k|fb]lzs cfly{s ultljlw cWoog

-s0ff{nL k|b]z_

jflif{s k|ltj]bg
-cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*)_

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

;'v]{t sfof{no
@)*) sflQs
 e"ldsf
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@ cg';f/ a}+sn] ;dli6ut cy{tGq, ljQLo ahf/sf] ljsf;, d'b|f k|bfo,
d"No l:y/tf, shf{sf] lj:tf/, zf]wgfGt/ tyf ljb]zL ljlgdo h:tf ljifox?;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f
;lxtsf] hfgsf/L lgoldt ?kn] k|sfzg / k|;f/0f ug]{ ub{5 . ;fy}, g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] b]zsf] cy{tGq;Fu
k|ToIf?kdf ;DaGw /fVg] cfjZos gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{, ljleGg cfly{s r/x?;Fusf]
cGt/–;DaGw ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfox?, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx? tyf g]kfnsf] ;dli6ut
cy{–:j?ksf] af/]df ;/f]sf/ /fVg] kIfx?nfO{ lgoldt?kdf hfgsf/L u/fpgsf] nflu jf:tljs If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt
tYofÍx?sf] ;+sng Pjd\ ljZn]if0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s tyf ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf Pjd\ tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0faf6 b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] cj:yf, o;sf]
cfwf/ Pjd\ u'0f:t/sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 tyf :yfloTj k|fKt ug{ cfjZos gLlt tyf
sfo{qmd th'{df u/L k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . cfly{s ultljlwsf] ljZn]if0f, cg'dfg tyf
k|If]k0f ug]{ d'n cfwf/ ;dod} k|fKt x'g] ljZj;gLo ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ ePsf]n] o:tf] ;"rgf tyf tYofÍsf]
dfWodåf/f cy{tGqsf] ljljw If]qdf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dod} klxrfg u/L pko'Qm ;'emfjx?dfkm{t g]kfn /fi6«
a}+sn] g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf k|b]z ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{df ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 .
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog kZrft\ k|zf;lgs ljefhgsf] kl/jlt{t :j?knfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd
k|fb]lzs ;+/rgf cg';f/ cfly{s ultljlw cWoog u/L cfjZos ;Nnfx k|bfg ug{, cfly{s ljZn]if0f tyf gLlt
th'{dfsf nflu ;"rgf Pjd\ tYofÍsf] bfo/f lj:tf/ ug{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefun] hf/L u/]sf]
cfly{s ultljlw tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g @)&^ -;+;f]wg ;lxt_ cg';f/ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, ;'v]{t sfof{noåf/f
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] jflif{s cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
cflYf{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df o; k|b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ -pTkfbssf] d"Nodf_ !=( k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . k|b]zsf]
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM #)=* k|ltzt, !)=# k|ltzt / %*=( k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 . s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ;a}eGbf al9 of]ubfg #)=* k|ltzt s[lif If]qsf] 5 eg]
;a}eGbf sd of]ubfg )=@ k|ltzt k|zf;lgs ;xof]u ;]jf If]qsf] /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] of]ubfg $=! k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 .
o; k|b]zsf !) lhNnfx?dWo] d'u', h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, hfh/sf]6, ?s'd klZrd / x'Dnf lhNnfaf6 u}/:ynut / afFsL
$ lhNnfx? ;'v]{t, b}n]v, ;Nofg / sflnsf]6af6 :ynut ?kdf s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; nufotsf
cy{tGqsf k|d'v If]qx?sf] cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] jflif{s lhNnfut tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg tyf ljZn]if0f
u/L of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
o; k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg' x'g] ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf sfof{no Pjd\
;+:yfx?k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' . ;fy}, cfufdL lbgx?df klg ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ;fy / ;xof]usf]
lg/Gt/tfsf] ck]Iff ub{5' . a}+s tyf ljQLo If]qsf] tYofÍ pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug{'x'g] cflYf{s cg';Gwfg
1
lJfefunfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ ;+of]hg ug'{x'g] cflYf{s cg'';Gwfg OsfO{sf ;xfos
lgb]{zs >L lrlgof nfdfnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . o;}u/L, of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ ;+nUg x'g'x'g] cfly{s
cg';Gwfg OsfO{sf ;xfos >L ;'ud yfkf, >L k+v k|;fb cfrfo{ / >L ;l/tf clwsf/LnfO{ wGojfb 1fkg
ub{5' . ;fy}, tYofÍ ;+sngsf qmddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] cGo OsfO{ tyf kmfF6sf clws[t tyf sd{rf/LnfO{
klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
afa'/fd sf]O/fnf
pk–lgb]{zs
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, ;'v]{t

2
 ljifo–;'rL
k]h g+=

kl/R%]b 1 cWoog kl/ro 1

1=1 k[i&e'ld 1
1=2 cWoogsf] p@]Zo 1
1=3 k|ltj]bg th"{df ljlw, ;+/rgf / tYof° ;+sng 2
1=4 cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] ;Ldf 3
1=5 cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] (f¤rf 3
kl/R%]b 2 k|b]zsf] t"ngfTds l:ylt 4
2=1 /fli^«o cy{tGqdf s)ff{nL k|b]zsf] If]qut lx:;f 4
2=2 cGt/k|b]z t"ngf 4
2=3 k|fb]lzs Ifdtf, ;Defjgf tyf r"gf}tL 9
kl/R%]b 3 s[lif If]q 12
3=1 s[lif pkhn] (fs]sf] e'–If]q 12
3=2 s[lif pTkfbg 15
3=3 kz"k+IfL, df%f tyf jghGo pTkfbg 23
3=4 l;¤rfO{{ 24
3=5 If]qut s[lif shf{ 25
3=6 s[lif If]qsf] r"gf}tL / ;Defjgf 26
kl/R%]b 4 pBf]u If]q 28
4=1 pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u, pTkfbg tyf k|ToIf /f]huf/L 28
4=2 If]qut cf}Bf]lus shf{ 31
4=3 cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] r"gf}tL / ;Defjgf 32
kl/R%]b 5 ;]jf If]q 35
5=1 ko{^g 35
5=2 ;fj{hlgs lgdf{)f tyf l/on:^]^ 35
5=3 ljQLo ;]jf 36
5=4 oftfoft tyf ;+rf/ 43

3
 5=5 lzIff tyf :jf:Yo 43
5=6 ;]jf If]q shf{ 44
5=7 ;xsf/L If]q 46
kl/R%]b 6 k'jf{wf/ / /f]huf/L 49
6=1 k'jf{wf/ If]q 49
6=2 k\'jf{wf/ If]qsf r"gf}tL / ;Defjgf 53
6=3 /f]huf/L 54
6=4 /f]huf/Lsf] r"gf}tL / ;Defjgf 57
kl/R%]b 7 ;+#Lo Pjd\ k|fb]lzs sfo{qmd tyf of]hgf 59
7=1 e]/L aaO{ *fO{e;{g ax"p@]ZoLo cfof]hgf 59
7=2 k|fb]lzs ;/sf/L ljQ 59
kl/R%]b 8 cfly{s kl/b[io 61
8=1 s[lif pTkfbg 61
8=2 cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg 62
8=3 ;]jf If]q 62
8=4 k'jf{wf/ If]q 62

4
 tflnsf ;'rL
k]h g+=
tflnsf 2.1M hg;+Vof j[l$b/ / cfjlws kl/jt{g 8
tflnsf 2.2M n}lËs cg"kft / hg#gTj 8
tflnsf 3.1M s[lif pkhn] (fs]sf] e'–If]q 14
tflnsf 3.2M k|d"v s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg 23
tflnsf 3.3M s)ff{nL k|b]zdf l;¤rfO{{sf] cj:yf 24
tflnsf 3.4M lhNnfut s[lif shf{ 25
tflnsf 4.1M lhNnfut cf}Bf]lus shf{ 32
tflnsf 5.1M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] zfvf ;+Vof 37
tflnsf 5.2M ;/sf/L tyf lghL ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ / lzIfs ;+Vofsf] cj:yf 43
tflnsf 6=1M s"n ljB"t pTkfbg 51
tflnsf 6.2M lhNnfut j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] ljj/)f 55
tflnsf 6.3: k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmdaf^ l;lh{t /f]huf/Lsf] ljj/)f 55
tflnsf 7.1: s)ff{nL k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L ljQ l:ylt 60

5
 /]vflrq ;'rL
k]h g+=
/]vflrq 2.1: /fli^«o s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zut of]ubfg 5
/]vflrq 2.2: k|b]zut cfly{s j[l$b/ 5
/]vflrq 2.3: /fli^«o s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zsf] If]qut of]ubfg 6
/]vflrq 2.4: k|b]zut s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] ;+/rgf 6
/]vflrq 2.5: k|b]zut hg;+Vof ljt/)f 7
/]vflrq 3.1M k|d"v s[lif afnLn] (fs]sf] e'–If]q 12
/]vflrq 3.2M k|d"v kmnkm"n afnLn] (fs]sf] e'–If]q 14
/]vflrq 3.3M vfB tyf cGo afnLsf] pTkfbg 16
/]vflrq 3.4M kmnkm"n pTkfbg 21
/]vflrq 3.5M k|d"v s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg 22
/]vflrq 4.1: pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]usf] cj:yf 29
/]vflrq 4.2M cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg 30
/]vflrq 4.3: If]qut cf}Bf]lus shf{ 31
/]vflrq 5.1M #/hUuf sf/f]jf/sf] ;+Vof 36
/]vflrq 5.2M Pl^Pd a"y ;+Vof 38
/]vflrq 5.3M s)ff{nL k|b]zsf] lgIf]k tyf shf{sf] l:ylt 38
/]vflrq 5.4M s)ff{nL k|b]zsf] shf{ lgIf]k cg"kft 39
/]vflrq 5.5M lgIf]k tyf shf{sf] lhNnfut l:ylt 39
/]vflrq 5.6M s"n lgIf]ksf] ;+/rgf 40
/]vflrq 5.7M ;x"lnotk')f{ shf{ / ljkGgju{ shf{sf] ljj/)f 42
/]vflrq 5.8M s)ff{nL k|b]zdf km)* ^«fG;km/sf] cj:yf 42
/]vflrq 7.1: s)ff{nL k|b]zsf] rfn" tyf k"¤hLut vr{ ljj/)f 60

6
 aS; ;'rL
k]h g+=
aS; 3.1: cb"jf pTkfbgdf dfng]^fsf] e"ldsf 17
aS; 3.2: t/sf/L pTkfbgdf sk"/sf]^sf] e"ldsf 18
aS; 5.1: s)ff{nL k|b]zdf jfl)fHo a}+ssf zfvf la:tf/ 41
aS; 6.1: s)ff{nL k|b]zsf dxTjk')f{ hnljB"t cfof]hgfx? 52
aS; 6.2: s)ff{nLdf ls;fgnfO{ uf]&fnf] eQf 56

7
 sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf !) lhNnfx?dWo] $ lhNnfx? ;'v]{t, ;Nofg, b}n]v / sflnsf]6sf] :ynut / afFsL ^ lhNnfx?
d'u', ?s'd klZrd, hfh/sf]6, 8f]Nkf, h'Dnf / x'Dnf lhNnfsf] u}/:ynut cWoogaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] o; k|b]zsf]
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] jflif{s cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/f+z lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
;dli6ut cfly{s l:ylt
!= cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] lj:tf/ Go"g /xg] cg'dfg 5 . /fli6«o tYofÍ
sfof{nosf] kl5Nnf] k|sfzg cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ -pTkfbssf]
d"Nodf_ ut cfly{s jif{sf] %=^! k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf !=*^ k|ltztn] dfq lj:tf/ x'g] cg'dfg /x]sf]
5 . To;}u/L, cfwf/e"t d"Nodf g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4 @=!^ k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg 5 . ut cfly{s
jif{df o:tf] j[l4b/ %=@^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . kmn:j?k, o; k|b]zsf] cfly{s l:yltdf klg
;ª\s'lrt k|efj kg]{ cg'dfg 5 .
@= cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df o; k|b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ -pTkfbssf] d"Nodf_ !=(! k|ltzt /xg]
cg'dfg 5 . ut cfly{s jif{ o:tf] j[l4b/ %=#@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
o; k|b]zsf] of]ubfg $=!) k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . kl5Nnf] ;do o; k|b]zdf vf; u/L s[lif,
jg, dT:okfng, pBf]u / lgdf{0f If]qdf cfPsf] x|f;sf] sf/0fn] ;du| cfly{s l:yltdf ;ª\s'rg
b]lvPsf] xf] .
#= cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df o; k|b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg k|rlnt d"Nodf ?=@ va{ ! ca{ k'Ug]
cg'dfg 5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ;a}eGbf al9 of]ubfg #)=*# k|ltzt s[lif If]qsf] 5 eg]
;a}eGbf sd of]ubfg )=!* k|ltzt k|zf;lgs tyf ;xof]u ;]jf If]qsf] /x]sf] 5 .

s[lif If]q
$= cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf]] t'ngfdf cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;du| s[lif afnLn]
9fs]sf] If]qkmn #=!! k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .
%= k|d'v afnLx? dWo] ;dLIff jif{df wfg afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn !=!* k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 eg] ds},
ux'F / hf} afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn ;dLIff jif{df qmdzM %=%* k|ltzt, )=%@ k|ltzt / !=*)
k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . sf]bf] afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn !&=%& k|ltztn] j[l4 x'Fbf kmfk/ afnLn]
9fs]sf] If]qkmndf $^=%* k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . To:t}, bnxg afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn )=$*
k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] t]nxg afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn @=)( k|ltztn] / e6df; afnLn]
9fs]sf] If]qkmn @=#! k|ltztn] 36]sf]] 5 .
^= ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf t/sf/L tyf afujfgL afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn qmdzM !!=^) k|ltzt
/ )=)# k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf]] 5 .

8
 &= ;dLIff jif{df wfg, ds}, ux'F, sf]bf], hf}, kmfk/, cfn', e6df;, bnxg, t]nxg, t/sf/L, afujfgL,
;'Gtnf, cfFk, s]/f, :ofp cflbsf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 ePsf] sf/0f o; k|b]zdf ;du| s[lif afnLsf]
pTkfbg @&=$# k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
*= vfB tyf cGo afnLleq kg]{ k|d'v s[lif afnLdf wfg, ds}, ux'F, sf]bf], hf} tyf kmfk/sf] pTkfbg
qmdzM @=)% k|ltzt, (=@! k|ltzt, !#=(# k|ltzt, $%=($ k|ltzt, $%=$( k|ltzt / !(=&&
k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf]] 5 . ;dod} aLpljhgsf] pknAwtf, s[lif kl/of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog, s[lif
shf{sf] pknAwtf h:tf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ s[ifsx? s[lif Joj;fodf cfslif{t ePsf] x'Fbf ;du| s[lif
pTkfbg a9]sf] 5 .
(= o; k|b]zdf ;dLIff jif{df b'w pTkfbg *=$! k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf]] 5 . To:t} df;' / c08f pTkfbg
qmdzM @@=$* k|ltzt / !%=$) k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf]] 5 eg] df5f pTkfbgdf $=^( k|ltztn]
36]sf] 5 .
!)= ;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf v]tL ul/Psf] #,@),&!^ x]S6/dWo] %@,$)@ x]S6/ If]qkmndf dfq l;FrfO{{
;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 .
!!= @)*) c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;du| s[lif If]qdf k|jflxt
shf{ ut jif{ ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf !)=(@ k|ltztn] a9]/ ?=% ca{ $( s/f]8 $* nfv k'u]sf]
5 . s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf Joj;foLs/0f, ahf/sf] la:tf/, k"jf{wf/ tyf ljlQo kx'Fr clej[l4
h:tf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ :yfgLosf] s[lifdf ;+nUgtf a9];Fu} s[lif shf{sf] dfu tyf ;b'kof]lutf a9]sf]
b]lvG5 .

pBf]u If]q
!@= ;dLIff cjlwdf s0ff{nL k|b]zdf gd'gf 5gf]6df ;d]l6Psf pBf]ux?sf] cf};t Ifdtf pkof]u %@=!^
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sfuh tyf sfuhsf pTkfbg ;DaGwL pBf]usf] pkof]]u Ifdtf zt k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 eg] b'Uw kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]usf] pkof]u Ifdtf ;a}eGbf sd @)=%% k|ltzt /x]sf]
5.

!#= ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf gd'gf 5gf]6df ;d]l6Psf pBf]ux?dWo] w]/}h;f] pBf]ux?sf] pTkfbgdf
;fdfGo j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] s]xL pBf]ux?sf] pTkfbg 36]sf] 5 .

!$= ut cfly{s jif{df ?=# ca{ ^& s/f]8 $& nfv /x]sf] s'n cf}Bf]lus shf{ ;dLIff jif{df *=$&
k|ltztn] a9]/ ?=# ca{ (* s/f]8 ^! nfv k'u]sf] 5 .

;]jf If]q
!%= ;dLIff jif{df rLg, ef/t / t];|f] d'n'saf6 o; k|b]zdf lelqg] ko{6ssf] ;+Vof qmdzM $&=!(
k|ltzt, !$=%* k|ltzt / #=!# k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . sf]le8–!( nufot cGo sf/0fn] s0ff{nL
9
 k|b]zdf t];|f] d'n'saf6 cfpg] ko{6ssf] ;+Vof z'Gok|foM /x]sf]df ;dLIff jif{df ko{6s cfjfudg
sf]le8 dxfdf/L cufl8sf] cj:yfdf cfpg yfn]sf] sf/0f ko{6g If]q ;sf/fTds /xg] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 .
!^= ;dLIff jif{df 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg ;+Vof !@,*@$ k'u]sf] 5, h'g ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf #)=%( k|ltztn]
sdL xf] . To;}u/L, 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg afktsf] /fh:j ?=#& s/f]8 #& nfv /x]sf] 5 .
!&= ;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf btf{ ePsf s'n ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vof !#=*$ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @#,)))
k'u]sf] 5 .
!*= ;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf /x]sf ;/sf/L÷;fd'bflos c:ktfnsf] ;+Vof / tL c:ktfnx?df /x]sf
z}ofx?sf] ;+Vof qmdzM !@=%) k|ltzt / @=^( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . To:t}, ;dLIff jif{df o;
k|b]zdf hDdf @& j6f ;/sf/L÷;fd'bflos c:ktfn / !,@%$ j6f z}ofx? /x]sf 5g\ .
!(= ;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?åf/f k|jflxt s'n shf{dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} *#=^$
k|ltzt shf{ ;]jf If]qdf k|jfx ePsf] 5 .
@)= ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf jfl0fHo a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] zfvf ;+Vof $^^ k'u]sf] 5 .
@!= ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf k|jfx ePsf] s'n shf{ %=$& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=%& ca{ (# s/f]8
^& nfv k'u]sf] 5 eg] lgIf]k !!=*( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=^& ca{ $( s/f]8 (! nfv k'u]sf] 5 .

k"[jf{wf/ If]q
@@= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] cflYf{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] h]g]/]zg Dofuflhg !% cf}+ c+s cg';f/ ut
jif{ ## s]=le=sf] ljB't Kf|;f/0f nfO{g #*^ ls=ld=/x]sf]df ;dLIff jif{df $^* ls=ld= k'u]sf] 5 eg]
!! s]=le=sf] ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g ut jif{ @,#*& ls=ld=/x]sf]df ;dLIff jif{df j[l4 eO{ #,)&$
ls=ld= k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, Pn=le=sf] ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g ut jif{ %,!$) ls=ld= /x]sf]df ;dLIff
jif{df j[l4 eO{ &,@#* ls=ld k'u]sf] 5 . ;du|df ;dLIff jif{df ljB't Kf|;f/0f nfO{g !),&*)
ls=ld=k'u]sf] 5 eg] ut jif{ o:tf] Kf|;f/0f nfO{g &,(!# ls=ld=/x]sf] lyof] . ut jif{ o; k|b]zsf]
s'n ;a:6]zg Ifdtf $(=% Pd=le=P /x]sf]df ;dLIff jif{df j[l4 eO{ %$=% Pd=le=P k'u]sf] 5 .
@#= ;dLIff jif{ ;Dddf o; k|b]zdf !*=%$ d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, !& j6f cfof]hgfx?
lgdf{0ffwLg / ( j6f cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0f cg'dltsf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

10
 kl/R%]b 1
cWoog kl/ro
1=1 k[i&e'ld

g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;dli6ut cy{tGq, ljQLo ahf/sf] ljsf;, d'b|f k|bfo, d"No l:y/tf, shf{sf] lj:tf/, zf]wgfGt/
tyf ljb]zL ljlgdo nufotsf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ ub{5 . o; a}+sn] b]zsf] cy{tGq;Fu
k|ToIf?kdf ;DaGw /fVg] cfjZos gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{, ljleGg cfly{s r/x?;Fusf]
cGt/–;DaGw ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfox?, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx? tyf g]kfnsf] ;dli6ut cy{–
:j?k hfGg rfxg] ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfnfO{ lgoldt?kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zo cg'?k ;DalGwt If]qsf] tYofÍsf]
lgoldt ;+sng tyf tL tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bg cw{–jflif{s
/ jflif{s u/L jif{sf] b'O{ k6s k|sfzg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't k|ltj]bg cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] jflif{s tYofÍdf
-@)&( ;fpgb]lv @)*) c;f/ d;fGt_ cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 .
o; a}+ssf] cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefu / pkTosf aflx/sf sfof{noåf/f ;Dkfbg ul/g] cfly{s ultljlw cWoog,
ljz]if cWoog Pj+ cGo cg';Gwfgd'ns sfo{df Ps?ktf NofO{ u'0f:t/;d]t clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^& r}q !%
ut] :jLs[t ePsf] æg]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf pkTosf aflx/sf sfof{noåf/f ;Dkfbg ul/g] cWoog cg';Gwfg
sfo{;DaGwL dfu{bz{g @)^&Æ cg'?k cfly{s ultljlw cWoog / ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g, @)&) adf]lhd %&
lhNnfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ ;dfj]z u/L cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ u/LPsf]df æcfly{s ultljlw
tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g, @)&^Æ hf/L ePkZrft k|fb]lzs 9fFrfdf & j6} k|b]zsf ;a} && lhNnfsf] cfly{s
ultljlwsf] cWoog u/L k|fKt tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ u/LPsf]
5.
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ePkZrft\ k|zf;lgs ljefhgsf] :j?k;d]t kl/jt{g ePsf] / ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/ tLg
txsf] ;/sf/ /xg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd k|fb]lzs ;+/rgf cg';f/ cfly{s ultljlw cWoog u/L cfjZos
;Nnfx k|bfg ug{, cfly{s ljZn]if0f tyf gLlt th'{dfsf nflu ;"rgf Pjd\ tYofÍsf] bfo/f lj:tf/ ug{ g]kfn
/fi6« a}+s cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefun] hf/L u/]sf] cfly{s ultljlw tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g @)&^
-k|yd ;+zf]wg, @)&( ;lxt_ cg';f/ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, ;'v]{t sfof{noåf/f s0ff{nL k|b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ -!) j6f_
lhNnfx? -;'v]{t, ;Nofg, b}n]v, hfh/sf]6, sflnsf]6, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, d'u', 8f]Nkf / ?s'd klZrd_ nfO{ ;dfj]z
u/L cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] jflif{s cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
1=2 cWoogsf] p@]Zo

;dLIff jif{df k|b]zdf ePsf cfly{s ultljlwx?sf] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f u/L gLlt th'{dfsf nflu ;"rgf Pjd\
tYofÍsf] bfo/f lj:tf/ ug]{ o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o; cWoogsf cGo p2]Zox?
b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

1
 • cy{tGqsf k|d'v If]qx? s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jf tyf k"jf{wf/df ;dLIff cjlwdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dfj]z
ug'{ .
• cy{tGqsf k|d'v If]qx?df b]lvPsf ;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ phfu/ ug'{ .
• ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;~rfng u/]sf d'Vo sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx?sf] k|ultsf] ;dLIff
;dfj]z ug'{ .
• cfly{s ultljlwsf If]qx?nfO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] s'g} kmd{, sDkgLsf] cj:yf tyf of]ubfgnfO{ ;d]6\g' .
• ;dLIff jif{df ePsf cfly{s ultljlwx?sf] cfwf/df cfufdL jif{sf] nflu k|If]k0f ug'{ .
1=3 k|ltj]bg th"{df ljlw, ;+/rgf / tYof° ;+sng

s0ff{nL k|b]zsf !) j6} lhNnfx?af6 s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; nufotsf cy{tGqsf k|d'v If]qx?sf]
tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg tyf ljZn]if0f u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] of] k|ltj]bgdf pQm If]qx?sf] k|ult ljj/0f, ;Defjgf
tyf r'gf}tL Pjd\ efjL of]hgfj4 sfo{sf nflu dfu{bz{g ;d]t ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k|b]zsf lhNnfx?df /x]sf ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{no, If]qLo lgb]{zgfno Pjd\ ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf tyf pBf]u
k|lti7fgaf6 k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] of] k|ltj]bgn] lhNnfut tyf k|b]zsf] ;du| cj:yfnfO{
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo÷JolQm tyf ljifolj1;Fusf] cGt/lqmof Pjd\ ;j]{If0fstf{sf]
ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf cfwf/df If]qut ;d:of÷r'gf}tL tyf kl/b[Zo lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
k|ltj]bgdf /fli6«o cy{tGqdf k|b]zut lx:;f tyf k|b]zut t'ngfTds l:yltsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu /fli6«o tYofÍ
sfof{nosf] tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . To:t}, ;du| s[lif If]qsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu s0ff{nL k|b]zsf bz j6}
lhNnf l:yt s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?, s[lif 1fgs]Gb|x?, s0ff{nL k|b]z cGtu{tsf] s[lif ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, kz'kG5L
tyf dT:o ljsf; lgb]{zgfno nufotsf lgsfox?af6 k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .
s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf pBf]ux?sf] tYofÍ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 tyf pBf]u tyf pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f
sfof{noaf6 lnOPsf] 5 eg] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] Ifdtf, pBf]ux?sf] pTkfbgsf] cj:yf / o; If]qn] l;h{gf u/]sf]
/f]huf/L nufotsf ljifosf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu gd'gf 5gf}6df k/]sf pBf]ux?af6 tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf]] 5 .
To:t}, a}+lsË If]q cGtu{t s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] lhNnfut shf{, jfl0fHo a}+sx?af6 k|jflxt shf{, ;+slnt
lgIf]k, zfvf ;+Vof, k'g/shf{, ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ cflb tYofÍ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6
lnO{Psf] 5 . l/on:6]6 tkm{, 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg ;+Vof / ;f] jfktsf] /fhZj /sd cflbsf] ljj/0f klg cfly{s
cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 lnO{Psf] 5 . 3/hUuf gS;fkf; ;DaGwL tYofÍ lhNnfl:yt gu/kflnsfx?af6 ;+sng
ul/Psf] 5 .
;]jf If]q cGtu{t ko{6g ultljlw ;DaGwL ljZn]if0fsf nflu o; k|b]zdf /x]sf !) k|d'v ko{6s:t/Lo xf]6nx?af6
tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu s0ff{nL k|b]zdf /x]sf !) 7'nf ;xsf/L
;+:yfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .

2
k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL tYofÍ o; k|b]zsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno, oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no,
ljB't k|flws/0f, ;8s l8lehg sfof{no tyf ;DalGwt cfof]hgfaf6 lnOPsf] 5 .
1=4 cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] ;Ldf

• b]zn] ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf c+lusf/ u/] kZrft\ tYofÍ k|bfos lgsfox?sf] gLltut tyf sfo{ut
e"ldsf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lotf;Fu}, ;DalGwt lgsfox?sf] k'g/;+/rgf ePsf]n] tYofÍx?nfO{ ;+ul7t
tyf ;'–Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{df cem} k"0f{ eO{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf ljz]if u/L s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;8s h:tf
k"jf{wf/sf] ljj/0fdf ;dout tyf lgsfout Ps?ktf sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sltko tYofÍ k|bfos
lgsfox?n] lgoldt ?kdf tYofÍ ;+sng gug]{ tyf tYofÍsf] dfu eO{cfPsf] cj:yfdf dfq ;+sng
u/L k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] sf/0f cl3Nnf] cjlwsf s]xL tYofÍdf Ps?ktf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
• ;]jf If]q cGtu{t ko{6g ;DaGwL tYofÍdf sltko lhNnfx?df xf]6n Joj;foL ;+3 u7g gePsf] /
u7g ePsf] lhNnfx?sf] xsdf klg xf]6ndf cfPsf ko{6sx?sf] clen]v /fVg] cEof; gePsf] xF'bf
s0ff{nL k|b]zl:yt !) gd'gf xf]6nx?af6 dfq tYofÍ ;+sng ul/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
• s[lif If]qsf] tYofÍ ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0f ubf{ jflif{s 9fFrfdf tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] / s]lx s[lifhGo
pTkfbgx? df};dL vfnsf] x'g] ePsf]n] tYofÍ ;+sngsf] ;dodf ;f]] tYofÍ pknAw x'g g;Sg] ;d]t
b]lvG5 .
1=5 cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] (f¤rf

o; k|ltj]bgdf * j6f kl/R5]b /x]sf 5g\ . kl/R5]b ! df cWoogsf] kl/ro, kl/R5]b @ df k|b]zsf] t'ngfTds
l:ylt, kl/R5]b # df s[lif If]q, kl/R5]b $ df pBf]u If]q, kl/R5]b % df ;]jf If]q, kl/R5]b ^ df k"jf{wf/ /
/f]huf/L / kl/R5]b & df ;+3Lo Pjd\ k|fb]lzs sfo{qmd tyf of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|:t't ul/Psf]
5 . o;}u/L kl/R5]b * df cfly{s kl/b[Zo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k|ltj]bgdf …;dLIff jif{Ú eGgfn] @)&( sf] ;fpg ! b]lv @)*) c;f/ d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ tyf …ut
jif{Ú eGgfn] cfly{s jif{ @)&* sf] ;fpg ! b]lv @)&( c;f/ d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ a'emfFpb5 .

3
 kl/R%]b 2
k|b]zsf] t"ngfTds l:ylt

g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{non] cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ?=%#
va{ *! ca{ #$ s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdz:
@$=!@ k|ltzt, !#=$% k|ltzt / ^@=$# k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . ljutsf jif{b]lv g} s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdz: 36\b} / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg eg] sl/a l:y/
/x]sf] 5 .

2=1 /fli^«o cy{tGqdf s)ff{nL k|b]zsf] If]qut lx:;f

/fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nosf] tYofÍ cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -
k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ?=@ va{ @! ca{ %@ s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 eg] ut cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
?=@ va{ ! ca{ *( s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L, cflYf{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df o; k|b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ -pTkfbssf]
d"Nodf_ !=(! k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . ut cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df o:tf] j[l4b/ %=#@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM #)=*# k|ltzt,
!)=@* k|ltzt / %*=() k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ;a}eGbf a9L of]ubfg
#)=*# k|ltzt s[lif If]qsf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd of]ubfg )=!* k|ltzt k|zf;lgs tyf ;xof]u ;]jf If]qsf] /x]sf]
5 . yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofk/, uf8L tyf df]6/ ;fOsn dd{t ;]jfsf] lx:;f ^=$) k|ltzt, ljQLo tyf aLdf
lqmofsnfksf] lx:;f @=!) k|ltzt, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] lx:;f !=#^ k|ltzt, oftfoft tyf e08f/0fsf] lx:;f
@=^@ k|ltzt, cfjf; tyf ef]hg ;]jfsf] lx:;f @=&! k|ltzt tyf pTkfbgd'ns pBf]usf] lx:;f !=)( k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nosf cg';f/ ;dLIff jif{df /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] of]ubfg
$=!) k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . ut cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df klg o:tf] of]ubfg $=!) k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
;dLIff jif{df d'n'ssf] ;du| s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qdf s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] cz+ qmdzM %=@% k|ltzt, #=!$ k|ltzt
/ #=** k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 .
2=2 cGt/k|b]z t"ngf

s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zut of]ubfg

/fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nosf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df k|b]zx?sf] ;du| cfly{s cj:yf t'ngf ubf{ cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*)
df d'n'ssf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg ?=%# va{ *! ca{ #$ s/f]8df afudtL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L #^=*!
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd $=!@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
afudtL k|b]z kl5 s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf a9L of]ubfg k'of{pg] k|b]zx?df qmdzM sf]zL, n'lDagL, dw]z, u08sL
/ ;'b"/klZrd /x]sf] 5 .

4
 /]vflrq 2.1: /fli^«o s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zut of]ubfg
-k|ltzt_
6.99%
4.12% 15.79%
sf]zL
dw]z
14.18%
afudtL
13.15%
u08sL
n'lDagL
8.96% s0ff{nL
;'b"/klZrd

36.81%
;|f]tM /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{no

k|b]zut cfly{s j[l4b/

cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df ;a} k|b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ t'ngfTds?kdf 36\g] cg'dfg 5 . ;dLIff jif{df ;dli6ut
cfly{s j[l4 -pTkfbssf] d"Nodf_ !=*^ k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . ;dLIff jif{df k|b]zut ?kdf cfly{s j[l4b/
t'ngf ubf{ u08sL k|b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ ;a}eGbf a9L #=@^ k|ltzt / afudtL k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf sd !=$$
k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . o;}u/L, s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ !=(! k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . ljut %
jif{df cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf a9L $=$! k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd afudtL k|b]zsf] @=%$
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]z kl5 a9L cfly{s j[l4b/ k|fKt ug{] k|b]zx?df qmdzM n'lDagL, sf]zL, s0ff{nL,
;'b"/klZrd / dw]z kb{5g\ .

/]vflrq 2.2: k|b]zut cfly{s j[l$b/

-k|ltzt_

3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
sf]zL dw]z afudtL u08sL n'lDagL s0ff{nL ;'b"/klZrd

;|f]tM /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{no

5
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zsf] If]qut of]ubfg
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfgdf sf]zL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf w]/}
@!=&) k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd %=@% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfgdf afudtL
k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a} eGbf a9L #!=@( k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd #=!$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L, ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfgdf afudtL k|b]zsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L $%=^( k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] lx:;f
;a}eGbf sd #=** /x]sf] 5 .
/]vflrq 2.3: /fli^«o s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zsf] If]qut of]ubfg
-k|ltzt_
50.0

40.0

30.0 s[lif

20.0 pBf]u
;]jf
10.0

0.0
sf]zL dw]z afudtL u08sL n'lDagL s0ff{nL ;'b"/klZrd
;|f]tM /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{no

k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf If]qut of]ubfg

k|b]zut ?kdf t'ngf ubf{ cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg
;a}eGbf a9L dw]z k|b]zdf #%=@) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd afudtL k|b]zdf !!=@! k|ltzt /x]sf]
5.

/]vflrq 2.4: k|b]zut s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] ;+/rgf

-k|ltzt_
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0 s[lif
50.0
pBf]u
40.0
30.0 ;]jf
20.0
10.0
0.0
sf]zL dw]z afudtL u08sL n'lDagL s0ff{nL ;'b"/klZrd

;|f]tM /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{no

6
pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg ;a}eGbf a9L u08sL Kf|b]zdf !*=!) k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd !)=@* k|ltzt s0ff{nL
k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg ;a}eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf
&&=#* k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd sf]zL k|b]zdf $(=(% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
s'n hg;+Vofdf k|b]zut lx:;f

/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof @,(!,^$,%&* /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] k'?ifsf] ;+Vof
!,$@,%#,%%! -$*=*& k|ltzt_ / dlxnfsf] ;+Vof !,$(,!!,)@& -%!=!# k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 .

/]vflrq 2.5: k|b]zut hg;+Vof ljt/)f

-k|ltzt_

9.24%
17.01%
5.79% sf]zL
dw]z
afudtL
17.56% u08sL
n'lDagL
20.97%
s0ff{nL
;'b"/klZrd
8.46%

20.97%

;|f]tM /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{no

hgu0fgfsf] glthf cg';f/ k|b]zut ?kdf hg;+Vofsf] lx:;f x]bf{ ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;+Vof afudtL k|b]zdf /
;a}EfGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5 h'g qmdzM @)=(& / %=&( k|ltzt 5 . o;}u/L, hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/sf]
lx;fan] bf];|f], t]>f], rf}yf], kfFrf} / 5}7f}+ qmdzM dw]z, n'lDagL, sf]zL, ;'b"/klZrd / u08sL k|b]z /x]sf 5g\ .
k|b]z cg'';f/ hg;+Vof j[l4b/ / kl/jt{g
/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] glthf cg';f/ bz jif{sf] cjlwdf g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof !)=)* k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf]
5 eg] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ )=(@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ut bz jif{sf] cjlwdf ;a}eGbf w]/} n'lDagL k|b]zdf !#=*$
k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd u08sL k|b]zdf @=^! k|ltztn] hg;+Vof j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

7
 tflnsf 2.1M hg;+Vof j[l$b/ / cfjlws kl/jt{g
-k|ltzt_
Kf|b]z jflif{s hg;+Vof j[l4b/ -Ü_ cfjlws kl/jt{g -Ü_
sf]zL 0=86 9=40

dw]z 1=19 13=15

afudtL 0=97 10=62

u08sL 0=25 2=61

n'lDagL 1=24 13=84

s0ff{nL 0=70 7=51

;'b"/klZrd 0=52 5=57

g]kfn 0=92 10=08

;|f]tM /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{no

k|b]zut ?kdf Ps bzssf] jflif{s hg;+Vof j[l4b/ x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L n'lDagL k|b]zdf !=@$ k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf
sd u08sL k|b]zdf )=@% k|ltztn] jflif{s hg;+Vof j[l4 ePsf] 5 . bf];|f] w]/} jflif{s hg;+Vof j[l4b/ x'g]
k|b]zdf dw]z k|b]z /x]sf] 5 h;sf] j[l4b/ !=(! k|ltzt 5 . s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] jflif{s hg;+Vof j[l4b/ )=&)
k|ltzt 5 .
k|b]z cg'';f/ n}lËs cg'kft / hg3gTj
/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ k|b]zut n}lËs cg'kft x]bf{ ;a}eGbf w]/} dw]z k|b]zdf / ;a}eGbf sd ;'b"/klZrd
k|b]zdf qmdzM !))=%% / *(=%! /x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf of] cg'kft (%=@& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf 2.2M n}lËs cg"kft / hg#gTj
-k|lt ju{ ls= ld=_
Kf|b]z n}lËs cg'kft hg3gTj
sf]zL 95=02 192

dw]z 100=55 633

afudtL 99=36 301

u08sL 90=37 115

n'lDagL 92=01 230

s0ff{nL 95=27 60

;'b"/klZrd 89=51 138

g]kfn 95=59 198

;|f]tM /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{no

8
o;}u/L, k|b]zut ?kdf hg3gTj ljZn]if0f ubf{ dw]z k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L ^## hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld= /
;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ^) hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld= df a;f]af; u/]sf] 5g\ .
2=3 k|fb]lzs Ifdtf, ;Defjgf tyf r"gf}tL

s_ k|fb]lzs Ifdtf / ;Defjgf

• s0ff{nL k|b]z cfkm}df h8La'6L e08f/sf ?kdf kl/lrt 5 . of] k|b]zn] lxdfnL If]qdf kfpg] w]/} ax'd'No
cf}ifwLo dxTj af]s]sf jg:kltx?sf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . To;}u/L of] k|b]zdf ljZjdf cGt st} gkfpg] ^!
k|hfltsf jg:kltx? xfn;Dd clen]v e};s]sf 5g\ . hfh/sf]6df dfq} kfpg] k|'g; hfh/sf]6]lG;; of
x'Dnfsf] l;ldsf]6df dfq} kfpg] kfkfe/ l;ldsf]6]lG;; ljZj jg:klt lj1fgsf] hutdf gofF cfod
yk]sf] kfOG5 . oxfF kfpg] hl8a'6Lx?sf] pko'Qm 9+un] Joj:yfkg Pj+d\ ;b'kof]u -v]tL, ;+sng, e08f/0f
tyf k|zf]wg_ ug{ ;s]df o; k|b]zsf gful/sx?sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t cfwf/x?
pknAw /x]sf 5g\ .
• o; k|b]zsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf ;'v{]tsf] l5Gr' b]lv pkNnf] 8f]Nkf hfg] e]/L sl/8f]/, jL/]Gb|gu/af6
x'Dnfsf] lxN;f;Ddsf] s0ff{nL sl/8f]/ / s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ cGtu{t sflnsf]6sf] ;]l/3f6–h'Dnfsf] vnËf–
/ d'u'sf] gfSr]nfUgf v08 ;dod} u'0f:t/Lo lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]Gglt x'g ;s]df z]–Kfmf]S;'08f] tfn, /f/f
tfn / lndLaf6 s}nfz dfg;/f]j/ bz{gsf nflu nfvf}F ko{6s cfslif{t eO{ s0ff{nLaf;Lsf nflu /f]huf/L
l;h{gf x'g] / o;af6 k|b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug] ;Defjgf /x]sf] .
• s0ff{nL k|b]zsf lgof{tof]Uo /}yfg] pTkfbg h:t}M df;L{ wfg, lrgf], kmfk/, sf]bf], sfu'gf], h'g]nf], n6\6],
l;dL nufotsf s[lif pkhx?sf] a|fl08Ë u/L ahf/Ls/0fsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]df s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
• ;Nofg, hfh/sf]6, ?s'd klZrd / ;'v]{t lhNnfdf cuf{lgs cb'jf, a];f/ pTkfbg ul//x]sf Joj;flos
s[ifsx?nfO{ pTkfbg tyf ljqmL ljt/0fsf cfwf/df cg'bfg pknAw u/]df pTkfbg j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] 5 .
• k|b]zleq 3/]n', s[lif tyf jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L o; If]qsf] ;du|
cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
• ;'v]{t ljdfg:ynaf6 s0ff{nL k|b]zsf xjfO{ p8fg x'g] ;a} lhNnfdf xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt, ;'ne /
;xh agfpg ;s]df o; k|b]zsf] ko{6g ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
• ;Nofgsf] s'lkG8] bx, b}n]vsf] Hjfnfd'vL, x'Dnfsf] lndL pkTosf h:tf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts,
k|fs[lts Pjd\ ko{6sLo :ynsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g tyf k|s[ltd}qL cfsif{s ko{6g uGtJo:ynsf] ?kdf
ljsf; u/L cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ko{6g k|j4{gsf] pRr ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

9
 • v; /fHosf] k|jt{s gfu/fhsf] k|ltdf :yfkgf u/L v; /fhwfgL l;+hfnfO{ ljz]if ko{6sLo :ynsf] ?kdf
b/af/ If]qsf] ljsf; tyf b'Nn' b/af/ / hfh/sf]6 b/af/ If]qsf] ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f u/L :jb]zL tyf
ljb]zL ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 .
• s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] k|d'v ko{6sLo uGtJo /f/f tyf z]–Kfmf]S;'08f] h:tf ;'Gb/ tfnx?sf] ltg} txsf] ;/sf/sf]
;DfGjodf ljsf;sf tyf ;Da4{g ug{ ;s] o; k|b]zsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf pRr j[l4sf] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] 5 .
• o; k|b]zdf /x]sf 7"nf–7"nf gbLx? tyf kfgLsf] cGo ;|f]taf6 cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm l;FrfO lj:tf/ u/L
s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
• s0ff{nL / e]/L h:tf 7"nf gbL /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf hnoftfoftsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
• o; k|b]zdf lxdfn, kxf8 / leqL dw]z nufotsf If]qx? /x]sfn] s[lif tyf kz'kfngdf k|f]T;fxgfTds
sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng u/L s[lif tyf kz'kfngdf cfw'lgsLs/0f, oflGqsLs/0f, Joj;foLs/0f
/ ljljwLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] pRr ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
• o; k|b]zsf] b}nv
] lhNnfdf k|fs[lts UoFf; / k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] 7'nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 h;sf] Jojl:yt
?kdf pTvgg u/L k|fs[lts UoFf; tyf k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf]
5.
• o; k|b]zdf s0ff{nL, e]/L, lxdf, ltnf h:tf gbLx? /x]sf]n] hnljB't pTkfbgsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf]
5.
v_ k|fb]lzs r"gf}tL

• s0ffnL k|b]zdf sl7g e"uf]n / ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwg ePsf]n] ;'/lIft, u'0f:t/Lo / e/ebf]{ ;8s k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ug{' .
• xjfO{ oftfoftnfO{ ;'ne / ;xh oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{, lghL If]qnfO{ k|b]zsf] xjfO{
;]jf lj:tf/df cfslif{t ug'{ ;fy}, k|b]zsf ljdfg :ynx?nfO{ cfly{s ?kdf ;Ifd x'g] u/L ;~rfng
ug'{ .
• o; k|b]zsf] :jf:Yo If]qnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr j[l4 ug'{ .
• k|b]zleq ;~rfng x'g] /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf, k|b]z uf}/jsf cfof]hgf, ax'jifL{o, cw'/f tyf qmdfut
cfof]hgfx? ;dodf ;DkGg ug{' .
• k|b]zleq ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ Kf|efjsf/L agfpg' .
• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ef/t tyf vf8L d'n'sdf hfg] u/]sf clwsf+z o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ k|b]zd}
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gfu/L a9\bf] ul/aL tyf a]/f]huf/LnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug'{,

10
• ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf afah'b oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ tyf cfwf/e"t
;]jfsf] lj:tf/u/L ;du| k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
• k/Dk/fut v]tLdf cfwfl/t lgjf{xd'vL s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs, j}1flgs / /f]huf/Lo'Qm Jofj;flos
s[lif k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ .
• ax'd"No h8La'6Lx?sf] k|b]zd} k|zf]wg u/L k|b]zaf6} clGtd j:t'sf] pTkfbg tyf ljqmL ljt/0f ug'{ ।

• dxTjk"0f{ vlgh kbfy{ tyf ax'd'No kTy/x?sf] pTvgg\ ug{ pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ug'{ ।

• o; k|b]zdf :yflkt xf]6n tyf xf]d:6] Joj;fosf] u'0f:t/ clej[[l4u/L ko{6s cfjfudf j[l4 ug{ .
• Go"g cfo tyf ul/aLsf sf/0fn] lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] kx'Frdf cfpg g;s]sf] hg;+Vofsf] lx:;fnfO{
Go"lgs/0f ub}{ :yflkt ;+oGqx?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{ .

11
 kl/R%]b 3
s[lif If]q

3=1 s[lif pkhn] (fs]sf] e'–If]q

cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf s0ff{nL k|b]zdf s[lif afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn #=!! k|ltztn] a9]/
#,@),&!^ x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{df o:tf] If]qkmn $=#* k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . k/Dk/fut s[lif
k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs, Joj;flos / k|lt:kwf{Tds If]qsf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f u/L ;du| cy{tGqdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg
j[l4 ug]{ d'n Wo]osf ;fy s[lif gLlt, kl/of]hgf, sfo{qmd nfu' x'g', a}+sx?af6 k|jflxt s[lif shf{df j[l4 x'g' ;fy}
s[lif If]qdf Joj;flostf tyf pBdzLntf ljsf; ug{df ?lr a9\b} hfg' h:tf sf/0fx?af6 ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf
;du| s[lif afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
s_ vfB tyf cGo afnL
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] vfB tyf cGo afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn #=#! k|ltztn]
a9]/ @,*!,!^% x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{df pQm If]qkmn %=)@ k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] .
/]vflrq 3.1M k|d"v s[lif afnLn] (fs]sf] e'–If]q
-xhf/ x]S^/_

100.0
90.0
80.0 cf=j= @)&&÷&*
70.0 -;fpg–c;f/_
60.0 cf=j= @)&*÷&(
-;fpg–c;f/_
50.0
cf=j= @)&(÷*)
40.0 -;fpg–c;f/_
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
wfg ds} ux'F sf]bf] hf}+ kmfk/

;|f]tM s[lif ljsf; lgb]{zgfno / lhNnfl:yt s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?

cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf wfg afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn !=!* k|ltztn] 36]/ #*,^@& x]S6/
sfod ePsf] 5 . ut jif{df wfg afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn !!=)* k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff jif{df ds}, ux'F,
sf]bf], hf+} / kmfk/ afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn eg] qmdzM %=%* k|ltzt, )=%@ k|ltzt, !&=%& k|ltzt, !=*) k|ltzt
/ $^=%* k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

12
To;}u/L, ut cfly{s jif{df ds}, ux'F / hf} afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn qmdzM *=(& k|ltzt, %=*! k|ltzt / @=!#
k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] eg] sf]bf] / kmfk/ afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn qmdzM #=($ k|ltzt / $%=$@ k|ltztn] j[l4
ePsf] lyof] .
ut jif{df #=*) k|ltztn] a9]sf] cfn' afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn ;dLIff jif{df eg] )=@% k|ltztn] 36]/ !%,^#)
x]S6/ sfod ePsf] 5 . ;dLIff jif{df bnxg afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn )=$* k|ltztn] a9]/ !&,$(& x]S6/ k'u]sf]
5 eg] t]nxg afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn @=)( k|ltztn] 36]/ (,)(^ x]S6/ sfod ePsf] 5 . ut jif{df bnxg
afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn ^=&% k|ltztn] jl[å ePsf]] lyof] eg] t]nxg afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn !=%) k|ltztn] 36]sf]
lyof] . o:t}, ;dLIff jif{df e6df; afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn @=#! k|ltztn] 36]/ $,&#( x]S6/ sfod ePsf] 5 .
ut jif{df e6df; afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn !=(% k|ltztn] jl[å ePsf]] lyof] .
v_ t/sf/L tyf afujfgL
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf t/sf/L / afujfgL afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn qmdzM !!=^) k|ltzt /
)=)# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !$,**) x]S6/ / &,$(( x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . ;dLIff jif{df t/sf/L tyf afujfgL afnLn]
;dli6ut s[lif afnLn] 9fs]sf] s'n If]qkmnsf] ^=(* k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df t/sf/L tyf afujfgL afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn &=$$ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @@,#&( x]S6/ k'u]sf]
5 . s0ff{nL k|b]zdf /x]sf !) lhNnfx?dWo] t/sf/L / afujfgL If]qdf ;'v]{t lhNNffn] ;a}eGbf w]/} @(=*& k|ltzt
/ 8f]Nkf lhNnfn] ;a}eGbf sd !=^! k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, b}}n]v, h'Dnf, ?s'd klZrd, x'Dnf,
hfh/sf]6, sflnsf]6, d'u' / ;Nofg lhNnfn] qmdzM !#=)* k|ltzt, #=*) k|ltzt, &=@% k|ltzt, !=(# k|ltzt,
$=(@ k|ltzt, !*=@$ k|ltzt, @=^% k|ltzt / !^=^^ k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5 .
u_ kmnkm"n tyf d;nf
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf s0ff{nL k|b]zdf kmnkm"n tyf d;nf afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn #=$&
k|ltztn] 36]/ @$,^&! x]S6/ sfod ePsf] 5 . ut jif{df o:tf] If]qkmn !=&* k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @%,%%& x]S6/
k'u]sf]] lyof] . ;dLIff jif{df kmnkm"n tyf d;nf afnLn]n] ;dli6ut s[lif If]qsf] &=^( k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf]
5.

13
 /]vflrq 3.2M k|d"v kmnkm"n afnLn] (fs]sf] e'–If]q
-x]S^/_
10.74%
20.99%

;'Gtnf
cfFk
s]/f
11.38%
:ofp
2.81% cGo kmnkm"n
54.08%

;|f]tM s[lif ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, ;'v]{t / lhNnfl:yt s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?

;dLIff jif{df k|d'v kmnk'mnsf] ?kdf /x]sf :ofp, ;'Gtnf, cfFk, s]/fn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn qmdzM )=^^ k|ltzt
@=#) k|ltzt, )=!$ k|ltzt / !(=^% k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ut jif{df ;'Gtnf / s]/fn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf
qmdzM ^=&! k|ltzt, !%=)( k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] lyof] .
tflnsf 3.1M s[lif pkhn] (fs]sf] e'–If]q
-lhNnfut_

If]qkmn -x]S6/_ lx:;f -k|ltzt_

lhNnf vfB tyf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n tyf vfB tyf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n
cGo afnL afujfgL d;nf cGo afnL afujfgL tyf d;nf
;'v]{t 51,994.0 6,685.0 2,856.0 18.49 29.87 11.58
b}n]v 48,702.76 2,927.0 3,291.0 17.32 13.08 13.34
h'Dnf 22,902.0 850.0 5,467.0 8.15 3.80 22.16
?s'd 24,967.50 1,622.0 469.0 8.88 7.25 4.07
klZrd
x'Dnf 6,989.57 431.0 3,053.0 2.49 1.93 12.37
hfh/sf]6 33,155.46 1,100.0 525.0 11.79 4.92 2.13
sflnsf]6 19,244.36 4,081.70 2,086.0 6.84 18.24 8.46
8f]Nkf 7,393.89 360.0 997.0 2.63 1.61 4.04
d'u' 10,837.02 593.0 1,277.0 3.85 2.65 5.18
;Nofg 54,978.13 3,729.0 4,650.0 19.55 16.66 18.85
hDdf 2,81,164.70 22,378.70 24,671.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
;|f]tM s[lif ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, ;'v]{t / lhNnfl:yt s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?

;dLIff jif{df ;'Gtnf / s]/fn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn a9\g'sf d'Vo sf/0fsf ?kdf :yfgLo txdf ;8s lj:tf/ xg',
ahf/Ls/0f x'g' / ;xh ahf/ kx'Frsf sf/0f s[ifsx? kmnkm'n v]tLtkm{ cfslif{t ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] cfFk / :ofpn]
9fs]sf] If]qkmn qmdzM ^=*^ k|ltzt / #=#^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] .

14
To:t}, ;dLIff jif{df cGo kmnkm'nn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn @!=%$ k|ltztn] 36]/ @,)&^ x]S6/ sfod ePsf] 5 eg]
ut jif{df !&=#$ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, ;dLIff jif{df cb'jf tyf a];f/ h:tf k|d'v d;nf afnLn]
9fs]sf] If]qkmn (=^! k|ltztn] 36]/ %,#$% x]S6/ sfod ePsf] 5 eg] ut jif{df k|d'v d;nf d;nf afnLn]
9fs]sf] If]q !&=^% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ %,(!# x]S6/ sfod ePsf] lyof] .
lhNnfut tYofÍ cg';f/, s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] s'n vfB tyf cGo afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf ;Nofgsf] c+z ;a}eGbf
a9L !(=%% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd x'Dnf lhNnfsf] @=$( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf #=!_ . To;}u/L,
t/sf/L tyf afujfgLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf ;a}eGbf a9L ;'v]{t lhNnfsf] @(=*& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf
sd 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] !=^! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . h'Dnf lhNnfn] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] s'n kmnkm'n tyf d;nf afnLn]
9fs]sf] If]qkmndWo] ;a}eGbf a9L @@=!^ k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf]] 5 . To:t}, hfh/sf]6 lhNnfn] ;a}eGbf sd
@=!# k|ltzt e"–efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
3=2 s[lif pTkfbg

cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf s0ff{nL k|b]zdf k|d'v s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg @&=$# k|ltztn] j[l4
eO{ !@,@^,&%# d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df o:tf] pTkfbg #%=!@ k|ltztn] 36]/ (,^@,^*# d]l6«s 6g sfod
ePsf] lyof] .
s[lif nlIft sfo{qmd tyf ljlgof]lht ah]6sf] sfof{Gjog x'g', a}+sx?af6 s[lif If]qdf k|jflxt shf{df j[l4 x'g'
;fy} oftfoft ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfg'n] o; k|b]zsf] s[lif pTkfbgdf ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf pNn]vgLo dfqfdf
;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf afah'b klg s'lif pTkfbgdf cfPsf] j[l4b/nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lng
;lsG5 .
s_ vfB tyf cGo afnL
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] vfB tyf cGo afnLsf] pTkfbg !%=#^ k|ltztn]
j[l4 eO{ *,$$,$!) d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df o:tf] pTkfbg ^=*( k|ltztn] 36]/ &,#!,((* d]l6«s 6g
sfod ePsf] lyof] .
;dLIff jif{df k|d'v s[lif afnLdWo] wfg afnLsf] pTkfbg @=)% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !,@(,$&#=#( d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf]
5 . ut jif{df o:tf] pTkfbg !(=$$ k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . To:t}, ut jif{df !=^) k|ltztn] 36]sf] ds}
pTkfbg ;dLIff jif{df (=@! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @,^(,@(( d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 .

15
 /]vflrq 3.3M vfB tyf cGo afnLsf] pTkfbg
-xhf/ d]l^«s ^g_
300.0

250.0
cf=j= @)&&÷&*
200.0 -;fpg–c;f/_
cf=j= @)&*÷&(
150.0 -;fpg–c;f/_
100.0 cf=j= @)&(÷*)
-;fpg–c;f/_
50.0

0.0
wfg ds} ux'F sf]bf] hf}+ kmfk/
;|f]tM s[lif ljsf; lgb]{zgfno / lhNnfl:yt s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?

;dLIff jif{df ux'F pTkfbg ut cjlwsf] t'ngfdf !#=(# k|ltztn] a9]/ !,*&,%!! d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . cfly{s
jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf sf]bf] / kmfk/sf] pTkfbg qmdzM $%=($ k|ltzt / !(=&& k|ltztn] j[l4
eO{ qmdzM #!,**! d]l6«s 6g / $,!#@ d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df oL b'O{ afnLsf] pTkfbg qmdzM )=()
k|ltzt / &=^@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . ut jif{df @=)( k|ltztn] 36]sf] hf}sf] pTkfbg ;dLIff jif{df
$%=$( k|ltztn] a9]/ !#,#)# d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df cfn'sf] pTkfbg @&=*@ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !,&#,&!# d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf]] 5 eg] ut jif{df cfn'
pTkfbg !%=^* k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . ut jif{df ^=*^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] pv'sf] pTkfbg ;dLIff jif{df
!(=*) k|ltztn] 36]/ @^@ d]l6«s 6g sfod ePsf] 5 .
ut jif{df !(=&@ k|ltztn] 36]sf] e6df; pTkfbg ;dLIff jif{df @%=## k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ^,$() d]l6«s 6g
k'u]sf] 5 . To:t}, ut jif{df %)=&@ k|ltztn] 36]sf] t]nxg pTkfbg ;dLIff jif{df j[l4 eO{ *&=#) k|ltztn]
(,**$ d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . To:t}, ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf bnxg pTkfbgdf $$=!! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{
!*,$%@ d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf]] 5 eg] ut jif{df bnxg pTkfbgdf #@=## k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf]] lyof] .
v_ t/sf/L tyf afujfgL
;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf t/sf/L tyf afujfgL pTkfbg &#=^( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !,($,##% d]l6«s 6g
k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df o:tf] pTkfbgdf *)=!& k|ltztn] sdL cfPsf] lyof] . ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf
t/sf/L pTkfbg ^$=!^ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !,^@,%)! d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df o:tf] pTkfbg ^#=(&
k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . To:t}, ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf afujfgL pTkfbg !$^=*( k|ltztn] a9]/ #!,*#$
d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . s[ifsx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] Wofgfsif{0f a9\b}
hfg', dnvfB tyf aLp lahgsf] ;dod} pknAwtf x'g' h:tf sf/0fn] t/sf/L tyf afujfgL pTkfbgdf pNn]vgLo
j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .

16
 aS; 3.1: cb"jf pTkfbgdf dfng]^fsf] e"ldsf
;Nofg lhNnfsf] ;f/bf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ !$ / !%
l:yt 9f/vfgL tyf 8fF8fufFpm j/k/sf] ;du| e'–efu nfO{
dfng]6f If]q elgG5 . cb'jf pTkfbgsf nflu g]kfns} k|l;4
:yfgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] dfng]6f If]qdf xfn nueu @)) 3/
kl/jf/sf ls;fgx?sf] cfj4tf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf g;] / af];] u/L cb'jfsf k|d'v b'O{ k|hfltx? /x]sf
5g\ . ;Nofg lhNnfdf oL b'a} k|s[ltsf cb'jf pTkfbg x'g]
u/]sf]df dfng]6f If]qdf eg] af];] hftsf] cb'jf dfq pTkfbg x'G5 . g;] hftsf] cb'jfsf] t'ngfdf af];] hftsf]
cb'jf pkef]usf] nflu lgs} /fd|f] dflgg] x'Fbf dfng]6fsf] cb'jfsf] ljz]if dxTj /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
dfng]6f If]qsf afl;Gbfx?n] cb'jf v]tLnfO{ cfˆgf] k'Vof}{nL k]zfsf] ?kdf c+ufn]sf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut v]tL
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t /x]/ k/fk'j{sfnb]vL ul/b} cfPsf] cb'jf v]tLnfO{ xfn;Dd klg ;f]xL cg';f/ lg/Gt/tf lbO{b}
cfO{Psf] 5 . dfng]6f If]qsf] cf]l;nf] eO{/fVg] / v8]/Ldf klg 7'nf] c;/ gb]lvg] df6f]sf] ljz]iftf cb'jf
pTkfbgsf] nflu j/bfg ;fljt /x]sf] 5 . cb'jf pTkfbgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf] hldg x/]s tLg jif{df dfq}
bf]xfl/g] x'Fbf ;a} pTkfbgzLn hldgdf cb'jf v]tL ul/b}g . To;sf] nflu x/]s ls;fgn] cfˆgf] hldgnfO{ tLg
efudf ljefhg u/]/ k|To]s jif{ 5'6\6f5'6\6} efudf cb'jf v]tL ub{5g\ .
/]vflrqM cb'jf v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmn / pTkfbgsf] cj:yf
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
v]lt ul/Psf]
50.0
If]qkmn -x]S6/_
40.0
pTkfbg -d]=6g_
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( cf=j= @)&(÷*)
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_

;|f]tM k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf, kl/of]hgf sfo{Gjog PsfO{, ;Nofg

o; If]qdf cb'jfsf] aLpm kmfu'g / r}q dlxgfdf /f]lkG5 eg] d+l;/ dlxgfdf pTkfbg x'G5 . k|To]s 3/w'/Ln]
nueu # /f]kgLsf b/n] jif]{gL *)) s]=lh= b]lv !,))) s]=lh= ;Dd aLpm /f]K5g\ . o;/L /f]lkPsf] aLpmnfO{
ebf}df lgsflnG5 h;nfO{ a'lg{ elgG5 . of] ;dodf ahf/df cb'jfsf] lgs} /fd|f] dfu x'g] ePsfn] a'lg{ dx+uf]
b/df lalqm x'\G5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ebf} dlxgfdf a'gL{ k|lt s]=lh= ?=!&) ;Dd ljlqm ePsf] lyof] .

17
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) / ljutsf b'O{ jif{df dfng]6f If]qdf cb'jf v]tLn] cf]u6]sf] If]qkmn / pTkfbgsf]
t'ngfTds cWoognfO{ dflysf] /]vf lrqdf b]vfO{Psf] 5 . ;dLIff jif{df cb'jf v]tL nufOPsf] If]qkmn !(=(@
k|ltztn] lj:tf/ eO{ #)=%@ x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k cb'jf pTkfbgdf @^=*^ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ *% d]l6«s
6g k'u]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf cb'jf v]tLn] cf]u6]sf] If]qndf !^=^! k|ltztn] sld cfPsf]
lyof], h;sf] sf/0f cb'jf pTkfbgdf !^=@% k|ltztn] sdL cfO{ ^& d]l6«s 6g sfod ePsf] lyof] .
dfng]6fdf pTkfbg ePsf] cb'jf JolQmut kxndf ;Nofg lhNnf nufot j/k/sf] ahf/ If]qdf laqmL ljt/0f
ul/b} cfPsf]df ljut ;ft jif{ b]lv b cuf{gLs EofnL k|f=ln= sflnbdf/, l5Gr,' ;'v]{tn] vl/b ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . b cuflg{s EofnL k|f=ln= n] dfng]6fdf :yfgLonfO{ Ph]G6sf] ?kdf tf]sL Ph]G6 dfkm{t g} cb'jf ;+sng
ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, cfjZostf cg';f/ s[lif cg'';Gwfg s]Gb|, sk'/sf]6n] ;d]t dfng]6f If]qsf] c'b'jf vl/b
u/L a|fl08Ë ;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o; s]Gb|n] dfng]6fsf] cb'jfnfO{ sk'/sf]6–! gfdfs/0f u/]sf] 5 .
s0ff{nL k|b]z s[lif ljsf; lgb]{zgfno ;'v]{t, s[lif ljsf; sfof{no ;Nofg, k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f
kl/of]hgf, kl/of]hgf sfo{Gjog PsfO{, ;Nofg tyf ;f/bf gu/kflnsf nufotsf lgsfox? dfkm{t ljleGg
cg'bfgsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
dfng]6f If]qdf k|fo :yfgLox?sf] d'Vo k]zf g} s[lif /x]sf] / s[ifsx?n] cfˆgf] hldgsf] k"0f{?kdf pkof]u ug]{
u/]sf]n] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf hldg Plss[t u/L cb'jf v]tLnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvb}g . cb'jf
v]tLnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ug]{ xf] eg] dfng]6f If]qsf] df6f]sf] k|s[lt;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] df6f]sf] vf]hL u/L To:tf
If]qx?df v]tL ug]{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

aS; 3.2: t/sf/L pTkfbgdf sk"/sf]^sf] e"ldsf

s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;Nofg lhNnfdf kg]{ sk'/sf]6 ufpFkflnsf ;fljssf rf/j6f uf=lj=;= wgjfª, l/d, l;gjfª
/ ukf{ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . ;Nofg lhNnfsf] s'n If]qkmn !,(%! ju{
lsnf]ld6/ dWo] o; ufpFkflnsfn] !!(=@! ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn
cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; ufpFkflnsfdf hDdf ^ j6f j8fx? /x]sf 5g\ .
sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsfsf] k"j{df /f]Nkf, klZrddf lqj]0fL ufFpkflnsf,
pQ/df 5q]Zj/L ufpFkflnsf / blIf0fdf bfª lhNnf;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf]
o; ufFpkflnsfdf /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)&* cg';f/ (,!%& hgf dlxnf
/ *,#^( hgf k'?if u/L hDdf !&,%@^ hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o;
If]qdf ;a}eGbf al9 If]qL / To;kl5 qmdz du/ tyf sfdL÷bdfO{sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

18
 ;d'lb| ;txaf6 sl/j !,%)) ld6/sf] prfO{df /x]sf]
sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsf cUnf kxf8x?n] 3]l/Psf] /
cToGt} :jR5 tyf xl/ofnLo'Qm jftfj/0f ePsf] If]q
xf] . of] If]q s[lif tyf kz'kfngsf nflu pko'Qm
ePsf]n] klg af;:yfgsf] nflu cToGt} /dfOnf] /
cg's'n b]lvG5 . ;fy}, sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsf a]df};dL
t/sf/L v]tL / kmnkm"n v]tLsf] nflu pj{/ e"ldsf]
?kdf ;d]t lrlgG5 .
sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsfsf] d'Vo Jofkf/Ls s]Gb| ;Nofg
lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd vn+ufb]lv $@ lsnf]ld6/ blIf0f
/ bfªsf] t'nl;k'/b]lv !( lsnf]ld6/sf] b'/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsfsf ;a} j8fx?af6 o; s]Gb|df
kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/Lsf] ;+sng u/]/ ljlqm ljt/0f ul/G5 . sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsfdf #,%*) 3/w'/L /x]sf]df
k|fo ;a}h;f] 3/kl/jf/ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm'n Joj;fodf hf]l8Psf] kfO{Psf] 5 . sl/j #*
kl/jf/n] Hofnf dhb'/L dfkm{t k|ToIf ?kdf /f]huf/L kfPsf] cj:yf 5 eg] #% hgf Jofkf/L oxfFsf] s[lif
pkhsf] a]rljvgdf lgoldt ?kdf ;lqmo /x]/ /fd|f] cfDbfgL ul//x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfndf a]df};dL s[lif v]tLsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ ;a}eGbf klxnf lj=;+= @)$( df jftfj/0f tyf s[lif gLlt
cg';Gwfg k|rf/ Pjd\ ljsf; s]Gb| gfds u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] s[lif kl/of]hgf dfkm{t ;'?jft ePsf] kfO{G5 .
tyfkL sk'/sf]6 If]qdf eg] lj=;+= @)%@ ;fnaf6 Joj;flos ?kdf a]df};dL s[lif v]tLsf] yfngL ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
t/sf/L v]tLsf] Jojl:yt ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu sk'/sf]6 If]qdf lj=;+= @)&% ;fnaf6 k'0f{ ?kdf Jojl:yt xf6
ahf/ ;~rfng x'b} cfPsf] 5 . xfn sk'/sf]6 s[lif pkh ahf/ ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g ePsf] / ;ldltn] @*
j6f ;+sng s]Gb|x?df b//]6 lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/sf ?kdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fy}, ;ldltn] x/]s xKtfsf]
d+unaf/ / z'qmaf/ Mouse Survey dfkm{t Mean lgwf{/0f u/]/ t/sf/Lsf] clwstd / Go"gtd b//]6 tf]Sg]
ub{5 .
sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsfdf pTkfbg x'g] dVo pkhx?df sfpnL, aGbf, uf]ne]8f, v';f{gL, ufh/, sfqmf], e]08L
nufot /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cnjf cGo l;hgdf ;'Gtnf, sfkmn, l6d'/, sfutL nufotsf] pTkfbg klg of]
If]qdf /fd|f] x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df sk'/sf]6 xf6ahf/af6 tfhf t/sf/L #*,^!,#$@ lsnf]u|fd, cb'jf *$,#%@ lsnf]u|fd
/ kmnkm'n !^,#(& lsnf]u|fd u/L hDdf #(,^@,)(! lsnf]u|fd t/sf/L tyf kmnkm'n laqmL u/L ?=!* s/f]8

19
#% nfvsf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf] lyof] eg] ;dLIff jif{df tfhf t/sf/L $!,@#,@(! lsnf]u|fd, cb'jf ^&,#&)
lsnf]u|fd tyf kmnkm'n !*,$#! lsnf]u|fd u/L hDdf $@,)(,)(@ lsnf]u|fd t/sf/L tyf kmnkm'n laqmL u/L
?= !& s/f]8 @# nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf sf/f]af/ ePsf] 5 .
sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsfsf] t/sf/L afnLsf] If]qkmn tyf pTkfbgsf] ljj/0f -cf=j=@)&(÷*)_

qm=;+= t/sf/Lsf] k|hftL If]qkmn pTkfbg Joj;flos s[ifs ;+Vof

-/f]=_ -SjLG6n_ -@ /f]= eGbf al9_
!= lxpb] t/sf/L 1,598.0 3,740.0 488.0

@= a;Gt] t/sf/L 10,918.0 98,842.0 2,838.0

hDdf t/sf/L 12,516.0 1,02,582.0

#= z/bsfnLg cfn' 864.0 2,832.0 63.0

-c;f]h–sflt{s df nufpg]_
$= jif]{ cfn' -df3–j}zfv df nufpg]_ 50,140.0 430.0 12.0
hDdf cfn' 51,004.0 3,262.0

cfn' ;lxtsf] hDdf t/sf/L 63,520.0 1,05,844.0

;|f]tM sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsf, ufFp sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no, ;Nofg

;dLIff jif{df lxpb] / a;Gt] t/sf/L afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn !@,%!^ /f]kgL cyf{t ^#& x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 eg]
t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg !),@%* d]l6«s 6g /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, ;/bsfnLg / jif]{ cfn' afnLn] cf]u6]sf] @,%(%
x]S6/ If]qkmnaf6 #@^ d]l6«s 6g pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsfdf b'O{ /f]kgL eGbf a9L t/sf/L
v]tL ug]{ Joj;foLs s[ifssf] ;+Vof #,$)! hgf /x]sf 5g\ .
s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f ub}{ b]znfO{ s[lifdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt cg'?k g}
ljleGg :yfgLo lgsfox?n] cf–cfˆgf] cj:yf cg';f/ ljleGg s[lif gLltx? cjnDag u/]sf] cj:yfdf sk'/sf]6
ufFpkflnsfdf klg ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . ufFpkflnsfsf] sk'/sf]6 hfu/0f cleofg
cGt{ut s[lifdf Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No, pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t s[ifs cg'bfg, s[lif PDj'n]G;, sk'/sf]6 t/sf/L
a|f08 / d'Vo ahf/df :6n dfkm{t ahf/Ls/0f tyf s[lif dfkm{t hLjg:t/ ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf
/x]sf 5g\ .
sk'/sf]6 ufFpkflnsfn] @)*) a}zfv @& ut] a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLsf] lj:tf/ / ahf/Ls/0f ;DaGwdf a[xt
cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L a}df};dL t/sf/L, hl8a'6L, kmnkm'n, b'UwhGo kbfy{ / kz'hGo pTkfbgsf]
lj:tf/ / ahf/Ls/0f u/L o; If]qsf ls;fgx?sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg], /f]huf/L l;h{gf tyf s[lif
pTkfbgdf g]kfnnfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg] ;Gbe{df ljleGg ljifox?df k|lta4tf kq tof/ u/L sfo{Gjogsf]
r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 .

20
 s[lifnfO{ ofGqLsLs/0f÷cfw'lgsL/0f, Joj;foLs/0f / lj:tf/Ls/0f ug]{ tyf /;folgs dnsf] ;§fdf k|f+ufl/s
dn k|of]u ug]{ ;jfndf kflnsfn] lj:t[t of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . ljiffwL k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{
clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . ufFpkflnsfsf s[ifsx?nfO{ b'3{6gf aLdf tyf kflnsfsf] s'g} klg ls;fg lj/fdL
ePsf] v08df xl:k6ndf %–!) k|ltzt ;Ddsf] 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf sfo{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .
;fy}, o; If]qdf kxf8L e"uf]nsf] clwstd k|of]u u/L jiff{ofddf v]tL x'g] ds}, sf]bf], kmfk/ h:tf cGgafnLsf
;§fdf gub], a]df};dL t/sf/L afnL lj:tf/ u/L b]zsf 7"nf ;x/x? ;Dddf oxfFsf] pkh k'¥ofpg ;Sg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . bfª, afFs], s}nfnL, ;'v]{t, s~rgk'/, ?kGb]xL, slknj:t', lrtjg lhNnfx? / s[i0fgu/
/ hd'gfx gfsf x'Fb} ef/tdf ;d]t oxfFsf] a]df};dL t/sf/L lgof{t ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/, aiff{ofd afx]s cGo
df};ddf ef/tLo ahf/af6 k|z:t dfqfdf ;:tf] d"Nodf t/sf/L cfoft x'g] xF'bf oxfFsf] pTkfbg laqmL gx'g]
/ pTkfbg klg sd x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;fy}, a]df};dL t/sf/L afnLdf k|of]u ul/g] ljiffwLsf] sf/0faf6 o; If]qsf afl;Gbf tyf pkef]Qmdf kg]{
c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ eljZodf sk'/sf]6sf] t/sf/LnfO{ a|f08sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

u_ kmnkm"n tyf d;nf

;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zleq kmnkm"n tyf d;nf pTkfbg %*=)# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !,*&,^@) d]l6«s 6g
k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df pQm pTkfbg !)=*! k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] .
/]vflrq 3.4M kmnkm"n pTkfbg
-xhf/ d]l^«s ^g_
60.0

50.0

40.0 cf=j= @)&&÷&*

-;fpg–c;f/_
30.0 cf=j= @)&*÷&(
20.0
-;fpg–c;f/_
cf=j= @)&(÷*)
10.0 -;fpg–c;f/_
0.0
;'Gtnf cfFk s]/f :ofp cGo kmnkm"n

;|f]tM s[lif ljsf; lgb]{zgfno/ lhNnfl:yt s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?

k|d'v kmnkm"ndWo] ;'Gtnf pTkfbg ;dLIff jif{df #^=&$ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !(,#&^ d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . ut
jif{df of] pTkfbg !*=*& k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . To:t}, ut jif{df $^=** k|ltztn] 36]sf] cfFk pTkfbg ;dLIff
jif{df @#@=(! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !),#)& d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 .

21
;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf s]/fsf] pTkfbg @)^=^) k|ltznt] j[l4 eO{ %,)*& d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 eg]
:ofpsf] pTkfbg !)=*( k|ltztn] a9]/ #^,%%$ d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df :ofpsf] pTkfbg %=&(
k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] eg] s]/f pTkfbgdf $@=%$ k|ltztsf] x|f; cfPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L, cGo kmnkm"nsf]
pTkfbg ;dLIff jif{df pNn]vgLo ?kdf @$@=!$ k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 .

/]vflrq 3.5M k|d"v s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg

-k|ltzt_

15.30%

vfB tyf cGo afnL

15.85% t/sf/L tyf jfujfgL
kmnkm"n tyf d;nf

68.85%

;|f]tM s[lif ljsf; lgb]{zgfno / lhNnfl:yt s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?

;dLIff jif{df cb'jf, a];f/ nufotsf k|d'v d;nf afnLsf] pTkfbg @$=$^ k|ltztn] a9]/ ^$,@%$ d]l6«s 6g
k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df of] pTkfbg !@=@$ k|ltztn] 36]sf]] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf
s0ff{nL k|b]zdf dx pTkfbg pNn]Vo ?kdf #($=@) k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ #** d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] pTkfbg &( d]l6«s 6g /x]sf] lyof] .

;dLIff jif{df vfB tyf cGo afnLsf] pTkfbgn] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] s'n s[lif pTkfbgsf] sl/j ^(=) k|ltzt lx:;f
cf]u6]sf] 5 . h;dWo], ;a}eGbf w]/} -#!=*( k|ltzt_ lx:;f ds} pTkfbgsf] /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd
-)=)# k|ltzt_ lx:;f pv' pTkfbgsf] /x]sf] 5 . To:t}, sf]bf], ux'F, cfn' / wfg, pTkfbgsf] lx:;f qmdzM @$=^@
k|ltzt, @@=@! k|ltzt, @)=%& k|ltzt / !%=## k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, t/sf/L tyf jfujfgL / kmnkm"n
tyf d;nf afnLsf] pTkfbgsf] lx:;f qmdzM !^ k|ltzt / !% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

22
 tflnsf 3.2M k|d"v s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg
-lhNnfut_
pTkfbg -d]l6«s 6g_ lx:;f -k|ltzt_
lhNnf
vfB tyf cGo t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n tyf vfB tyf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n tyf
afnL afujfgL d;nf cGo afnL afujfgL d;nf

;'v]{t 1,76,973.06 46,396.0 60,377.0 20.96 23.87 32.18

b}n]v 1,51,961.18 26,539.0 16,267.0 18.0 13.66 8.67

h'Dnf 62,480.42 8,702.0 26,739.0 7.40 4.48 14.25

?s'd 74,262.95 20,455.0 3,206.52 8.79 10.53 1.71

klZrd
x'Dnf 15,265.28 431.0 4,243.0 1.81 0.22 2.26

hfh/sf]6 99,801.77 7,800.0 3,268.0 11.82 4.01 1.74

sflnsf]6 39,790.79 24,433.80 11,875.0 4.71 12.57 6.33

8f]Nkf 12,586.22 2,808.0 5,151.0 1.49 1.44 2.75

d'u' 17,570.58 5,500.0 11,111.0 2.08 2.83 5.92

;Nofg 1,93,717.93 51,270.0 45,382.30 22.94 26.38 24.19

hDdf 8,44,410.10 1,94,334.80 1,87,619.82 100.0 100.0 100.0

;|f]tM s[lif ljsf; lgb]{zgfno / lhNnfl:yt s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?

;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zsf] s'n vfB tyf cGo afnL pTkfbgsf] ;a}eGbf a9L @@=($ k|ltzt lx:;f ;Nofg
lhNnfsf] /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd !=$( k|ltzt lx:;f 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf #=@_ . To;}u/L, o;
k|b]zsf] s'n t/sf/L tyf afujfgL pTkfbgsf] ;a}eGbf a9L lx:;f ;Nofg lhNnfsf] @^=#* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg]
x'Dnf lhNnfsf] ;a}eGbf Go"g )=@@ k|ltzt lx:;f /x]sf] 5 . To:t}, kmnkm"n tyf d;nf afnLsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf
a9L #@=!* k|ltzt ;'v]{t lhNnfsf] /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd !=&! k|ltzt ?s'd klZrd lhNnfsf] /x]sf] 5 .
3=3 kz"k+IfL, df%f tyf jghGo pTkfbg

s_ kz'k+5L tyf df5f pTkfbg

s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;dLIff jif{df b'w pTkfbg *=$! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ^,(!,(*,))) ln6/ k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df
of] pTkfbg !&=(! k|ltztn]] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, df;' pTkfbg cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf
@@=$* k|ltztn]] j[l4 eO{ ##,^)% d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . of] pTkfbg cl3Nnf] jif{df *=^# k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf]
lyof] . ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf c08f pTkfbg !%=$) k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ &,&&,#!,))) uf]6f k'u]sf] 5 eg]
ut jif{df of] pTkfbg !!=)^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . ;dLIff jif{df df5f pTkfbg $=^( k|ltztn] 36]/
@(! d]l6«s 6g sfod ePsf] 5 .

23
s[ifsx?nfO{ df5fkfng :fDaGwL cfjZos ;Lk, tflndsf] cefj, df5fkfng ;DaGwL ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 k|bfg
ul/g] cg'bfgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg'n] klg df5f pTkfbgdf ck]lIfs[t dfqfdf pTkfbg x'g g;s]sf]
cg'dfg 5 .
v_ jghGo pTkfbg
;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf sf7 pTkfbgdf #$=#! k|ltzt x|f; cfO{ !,%!,)&% So"ljs lkm6 sfod ePsf]
5 . To;}u/L bfp/fsf] pTkfbg !!=&^ k|ltztn] 36]/ !%$ r6\6f sfod ePsf]] 5 . ut jif{df sf7 / bfp/fsf]
pTkfbgdf qmdzM ^#=!) k|ltzt / $*=!% k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df
cf}ifwLhGo j:t'x?sf] pTkfbgdf @#=!@ k|ltzt x|f; cfO{ !,#$,*^) d]l6«s 6g sfod ePsf] 5 . ut cfly{s
jif{df of] pTkfbgdf %@=) k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] lyof] .
3=4 l;¤rfO{{

;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf /x]sf] s'n s[lif afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn #,@),&!^ x]S6/dWo]] %@,$)@ x]S6/ If]qkmndf
dfq l;FrfO{{ ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;ldIff jif{df l;l~rt If]qkmn #=)$ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df s'nf]åf/f l;l~rt If]qkmn ;a}eGbf a9L @$,$@! x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd @ x]S6/ If]qkmn
af]l/Ëåf/f l;l~rt /x]sf] 5 . ;dLIff jif{df s'nf]åf/f l;l~rt If]qkmn @=*( k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . ut jif{df
o:tf] If]qkmn @=&$ k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L, gx/åf/f l;l~rt If]qkmn ;dLIff jif{df sl/j #=)%
k|ltztn] 36]/ (,$(! x]S6/ sfod ePsf] 5 .
tflnsf 3.3M s)ff{nL k|b]zdf l;¤rfO{{sf] cj:yf
-x]S^/_
l;FrfO{{ cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( cf=j= @)&(÷*)
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_
s'nf] 23,100.0 23,734.0 24,421.0

gx/ 9,142.0 9,790.0 9,491.0

kf]v/L 883.50 1,023.30 1,001.80

af]l/Ë 2.0 2.0 2.0

cGo 385.0 416.0 207.0

;|f]tM vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO{{ tyf pmhf{ ljsf; lgb]{zgfno / lhNnf l:yt sfof{nox?

;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;'v]{t lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L %@,@)) x]S6/ v]tLof]Uo hldg /x]sf] 5 eg] pQm
v]ltof]Uo hldgsf] @),)%# x]S6/ If]qkmndf l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

24
3=5 If]qut s[lif shf{

cf=j @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf o; k|b]zsf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?åf/f s[lif If]qdf k|jflxt shf{ ut
cf=j= sf]] t'ngfdf !)=(@ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=% ca{ $( s/f]8 $* nfv k'u]sf] 5 -tflnsf #=$_ .
tflnsf 3.4M lhNnfut s[lif shf{
-?=bz nfv_
cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
@)&&÷&* @)&*÷&( @)&(÷*) ut jif{sf] ;dLIff jif{sf]
lhNnf -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ kl/jt{g -k|ltzt_ kl/jt{g -k|ltzt_

8f]Nkf 166.94 92.03 135.59 -44.87 47.33

d'u' 35.65 96.92 128.99 171.87 33.09

x'Dnf 157.82 203.90 218.56 29.20 7.19

h'Dnf 413.94 518.33 502.35 25.22 -3.08

sfnLsf]6 93.77 117.60 151.63 25.41 28.94

b}n]v 273.51 313.92 360.99 14.77 14.99

hfh/sf]6 260.99 299.04 332.77 14.58 11.28

?s''d klZrd 367.27 475.32 599.55 29.42 26.14

;Nofg 514.96 550.06 576.15 6.82 4.74

;'v]{t 1,641.46 2,286.81 2,488.21 39.32 8.81

s0ff{nL k|b]z 3,926.30 4,953.93 5494.77 26.17 10.92

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

ut jif{df o:tf] shf{ @^=! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=$ ca{ (% s/f]8 #( nfv k'u]sf] lyof] . g]kfn /fi6« a}+såf/f
hf/L Plss[t lgb]{zg cg';f/ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] k|jfx ug]{ shf{df s[lif If]qnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbO{Psf],
;/sf/n] nfu' u/]sf k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f, ;fy} k|b]z ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] Joj;flos s[lif tyf kz'kG5L
kfng Joj;fosf] nflu cg'bfg sfo{qmd sfo{ljlw nufotsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/]sf] x'Fbf s[lif shf{ a9]sf]
b]lvG5 .
;dLIff jif{df k|jflxt s'n s[lif shf{dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L kz'kfng÷kz' jwzfnf zLif{sdf #@=$# k|ltztn] j[l4
eO{ ?=! ca{ @& s/f]8 ^& nfv k'u]sf] 5 eg]] ;a}eGbf sd ;gkf6 zLif{sdf ($=!$ k|ltztn] x|f; cfO{ ?=!
nfv dfq sfod ePsf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf k|jflxt s'n s[lif shf{dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} ?=@ ca{ $* s/f]8 *@ nfv
;'v]{t lhNnfdf k|jflxt ePsf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd ?=!@ s/f]8 *( nfv d'u' lhNnfdf k|jflxt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

25
3=6 s[lif If]qsf] r"gf}tL / ;Defjgf

s_ s[lif If]qsf] r'gf}tL

• k/Dk/fut lgjf{xd'vL s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds Pjd\ Joj;fod'vL s[lif k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f
u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfo:t/ j[l4 ug'{ .

• s[lif If]qdf b]vfk/]sf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k;FUf h'Wg
;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{' .

• Joj;flos jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L cGo If]q tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg /x]sf] o'jf
hgzlQmnfO{ s[lif If]qdf cfs{lift u/fpg' .

• s[lif tyf kz'hGo pTkfbgdf xflgsf/s ljiffbL, /;fog tyf PlG6afof]l6S;sf] k|of]u sd u/L
hg:jf:Yodf kg{ hfg] gsf/fTds k|efj sd ub}{ n}hfg' .

• ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwg, s[lif shf{, aLdf, k|ljlw, 1fg, ;Lksf] ;d'lrt k|of]u u/L pTkfbg tyf
pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{' tyf ;du| s'lif If]qsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqdf
6]jf k'¥ofpg' .

• e"jgf]6sf] clwstd ;b'kof]u u/L afnL ljljlws/0f, Joj;foLs/0f, Joj;fo k|j4{g df ;xof]u
k'Ug] lsl;dsf pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{' . ;fy} :yfgLo, /}yfg] tyf nf]kf]Gd'v afnLsf]
;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g ug'{ .

• cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f, hUufsf] vl08s/0f tyf hUuf afFemf] /fVg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ s[lif
e"ld ;b'kof]usf nflu lgld{t of]hgf, sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{' .

• s[lif tyf kz'hGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ nfut k|efjsf/L agfpg' s[lif
If]qsf] Jofkf/nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg', u'0f:t/ / :jR5tf lgodg sfo{ k|efjsf/L t'NofO gfkmfd"ns
/ k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg', s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg j[l4 u/L cfTdlge{/ aGgsf nflu ;+3, k|b]z /
:yfgLo txsf] nufgL Pjd\ ;]jfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfO{ cGt/;/sf/ ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo r':t
agfpg' .

• s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f dfkm{t nfut Go'gLs/0f, pTkfbg j[l4, Joj;foLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f ug{sf]
nflu ;~rflnt s[lif oflGqsLs/0f sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog u/L pNn]lvt nIo tyf
p2]Zo xfl;n ug'{ .

• s0ff{nL k|b]znfO{ b'Uw If]qdf cfTdlge{/ agfpgsf nflu b'Uw pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t pBf]u :yfkgf
u/L b'Uw Joj:ffo k|j4{g, k|zf]wg tyf ahf/Ls/0f ug{' .

26
v_ s[lif If]qsf] ;Defjgf

• s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] clwsf+z efudf /f;folgs dnsf] sd pknAwtf tyf k|of]usf sf/0f k|fËfl/s
s[lif v]tLtkm{ s[ifsx?nfO{ cfslif{t u/L s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] . ;fy}, k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 s[lif k]zfnfO{ Jofj;flos / k|lt:kwL{ agfO{
s[ifsx?sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] .

• s[lifdf Jofj;flostf tyf pBdzLntf ljsf; ug{ s[ifsx?sf] ?lr a9\b} hfg', dWod tyf pRr
Jofj;flos s[ifs ;d"x, lghL kmd{, sDkgL tyf pBf]u Pj+ pBf]uLx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ Pj+
k|lt:kwL{ agfpg ;x'lnot b/sf] C0f, ladf / Aofh cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] x'gfn] s[lif
Joj:ffosf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf sfod} /x]sf] .

• ef}uf]lns ?kdf ljs6 tyf b'u{d If]qdf oftfoft ;'ljwf sf] lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfg'n] s[lif pkhx?sf]
laqmL Pj+ ljt/0fdf ;xhtf x'g' h;n] ubf{ u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lifhGo j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg tyf
pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ;fy} s[lif pkhx?sf] k|j4{g u/L s[ifsx?sf] cfo:t/ a9fpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] .

• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds c;/x? Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljZjJofkL ?kdf rf;f] a9\b} hfg', s[lif
lj1 ;fy–;fy} kz' lj1fg cWoog u/fpg] k|fljlws lzIf0f ;+:yf tyf cWoog ug]{ :yfgLo o'jfsf]
;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x'Fb} hfg'n] s[lif If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dod} lg/fs/0f u/L u'0f:t/Lo
j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg tyf k|j4{g ug{ ;lsg] cflb s[lif If]qdf ;Defjgfsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

27
 kl/R%]b 4
pBf]u If]q

b]zsf] ;du| cy{tGqdf s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ljutsf jif{ b]lvg} s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM 36\b} / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg j9\b} uPsf] ePtf klg pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg
eg] sl/j l:y/ cj:yfdf g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nosf] tYofÍ cg'';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif,
pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM @$=!@ k|ltzt, !#=$% k|ltzt / ^@=$# k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . ;fYf},
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df lgdf{0f, yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ nufot cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf ePsf] sdLsf sf/0f of]
jif{ b]zsf] ;du| cy{tGq cfwf/e"t d"Nodf @=!^ k|ltztn] dfq lj:tf/ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf cg';f/ @)&( kmfu'g;Dd btf{ ePsf n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u u/L
^,&),))) pBf]udWo] ;a}eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf @(=@ k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf %=# k|ltzt
dfq btf{ ePsf 5g\ . o:tf pBf]ux?af6 ;a}eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf / ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf /f]huf/L
l;h{gf x'g] cg'dfg 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] kmfu'g;Dd ljb]zL nufgL :jLs[lt kfPsf %,^(@ pBf]ux?dWo]
;a}eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf *!=* k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf )=$ k|ltzt pBf]ux? /x]sf 5g\ .
/fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nosf] tYofÍ cg'';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM #)=* k|ltzt, !)=# k|ltzt / %*=( k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 .
pBf]u ljefusf] tYofÍ cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df s'n #)( 7'nf pBf]ux? btf{ ePsf]df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf
??uf8 kfj/ sDkgL k|f=nL=, ;'o{ tf/f l;d]G6 pBf]u k|f=nL=, /f/f xf]lN8Ë k|f=nL= / :ofk'{ kfj/ sDkgL ln= u/L
$ cf]6f 7'nf pBf]ux? btf{ ePsf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( ;Dd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf btf{ ePsf n3', 3/]n' /
;fgf pBf]ux?sf] ;+Vof %,(@& /x]sf] 5 h;df ;a}eGbf a9L ;'v]{t lhNnfdf !,%%* / ;a}eGbf sd 8f]Nkf
lhNnfdf #&! /x]sf] 5 .
4=1 pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u, pTkfbg tyf k|ToIf /f]huf/L

s_ pBf]usf] Ifdtfsf] pkof]u

cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf gd'gf 5gf]6df ;d]l6Psf pBf]ux?sf] cf};t Ifdtf pkof]u %@=!^
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; cfly{s jif{df pBf]ux?sf] pkof]u Ifdtfdf sfuh tyf sfuhsf pTkfbg ;DaGwL pBf]usf]
pkof]u Ifdtf zt k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . Knfl:6shGo pTkfbg ;DaGwL pBf]usf] pkof]u Ifdtf (@=*^ k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 eg] b'Uw kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]usf] pkof]u Ifdtf ;a}eGbf sd @)=%% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

28
 /]vflrq 4.1: pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]usf] cj:yf
-k|ltzt_
120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

Knfli6shGo sfuh tyf sf7 tyf b'Uw kbfy{ cGo vfB tof/L sk8f cGg tyf kz' k|zf]lwt kfgL
pTkfbg sfuhsf sf7sf] ;fdfg kbfy{ bfgf
pTkfbg
;|f]tM jL/]Gb|gu/ ;'v]{t l:yt pBf]ux?

To;}u/L, sf7 tyf sf7sf]] ;fdfg, cGo vfB kbfy{ -k|zf]lwt lrof_, tof/L sk8f / cGg tyf kz'bfgf pTkfbg
ug]{ pBf]ux?sf] pkof]u Ifdtf qmdzM ^)=) k|ltzt, %!=!! k|ltzt, $$=($ k|ltzt / #@=) k|ltzt /x]sf]
5.
v_ cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] cj:yf
o; k|b]zdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/, bIf hgzlQm, sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj, tyf ljs6 ef}uf]lns
agfj6 h:tf k|d'v sf/0fx?n] ubf{ 7"nf pBf]ux?sf] ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . 3/]n', ;fgf tyf demf}nf
pBf]ux? dWo]af6 s]xL pBf]ux? cWoogdf gd'gf 5gf]6sf] ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf gd'gf 5gf]6df ;d]l6Psf pBf]ux?dWo] w]/}h;f] pBf]ux?sf] pTkfbgdf ;fdfGo
j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] s]xL pBf]ux?sf] pTkfbg 36]sf] b]lvG5 . h; cGt{ut cGg tyf kz' bfgf pTkfbg ug]{
pBf]usf] pTkfbgdf !!%=## k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . h;df rfdn / uFx'sf] lk7f]sf] pTkfbgdf qmdzM !*)=)
/ !#)=&& k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] kz'bfgfsf] pTkfbgdf #^=#^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . To:t}, ;dLIff
jif{df Knfli6shGo a:t', b'Uw kbfy{ / sfuh tyf sfuhsf] pTkfbg qmdzM !^)=) k|ltzt, !%=#* k|ltzt /
!$=@( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] sf7 tyf sf7sf ;fdg, k|;f]lwt lkpg] kfgL / nQf sk8fsf] pTkfbgdf
qmdzM @%=) k|ltzt, @)=&# k|ltzt / ^=(* k|ltztn] lu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 .

29
 /]vflrq 4.2M cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg
s_ d]l^«s ^g
80.00

70.00

60.00
cf=j= @)&&÷&*
50.00 -;fpg–c;f/_
40.00 cf=j= @)&*÷&(
-;fpg–c;f/_
30.00
cf=j= @)&(÷*)
20.00 -;fpg–c;f/_
10.00

rfdn ux'+sf] lk7f] kz'bfgf k|zf]lwt lrof sfuh Knfli6ssf

;fdfg
;|f]tM jL/]Gb|gu/ ;'v]{t l:yt pBf]ux?

cGg tyf kz' bfgf zLif{s cGt{ut rfdn tyf uFx'sf] lk7f]sf] pTkfbg ;dLIff jif{df !*)=) k|ltzt / !#)=&&
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ qmdzM &) dl6«s 6g / #) d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf]] 5 . ut jif{ ;f]xL cjlwdf rfdnsf] pTkfbgdf
!)=&! k|ltztn] x|f; eO{ @% d]l6«s 6g sfod ePsf] lyof] eg] uFx'sf] lk7f]sf] pTkfbg !*=!* k|ltztn] j[l4
eO{ !# d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] lyof] . To:t}u/L, ;dLIff jif{df kz' bfgfsf] pTkfbg #^=#^ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !% d]l6«s
6g k'u]sf]] 5 eg] clwNnf] jif{ !) k|ltztn] j[lb eO{ !! d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] lyof] .
v_ xhf/ ln^/
1,600.0
1,400.0
1,200.0 cf=j= @)&&÷&*
1,000.0
-;fpg–c;f/_

800.0 cf=j= @)&*÷&(

-;fpg–c;f/_
600.0
cf=j= @)&(÷*)
400.0 -;fpg–c;f/_
200.0
0.0
k|zf]lwt b"w z'4 lkpg] kfgL
;|f]tM jL/]Gb|gu/ ;'v]{t l:yt pBf]ux?
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df k|f]zf]lwt lrofsf] pTkfbg $=%% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @# d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 . To:t},
sfuh tyf sfuhhGo pTkfbg !$=@( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ $) d]l6«s 6g / Knfli6ssf ;fdfgsf] pTkfbg !^)=)
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !# d]l6«s 6g k'u]sf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df gd'gf 5gf]6df k/]sf pBf]ux?df k|zf]lwt b'wsf] pTkfbg !%=#* k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !%,)),)))
ln6/ k'u]sf] 5 eg] clwNnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] pTkfbg !*=&@ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !#,)),))) ln6/
30
k'u]sf] lyof] . To:t}, ;dLIff jif{df z'4 lkpg] kfgLsf] pTkfbgdf @)=&# k|ltztn] lu/fj6 cfO{ &,^%,))) ln6/
sfod ePsf] 5 eg] cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df ;f] pTkfbg !)=* k|ltzn] j[l4 eO{ (,^%,))) ln6/ k'u]sf] lyof] .
To;}u/L ;ldIff jif{df lr/]sf] sf7sf] pTkfbg @%=) k|ltztn] lu/fj6 cfO{ !%,))) So" lkm6 k'u]sf] 5 eg]
cl3Nnf] jif{ ;f]xL cjlwdf ;f] pTkfbg ##=## k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @(,))) So" lkm6 k'u]sf] lyof] .
4=2 If]qut cf}Bf]lus shf{

o; k|b]zdf cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df ?=# ca{ ^& s/f]8 $& nfv /x]sf] s'n cf}Bf]lus shf{ ;dLIff jif{df
*=$& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=# ca{ (* s/f]8 ^! nfv k'u]sf] 5 .
/]vflrq 4.3: If]qut cf}Bf]lus shf{
-k|ltzt_
8.67% 1.88% vfgL ;DaGwL
3.71%
s[lif, jg tyf k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg
;DaGwL
28.05%
u}/vfB j:t' pTKffbg ;DaGwL
lgdf{0f

28.99% ljB't, Uof; tyf kfgL

wft'sf pTkfbg, d]l;g/L tyf
O{n]S6«f]lgs

28.71%

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

;dLIff jif{df s[lif, jg tyf k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg ;DaGwL pBf]udf k|jflxt shf{ ;a}eGbf a9L @)=** k|ltztn]
j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] vfgL ;DaGwL pBf]udf k|jflxt shf{df ;a}eGbf a9L @&=#( k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 . laB't,
Uof; tyf kfgL ;DaGwL pBf]udf k|jfx ePsf] shf{ !$=## k|ltztn], u}/vfB j:t' pTKffbg ;DaGwL pBf]udf
k|jflxt shf{ !!=) k|ltztn] / lgdf{0f ;DaGwL pBf]udf k|jflxt shf{ ^=!) k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 eg] wft'sf
pTkfbg, d]l;g/L tyf O{n]S6«f]lgs pBf]udf k|jflxt shf{df !#=)% k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df s'n cf}Bf]lus shf{dWo] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL If]qsf]] c+z ;a}eGbf a9L @*=(( k|ltzt / vfgL ;DaGwL
If]qsf] c+z ;a}eGbf sd !=** k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, u}/ vfB j:t' pTKffbg ;DaGwL pBf]u, s[lif, jg tyf
k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg ;DaGwL pBf]u, wft'sf pTkfbg d]l;g/L tyf O{n]S6«f]lgS; ;DaGwL pBf]u / ljB't, UofF; tyf
kfgL ;DaGwL pBf]un] s'n cf}Bf]lus shf{sf] qmdzM @*=&) k|ltzt, @*=)% k|ltzt, *=^& k|ltzt / #=&!
k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ .

31
 tflnsf 4.1M lhNnfut cf}Bf]lus shf{
-?= bz nfv_
cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= ut jif{sf] ;dLIff jif{sf]
lhNnf @)&&÷&* @)&*÷&( @)&(÷*) kl/jt{g -k|ltzt_ kl/jt{g -k|ltzt_
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_
8f]Nkf 83.03 16.03 8.82 - 80.70 4.42

d'u' 118.17 53.40 58.62 - 54.81 9.76

x'Dnf 86.93 108.79 88.16 25.15 - 18.96

h'Dnf 414.28 246.93 231.76 - 40.40 - 6.14

sfnLsf]6 246.18 136.54 115.21 - 44.54 - 15.62

b}n]v 370.33 240.69 194.87 - 35.01 - 19.04

hfh/sf]6 134.19 59.33 55.27 - 55.79 - 6.85

?s''d klZrd 788.56 137.09 175.29 - 82.61 27.86

;Nofg 825.57 377.98 443.34 - 54.22 17.29

;'v]{t 4,630.83 2,297.96 2,614.77 - 50.38 13.79

s0ff{nL k|b]z 7,698.07 3,674.75 3,986.10 - 52.26 8.47

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf cf}Bf]lus shf{sf] pkof]u ?s'd klZrd, ;Nofg, ;'v]{t, d'u' / 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf
qmdzM @&=*^ k|ltzt, !&=@( k|ltzt, !#=&( k|ltzt, (=&^ k|ltzt / $=$@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] afFsL
b}n]v, x'Dnf, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6 / h'Dnf lhNnfdf cf}Bf]lus shf{sf] pkof]u qmdzM !(=)$ k|ltzt, !*=(^
k|ltzt, !%=^@ k|ltzt, ^=*% k|ltzt / ^=!$ k|ltztn] 36]sf] b]lvG5 .
cf=j= @)&(÷*) df ;'v]{t lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} ?=@ ca{ ^! s/f]8 $& nfv cf}Bf]lus shf{ pkof]u ePsf] 5
eg] ;a}eGbf sd ?=** nfv 8f]Nkf lhNnfn] pkof]u u/]sf] 5 -tflnsf $=!_ . cf}Bf]lus shf{ 36\g'sf] k|d'v
sf/0f a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?df /x]sf] t/ntfsf] ;d:of tyf Aofhb/df ePsf] j[l4nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
4=3 cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] r"gf}tL / ;Defjgf

s_ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] r'gf}tL

• cf}Bf]lus If]qdf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; u/L :jb]zL k'FhL
kl/rfng / j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug'{ .

• cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] nflu s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ljs6tf afws alg/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;xh df]6/af6f],
ljB't / ;~rf/ h:tf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; u/L pBf]u If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug'{ .

32
 • ;~rfngdf /x]sf pBf]ux?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos bIf hgzlQm, sRrf kbfy{ nufot cfw'lgs
k|ljlwsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ .

• k|b]zdf pknAw x'g] :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgx?df cfwfl/t pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; / k|j4{gsf] nflu cfjZos
cf}Bf]lus shf{nfO{ ;/nLs[t ug'{ tyf cGo gLltut Joj:yfx?df ;xlhs/0f ug'{ .
• k|b]zsf] cw{–bIf tyf bIf hgzlQm ef/t tyf t];|f] d'n'sdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] qmd lbgfg'lbg
a9\b} uO/x]sf]] cj:yfdf :jb]zL pBf]ux?df bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj x'g glbg' .

• s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd cyf{t %=# k|ltzt dfq pBf]ux? ;~rfgdf /x]sf]] cj:yfdf k|b]zsf
clwsf+z kxf8L tyf pRr lxdfnL lhNnfx?df hl8a'6L tyf cf}iflwhGo pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t pBf]u,
b}n]v lhNnfdf k]6«f]lnod vfgLhGo pBf]u / hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf u|]gfO{6sf] vfgLhGo pBf]u nufot cGo
pBf]ux? ;~rfng u/L k|b]zsf] cy{tGqdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfgnfO{ clej[l4 ug'{ .

• k|b]zdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf pBf]ux?dWo] w]/}h;f] pBf]ux? k"0f{?kdf ;~rfng cfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
pQm pBf]ux?nfO{ k"0f{?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug'{ . ;fy},
;~rfngdf /x]sf pBf]ux?af6 pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] nfut tyf u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg ub}{ j:t'x?sf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug'{ .
v_ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ;Defjgf

• s0ff{nL k|b]zdf d'Vo u/L phf{d'ns, ko{6g / vfgLhGo pBf]ux?sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf ePsf]n] o:tf
pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf, ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L pRr /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug'{sf ;fy} /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ;d]t
dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
• ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txn] k|fljlws lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ k|d'v k|yfldstfdf /fvL ljleGg
l;kd'ns cWoog cWofkgdf hf]8 lbb} uO{/x]sf]n] cf}Bf]lus If]qdf cfjZos l;ko'Qm bIf hgzlQm
pknAw x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
• s0ff{nL k|b]zdf pBf]ux? cToGt} Go"g ;+Vofdf /x]sf]n] pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ kof{Kt 7fFp
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; sf/0f s0ff{nL k|b]Zfdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; / la:tf/ u/L lbuf] tyf km/flsnf]
cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
• s0ff{nL k|b]zdf 3/]n', ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]ux? -SMEs_ ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf]
;xh kx'Fr tyf kof{Kttf /x]sf]n] o:tf] pBf]ux? ;~rfng u/L :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ lgof{t ug{ ;d]t
;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
• /fhgLlts :yfoLTj sfod x'g', pBf]u If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t x'g', k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ;/sf/sf]
nufgL a9\b} hfg\', k|b]zd} bIf hgzlQm tof/ x'g' / pBdzLntfk|lt o'jfx?sf] nufj a9\b} hfg'n] k|b]zsf]
cy{tGqdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfgdf a9f]Q/L x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
33
• s0ff{nL k|b]zdf s[lif tyf kz'kG5LhGo, hl8a'6LhGo / jg k}bfjf/hGo pBf]usf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf]n]
o;;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf u/L o; k|b]znfO{ hl8a'6L tyf k|fËfl/s s[lif v]tLsf] nflu gd'gf
k|b]zsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

34
 kl/R%]b 5
;]jf If]q

5=1 ko{^g

s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf xf]6nx?sf] :t/, nufgL tyf o;n] k|bfg ug]{ ;'ljwfsf] cfwf/df o; k|b]zsf
!) lhNnfx?dWo] 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf ko{6sLo xf]6nx? z]–kmf]S;'08f] hfg] ?6df /x]sf] / pQm xf]6nx?df g]6js{sf]
;d:ofn] ubf{ tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ c;xh x'g] x'Fbf afFsL gf} lhNnfdWo] ;'v]{taf6 @ j6f / ?s'd klZrd, h'Dnf,
d'u', sflnsf]6, x'Dnf, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v tyf ;Nofgaf6 !÷! u/L hDdf !) j6f ko{6s:t/Lo xf]6nx?sf] 5gf}6
ul/Psf] 5 . oL 5gf}6df k/]sf xf]6nx¿af6 k|fKt tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ;du| s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] xf]6n tyf ko{6g
Joj;fosf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

• ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zsf xf]6nx?sf] z}of ;+Vof @=^( k|ltztn] a9f]Q/L eO{ @^& k'us
] f] 5 . ut
jif{ xf]6n z}of ;+Vof $=&^ k|ltztn] 36]sf]] lyof] .
• ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf xf]6n Joj;fon] l;h{gf u/]sf] k|ToIf /f]huf/Ldf $=%* k|ltztn] j[l¢
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ut cfly{s jif{df ;f] Joj;fon] l;h{gf u/]sf] k|ToIf /f]huf/Ldf #*=&# k|ltztn] j[l4
ePsf] lyof] .
• cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df %&=!$ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] ef/tLo ko{6s cfudgsf] ;+Vofdf ;dLIff jif{df
!$=%* k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
• cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df %!=^^ k|ltztn] a9]sf] lrlgofF ko{6s cfudgsf] ;+Vofdf cfly{s jif{
@)&(÷*) df $&=!( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
• o; k|b]zdf ;dLIff jif{df t];|f] d'n'saf6 cfpg] ko{6sx?sf] ;+Vofdf #=!# k|ltztn] j[[l4 ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ut jif{df o:tf] j[l4b/ !)%=!^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
• o; k|b]zdf ko{6g ljsf;sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg plrt k|rf/k|;f/sf] cefj /xg'sf ;fy} ko{6sLo
k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; x'g g;Sbf ko{6g If]qdf cfzftLt ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
• sf]le8–!( af6 cToGt} k|efljt xf]6n tyf ko{6g If]q cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df ;'wf/ x'Fb} qmdzM
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df k'/fg} cj:yfdf k'u]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
5=2 ;fj{hlgs lgdf{)f tyf l/on:^]^

;dLIff jif{df 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg ;+Vofdf #)=%( k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 . ut jif{df ;f] ;+Vof @!=() k|ltztn]
j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . ;dLIff jif{df 3/÷ejg gS;f kf; ;+Vof %=@^ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 eg] ut jif{df ;f] ;+Vof
@=@^ k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;dLIff jif{df 3/hUuf /lhi6]«zg afktsf] /fh:j ?=#& s/f]8 #& nfv
k'u]sf] 5 .

35
cl3Nnf] jif{df ;/sf/n] hUufsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] s]xL ;do hUufsf] lsQfsf6df s8fO{ u/]sf] sf/0f
3/hUuf sf/f]jf/df sdL cfO{ /fh:j ;+sngdf x|f; cfPsf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] hUufsf] lsQfsf6df v'nf u/];Fu}
/fh:j ;+sng cl3Nnf] jif{ eGbf s]xL ;sf/fTds b]lvPsf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf /fh:j ;+sngdf cem} ;'wf/ x'g]
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
/]vflrq 5.1M #/hUuf sf/f]jf/sf] ;+Vof
20,000.0 18477
18,000.0
16,000.0 15157

14,000.0 12824
3/hUuf
12,000.0 /lhi6«]zg ;+Vof
10,000.0
3/÷ejg
8,000.0
:yfoL gS;f
6,000.0 kf; ;+Vof
4,000.0
2,000.0 1108 1083 1026

0.0
cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( cf=j= @)&(÷*)
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_

;|f]tM cWoog If]qsf dfnkf]t sfof{no tyf gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsf sfof{nox?

5=3 ljQLo ;]jf

cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df o; k|b]zdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf $^^ zfvf /x]sf 5g\
-tflnsf %=!_ . ut cfly{s jif{df o; k|b]zdf hDdf $%% j6f zfvf /x]sf lyP . cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf]
c;f/ d;fGt;Dd !! zfvf la:tf/ eO{ zfvf ;+Vof $^^ k'u]sf]df jfl0fHo a}+s -s ju{_ sf @)^ j6f, ljsf;
a}+s -v ju{_ sf @! j6f, ljQ sDkgL -u ju{_ sf # j6f / n3' ljQ ljQLo ;+:yf -3 ju{_ sf @#^ j6f /x]sf
5g\ .

36
 tflnsf 5.1M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] zfvf ;+Vof
-lhNnfut_
lhNnf s ju{ v ju{ u ju{ 3 ju{ hDdf
b}n]v 24 1 31 56

8f]Nkf 13 4 17

x'Dnf 9 1 3 13

hfh/sf]6 13 1 18 32

h'Dnf 22 1 14 37

sflnsf]6 16 12 28

d'u' 8 5 13

?s'd klZrd 21 2 1 29 53

;Nofg 26 5 1 45 77

;'v]{t 54 10 1 75 140

hDdf 206 21 3 236 466

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

s_ ljQLo kx'Frsf] cj:yf
c_ zfvf/lxt a}+lsË
cf=j @)&(÷*) sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ s0ff{nL k|b]zdf #% j6f zfvf/lxt a}+lsË ;]jf /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ;]jf
k|jfxdf ;'v]{t lhNnf ;a}eGbf cufl8 /x]sf] 5 . hxfF !@ j6f zfvf/lxt a}lsË ;]jf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . b}n]vdf *
j6f, ;Nofgdf % j6f tyf sflnsf]6df $ j6f zfvf/lxt a}+lsË ;]jf /x]sf 5g\ . To:t}, x'Dnf / d'u'df ;dfg
@÷@ j6f tyf ?s'd klZrd / hfh/sf]6df ! j6f zfvf/lxt a}+lsË ;]jf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . afFsL b'O{ lhNnfx?
8f]Nkf / h'Dnfdf eg] o:tf]] ;]jf k|jfx ;'? ePsf] 5}g .
cf_ P=l6=Pd=
cf=j=@)&(÷*) df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf !)! j6f P=l6=Pd ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . @)*) c;f/ d;fGtsf] tYofÍ
cg';f/ x'Dnf / d'u'df ;dfg @÷@ j6f P=l6=Pd= /x]sf 5g\ . sflnsf]6df % j6f, hfh/sf]6df ^ j6f tyf
h'Dnfdf !) / b}n]vdf ( j6f P=l6=Pd= /x]sf 5g\ . To:t}, ?s'd klZrd, ;Nofg / ;'v]{tdf qmdzM !# j6f, !$
j6f / $) j6f P=l6=Pd=/x]sf 5g\ . cfjZos k"jf{wf/x?sf] cefjn] ubf{ 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf eg] s'g} klg a}+ssf]
P=l6=Pd= ;'ljwf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . s0ff{nL k|b]zsf ;a} lhNnf tyf If]qdf ljB't\ cfk"tL{ ;fy} O{G6/g]6 kx'Fr
k'u]sf] v08df ;Dk"0f{ :yfgLo tx tyf s]Gb|df ;xh ?kdf cfjZostf cg';f/ P=l6=Pd ;'ljwf lj:tf/ tyf
P=l6=Pd=lau|]sf] cj:yfdf ;do} dd{t ;Def/ ul/ ;]jf lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|jfx ug{ ;lsg]] b]lvG5 .

37
 /]vflrq 5.2M Pl^Pd a"y ;+Vof
-lhNnfut_
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
b}n]v 8f]Nkf x'Dnf h'Dnf hfh/sf]6 sflnsf]6 d'u' ?s'd ;Nofg ;'v]{t
klZrd
;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
v_ lgIf]k tyf shf{sf] l:ylt
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf o; k|b]zdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] ;+sng u/]sf] lgIf]k, ut
cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf]] t'ngfdf !!=*( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=^& ca{ $( s/f]8 (! nfv k'u]sf] 5 . ut
jif{df o:tf] lgIf]k %=$# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=^) ca{ #@ s/f]8 &* nfv k'u]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL
k|b]zdf a9]sf] /]ld6\ofG; cfk|jfx, a}+lsË ;]jfdf cfPsf] la:tf/ tyf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] art ug]{ afgLdf cfPsf]
ljsf;n] s'n lgIf]kdf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
/]vflrq 5.3M s)ff{nL k|b]zsf] lgIf]k tyf shf{sf] l:ylt
-?=bz nfv_

80000.0
70000.0
60000.0
50000.0
40000.0 shf{
30000.0 lgIf]k
20000.0
10000.0
0.0
cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( cf=j= @)&(÷*)
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_
;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf k|jfx ePsf] s'n shf{ %=$& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=%& ca{ (# s/f]8 ^& nfv
k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df o:tf] shf{ &=)! k|ltztn] a9]/ ?=%$ ca{ (@ s/f]8 ($ nfv k'u]sf] lyof] .

38
To:t}, cf=j= @)&(÷*) sf] ;fpg b]lv c;f/ d;fGtdf o; k|b]zsf] shf{ tyf lgIf]k cg'kft *%=*# k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 . pQm cg'kft ut jif{df (!=)% k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] .
/]vflrq 5.4M s)ff{nL k|b]zsf] shf{ lgIf]k cg"kft
-k|ltzt_
92.0
91.0
90.0
89.0
88.0
87.0
86.0
85.0
84.0
83.0
cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( cf=j= @)&(÷*)
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_
;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

cf= j= @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;+slnt lgIf]k tyf k|jflxt shf{sf]
ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;'v]{t lhNnf ;a}eGbf cufl8 b]lvG5 . o; lhNnfdf ;dLIff jif{df ?=@& ca{ !% s/f]8 @% nfv
lgIf]k ;+sng ePsf] 5 eg], ;f]xL cjlwdf ?=#^ ca{ % s/f]8 (& nfv shf{ k|jflxt ePsf] 5 . To:t} ;a}eGbf
sd lgIf]k ;+sng d'u' lhNnfdf ?=@ ca{ #% s/f]8 &) nfv ePsf] 5 eg] 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd ?=^$
s/f]8 * nfv shf{ k|jfx ePsf] 5 .
/]vflrq 5.5M lgIf]k tyf shf{sf] lhNnfut l:ylt
-?=bz nfv_

70000.0
60000.0
50000.0
40000.0 shf{
30000.0 lgIf]k
20000.0
10000.0
0.0

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}s

39
u_ cGo ljQLo ljj/0f
cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf s0ff{nL k|b]zsf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?åf/f ;+slnt s'n lgIf]kdWo]
;a}eGbf w]/} art lgIf]ksf] c+z %)=$$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L rNtL, d'2tL / cGo lgIf]kn] qmdzM !*=!$
k|ltzt, @%=^( k|ltzt / %=&$ k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ .
/]vflrq 5.6M s"n lgIf]ksf] ;+/rgf
-k|ltzt_
5.74% 18.14%

rNtL
25.69% art
d'4tL
cGo

50.44%

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}s

;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf lgIf]kstf{sf] ;+Vof !%=$# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !(,$(,%^* k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{df of]
;+Vof @*=&& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !^,**,(^% k'u]sf] lyof] . @)*) c;f/ d;fGt;Dd C0fLx?sf] ;+Vofdf @=$)
k|ltztn] x|f; cfO{{ %!,^$& sfod ePsf] 5 eg] ut jif{ of] ;+Vof @#=)& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ %@,(!( k'u]sf]
lyof] .

40
 aS; 5.1: s)ff{nL k|b]zdf jfl)fHo a}+ssf zfvf la:tf/

b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ &%# j6f :yfgLo txdf jfl0fHo a}+ssf] sDtLdf Ps zfvfsf] pkl:ylt x'g'kg]{ gLlt adf]lhd
@)*) c;f/ d;fGt;Dd s0ff{nL k|b]zsf ;a} &( :yfgLo txx?df jfl0fHo a}+ssf] zfvf la:tf/ ePsf] 5 .

• @)&( c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf @)*) c;f/ d;fGtdf yk & j6f zfvf la:tf/ eO{ s0ff{nL k|b]zdf
jfl0fHo a}+sx?sf] zfvf ;+Vof @)^ k'u]sf] 5 . @)&( @)*) zfvf
h;dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} zfvf ;'v]{tdf # j6f lhNnf c;f/ c;f/ la:tf/
la:tf/ ePsf 5g\ . d;fGt d;fGt ;+Vof
• h'Dnf, sflnsf]6, ?s'd -klZrd_ / ;Nofg 8f]Nkf 13 13 0

lhNnfdf ;dfg !÷! j6f jfl0fHo a}+ssf] d'u' 8 8 0

zfvfx? la:tf/ ePsf 5g\ eg] cGo x'Dnf 9 9 0

lhNnfx?df jfl0fHo a}+ssf] zfvf la:tf/ ePsf h'Dnf 21 22 1

5}gg\ . sflnsf]6 15 16 1

• ;dLIff aif{df ;a}eGbf w]/} %$ j6f jfl0fHo b}n]v 24 24 0

a}+ssf] zfvf ;'v]{t lhNnfdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] hfh/sf]6 13 13 0

;a}eGbf sd * j6f zfvf d'u' lhNnfdf /x]sf ?s'd klZrd 20 21 1

5g\ . ;Nofg 25 26 1

• s0ff{nL k|b]zdf /x]sf jfl0fHo a}+sx?df @)*) ;'v]{t 51 54 3

c;f/ d;fGtdf !$@) hgf sd{rf/Lx?n] hDdf 199 206 7

k|ToIf /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

3_ ljkGg ju{ shf{, ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{

;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf k|jfx ePsf] ljkGgju{ shf{ cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{{sf] t'ngfdf @=^) k|ltztn] x|f;
cfO{ ?=$ ca{ ^^ s/f]8 #) nfv sfod ePsf] 5 . ut jif{df ;f] shf{ $@=!! k|ltztn] x|f; cfO{ ?=$ ca{ *(
s/f]8 ! nfv sfod ePsf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ?=# ca{ $% nfv
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ k|jfx ePsf] 5, h'g cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] t'ngfdf @=!( k|ltztn] sdL /x]sf] 5 .

41
 /]vflrq 5.7M ;x"lnotk')f{ shf{ / ljkGgju{ shf{sf] ljj/)f
-?=bz nfv_
9,000.0
8,000.0
7,000.0 ljkGg ju{
6,000.0 shf{
5,000.0
4,000.0 ;x'lnotk"0f{
3,000.0 shf{
2,000.0
1,000.0
0.0
cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( cf=j= @)&(÷*)
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}s

ª_ km08 6«fG;km/
o; k|b]zsf k|To]s lhNnfx?df Ps–Ps j6f u/L hDdf !) j6f gf]6sf]ifx? /x]sf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*)
sf] c;f/ d;fGt;Dd o; k|b]zsf ;a} gf]6 sf]ifx?df u/L hDdf ?=!) ca{ *& s/f]8 %) nfv km08 6«fG;km/
ePsf] 5 . of] ut cfly{s jif{df ePsf] km08 6«fG;km/sf] t'ngfdf )=@) k|ltztn] w]/} /xsf] 5 . To;}u/L cfly{s
jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf ;a}eGbf a9L ;Nofg lhNnfdf ?=! ca{ (% s/f]8 -!&=(# k|ltzt_ /
;a}eGbf sd sflnsf]6 / d'u' lhNnfdf ;dfg ?=%% s/f]8 -%=)^ k|ltzt_ km08 6«fG;km/ ePsf] 5 . b}n]v,
;'v]{t, hfh/sf]6, 8f]Nkf, ?s'd klZrd, h'Dnf / x'Dnf lhNnfdf qmdzM !%=!& k|ltzt, !#=&( k|ltzt, !!=&#
k|ltzt, (=^% k|ltzt, *=@* k|ltzt, &=*@ k|ltzt, %=%@ k|ltzt km08 6«fG;km/ ePsf] 5 .
/]vflrq 5.8M s)ff{nL k|b]zdf km)* ^«fG;km/sf] cj:yf
-k|ltzt_

13.79% 9.65%
5.52%

8.28%
7.82%

5.06%

17.93%
11.73%

5.06%
15.17%

8f]Nkf x'Dnf h'Dnf d'u' hfh/sf]6 sflnsf]6 b}n]v ;Nofg ?s'd -klZrd_ ;'v]{t
;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, g]kfnu~h sfof{no

42
5=4 oftfoft tyf ;+rf/

;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf btf{ ePsf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vofdf !#=*$ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @#,))) k'u]sf] 5 .
ut jif{df ;f] ;+Vof $=#% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @),@)# /x]sf] lyof] .
/]vflrq 5.9M oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] ;+Vof

25,000.0

20,000.0
oftfoftsf
15,000.0 ;fwgsf] s'n ;+Vof
df]6/;fO{sn
10,000.0
cGo =======
5,000.0

0.0
cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( cf=j= @)&(÷*)
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_

;|f]tM oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, ;'v]{t

cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf df]6/;fO{snsf] ;+Vofdf !@=@# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !&,**( k'u]sf]
5 eg] cGo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vofdf !(=*^ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ %,!!! k'u]sf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 ljtl/t 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof !$=$) k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . g]kfn
6]lnsdaf6 ;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zleq hDdf !,)%,$&@ 6]]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
5=5 lzIff tyf :jf:Yo

cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf o; k|b]zdf ;/sf/L tyf lghL ljBfnosf] ;+Vof #,$!(, ljBfyL{
;+Vof ^,!!,@*% / lzIfs ;+Vof !%,(&( /x]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos If]qsf ljBfnodf
%=%* k|ltztn] ljBfyL{ ;+Vof 36]sf] b]lvG5 eg] lghL If]qsf ljBfnodf !%=!# k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf 5.2M ;/sf/L tyf lghL ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ / lzIfs ;+Vofsf] cj:yf
cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( cf=j= @)&(÷*)
ljj/0f
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_
ljBfno ;+Vof 3,161 3,409 3,419

ljBfyL{ ;+Vof 5,79,374 6,26,158 6,11,285

lzIfs ;+Vof 14,s645 14,944 15,979

;|f]tM lzIff ;]jf lgb]{zgfno / lhNnfl:yt lzIff ;]jf sfof{nox?

43
;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf k|fljlws lzIffnosf] ;+Vof, lzIfsx?sf] ;+Vof / ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof qmdzM !!), *!%,
#,!&# /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df k|fljlws lzIffdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+Vof @,(#( /x]]sf]
lyof] .

;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf /x]sf ;/sf/L÷;fd'bflos c:ktfnsf] ;+Vof / tL c:ktfnx?df /x]sf z}ofx?sf]
;+Vofdf qmdzM !@=%) k|ltzt / @=(^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . To:t} lrlsT;s x?sf] ;+Vofdf !#=** k|ltztn]
j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf lrlsT;ssf] ;+Vofdf @=)) k|ltztn] x|f;
cfPsf] lyof] . ;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf hDdf @& j6f ;/sf/L÷;fd'bflos c:ktfn / !,@%$ j6f z}ofx?
/x]sf 5g\ .

/]vflrq 5.10M ;/sf/L÷;fd"bflos c:ktfnsf] ;+Vof

-lhNnfut_

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

;|f]tM :jf:Yo ;]jf lgb]{zgfno / lhNnfl:yt :jf:Yo ;]jf sfof{nox?

o; k|b]zsf !) lhNnfx?dWo] sflnsf]6 / ?s'd klZrddf ;dfg ^, ;'v]{tdf $ j6f ;/sf/L÷;fd'bflos c:ktfn
/x]sf 5g\ . d'u', hfh/sf]6, ;Nofg / b}n]vdf ;dfg @÷@ j6f / afFsL 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf / h'Dnf lhNnfdf !÷! j6f
;/sf/L÷;fd'bflos c:ktfnx? ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf lghL c:ktfnsf] ;+Vof @) /x]sf] 5 . ;'v]{tdf !), ;Nofgdf & / ?s'd klZrddf #
lghL c:ktfn /x]sf 5g\ eg] k|b]zsf cGo afFsL & lhNnfdf s'g}klg lghL c:ktfn ;~rfngdf 5}gg\ .
5=6 ;]jf If]q shf{

;dLIff jif{df o; k|b]zdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?åf/f k|jflxt s'n shf{dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} *#=^$ k|ltzt shf{
;]jf If]qdf k|jfx ePsf] 5 . ;ldIff jif{df, ;]jf If]qdf k|jflxt shf{ $=^% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=$* ca{ $%
s/f]8 %* nfv k'u]sf] 5 eg] ut jif{df o:tf] shf{ !^=(# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=$^ ca{ #) s/f]8 & nfv k'u]sf]
lyof] .

44
 /]vflrq 5.11M s)ff{nL k|b]zdf k|jflxt ;]jf If]q shf{
-?= bz nfv_
25,000.0

20,000.0
cf=j= @)&&÷&*
15,000.0 -;fpg–c;f/_
cf=j= @)&*÷&(
10,000.0 -;fpg–c;f/_
cf=j= @)&(÷*)
5,000.0
-;fpg–c;f/_
0.0

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf k|jfx ePsf] ;]jf If]q shf{dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} ;'v]{t lhNnfdf ?=#) ca{ (% s/f]8
^* nfv -^#=*( k|ltzt_ 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd x'Dnf lhNnfdf ?=$! s/f]8 *@ nfv -)=*^ k|ltzt_ k|jfx
ePsf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df ;]jf If]qdf k|jflxt shf{dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} shf{ yf]s tyf v'b|f ljqm]tftkm{ k|jflxt ePsf] 5 .
@)*) c;f/ d;fGtdf o:tf] shf{ ^=$* k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=!( ca{ %# s/f]8 @( nfv k'u]sf] 5 eg] o:tf]
shf{sf] lx:;f ;]jf If]qdf k|jflxt s'n shf{sf] $)=#! k|ltzt /x]sf]] 5 . ;]jf If]qdf k|jflxt shf{dWo] ;a}eGbf
sd ?=% s/f]8 ^ nfv ljQ, ladf tyf crn ;DklQ zLif{sdf k|jfx ePsf] 5 .
/]vflrq 5.12: If]qut ;]jf shf{
-?= bz nfv_

25,000.0

20,000.0

15,000.0

10,000.0

5,000.0

0.0
oftfoft, yf]s tyf ljQ, 3/ hUuf ko{6g cGo ;]jf :jf:Yo lzIff pkef]Uo cGo
e08f/0f / v'b|f aLdf tyf ;]jf / ;]jf shf{
;+rf/ ljqm]tf crn cGo
;DklQ ;fdflhs
sfo{

;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

45
5=7 ;xsf/L If]q

s0ff{nL k|b]zsf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] k'FhL, art, C0f, ;b:o ;+Vof / tL ;+:yfaf6 l;lh{t /f]huf/L
;+Vofsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;'v]{taf6 #, ?s'd klZrdaf6 #, b}n]vaf6 @, h'Dnf / sflnsf]6af6 !÷! u/L
hDdf !) j6f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] gd'gf 5gf}6 u/L ;f]xL gd'gfsf cfwf/df o; k|b]zsf] ;du| ;xsf/L If]qsf]
ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] s'n k'FhL *=%$ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] cfly{s
jif{df o:tf] k'FhL *^=%$ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf ;xsf/L
;+:yfx?sf] s'n art !#=&^ k|ltztn] a[[l4 ePsf]df cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf %=%( k|ltztn]
j[l4 eO{ ?=@ cj{ &! s/f]8 @& nfv k'u]sf] 5 .

/]vflrq 5.13: art tyf C)f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] cj:yf

-?= bz nfv_
9000.0 3576
3501
8000.0
7000.0 3043 s'n C0f
6000.0
2569 2713 s'n art
5000.0
4000.0 2258
s'n k"FhL
3000.0
2041
2000.0 2215
1093
1000.0
0.0
cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( cf=j= @)&(÷*)
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_
;|f]tM gd'gf 5gf}6df k/]sf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?

;dLIff jif{df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] s'n C0f k|jfx @=!) k|ltztn] x|f; cfO{ ?=# ca{ %) s/f]8
* nfv sfod ePsf] 5 . ut jif{ To:tf] C0f k|jfx !&=%# k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cfa4
;b:o ;+Vofdf klg ;dLIff jif{df j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ut jif{ *=## k|ltztn] a9]sf] ;b:o ;+Vof ;dLIff jif{df
%=** k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ (%,^$$ k'u]sf] 5 .
;dLIff jif{df ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] /f]huf/Ldf !=@$ k|ltztn] x|f; cfO{ #!( sfod ePsf] 5 . To:t},
ut jif{ %=) k|ltztn] a9]sf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] zfvf ;+Vof ;dLIff jif{df !!=() k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ $& k'u]sf]
5 . s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?n] jfl0fHo a+}s, /fli6«o ;xsf/L a}+s, yf]s shf{ k|jfx ug]{ n3'ljQ ljQLo
;+:yfx?af6 afXo C0fsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf]n] s'n k'FhL / s'n artsf] t'ngfdf clws dfqfdf shf{ k|jfx ePsf]
b]lvG5 .

46
5=8 ;]jf If]qsf] r"gf}tL / ;Defjgf

s_ ;]jf If]qsf] r'gf}tL

• ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf afjh'b oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;8s, ljB't nufotsf
k"jf{wf/x?sf] lta| ljsf; ug'{ .

• ko{6g Joj;fosf] k|r/' ;Defjgf af]s]sf] o; k|b]zdf ;xh ?kdf xjfO{ tyf ;8s oftfoft
nufotsf ko{6g k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; / la:tf/ dfkm{t cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ko{6sx?nfO{ cfsif{0f
ug'{ .

• cGo k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf ljQLo kx'Fr Go"g ePsf] o; k|b]zdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] pkl:ylt
la:tf/ u/L ljQLo ;fIf/tf / ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f clej[l4 ub}{ ljQLo If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpg' .

• kof{Kt :jf:Yo k"jf{wf/x?sf] cefj / bIf :jf:YosdL{x?sf] Go"g pknAwtfsf aLr u'0f:t/Lo
:jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ .

• ko{6s:t/Lo xf]6n tyf xf]d:6] Joj;fosf] ljsf; ub}{ ko{6g If]qsf nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf]
ljsf; dfkm{t ko{6g If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpFb} hfg' .

• k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf sf/0f cfjZos lzIf0f ;+:yfx? / tflnd k|fKt cg'elj lzIfsx?sf]
cefj /x]sf]n] cfjZos lzIf0f ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf tyf cg'elj lzIfsx?nfO{ ljleGg k|f]T;fxg
dfkm{t cfsif{0f u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug'{ .

• 3/÷ejg :yfoL gS;f kf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ul/ ;/sf/sf] /fh:j j[l4 ug'{ .
v_ ;]jf If]qsf] ;Defjgf

• o; k|b]zdf /f/f, z]–kmf]S;'08f], s'lk08], :ofk{', krfn em/gf, a'na'n] tfn, sfFqm]ljxf/, l;Fhf ;Eotf
/ k~rsf]zL nufotsf k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts tyf wfdL{s dxTj af]s]sf ko{6sLo If]qx? /x]sf]n]
ko{6g k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; / la:tf/ u/L cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ko{6snfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;lsg]
pRr ;Defjgf /x]sf] .

• o; k|b]zsf] lxdfnL tyf pRr kxf8L lhNnfx?df OG6/g]6sf] Go"g kx'Fr ePsf] cj:yfdf OG6/g]6sf]
la:tf/sf] pRr ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . To:t}, ;'v]{t ljdfg:ynnfO{ :t/f]GgtL u/L k|b]z cGtu{tsf
lhNnfx? 8f]Nkf, d'u', x'Dnf, h'Dnf tyf ?s'd klZrddf ofq'jfxs xjfO{ ;]jf lgoldt?kdf
;~rfng ug{ ;s]df o; If]qdf /x]sf ko{6sLo If]qsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ eO{ cfo tyf /f]huf/L a9\g]
;Defjgf /x]sf] .

47
• a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?df ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kxF'r / ljQLo ;fIf/tfdf cfPsf] ;'wf/n] 3/]n', ;fgf
tyf demf}nf pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; x'g] qmd a9\bf] /x]sf]n] ;f] If]qdf shf{ la:tf/sf] ;Defjgf pRr
/x]sf] .

48
 kl/R%]b 6
k'jf{wf/ / /f]huf/L

6=1 k'jf{wf/ If]q

^=!=! k'iknfn -dWokxf8L_ nf]sdfu{ cfof]hgf

k'iknfn -dWokxf8L_ nf]sdfu{ cfof]hgf sfof{no, b}n]vaf6 k|fKt ljj/0f cg';f/, o; of]hgf sfof{no cGtu{t
?s'd k'j{, ?s'd klZrd, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v / c5fd ul/ % j6f lhNnfx? sfo{If]qsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . sfo{If]q
leqsf] s'n nDafO{ $$) ls=ld /x]sf] 5 . s0ff{nL k|b]zsf # lhNnfx? ?s'd klZrd, hfh/sf]6 / b}n]vnfO{
;d]6]sf] o; ;8s dfu{sf] sl/a @#) ls=ld= ;8s v08 o; k|b]z leq kb{5 h;df d'l;sf]6–rf}/hxf/L $#
ls=ld=, rf}/hxf/L–b}n]v !)# ls=ld=, b}n]v–b'Nn'–n}grf}/ #( ls=ld= / n}grf}/–;fQnf–;fO{vf]nf $% ls=ld= ;8s
v08 /x]sf] 5 .
cfof]hgfsf] k|d'v sfo{x?df ;8s :t/f]GgtL tyf k'n lgdf{0f sfo{ kb{5 . cf=j= @)&(÷*) ;Dd ;DkGg ePsf
k|d'v lqmofsfnkx?df #&) ls=ld= ;8s sfnf]kq] u/]sf], lgdf{0ffwLg ynx vf]nf k'n -hfh/sf]6_, ?d vf]nf k'n,
s'd|L vf]nf k'n / kfp8] vf]nf k'n -b}n]v_ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L, xn;Ddsf] ef}lts k|ult *%=) k|ltzt
tyf ljQLo k|ult (%=%% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;8s lj:tf/sf] qmddf ;8sdf kg{ hfg] 3/÷6x/fsf] Ifltk'lt{ tyf
hUufx?sf] d'cfAhf ;DaGwL ljjfb k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vfk/]sf]df ljleGg 3/ wgL tyf hUufwgLx?;Fu
;dGjo u/L ljjfb 6'ª\Uofpg] k|of; u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ cuf8L a9fO{Psf] 5 . ;du|df, o; cfof]hgf xfn k|:tfljt
sfo{tflnsf cg'';f/ cf=j @)*$÷*% ;Dddf ;DkGg ug{] nIo /x]sf] 5 .
o; cfof]hgf sfof{nosf] cf=j= @)&%÷&^ b]lv cf=j= @)&(÷*) ;Dd s'n ah]6 / vr{ /sd qmdzM ?=( ca{
^$ s/f]8 @) nfv / ?=( ca{ @! s/f]8 #$ nfv /x]sf] 5 .
^=!=@ s0ff{nL sf]l/8f]/ ;8s
of]hgf sfof{nosf] gfd lxN;f–l;ldsf]6 ;8s of]hfg -s0ff{nL sf]l/8f]/_ :yfkgf @)^( ;fndf eO{ of]hgf ;'?
ePsf] xf] . of]hgf sfof{nosf] sfo{If]q sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf] s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ cGtu{tsf] v'nfn' b]vL l;dsf]6 x'Fb}
lxN;f ;Dd /x]sf] 5 h;sf] nDafO{ @^*=^% ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 h;dWo] @^#=% ls=ld=6«ofs lgdf{0f eO{;s]sf] 5 /
afFsL @=% ls=ld= 6«ofs lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 . ;8s /]vfÍgn] 5f]Psf lhNnfx? sflnsf]6,
afh'/f / x'Dnf kb{5g\ . of]hgfsf] s'n nfut ?=^ ca{ ^^ s/f]8 !( nfv /x]sf] 5 . of]hgfsf] xfn;Ddsf] ef}lts
k|ult @$=) k|ltzt / ljQLo k|ult @)=$! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf] v'nfn' b]lv l;ldsf]6 x'Fb} lxN;f ;Dd kSsL -@^*=^% ls=ld=_ ;8s lgdf{0f u/L sflnsf]6,
afh'/f / x'Dnf lhNnfnfO{ ;8s ;+hfndf hf]8\g] ;fy} pQm If]qsf hgtfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t

49
cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf] nflu kx'Fr clej[l4 x'g], ko{6g k|j4{g x'g], :yfgLo s[lif tyf hl8a'6L pTkfbg ahf/;Dd
k'¥ofpg ;xh x'g] ;fy} hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ x''g] o; cfof]hgfsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 .
^=!=# dbg e08f/L /fhdfu{ cfof]hgf
dbg e08f/L cfof]hgf sfof{no, ;'v]{tsf cg';f/, o; cfof]hgf sfof{nosf] sfo{If]q leqsf] ;8s v08
;ftbf]jf6f] b]lv ?kfn ;Dd /x]sf] 5 . sfo{If]q leq kg]{ lhNnfx? qmdzM /f]Nkf, ;Nofg, ;'v]{t, 8f]6L, s}nfnL /
88]nw'/f kb{5 eg] h;cGtu{t s['n nDafO{ %%@ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 h;dWo] of]hgfn] x]g{] s'n ;8s nDafO{ @*)
ls=ld=/x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfn] xfn;Dd hDdf % ls=ld dfq ;8s lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfn] agfpg' kg]{
k'n ;+Vof #@ /x]sf]df xfn :fDd s'g} k|ult ePsf] 5}g .
cfof]hgf sfof{no :yfkgf kZrft sfo{ If]qleqsf] ;8s v08 af]6]rf}/ b]lv ljhf}/f ;Dd ^$ ls=ld= 7]Ssf
;Demf}tf u/]sf]df jL/]Gb|gu/ b]lv k"j{tKfm{sf] v08 $@ ls=ld= / klZrd tKf{msf] v08 @@ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . cf=j=
@)&(÷*) df cfof]hgf sfof{nosf] ah]6 ?=$ ca{ (% s/f]8 ^& nfv /x]sf]df ljQLo k|ult @% k|ltzt /x]sf]
5 eg] s'n ef}lts k|ult #) k|ltzt /x]sf]] 5 .
^=!=$ gn:ofuf8 -gnuf8_ hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't cfof]hgf
gn:ofuf8 -gnuf8_ hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't -$!& d]=jf_ cfof]hgf g]kfnsf] s0ff{nL k|b]z cGtu{t hfh/sf]6
lhNNff l:yt gnuf8 gbLdf cjl:yt 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfns gnuf8 xfO8«f]kfj/ sDkgL
lnld6]8 xf] h'g ljB't pTkfbg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] ;xfos sDkgLsf] ?kdf ;g\ @)!& df :yflkt ePsf] lyof] .
xfn o; cfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg -EIA_ k|ltj]bg k]z ul/g] r/0fdf 5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgfn]
gnuf8 gu/kflnsfsf] j8f gDa/ @, %, &, *, / af/]sf]6 ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f gDa/ !, @, %, ^, &, * / ( nfO{
k|efj kfg]{5 . o; cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'g & aif{ % dlxgf nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] cfof]hgfsf] clws[t
k"FhL ? ! ca{ / hf/L k"FhL ? %) s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 .
o; cfof]hgfn] lgdf{0f r/0fsf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf, :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?sf]
bIftf tyf Ifdtfdf j[l4, :YffgLo :t/df pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfgx?sf] nflu ahf/÷Joj;fox?sf] cj;/ l;h{gf tyf
/fh:jdf j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+rfng r/0fdf phf{sf] pTkfbg, u|fdL0f ljB'lts/0fsf cj;/x?, u|fdL0f
cy{tGqdf ;'wf/, :yfgLo ko{6g ljsf;sf cj;/x? tyf z]o/ nufgLdf cj;/ x'g]5 .
^=!=% ljB't
s0ff{nL k|b]z If]qkmnsf] lx;fan] cGo k|b]zeGbf 7"nf] tyf ef}uf]lns ?kdf ljs6 ePsf]n] oxfFsf x/]s 3/ tyf
j:tLdf lah'nLsf] ;'ljwf k''of{pg' cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] h]g]/]zg Dofuflhg !%
cf} c+s cf= j= @)&(÷*) cg';f/ ut jif{ ## s]=le=sf] ljB't Kf|;f/0f nfO{g #*^ ls=ld=/x]sf]df ;dLIff jif{df
$^* ls=ld= k'u]sf] 5 eg] !! s]=le=sf] ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g ut jif{ @,#*& ls=ld=/x]sf]df ;dLIff jif{df j[l4
eO{ #,)&$ ls=ld= k'u]sf] 5 .

50
To;}u/L Pn=le=sf] ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g ut jif{ %,!$) ls=ld=lyof] eg] ;dLIff jif{df j[l4 eO{ &,@#* ls=ld
k'u]sf] 5 . ;du|df ;dLIff jif{df ljB't Kf|;f/0f nfO{g !),&*) ls=ld=k'u]sf] 5 eg] ut jif{ o:tf] Kf|;f/0f nfO{g
&,(!# ls=ld=/x]sf] lyof] . ut jif{ o; k|b]zsf] s'n ;a:6]zg Ifdtf $(=% Pd=le=P /x]sf]df ;dLIff jif{df j[l4
eO{ %$=% Pd=le=P k'u]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)&(÷*) ;Dddf o; k|b]zdf !*=%$ d]=jf= laB't pTkfbg ePsf]
5 -tflnsf ^=!_ .
tflnsf 6=1M s"n ljB"t pTkfbg
-d]ufjf^_
cfof]hgfsf]
qm=;= cfof]hgfsf] gfd lhNnf s}lKfmot
Ifdtf -d]ufjf6_
1. sfnLsf]6 hn sfnLsf]6 0.5 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
ljB't cfof]hgf
2. lxNb'ª hn ljB't x'Dnf 0.5 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
cfof]hgf
3. h'Dnf hn ljB't h'Dnf 0.2 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
cfof]hgf
4. :ofk?bx hn ?s'd 0.2 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
ljB't cfof]hgf klZrd
5. 8f]Nkf hn ljB't 8f]Nkf 0.2 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
cfof]hgf
6. udu9L hn ljB't d'u' 0.4 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
cfof]hgf
7. kbd vf]nf b}n]v 4.8 bf]NtL kfj/ sDkgL k|f=ln=
hnljB't cfof]hgf
8. b\jf/L vf]nf b}n]v 3.75 e'uf]n O{ghL{ 8]enkd]G6 sDkgL k|f=ln=
hnljB't cfof]hgf
9. lu/L vf]nf h'Dnf 0.2 lu/Lvf]nf hfNkfb]jL u|fdL0f ljB't ;xsf/L
hnljB't cfof]hgf lnld6]8
10. n3' hnljB't s0ff{nL 6.53 a}slNks pmhf{ k|j¢{g s]Gb|, hn>f]t tyf
cfof]hgf -@!% k|b]z pmhf{ ljsf; dGqfno, g]b/Nof08 ljsf;
j6f_ lgof]u, sfb'/L g]kfn
11. ;f}o{ ldgL u|L8 s0ff{nL 1.26 a}slNks pmhf{ k|j¢{g s]Gb|, hn>f]t tyf
cfof]hgf -!* j6f_ k|b]z pmhf{ ljsf; dGqfno, u|fdL0f hn>f]t
Joj:yfkg kl/of]hgf
s'n ljB't pTkfbg 18.54

;|f]tM hn>f]t tyf phf{ ljsf; dGqfno, s0ff{nL k|b]z tyf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

o; k|b]zdf xfn;Dd s'g}klg 7"nf hnljB't cfof]hgfx? ;~rfngdf g/x]tfklg b}n]v lhNnfdf xfn @=!%
d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] dflyNnf] k/fh'nL vf]nf, $=@ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] nf]xf]/] vf]nf cfof]hgf lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf
/x]sf 5g\ . To:t} sflnsf]6 lhNnfdf !^ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] ??aGr' vf]nf -klxnf]_, !@ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] ??aGr'
vf]nf -bf]>f]_, $$) d]ufjf6 Ifdtsf] ltnf -klxnf]_, $@) d]ufjf6 Ifdtsf] ltnf -bf]>f]_ hnljB't cfof]hgfsf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5 .

51
To;}u/L, vTof8 vf]nf hnljB't cfof]hgf -)=%) d]=jf=_ d'u', l;d?t' vf]nf hnljB't cfof]hgf -)=@) d]=jf=_
?s'd klZrd, ;fgL e]/L hnljB't cfof]hgf -)=#) d]=jf=_ ?s'd klZrd, cfFv] vf]nf hnljB't cfof]hgf -)=&%
d]=jf=_ 8f]Nkf, r's]gL vf]nf hnljB't cfof]hgf -)=(( d]=jf=_ h'Dnf, hNbL uf8 hnljB't cfof]hgf -@! d]=jf=_
?s'd klZrd, :ofk'{ hnljB't cfof]hgf -#=# d]=jf=_ ?s'd klZrd, ;f}o{ pmhf{ cfof]hgf -)=(( d]=jf=_ h'Dnf,
;f}o{ pmhf{ cfof]hgf -)=#) d]=jf=_ d'u', ;f}o{ pmhf{ cfof]hgf -)=^@ d]=jf=_ 8f]Nkf, / ;f}o{ pmhf{ cfof]hgf -!
d]=jf=_ x'Dnfdf u/L hDdf !& cf]6f cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0fflwg cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cf=j= @)&(÷*) ;Dddf o; k|b]zdf cfof]hgf lgdf{0f cg'dtLsf] nflu ( cf]6f cfof]hgfx?sf] lgj]bg k/]sf
5g\ eg] cfof]hgf cWoogsf] nflu ^ cf]6f cfof]hgfx?sf] lgj]bg k/]sf 5g\ .

aS; 6.1: s)ff{nL k|b]zsf dxTjk')f{ hnljB"t cfof]hgfx?

dflyNnf] s0ff{nL hnljB't cfof]hgf

dflyNnf] s0ff{nL hnljB't cfof]hgf s0ff{nL gbLdf k|:tfljt /g ckm b l/e/ hnljB't cfof]hgf
xf] . of] cfof]hgf b}n]v lhNnfsf] cf7aL; gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! ;fQnfsf] 8fa / c5fd lhNnfsf]
s]lx efu ;d]t kb{5 . of] cfof]hgfsf] ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf ()) d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 . of] cfof]hgf
lgdf{0f ug]{ lhDdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef/lto sDkgL lhPdcf/ nfO{ lbPsf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfaf6 pTkfbg
x'g] clwsf+z lah'nL a+unfb]z -%)) d]ufjf6_ / ef/t -@(@ d]ufjf6_ b'j}tkm{ $)) s]eL 8an ;ls{6
k|;f/0f nfOgdfkm{t lgof{t ug]{ to ul/Psf] 5 afFsL /x]sf] s'n ljB'tsf] !)* d]ufjf6 g]kfn ;/sf/n]
k|fKt ug]{ 5 .
!(() df klxnf] k6s ;fgf] :s]n @$) d]ufjf6 ;'ljwfsf] ¿kdf of]hgf ul/Psf]df xfnsf] ())
d]ufjf6 l8hfOg @))* df :jLs[t ePsf] lyof] . nfdf] ;do b]lv of] cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ug]{ elgPklg
pTkfbgsf] lhDdf kfPsf] sDkgLn] sfo{ ug{ g;sL k6sk6s Dofb ylkb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] 7'nf]
cfof]hgf dWo]sf] o; cfof]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg ePsf b]zdf cfjZos ljB'tsf] kl/k"lt{ x'g'sf] ;fy}
7'nf] dfqfdf ljB't lgof{tsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . ef/t / a+unfb]zdf ljB't cfk"lt{ x'g] lgof{td'vL
cfof]hgf ePsf]n] ;dodd} ljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;s] o;n] g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ax'cfoflds dxTj
/fVb5 .
a]tg s0ff{nL hnljB't cfof]hgf
$#( d]ufjf6 ljB't Ifdtfsf] a]tg s0ff{nL cw{ hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't cfof]hgf xf] . h'g s0ff{nL k|b]z
;v]{t lhNnfsf] rf}s'g] ufpFkflnsf j8f g=$, %, ^ / k~rk'/L gu/kflnsf j8f g= & ;fy} ;'b"/klZrd
k|b]zsf] c5fd lhNnfsf] 9sf/L ufpFkflnsf] j8f g+= ^, & / t'df{vfb ufpFkflnsfsf j8f g= #, $ / %
sf] If]q leq cjl:yt 5 .

52
 hnljB''tsf] pTkfbg j[l4 u/L phf{sf] lg/Gt/ a9\bf] dfu k'/f ug{ / ljb]zaf6 cfoft ul/g] ljB'tnfO{
k|lt:yfkg ug{ o:tf cfof]hgfsf] k|d'v e'ldsf x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy} /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g uO{ :yfgLo
hgtfx? nfeflGjt x'g] b]lvG5 . of] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPdf ljB'tsf] cfGtl/s dfu
kl/k"lt{ ug'{sf] ;fy} afFsL lah'nL l5d]sL b]zx?df lalqm u/L cfly{s nfe lng ;lsg] x'Fbf o;
cfof]hgfsf] ;~rfngaf6 ;dli6ut ?kdf ;du| b]zsf] cfly{s pGgltdf 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
km'sf]6 s0ff{nL hnljB't cfof]hgf
k|wfgdGqLsf] ef/t e|d0fdf km'sf]6 s0ff{nL cw{hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't cfof]hgf ef/tLo ;/sf/L
sDkgLn] nufgL ug]{ ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf $*) d]ufjf6 /x]sf]
5.
g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ljB't pTkfbg sDkgL lnld6]8 / ef/tsf] ;/sf/L sDkgL PgPrkL;Lsf] ;+o'Qm
pkqmd -HjfOG6 e]Gr/_ agfP/ o; cfof]hgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 .
Pdcf]o"sf] d:of}bfcg';f/ PgPrkL;Lsf] %! / eLo";LPnsf] $( k|ltzt nufgLdf km'sf]6 s0ff{nL
cfof]hgf agfpg] tof/L 5 .
of] cfof]hgf sflnsf]6sf] krfn em/gf ufpFkflnsf, /f:sf]6 gu/kflnsf, ;fGgL lqj]0fL ufpFkflnsf /
vfF8frqm gu/kflnsf x'Fb} aUg] s0ff{nL gbLsf] v08df lgdf{0f x'g]5 .
hnljB''tsf] /fli6«o pTkfbg j[l4 u/L phf{sf] lg/Gt/ a9\bf] dfu k'/f ug{ / ljb]zaf6 cfoft ul/g]
ljB'tnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ o:tf cfof]hgfsf] k|d'v e'ldsf x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy} /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g uO{
:yfgLo hgtfx? nfeflGjt x'g] 5g\ . of] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f eO{ ;~rfng ePdf ljB'tsf] cfGtl/s dfu
kl/k"lt{ ug'{sf] ;fy} afFsL lah'nL l5d]sL b]zx?df lalqm u/L cfly{s nfe lng ;lsg] x'Fbf o;
cfof]hgfsf] ;~rfngaf6 ;dli6ut ?kdf ;du| b]zsf] cfly{s pGgltdf 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

6=2 k\'jf{wf/ If]qsf r"gf}tL / ;Defjgf

s_ k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] r'gf}tL

• o; k|b]zdf l;FrfO{df gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{, 7'nf l;FrfO{ cfof]hgf ;+rfng ug{sf nflu cfjZos
nufgL h'6fpg' .
• ;++3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr cfk;L ;dGjo u/L ;8s dfu{ la:tf/, hnljB't pTkfbg tyf k|;f/0f
/ ljdfg:yn nufotsf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug'{ .
• o; k|b]zsf ;a} lhNnfx?df k|b]z /fhwfgL ;'v]{taf6 ;xh, ;'ne tyf :t/Lo ;8s / xjfO{
;~hfnsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
• o; k|b]zdf /x]sf hnfwf/x?sf] clwstd pkof]u u/L ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f sfo{
cufl8 a9fpg' .
53
 • ef}uf]lns ?kdf clt ljs6 o; k|b]zdf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] sf/0f -af9L, klx/f]_ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{
l9nfO{ x'g'sf] ;fy} cg'dflgt nfutsf] t'ngfdf oyfy{ vr{ pNn]Vo ?kdf a9L x'g' .
v_ k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ;Defjgf
• o; k|b]zdf s0ff{nL, e]/L nufotsf 7"nf gbLx? /x]sfn] k|r'/ dfqfdf hnljB't pTkfbgsf ;fy}
l;FrfO{ ;'ljwfsf] la:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf pRr /x]sf] .
• sl7g e"–agf]6n] ;8s la:tf/sf] ;Defjgf sd ePsf If]qdf ;'?Ë dfu{, s]ansf/sf] k|of]usf]
;Defjgf /x]sf] .
• o; k|b]zdf k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] el/k"0f{ ef}uf]lns agfj6 tyf /f/f, z]–kmf]S;'08f] nufotsf cg'kd
k|fs[lts ;Dkbf /x]sf]n] cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ko{6s leq\ofpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf pRr /x]sf] .
• s0ff{nL tyf e]/L h:tf 7"nf gbL /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf hnoftfoftsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] .
• k|b]zleq agk}bfj/ tyf hl8a'6LhGo j:t'x?sf] pTkfbgsf] k|r"/ ;Defjgf ePsf]n] To:tf
j:t'x?nfO{ k|zf]wg u/L cf}iflwhGo j:t'sf] ?kdf pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] cj;/
/x]sf] .
• o; k|b]zsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf ;'v{]tsf] l5Gr'b]lv pkNnf] 8f]Nkf hfg] e]/L sl/8f]/,
jL/]Gb|gu/af6 x'Dnfsf] lxN;f;Ddsf] s0ff{nL sl/8f]/ / s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ cGtu{t sflnsf]6sf]
;]l/3f6–h'Dnfsf] vnËf–d'u'sf] gfSr]nfUgf v08 ;d]t u'0f:t/Lo lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]Gglt x'g ;s]df
z]–Kfmf]S;'08f] tfn, /f/f tfn / lndLaf6 s}nfz dfg;/f]j/ bz{gsf nfuL nfvf}F ko{6s cfslif{t eO{
s0ff{nLaf;Lsf nflu /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g] / o;af6 k|b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug]
;Defjgf /x]sf] .
6=3 /f]huf/L

s_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/L
:jb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf kof{Kt cj;/ gx'gfn] jif]{lg e/kbf]{ cfocfh{gsf] vf]hLsf] lznlznfdf ljb]lzg] g]kfnLx?sf]
;ª\Vof a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] k|sfzg u/]sf] jflif{s >d :jLs[lt ljj/0f @)&(÷*)
cg';f/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 @)&( ;fpg ! b]lv @)*) c;f/ d;fGt ;Dd s'n &,&!,#@& hgfnfO{
j}blzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu >d :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ut jif{ ;f]xL cjlwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu :jLs[lt
hDdf ^,#),)() hgfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu :jls[lt k|bfg ul/g]df s0ff{nL k|b]zsf]
lx:;f #=%% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 :jb]z kmls{g] >ldsx? dWo] clwsf+z k'gM>d :jLs[lt lng]
u/]sf 5g\ eg] s]xLn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 l;s]sf] ;LknfO{ :jb]zdf pkof]u u/L :j/f]huf/ sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf]
kfOG5 .

54
 tflnsf 6.2M lhNnfut j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] ljj/)f
lhNnf Recruiting Individual Total without Individual Total with
Agency New re-entry re-entry Re-entry
b}n]v 3,000 213 3,443 756 4,199

hfh/sf]6 2,566 75 2,702 413 3,115

;Nofg 7,580 288 7,975 1,891 9,866

;'v]{t 4,435 391 5,104 1,391 6,495

x'Dnf 434 38 494 53 5,47

h'Dnf 785 64 887 124 1,011

8f]Nkf 417 47 470 58 528

sflnsf]6 768 49 902 133 1,035

d'u' 458 31 503 54 557

s'n 20,443 1,196 22,480 4,873 27,353

;|f]t M>d, /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfno

v_ cfGtl/s /f]huf/L
>d, /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfnosf] cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] clGtd k|ltj]bg cg';f/ s0ff{nL k|b]zdf
/x]sf] !,%#,&$^ ;"rLs[t a]/f]huf/ hg;+VofnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/L lg/k]If ul/aLsf] b/nfO{ 36fpb}
;fdflhs Gofo / cfly{s ?kfGt/0f ug]{ p2]Zo cg'?k s0ff{nL k|b]zdf /x]sf hDdf &( j6} :yfgLo txdf
k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{Psf] 5 .

tflnsf 6.3: k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmdaf^ l;lh{t /f]huf/Lsf] ljj/)f

sfo{qmd ;~rfng :jLs[t ;~rflnt /f]huf/L k|bfg /f]huf/L k|bfg hDdf
:yfgLo ePsf :yfgLo tx cfof]hgf cfof]hgf ul/Psf ul/Psf] cf}ift /f]huf/L
txsf] ;+Vof ;+Vof ;+Vof ;+Vof JolQmx?sf] ;|Vof lbg lbg

79 75 2,709 2,645 35,162 74.73 26,27,517

;|f]tM k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd, >d, /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfno

cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t @,&)( j6f :jLs[t cfof]hgfx? dWo] @,^$% cfof]hgfx? ;~rfng
/x]sf 5g\ eg] hDdf #%,!^@ hgfn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ -tflnsf ^=#_ . k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/
sfo{qmdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cf=j= @)&*÷&( cg';f/ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] nflu k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t
?=@ ca{ # s/f]8 @@ Nffv ah]6 ljlgof]lht ePsf]df ?=! ca{ ^& s/f]8 #^ nfv vr{ ePsf] lyof] .
To:t}, cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ b]lv s0ff{nL k|b]zsf a]/f]huf/ tyf sf]le8–!( af6 k|efljt o'jfnfO{ :yfgLo
:t/df /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{, cfocfh{gsf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ / ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg
u/fO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg k'of{pg s0ff{nL k|b]z ;/sf/n] d'VodGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf]

55
 5 . d'VodGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t s0ff{nL k|b]zdf hDdf !,)%% j6f cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 .
d'VodGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no s0ff{nL k|b]zsf cg';f/ o; sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;a}eGbf a9L ;'v]{t lhNnfdf
!%$ j6f cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . To:t}, ;a}eGbf sd cfof]hgf d'u' lhNnfdf ^% j6f /x]sf 5g\ .
d'VodGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmdaf6 o; k|b]zdf s]lx /f]huf/L ;[hgf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;Nofg, b}n]v, ?s'd klZrd / sflnsf]6df qmdzM !%) j6f, !@@ j6f, !!) j6f / !)^ j6f cfof]hgfx?
;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . To:t}, hfh/sf]6df !)% j6f, h'Dnfdf (^ j6f, x'Dnfdf && j6f / 8f]Nkfdf &) j6f
cfof]hgfx? ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .

aS; 6.2: s)ff{nLdf ls;fgnfO{ uf]&fnf] eQf

s0ff{nL k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( b]lv uf]7fnf] eQf sfo{qmd nfu' u/]sf] 5 . s[lif If]qdf
cfs{if0f a9fpg / s[ifssf] hLjgofkgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] s0ff{nL k|b]z ;/sf/n] uf]7fnf] eQf
sfo{qmd nfu' u/]sf] xf] . sDtLdf %) e]8f tyf Rofªu|f kfNg], n]sdf uf]7 ePsf] nufotsf] dfkb08df
k/]sf ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|lt ls;fg dfl;s ?=!,%)).– sf b/n] eQf lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
%) j6f e]8f tyf Rofªu|f a/fa/ ?=!,%)).– / @)) eP ?=^,))).– xhf/ eQf kfpg] Aoj:yf /x]sf] 5
. o;/L e]8fsf] ;+Vof cg';f/ eQf a9\b} hfg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . kz'kG5L tyf dT:o ljsf; lgb]{zgfnosf
cg';f/ cf=j=@)&(÷*) df $#& e]8f tyf Rofªu|f kfNg] ls;fgnfO{ ?=#( nfv & xhf/ ljt/0f ul/Psf]
5 . h;df ;a}eGbf a9L h'Dnfdf @@% hgf, x'Dnfdf !)( hgf, d'u'df %# hgf / 8f]Nkfdf %) hgf
ls;fgx¿ eQfsf nflu dfkb08df k/]sf lyP .
e]8f tyf Rofªu|f kfNg] s0ff{nLsf rf/ lhNnfsf ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg :j¿k k|b]z ;/sf/n] agfPsf]
sfo{ljlw cg';f/ eQf lbg yflnPsf] xf] . eQfn] uf]7fnfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfu|L vl/b ug{ ;xh ePsf]
5 . jif{ e/L uf]7df -kf6g_ hfFbf cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx¿ lsGgsf nflu uf]7fnfnfO{ eQf k|efjsf/L x'g]
b]lvG5 . s0ff{nLdf e]8f tyf Rofªu|fsf] ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg e]8f tyf Rofªu|f kfng ug]{ ls;fgx¿sf]
;+Vof 36\b} uO/x]sf] a]nf of] sfo{qmdn] e]8f tyf Rofªu|f kfngtkm{ ls;fgx? cfslif{t eO{ df;' tyf
pg pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

56
6=4 /f]huf/Lsf] r"gf}tL / ;Defjgf

s_ /f]huf/Lsf] r'gf}tL
• bIf / Jofj;flos >dzlQmsf] ljsf; ug{', j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 cflh{t k'FhL, ;Lk, bIftf / cg'ejsf]
pRrtd kl/rfng ug{' / ;a}sf nflu dof{lbt sfdsf] cj;/sf] ;'lgZrttf ug{' .
• pTkfbgzLn If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ klxrfg / l;h{gf u/L jif]{lg /f]huf/Lsf] lznlznfdf ljb]z
knfog x'g] o'jf hgzLQmnfO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/ ljb]lzgaf6 /f]Sg' .
• lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s / /f]huf/d'ns agfO{ pßdzLntf ljsf; ug{' .
• j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf x'g ;Sg] hf]lvdx? Go'lgs/0f ub}{ o;af6 k|fKt k'FhL, ;Lk, k|ljlw / cg'ejsf]
pTkfbgd'ns If]qdf nufgL u/L pRrtd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{' .
• vfgLhGo, s[lif tyf kz'kG5LhGo, hl8a'6LhGo / jg k}bfjf/hGo pBf]usf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf ePsf]n]
o:tf pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf, ljsf; / la:tf/ u/L pRr /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{' .
• o; k|b]zaf6 ef/t nufot cGo d'n'sdf a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljb]z hfg]sf] ;+Vof 7"nf] dfqfdf
/xsf] 5 . pQm hg;+VofnfO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L ljb]lzgaf6 /f]Sg' .
• s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ul/aL Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
;dGjodf /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpFb} ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug'{ .
v_ /f]huf/Lsf] ;Defjgf
• g]kfndf cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof ^%=$( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf cfly{s ?kn]
;lqmo hg;ª\Vof &!=^% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ s[lif If]qdf /x]sf]cg'pTkfbs >dzlQmnfO{
pBf]u, ko{6g, ;]jf If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f u/L cy{tGqsf] ;+/rgfTds ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] 5 .
• k|fljlws lzIff tyf ;Lkd'ns tflndnfO{ ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 k|fyldstfdf /fVg',
Go"gtd kfl/>ldssf] sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g', z}lIfs a]/f]huf/ tyf a}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kms]{sf
JolQmnfO{ C0f ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g', /f]huf/Lsf] ;Defjgfsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
• o; k|b]zdf s0ff{nL, e]/L nufotsf 7"nf gbLx? /x]sfn] k|r'/ dfqfdf hnljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg]]
;Defjgf /x]sf] x'Fbf o; k|b]zdf /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] pRr ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
• o; k|b]zdf /x]sf /f/f, z]–kmf]S;'08f], s'lk08], :ofk'{, a'na'n] tfn, sfFqm]laxf/, krfn em/gf, l;Fhf
;Eotf, k~rsf]zL Hjfnf If]q nufotsf k|fs[lts, ;fF:s[lts tyf wfl{d{s ?kn] dxTjk"0f{ ko{6sLo
If]qx?sf] k|j4{g u/L k|of{Kt dfqfdf cfo tyf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
• o; k|b]zdf s[lif tyf h8La'6LhGo sRrf kbfy{sf] e08f/ ePsfn] s[lif tyf h8La'6L ;DaGwL
pBf]u ;~rfng u/L o'jfx?nfO{ pBdL agfpFb} /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

57
• o; k|b]zdf Jofj;flos ;Lk tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf tflnd s]Gb|x? :yfkgf u/L hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf]
lx:;f cf]u6]sf] o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ ;Lk tyf tflnd k|bfg u/L bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
• ul/aL lgjf/0f / /f]huf/L l;h{gf s0ff{nL k|b]z ;/sf/sf] pRr k|fyldstfdf /x]sf]n] ;/sf/sf
gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog dfkm{t cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

58
 kl/R%]b 7
;+#Lo Pjd\ k|fb]lzs sfo{qmd tyf of]hgf

7=1 e]/L aaO{ *fO{e;{g ax"p@]ZoLo cfof]hgf

hfkfgsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;+:yf JICA åf/f ;g\ !((* / !((( df ul/Psf] ;DefJotf cWoog cg'';f/ e]/L
gbLsf] kfgL aaO{ gbLdf v;fnL hnljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;Dej x'g] b]lvPsf] lyof] . lxdgbL ;|f]t ePsf g]kfnsf
gbLx?sf] kfgLnfO{ demf}nf gbLx?df :yfgfGt/0f u/L cfw'lgs l;FrfO{{ k|0ffnLdfkm{t s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ a9fpg] /
d'n'sdf vfB ;+s6sf] cj:yf cfpg glbg] p2]Zo cg'?k g]kfndf l;FrfO{{ ljefuaf6 klxnf] ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgf
e]/L aaO{ 8fO{e;{g ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf cf=j= @)&!÷&@ af6 lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;'?jft ug]{ u/L ldlt
@)^*÷)%÷)& df of] cfof]hgf :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . Pp6} kl/of]hgfaf6 Pp6f glbnfO{ csf]{ glbdf v;fnL
l;FrfO{{, hnljB't pTkfbg, tyf e]/L glbsf] kfgL tfgL kl/of]hgf k|efljt If]qdf l;FrfO{{ ug]{ # j6f p2]Zox?
lnPsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] Ps k|ltli7t ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf x]l/Psf] 5 .
cf=j= @)&(÷*) df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] ePtfklg cf=j= @)*)÷*! ;Ddsf] bfloTj l;h{gf e};s]sf] o;
cfof]hgfsf] cg'dflgt nfut ?=#^ ca{{ *) s/f]8 && nfv /x]sf] 5 . h;df e]/L aaO{ 8fO{e;{gtkm{ ?=## ca{
!( s/f]8 ^^ nfv / e]/L s/L8f]/ ljsf; cfof]hgftkm{ ?=# ca{{ ^! s/f]8 !! nfv /x]sf] 5 . ;'v]{t lhNnfsf]
e]/Lu+uf gu/kflnsfsf] lrKn]l:yt e]/L gbLdf sl/j !!$ ld6/ nfdf] Jof/]h ;lxt $=$ ld6/ Aof; / !@=@ ls=
ld= nfdf] ;'?Ëdfkm{t $) 3gld6/ k|lt;]s]08 kfgL aaO{ gbLdf v;flng] 5 / lgoldt ?kdf @ cf]6f o'lg6
;+rfng u/L hDdf $^=* d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ jflif{s sl/j $)) luufjf6
cfj/ ljB't pTkfbg ul/g] nIo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePkl5 alb{of / afFs] lhNnfsf sl/j %!
xhf/ x]S6/ e"lddf afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO{{ ;'ljwf pknAw x'g]5 .
cf=j= @)&(÷*) ;Ddsf] s'n nfut ?=#^ ca{ *) s/f]8 && nfv /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Ddsf] ef}lts k|ult ^@
k|ltzt / ljQLo k|ult %$=*^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; lgdf{0fflwg cfof]hgfnfO{ %)) hgf :jb]zL / !) hgf
ljb]zL gful/snfO{ /f]]huf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
7=2 k|fb]lzs ;/sf/L ljQ

cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) sf] c;f/ d;fGt;Dd s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] s/ /fh:j (=$( k|ltztn] tyf u}/ s/ /fh:j
!*=#& k|ltztn] sld cfO{ qmdzM ?=& ca{ #$ s/f]8 *^ nfv / ?=@! s/f]8 #% nfv u/L hDdf ?=& ca{ %^
s/f]8 @! nfv /fh:j ;+sng ePsf] 5 .

59
 tflnsf 7.1: s)ff{nL k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L ljQ l:ylt
-?= s/f]*df_
cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= ut cjlwsf] ;dLIff
lzif{s pk–lzif{s @)&&÷&* @)&*÷&( @)&(÷*) k|ltzt cjlwsf]
-;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ -;fpg–c;f/_ kl/jt{g k|ltzt
kl/jt{g
vr{ rfn' vr{ 847.67 908.47 948.54 6.69 4.41

k'FhLut vr{ 1,427.53 1,474.69 1,277.51 3.20 -13.37

/fh:j s/ /fh:j 758.38 811.88 734.86 6.59 -9.49

u}/ s/ 12.85 26.16 21.35 50.89 -18.37

/fh:j
cg'bfg ;dfgLs/0f 963.29 1,014.21 938.56 5.02 -7.46

;zt{ 431.85 492.34 339.13 12.29 -31.12

ljz]if 44.00 81.35 40.48 28.22 -50.24

;dk'/s 25.00 61.30 33.85 69.27 -44.78

;|f]tM k|b]z n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, s0ff{nL k|b]z, ;'v]{t

;dLIff jif{df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 s0ff{nL k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;dfgLs/0f tkm{ ?=( ca{ #* s/f]8 %^ Nffv cg'bfg
k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] ;zt{, ljz]if / ;dk'/s tkm{ qmdzM ?=# ca{ #( s/f]8 !# nfv, ?=$) s/f]8 $* nfv /
?=## s/f]8 *% nfv cg'bfg k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

/]vflrq 7.1: s)ff{nL k|b]zsf] rfn" tyf k"¤hLut vr{ ljj/)f

-?= s/f]*df_
16,000.0
14,000.0
12,000.0
10,000.0
8,000.0 vr{ rfn' vr{
6,000.0 vr{ k"FhLut vr{
4,000.0
2,000.0
0.0
cf=j= @)&*÷&( -k'; d;fGt;Dd_ cf=j= @)&(÷*) -k'; d;fGt;Dd_

;|f]tM k|b]z n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, s0ff{nL k|b]z, ;'v]{t

;dLIff jif{df rfn' vr{ lzif{sdf ?=( ca{ $* s/f]8 %$ nfv vr{ ePsf] 5 eg] ut jif{df ?=( ca{ * s/f]8
$& nfv vr{ ePsf] lyof] . ut jif{df k'FhLut vr{tkm{ ?=!$ ca{ &$ s/f]8 ^( nfv /sd vr{ ePsf]df ;dLIff
jif{df eg] !#=#& k|ltztn] x|f; cfO{ ?=!@ ca{ && s/f]8 %! nfv sfod ePsf] 5 .
60
 kl/R%]b 8
cfly{s kl/b[io

;dLIff jif{df cy{tGqsf] oyfy{ cj:yf ;lrq0f ug]{ If]qx? cGtu{t s[lif If]q s]xL dfqfdf rnfodfg ePtfklg
pBf]u, ;]jf / k"jf{wf/ nufotsf If]qx?df cfPsf] lzlyntf ;Fu} cy{tGq ;+s'rg /xg] cg'dfg 5 . jf:tljs
If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx?;Fu ul/Psf] ;j]{If0f tyf cGt/lqmofsf cfwf/df cfufdL
cjlwsf] o; k|b]zsf] s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jf / k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] kl/b[Zo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
8=1 s[lif pTkfbg

• s[lifhGo aLpljhg, /f;folgs dnsf] ;dod} pknAwtf x'g', k|d'v s[lif afnLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]qdf
j[l4 x'g', s[lif pkhsf] plrt d'No ;'lglZrt u/fpg] p2]Zon] wfg, uxF', b"w / pv'df ;/sf/n]
Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No tf]Sg'n] s[ifsx?sf] s[lif pBdzLntf tyf Joj;flostftkm{ cfsif{0f a9\b}
uPsf] 5 . kmn:j?k, d'Vo s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
• cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df s[lif afnL / kz'kG5L tyf dT:o aLdftkm{ aLdf lk|ldoddf &% k|ltzt
cg'bfg k|bfg ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df pQm cg'bfg *) k'¥ofO{Psf],
s0ff{nL k|b]z ;/sf/af6 b'w ;+sng tyf Joj;flos kmd{x?sf] ;~rfng, ;/sf/n] s[lif afnL tyf
kz' aLdfsf] lk|ldoddf k|bfg u/]sf] cg'bfg, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
;x'lnok"0f{ shf{sf] lg/Gt/tf tyf b'w pTkfbg u/L ;+:yfut laqmL ug]{ s[ifsx?nfO{ b'w pTkfbgdf
cg'bfgsf] Joj:yfsf sf/0fn] b'w pTkfbg cfufdL jif{df j[l4 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
• k|b]zaf6 Ps :yfgLo txdf # df5fkfng ;Fu ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf nfu' x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf df5f
kf]v/L lgdf{0f eO{ df5f kfng j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lif cg'bfg, ks]6 If]q lgdf{0f,
la:tf/ tyf ahf/Ls/0f cflb ;'ljwf u|fdL0f If]qdf klg la:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf]n] cfufdL jif{df kz'k+5L,
df5f tyf gub]afnLsf] pTkfbg a9\g] b]lvG5 .
• s0ff{nL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfdf afv|f tyf e]8fkfngdf ;x'lnotk"0f{ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng, kz'
aLdfsf] lk|ldoddf ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/g] tyf s'v'/f ks]6 If]q la:tf/ / s'v'/f kfngdf s[ifsx?sf]
:j–nufgL jl[å eO{ bfgf pBf]u ;d]t :yfkgf x'Fb} uPsfn] df;', c08f / pmg pTkfbg cfufdL
jif{df a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
• jg If]qsf] sf7 s6fg v'Ng] sfo{x?df jg lgodfjnL @)&(, hf/L ePsf] ;Gbe{df sf7, bfp/f
;+sngsf] nfut d'NofFsgdf gofF Joj:yf nfu' ePsf], ;+sng cjlwsf] Dofbdf kl/jt{g ePsf],
Pjd\ h8La'6L v]tL la:tf/ sfo{qmdx? nfu' x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf sf7, bfp/f / h8La'6L pTkfbgdf j[l4
x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

61
8=2 cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg

• o; k|b]zdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/, bIf hgzlQm, sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj, tyf ljs6
ef}uf]lns agfj6 h:tf k|d'v cj/f]wx?n] 7"nf pBf]ux? ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

• ;dLIff jif{df sf7 tyf sf7sf ;fdg, k|;f]lwt lkpg] kfgL / nQf sk8fsf] pTkfbgdf qmdzM @%=)
k|ltzt, @)=&# k|ltzt / ^=(* k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 . tyfkL, ;dLIff jif{df Knfli6shGo j:t'
pTkfbg !^)=) k|ltzt, b'Uw kbfy{ !%=#* k|ltzt / sfuh tyf sfuhsf] pTkfbg !$=@( k|ltztn]
j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

• ;dLIff jif{df cf}Bf]lus shf{df j[l4 ePsf sf/0f cfufdL lbgdf cf}Bf}lus pTkfbg a9\g] b]lvG5 .

• sf]le8–!( kZrft\ b]zdf l;lh{t cfly{s ;':ttf af6 lzlyn ePsf pBf]u, Joj;fox? lj:tf/} k'/fg}
nodf kmsL{g] qmddf /x]sfn] cfufdL jif{ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] lj:tf/ x'g uO{ ;du| cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf
j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

8=3 ;]jf If]q

• ;dLIff jif{sf] ;'?jftL r/0faf6 g} ko{6g If]q ;'wf/f]Gd'v b]lvPsf] tyf ko{6s:t/Lo xf]6nx?sf] lgdf{0f
tyf ;~rfng, gofF–gofF ko{6g If]qsf] klxrfg xF'b} uPsfn] xf]6n tyf ko{6g If]qsf] j[l4df ;sf/fTds
Kf|efj x'g] cg'dfg 5 .
• ;dLIff jif{df 3/ hUufsf] lsQfsf6 v'n];Fu} cfufdL lbgdf 3/ hUufsf] /fh:jdf j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ug{
;lsG5 . ljQLo ;]jf, lzIff, oftfoft tyf ;~rf/df b]vfk/]sf ;d:of la:tf/} ;dfwfg x'Fb} uPsfn]
cfufdL jif{df o; k|b]zsf] ;]jf If]qdf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/sf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
• u|fdL0f If]qdf 6]lnkmf]g, df]afO{n ;'ljwfsf nflu 6fj/x?sf] h8fg tyf O{G6/g]6 ;'ljwfsf nflu k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0f b|'tultdf cl3 a9]sfn] ;~rf/ If]qdf ;'wf/ x'g] b]lvG5 .
• u|fdL0f If]qdf ljBfno :yfkgf, j}slNks tyf k|of]ufTds kf7\oqmdsf] yfngL x'Fb} uPsfn] cfufdL jif{df
ljBfyL{ ;+Vofdf ;'wf/ cfpg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
• s0ff{nL k|b]zsf ;Dk'0f{ :yfgLo txdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvf la:tf/ e};s]sf] ;fy} ;x'lnotk"0f{
shf{, s[lif shf{, ljkGgju{ shf{, k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df shf{ nufotsf ljQLo ;]jfsf] la:tf/ a9]sfn]
cfd hg;d'bfodf ljQLo ;fIf/tf / ljQLo kx'Frsf] j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .
8=4 k'jf{wf/ If]q

• b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uP;+u} ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df o; k|b]zdf ;8s tyf ljB't
lj:tf/ ;'rf? x'g] b]lvG5 . lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu cTofjZos ;fdu|L cfoft tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{df
;xhtf cfP;Fu} o; k|b]zdf lgdf{0ffwLg s0ff{nL sf]l/8f]/, k'iknfn -dWokxf8L_ nf]sdfu{, dbg e08f/L

62
 /fhdfu{ cfof]hgf, dlyNnf] s0ff{nL, e]/L aaO{ 8fO{e;{g h:tf /fli6«o dxTjsf cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f
sfo{n] ult lng] b]lvG5 .
• s0ff{nL k|b]zsf clwsf+z lxdfnL lhNnfdf ;8s ;~hfn gk'u]sf] tyf k'u]sf] 7fpFdf klg sfnf]kq]
gePsf] cj:yfdf, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] cu|;/tfdf To:tf 7fpFdf ;8s lj:tf/ tyf :t/f]Gglt x'g
;Sg] ePsf]n] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] sRrL tyf sfnf]kq] ;8ssf] lx:;fdf j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .
• o; k|b]zdf xfn;Dd !*=%$ d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . k|fljlws tyf cfly{s lx;fan] lgdf{0f
ug{ ;lsg] nueu @),))) d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf hnljB't cfof]hgfx? dWo] ;du|df s0ff{nL k|b]zdf xfn
!),))) d]ufjf6sf ;fgf 7'nf ul/ &) j6f cfof]hgfx? ljleGg r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ . lo cfof]hgfx?
;dod} ;DkGg ug{ ;s]sf] v08df ;du| b]zsf] cfly{s pGgltdf 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

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