjJofkL dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf km}lnPsf] sf]le8—!( ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvdsf aLr
/fli6«o uf}/asf cfof]hgf tyf k"jf{wf/sf] If]qdf cfjZos sfdbf/, ljz]if1x¿sf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt
u/L cfjZos sRrf kbfy{, d]lzg / pks/0fsf] ;xh cfk"lt{ ug{' Pjd\ k"jf{wf/ If]qdf kof{Kt ljQLo
Joj:yfkg ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
6.2.2 ;Defjgf
;/sf/n] l;FrfO{, ;8s, ljdfg:yn nufotsf k"jf{wf/nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVgfn] k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0fn] ult lng], låkIfLo tyf ax'–kIfLo ljsf; ;fem]bf/af6 k"jf{wf/ nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstfdf
/fv]sf] x'gfn] ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0fdf nufgL a9\b} hfg], l;d]G6 pTkfbgdf b]z cfTdlge{/tftkm{
pGd'v /x]sf] / a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f o;sf] d"Nodf sdL cfO{ lgdf{0f nfut 36\g] ;Defjgf /x]sf],
hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf] nflu pko'Qm ef}uf]lns cj:yf / hn;|f]tsf] pknAwtf /xsf]n] pmhf{ pknAwtf
a9\b} hfg] h:tf cjl:ylt k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ;Defjgfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

36
 kl/R5]b &
afXo If]q / /f]huf/L
7.1 j}b]lzs Jofkf/
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] ^ dlxgfdf s'n j:t' lgof{t ^=! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=^) ca{ *) s/f]8
k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] lgof{t @^=! k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . uGtJosf
cfwf/df ef/t tyf cGo d'n'stk{m qmdzM *=$ k|ltzt / $=) k|ltztn] lgof{t j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg]
rLgtk{msf] lgof{tdf %)=) k|ltztn] sdL cfPsf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] ^ dlxgfdf s'n j:t' cfoft $=* k|ltztn] 36]/ ?=^ va{ ^! ca{ @%
s/f]8 sfod ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] cfoft $=) k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . j:t'
cfoft ul/g] d'n'ssf cfwf/df ef/taf6 ePsf] cfoft #=% k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] rLg tyf
cGo d'n'saf6 ePsf] cfoftdf qmdzM !*=% k|ltzt / !&=$ k|ltztn] sdL cfPsf]] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] k|yd ^ dlxgfdf s'n j:t' Jofkf/ 3f6f %=* k|ltztn] 36L ?=^)) ca{
$% s/f]8 sfod ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] 3f6f ^=! k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff cjlwdf lgof{t–cfoft cg'kft (=@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf]
cg'kft *=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
tflnsf &=! M klxnf] ^ dlxgf;Ddsf] cfoft / lgof{tsf] ;+/rgf -k|ltzt_
2076/77 2077/78
qm=;+= ljj/0f
cfoft lgof{t cfoft lgof{t
1 vfB tyf k]o kbfy{ 15.0 46.6 18.5 46.5
2 cf}Bf]lus cfk"lt{ 35.2 30.8 36.8 31.2
3 OGwg tyf n'la|s]G6\; 14.8 0.0 11.6 0.0

4
k'FhLut j:t' kf6{;\ tyf cGo 15.1 0.5 15.4 0.1
;fdfg -oftfoftsf ;fwgafx]s_
5
oftfoftsf ;fwg, kf6{;\ tyf 10.0 0.2 8.1 0.8
cGo ;fdfg
6 pkef]Uo ;fdu|Lx¿ 9.7 21.8 9.2 21.4
7 cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0
hDdf 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
;|f]t M eG;f/ ljefu
;dLIff cjlwdf cfoft / lgof{tsf] ;+/rgfdf vf;} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g . cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf]
k|yd ^ dlxgfsf] lgof{tdf vfB tyf k]o kbfy{sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L $^=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg]
cfoftdf cf}Bf]lus cfk"lt{sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L #^=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
eG;f/ laGb'sf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|b]z g+= @ df /x]sf eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L j:t'
cfoft ePsf] 5 eg] ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf /x]sf eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;a}eGbf sd j:t' cfoft ePsf]
5 . o;} u/L k|b]z g+= ! df /x]sf] eG;f/ sfof{noaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L lgof{t ePsf] 5 eg] ;'b"/klZrd
k|b]zdf /x]sf eG;f/af6 ;a}eGbf sd lgof{t ePsf] 5 . u08sL / s0ff{nL k|b]zl:yt eG;f/ laGb'af6
guGo dfqfdf j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ePsf] 5 . -tflnsf &=@_

37
 tflnsf &=@ M eG;f/ ljGb'sf] cfwf/df j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] k|b]zut l:ylt
k|b]z k|d'v eG;f/ ljGb'x¿ cfoft lgof{t
-?= b; nfvdf_ -?= b; nfvdf_
k|b]z g+= ! eb|k'/, lj/f6gu/, d]rL, ;'g;/L 1,02,067.5 22,476.0
aL/u~h, ;'Vvf aGb/ufx, uf}/, hn]Zj/,
k|b]z g+= @
hgsk'/, /fhlj/fh, ;nf{xL, l;/fxf, 7f8L 2,99,678.4 20,613.8
afudtL k|b]z /;'jf, tftf]kfgL, lqe'jg ljdfg:yn 67,686.4 13,277.2
e}/xjf, s[i0fgu/, g]kfnu~h, dx]zk'/,
n'lDagL k|b]z 1,77,644.5 4,170.9
;'7f}nL
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, ;QL 14,168.6 261.3
hDdf 6,61,245.4 60,799.2
;|f]t M eG;f/ ljefu
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] k|yd 5 dlxgfdf cfoft ul/Psf d'Vo j:t'x¿df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, ;jf/L
;fwg tyf kf6{k'hf{, d]l;g/L pks/0f tyf kf6k'hf{, Pd=P;= lan]6, wfg÷rfdn, ;~rf/ pks/0f,
e6df;sf] sRrf t]n, cf}iflw, tof/L kf];fs tyf ;'g /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;f]xL cjlwdf lgof{t ul/Psf
d'Vo j:t'x¿df cn}+rL, kf]ln:6/ wfuf], un}+rf, h'6sf ;fdfg, tof/L kf];fs, h';, sk8f, klZdgf,
lkgf tyf hl8a'6L /x]sf 5g\ . e+;f/ljGb' cg';f/ ul/Psf] lgof{t tyf cfoftsf j:t'x¿ tflnsf &=#
df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf &=# M– eG;f/ ljGb'sf] cfwf/df cfoft lgof{t ul/Psf d'Vo j:t'x¿
k|b]z cfoft lgof{t
kmnfdsf sRrf kbfy{÷kftf tyf e6df;sf] t]n, cn}+rL, lrof, h'6sf
808L, e6df;sf] sRrf t]n, ds}, sk8f, h'6sf] af]/f tyf emf]nf,
k|b]z g+= ! sfFrf] ;gkf6, kmnfd jf O:kftsf gfOng÷kf]ln:6/sf sk8f, wfuf],
ˆNof6 /f]N8 pTkfbg, Pn=kL=UoFf;, kf:tf .
k]6«f]n, l8hn .
l8hn, k]6«f]n, e6df;sf] sRrf t]n, e6df;sf] t]n, kmnkm"nsf] /;,
Pn=kL=UoFf;, cf}ifwL, sf]Onf, cf}ifwLhGo j:t', km]N6sf ;fdfg, bGt
k|b]z g+= @ kmnfdsf sRrf kbfy{÷kftf tyf d~hg, sk8fsf] h'Qf, a'lgPsf
808L, wfg, bfn . sk8f, kLgf, un}+rf, skf;sf] lapsf]
t]n .
;]n'n/ 6]lnkmf]g, ;'g, ;}Go ;fdu|L, un}+rf, klZdgf, km]N6sf ;fdfg,
sDKo'6/ tyf sDKo'6/sf ;fdfg, hLjhGt'sf] cfxf/, pmgsf] tof/L
k|of]uzfnfsf ;fdfg, rfFbL, d]l8sn kf];fs, ;'tLsf] tof/L kf];fs,
afudtL k|b]z
cf}hf/ tyf pks/0f, g]6js{ :jLr ;hfj6sf ;fdfg, afBoGq, tf/lkg
tyf /fp6/, sDKo'6/ pks/0f, t]n .
:jf:Yo pks/0f .
kmnfdsf sRrf kbfy{÷kftf tyf e6df;sf] t]n, hl8a'6L, wfuf], kLgf,
808L, df]6/;fOsn, rfdn, l8hn, sTyf, kf:tf, :6]gn]; :6Lnsf] ef8f
n'lDagL k|b]z
;]n'n/ 6]lnkmf]g, sf]Onf, 6fon, df‰g] ;fdfg, rf]s/, /f]lhg,
;jf/L ;fwg, lrgL . kf]lnlyg emf]nf .
l8hn, rfdn, uxF', k]6«f]n, sTyf, /f]lhg, tf/lkg t]n, hl8a'6L,
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z 6\ofS6/÷6«]n/, Pn=kL=UoFf;, sfuh, vo/ sR5f, v'bf], d"lt{snf, pv'sf]
h]g]/]6/, bfndf]6÷e'lhof cflb . 5f]qmf, x:tsnf .
;|f]t M eG;f/ ljefu
38
 ;du| b]zsf] lgof{tdf cn}+rL, lrof, cb'jf, hl8a'6L, klZdgf, wfuf], tof/L kf];fs, 5fnf, h'Qf, un}+rf,
h';, bfn, ;'g–rfFbLsf uxgf, rfprfp, tof/L kf];fs, dx, skmL tyf hnljB't\ h:tf t'ngfTds
tyf k|ltikwf{Tds nfesf j:t'x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L, ;]jf If]q cGtu{t ko{6g If]q / ;"rgf k|ljlw
If]qsf bIf tyf c4{bIf hgzlQm k|ltikwf{Tds nfesf If]q /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]zut¿kdf lgof{tsf
;Defjgf ePsf j:t'x¿ tflnsf &=$ df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf &=$ M k|b]zut cfwf/df lgof{t ;Defjgf ePsf j:t'
k|b]z j:t'
k|b]z g+= ! lrof, cn}+rL, cb'jf, ?b|fIf, wfuf] .
k|b]z g+= @ df5f, cfFk, 5fnf .
klZdgf ;n, pmgL un}+rf, km]N6sf ;fdfg -v]nf}gf_, tof/L kf];fs, h'Qf,
afudtL k|b]z
x:tsnf .
rfdn, ux'F, ds}, sf]bf], kmfk/, hf}, cb'jf, skmL, cn}+rL, ;'Gtfnf, :ofp,
u08sL k|b]z
h8La'6L , hnljB't\, pmg .
n'lDagL k|b]z /f]lhg / /f]lhg Pl;8, kf]lni6/ ofg{, skmL, cb'jf .
s0ff{nL k|b]z Ufx'F ds}, cfn', :ofp, pg, cb'jf, hl8a'6L .
t/sf/L, h}t'gsf] t]n, h8La'6L , 6k]{G6fOg t]n, /f]lhg / /f]lhg t]n,
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z
kmnkm"n, b'UwhGo kbfy{, hnljB't\ .
;|f]t M Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb| .
7.2 /f]huf/L
sf]le8–!( n] ubf{ cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t w]/} >ldsx¿sf] /f]huf/L u'd]sf] cj:yf 5 . a]/f]huf/
JolQmx¿nfO{ /f]huf/ lbg ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL
/f]huf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t @)&& k'; !^ ut];Dd & nfv $# xhf/ $$ hgf /f]huf/sf] nflu ;"rLs[t
/x]sf]df & xhf/ * ;o #) hgfn] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* df o; sfo{qmdsf]
nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ? !! ca{ ^) s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5 .
tflnsf &=% M @)&&÷!)÷!^ ;Ddsf] k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;DaGwL ljj/0f
;"rLs[t a]/f]huf/ /f]huf/Ldf hDdf cfof]hgf
k|b]z k'?if dlxnf hDdf vl6Psf /f]huf/L ;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof lbg
62,312 33,816 96,128 2,493 11,352 493
k|b]z g+= !
45,128 34,476 79,604 106 546 105
k|b]z g+= @
55,673 41,373 97,104 829 2,365 374
afudtL k|b]z
37,408 21,281 58,689 540 4,524 188
u08sL k|b]z
63,626 50,422 1,14,048 974 967 456
n'lDagL k|b]z
81,275 60,707 1,41,982 1,757 8,387 540
s0ff{nL k|b]z
;'b"/klZrd 82,640 72,347 1,54,987 1,151 26,285 442
k|b]z
hDdf 4,28,062 3,14,422 7,43,044 7,830 54,426 2,578

;|f]t M k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd

39
;"rLs[t j]/f]huf/sf] tYofÍ x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L JolQmx¿ -!,%$,(*& hgf_ ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zaf6
;"rLs[t ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd u08sL k|b]zaf6 %* xhf/ ^ ;o *( hgf /f]huf/Lsf] nflu
cfj]bg lbO{ ;"rLs[t ePsf] b]lvG5 . sl/j @ nfv hgfnfO{ sDtLdf !)) lbgsf] /f]huf/L lbg] nIo
/x]sf] o; sfo{qmdn] ;a} ;"rLs[t JolQmx¿nfO{ /f]huf/ k|bfg ug{ g;Sg] b]lvG5 . g]kfn >dzlQm
;j]{If0f @)&%÷&^ cg';f/ /fli6«o a]/f]huf/L b/ !!=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . k|b]z g+= @ df ;a}eGbf a9L
@)=! k|ltzt a]/f]huf/L b/ /x]sf] 5 eg] afudtL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd &=) k|ltzt a]/f]huf/L b/
/x]sf] 5 .
Tflnsf &=^ M /f]huf/L ljj/0f
/f]huf/ a]/f]huf/ /f]huf/L >d a]/f]huf/L >d zlQm
k|b]z
;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof zlQm b/ -Ü_ ;xeflutf b/ -Ü_
k|b]z g+= ! 1,208 136 2,211 1,344 10.2 37.8
k|b]z g+= @ 1,261 317 2,395 1,578 20.1 39.7
afudtL 2,129 161 2,575 2,290 7 47.1
u08sL 606 60 1,202 666 9 35.7
n'lDagL 1,139 144 2,154 1,283 11.2 37.3
s0ff{nL 288 31 843 319 9.7 27.5
;'b'/klZrd 455 59 1,370 513 11.5 27.3
12,75
hDdf 7,086 908 7,994 11.4 38.5
0
;|f]t M s]GbLo tYofÍ ljefu -;ª\Vof xhf/df_
o;} u/L afXo /f]huf/Ltkm{ ;dLIff cjlwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu clGtd >d :jLs[lt -;+:yfut
tyf JolQmut–gofF / j}wflgsLs/0f_ lng]] g]kfnLsf] ;ª\Vof &&=^ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] ;ª\Vof !&=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu k'gM >d :jLs[lt
lng] g]kfnLsf] ;ª\Vof ;dLIff cjlwdf ^*=( k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf]
;ª\Vof )=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] tYofÍcg';f/ k|fb]lzs ¿kdf t'ngf ubf{ ;g\ @)!*÷!( df >d :jLs[lt
lng] dWo] k|b]z g+= ! sf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @$=$ 5 eg] ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd
@=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -rf6{ &=!_ .

40
 ;|f]tM j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu
7.3 XafXo If]q / /f]huf/Lsf ;DaGwdf /x]sf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf
7.3.1 r'gf}tL
k|To]s jif{ a9\b} uPsf] Jofkf/ 3f6fdf sdL Nofpg', ko{6g If]qnfO{ k|j4{g u/L ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g j[l4
ug'{, ljk|]if0f cfosf] pNn]Vo c+z pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{, cf}krfl/s
k|0ffnLdfkm{t ljk|]if0f leœofpg', lgof{t k|j4{gsf nflu j:t' / b]zut ljljwLs/0f ug'{, cfGtl/s
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ug{', j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] g]kfnLsf] bIftf j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} dof{lbt
¿kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf k7fpg' cflb afXo If]q tyf /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\
.
7.3.2 ;Defjgf
afXo If]qdf ;/sf/n] P]g, lgod tyf gLltdf ;dofg's'n ;'wf/ ub}{ nu]sfn] nufgLsf] jftfj/0fdf
;'wf/ x'Fb} cfPsf], nufgL lj:tf/sf sf/0f /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g] / lgof{t a9\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf],
hnljB't\ pTkfbg u/L l5d]sL b]zdf lgof{t ug{ ;lsg], lgof{t j[l4sf] k|j[lQ ;sf/fTds b]lvPsfn]
Jofkf/ 3f6fdf sdL cfpg ;Sg] h:tf ;Defjgf /x]sf 5g\ .
k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogn] cfGtl/s ¿kdf /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{ ;Sg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos ¿kdf s[lif sd{x¿ a9b} uPsf]n] s[lif pTkfbg a9\g] tyf s[lif
pkhsf] cfoft k|lt:yfkgsf cltl/Qm /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

41
 kl/R5]b *
;+3Lo Pjd\ k|fb]lzs sfo{qmd tyf of]hgf
k|:t't kl/R5]bdf ;+3Lo ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ah]6 Pjd\ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf, k|ult
ljj/0f tyf sfo{Gjogdf /x]sf k|d'v of]hgfx¿af/] k|fb]lzs ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
8.1 sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* df ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] s'n ?=!$ va{ &$ ca{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf]df @)&&
k'; d;fGt;Dddf ?=$ va{ !% ca{ vr{ ePsf] 5 . pQm /sd ;+zf]lwt cg'dfgsf] #)=( k|ltzt xf] .
;dLIff cjlwdf k|b]zut vr{ ah]6sf] !* k|ltzt dfq x'g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ah]6sf]
cw{jflif{s ;dLIffdf jflif{s ah]6nfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L s'n ? !#$$ ca{ &) s/f]8 agfPsf] lyof] .
tflnsf *=! M cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] ;+3Lo ah]6sf] cw{–jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f
@)&&÷&* sf] @)&&÷&* sf]
k';;Ddsf] oyfy{ k';;Ddsf] oyfy{
zLif{s ah]6 /sd - ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg -
vr{ -?=ca{df_ vr{{ -k|ltzt_
?=ca{df_ ?=ca{df_
rfn' vr{ 948.9 342.4 914.8 37.4

k'FhLut vr{ 352.9 50.8 283.0 18.0

ljQLo Joj:yf 172.8 22.6 146.9 15.4

hDdf 1474.6 415.7 1344.7 30.9

;|f]t M cy{ dGqfno .
cf=j= @)&&÷&* df s'n k|fb]lzs ah]6 ?=@ va{ ^$ ca{ ljlgof]hg ePsf]df ;dLIff cjlwdf !$=(
k|ltzt cyf{t\ ?=!( ca{ &) s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] 5 . h;dWo] rfn' vr{ !&=# k|ltzt / kF'hLut vr{
!$=! k|ltzt ePsf] 5 . o;/L ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf cltl/Qm k|b]z ;/sf/x¿sf] k'FhLut ah]6 vr{
sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf *=@ M cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] k|b]zut ah]6sf] cw{–jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f
ah]6 /sd -?=ca{df_ vr{ /sd -?=ca{df_ vr{ -k|ltzt_
k|b]z
s"n rfn' k'FhLut s"n rfn' k'FhLut s"n rfn' k'FhLut
k|b]z g+=+ ! 40.9 18.9 21.9 7.6 2.8 4.9 18.7 14.7 22.1

k|b]z g+= @ 33.6 15.4 18.0 3.2 1.6 1.6 9.6 10.3 9.0

afudtL 51.4 26.3 25.1 7.7 4.5 3.3 15.0 17.0 12.9

u08sL 34.8 14.4 20.0 5.3 2.0 3.3 15.1 13.7 16.5

n'lDagL 36.4 12.6 18.6 8.3 4.7 3.5 22.8 37.7 19.0

s0ff{nL 33.7 11.6 19.1 2.8 1.7 1.1 8.4 14.8 5.9

;'b"/ klZrd 33.4 14.2 16.8 4.3 2.3 2.0 12.8 16.2 11.8

hDdf÷;du| 264.2 113.4 139.5 39.3 19.6 19.7 14.9 17.3 14.1
;|f]t M cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfnox¿
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 cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* df ;a}eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf ?=%! ca{ $# s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf]
lyof] eg] ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd ?=## ca{ #* s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf] lyof] .
vr{tkm{ n'lDagL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L s'n ljlgof]hgsf] @@=* k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf
sd s'n ljlgof]hgsf] *=$ k|ltzt vr{ ePsf] 5 .

;|f]tM cy{ dGqfno tyf cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno

8.2 cGo sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog
s[lif pTkfbgsf ljlzi6Ls[t If]q lgwf{/0f u/L pTkfbg Pjd\ pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ / s[lifsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0f Pjd\ Jofj;foLs/0fdfkm{t s[[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqaf6 s[lifhGo pBf]udf cfwfl/t
cy{tGqdf ¿kfGtl/t ug]{ cjwf/0ffdf k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 .
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t %* sfof{Gjog OsfO{dfkm{t && lhNnfdf !)^ hf]g / !^ ;'k/ hf]g ;~rfngdf
/x]sf 5g\ . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;~rflnt $ xhf/ # ;o @ cfof]hgfdfkm{t %$! :yfgLo txdf !
nfv % xhf/ ^ ;o #% JolQmn] cf};t !@=$ lbg /f]huf/ kfPsf 5g\ . k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f
kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ;~rflnt ljleGg /f]huf/ nlIft sfo{qmdaf6 $* xhf/ & ;o *! JolQmnfO{ k"0f{
/f]huf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* df ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf NofPsf lyP . k|b]z
;/sf/n] ;~rfngdf NofPsf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmdx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
k|b]z g+= !
gjk|jt{g s[lif sfo{qmd, kz' :jf:Yo sfo{qmd, s[ifs kf7zfnf sfo{qmd, ;3g afnL ljsf; sfo{qmd,
;a} ls;fgsf ;fydf k|b]z ;/sf/ sfo{qmd, Ps :yfgLo tx Ps kmnkm"n g;{/L sfo{qmd, ljkGg
;d'bfosf] nflu hgtf cfjf; sfo{{qmd, ljkGg hgtf nlIft ;f}o{ phf{ pHofnf] sfo{qmd, Ps lhNnf
Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd, t/fO{–dw]; xl/ofnL jg ljsf; sfo{qmd, l;d;f/ / hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0fsf]
nflu a]l;gdf cfwfl/t PsLs[t hnfwf/ ;+/If0f sfo{qmd, k|b]z k|d'v h]i7 gful/s bGt pkxf/
sfo{qmd, ;d[4 k|b]zsf nflu cfTdlge{/ 5f]/L sfo{qmd, d'VodGqL cTofjZos ;]jf s]Gb| sfo{qmd,
hgtf;Fu d'VodGqL, l8lh6n k|b]z lgdf{0f sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .

43
k|b]z g+= @
k|b]z cfof]hgf a}+s tof/ ug]{, d'VodGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd, k|b]z k|d'v /f]huf/ sfo{qmd, gjk|jt{t
s[lif /f]huf/ tyf Joj;fo k|j4{g sfo{qmd, /fli6«o t]nxg afnL, gjnk'/ tyf /fli6«o wfgafnL
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, s[lif, kz'kG5L tyf dT:o ljsf; sfo{qmd, Jofj;flos s[lif pTkfbg sfo{qmd,
cfktsfnLg af9L klx/f] k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd, u9LdfO{ / l;d|f}gu9 ko{6sLo ljsf; sfo{qmd, a]6L
k9fp a]6L arfp sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .
afudtL k|b]z
d'VodGqL hgtf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f sfo{qmd, Ps ljBfno Ps g;{ sfo{qmd, k|b]z ;/sf/–lzIffno
;xsfo{ sfo{qmd, o'jf j}1flgs k|f]T;fxg sf]if, k"jf{wf/ cfTdlge{/ /f]huf/ sfo{qmd, wfg, ds}, ux'F,
sf]bf], kmfk/, cfn'df Go"gtd art Uof/]G6L ;lxtsf] Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd, b"Uw
ljsf; sfo{qmddfkm{t ul/aL lgjf/0f kl/of]hgf, pBdLsf] xft k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;fy sfo{qmd, Ps
:yfgLo tx Ps pBf]u u|fd sfo{qmd, ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd, d'VodGqL ;8s sfo{qmd,
v/sf] 5fgfd'Qm afudtL k|b]z sfo{qmd, Ps 3/ Ps wf/f sfo{qmd, vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ sfo{qmd,
tfntn}of, kf]v/L tyf 9'Ë]wf/f ;+/If0f sfo{qmd, afudtL k|b]z k"0f{ pHofnf] sfo{qmd, k|b]z k"jf{wf/
ljsf; sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .
u08sL k|b]z
d'VodGqL hnjfo'd}qL gd"gf s[lif ufpF sfo{qmd, eut ;j{hLt ;Lk ljsf; sfo{qmd, Jofj;flos
;Lkd"ns / /f]huf/d"ns tflnd sfo{qmd, pRr 3gTjdf cfwfl/t :ofp v]tL ljsf; sfo{qmd, afnL
tyf kz'kG5L ladf sfo{qmd, ;x'lnot Aofhb/df s[lif C0f pknAw u/fpg] sfo{qmd, d'VodGqL
hnjfo'd}qL gd"gf s[lif ufpF sfo{qmd, Ps ;xsf/L–Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd, Ps :yfgLo tx–Ps pBf]u
u|fd :yfkgf sfo{qmd, lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd, hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd, cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL
sfo{qmd tyf Ps 3/–Ps wf/f vfg]kfgL sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .
n'lDagL k|b]z
;d[l4sf] cleofg M 5f]/Lx¿sf] kx'Frdf lj1fg sfo{qmd, xft xftdf s[lif ;fdu|L M ufpF ufpFdf
/f]huf/L cleofg, :df6{ s[lif ufpF sfo{qmd, ;a} s[ifssf nflu ;'ne shf{ cfleofg, v}/]t /f]u
pGd"ng cleofg, Ps j8f Ps xl/t :jo+;]js sfo{qmd, Ps :yfgLo tx, Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd,
g]kfnL lsgf}+, g]kfn agfcf}+ cleofg, eut ;j{hLt ;Lk ljsf; k|j{4g sfo{qmd, 3/–3/df hl8a'6L
sfo{qmd, Ps 3/ Ps wf/f sfo{qmd, k|To]s kflnsfdf v]n d}bfg lgdf{0f sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .
s0ff{nL k|b]z
;d[4 s0ff{nL ;'vf/L s0ff{nLaf;Lsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r;lxt Ps :yfgLo tx Ps cGg esf/L sfo{qmd,
cfˆgf] ufFp M cfTdlge{/ agfpmF, d'VodGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd, vfBfGgsf] nflu >d;lxtsf] /f]huf/L
sfo{qmd, /f]huf/d"ns k"jf{wf/ ljz]if sfo{qmd, d'VodGqL ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd,
Ps :yfgLo tx Ps pTkfbg ljz]if sfo{qmd, d]/f] ls;fg d]/f] cGgbftf sfo{qmd, Ps j8f Ps kf]v/L
sfo{qmd, Ps ;xsf/L Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd, a}s vftf 5f]/Lsf] ;'/Iff hLjgel/sf], blnt dlxnf cfo
cfh{g sfo{qmd, s0ff{nL pHofnf] sfo{qmd, PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f sfo{qmd,
hgtf;Fu s0ff{nL ;/sf/ sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .

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;'b"/klZrd k|b]z
Ps :yfgLo tx, Ps cf}Bf]lus u|fd sfo{qmd, x/]s lgjf{rg If]q @ gjLg pBf]u, k|To]s :yfgLo txdf
n3' tyf 3/]n' pBf]u :yfkgf sfo{qmd, o'jf pBd sfo{qmd, d'VodGqL PsLs[t s[lif tyf kz'kG5L
ljsf; sfo{qmd, d'VodGqL PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd, Ps :yfgLo tx, Ps s[lif pkh pTkfbg
sfo{qmd, k|b]zsf ufpF pHofnf] agfpFm sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .

45
 kl/R5]b (
cfly{s kl/b[io
9.1 d"No l:ylt
sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf sdL cfpg], cfk"lt{ z[+vnf k|jflxt x'g] tyf
k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"Noj[l4 eO/x]sf sf/0f d'b|f:kmLltdf rfk kg]{ ;Defjgf 5 . ;fy}, sf]le8–!( sf
sf/0f cfGtl/s dfu lzlyn /x]sf]n] d"Nodf sd rfk kg]{ b]lvG5 . dfu / cfk"lt{ kIfnfO{ x]bf{ d"No
l;dfGt ¿kdf a9] klg ;du|df Psn cÍdf /xg] b]lvG5 .
9.2 s[lif pTkfbg
o; jif{ ;a} k|b]zdf df};d cg's"n /xg] k|If]k0f /x]sf]n] s[lif pTkfbg eg] a9\g] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5
eg] sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f Jofj;flos s[lif ultljlwdf x|f; cfpg] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 . s[lif
If]qsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ nufot k|b]z ;/sf/x¿n] NofPsf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/Pdf o;
If]qdf ¿kfGt/0f cfpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
9.3 cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg
sf]le8–!( sf] bf];|f] nx/sf sf/0f clwsf+z pBf]u k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;~rfng x'g g;s]sf]n] ;du|
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg 36\g] b]lvPsf] 5 . tfklg, pBf]ux¿sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf ut jif{eGbf a9L /x]sf] /
k'gM ns8fpg gePdf pBf]ux¿ k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;~rfngdf hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . @)&&
d+l;/ dlxgfdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] u/]sf] klxnf] k'g/fj[lQ ;j]{If0fn] aGbfaGbL v's'nf] eP;Fu} pBf]u
Joj;fox¿ qmdzM v'Nb} uO{ k'g?Tyfg x'g nflu /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . sf]le8–!( sf yk nx/x¿
gcfPdf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf ;'wf/ x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
9.4 ;]jf If]q
sf]le8–!( sf] nx/x¿sf sf/0f ;du| ;]jf If]qsf] cfDbfgL 36\g] b]lvPsf] 5 . vf;u/L, cGt/f{li6«o
ko{6s cfudg cem} v'Ng g;s]sf], sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0f ;dfKt x'g ;do nfUg] b]lvPsf]n] ko{6g If]q
yk k|efljt x'g] / o; If]qsf] k'g?Tyfg x'g nfdf] ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 . To:t}, oftfoft / dgf]/~hg
h:tf If]qdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 .
9.5 k"jf{wf/ If]q
sf]le8–!( sf] yk nx/sf sf/0f lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;fdu|L tyf dhb"/sf] cfk"lt{df ;d:of nufotsf
sf/0f k"jf{wf/ ;DkGg x'g] ;do / nfut a9\g] b]lvPsf] 5 . /fli6«o uf}/jsf ¿kdf /x]sf] dflyNnf]
tfdfsf]zL cfof]hgf cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf ;DkGg x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
9.6 XafXo If]q
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf sfdbf/ kms{g] tyf gofF sfdbf/ hfg] qmd s]xL ;do /f]lsg] b]lvPsfn]
ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf lzlyntf cfpg], ko{6s cfudg ;ª\Vof 36\g], sf]le8 lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos
vf]k tyf ;fdu|L cfoft ug'{kg]{ sf/0f Jofkf/ 3f6f a9\g uO{ zf]wgfGt/ l:yltdf rfk kg{] b]lvG5 .

***

46