1/5/2021

Static Electricity Formation

Static Electricity
Due to friction between two surfaces, a charge is created
between them which is called Static Electricity. These
charges can not move from one place to another place. But
between the two surfaces the charges can be exchanged
with one another. Static Electricity is also known
as Frictional Electricity.

Mahmudul Hasan
Lecturer(Technical)
Dr. M A Wazed Miah Textile Engineering College

Static Electricity Formation

Static Electricity Formation
Theories of Static Electricity
There are five theories available. These are,
 One fluid theory.
 Two fluid theory.
 Faraday’s theory.
 Lorentz theory.
 Modern theory.
One fluid theory
This theory was postulated by Wattson and Franklin. According to this
theory, every body has a definite quantity of indestructible charge
fluids. If there is an increment of this fluid, the body gets positive
charge and due to decrement of this fluid body gets negative charge.
Two fluid theory
According to this theory , a maternal has two fluids of opposite
charges. Due to friction, one type of fluid flows from one place to
another causing the increment or decrement of another. Thus The
increment or decrement of charge causes charging of two bodies and
electricity produces.

Static Electricity Formation Static Electricity Formation

Faraday’s theory Measurement of magnitude of charge
According to this theory, the charges produced by static The amount of static charge present should be expressed by the magnitude of charge
electrical experiment are moved by electrical cell. We will get on the material. This may be measured by using Faraday’s cylinder. The following figure
current electric. shows the apparatus used by Keggin to measure the charge on card Sliver.

Lorentz Theory
According to this theory positive and negative charges are not
two different types of fluid rather they are two oppositely
charged particles.
Modern theory
Now a- days the above 4 theories are discarded and the modern
electron theory is accepted. According to this theory, every atom
has a positively charged nucleus (positive charge is due to
proton) and negatively charged electrons. Electrons and protons
are equal in neutral condition. If the no. of electrons increases,
the atom becomes negatively charged and if the no. of electrons
decreases the atom becomes positively charged.
The charged material in the cylinder induces an equal opposite charge on the inside of
the cylinder. Again, outside of the cylinder, there produces equal charges of same sign
This outside charge induces in the condenser. The potential (v) is measure by a valve
voltmeter and if one knows the capacity (C) of the whole system the charge can be
calculated by the following formula.
Q=CV
Where , Q= amount of charge induced in condenser.
V= Potential differences shown by voltmeter
C= Known Capacity of the whole system.

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Static Electricity Formation Static Electricity Formation

Problems Created due to static Electricity/Effect Methods of Minimizing Static Electricity Formation Problems
Static charge causes various problems in textile materials and in processing .
 Similar charges repel one another. This causes difficulty in handling materials for instance,
By processing aid
filaments in a charged state will repel one another, there will be ballooning of a bundle of By using conducting liquids like emulsion, oil friction between materials can be
slivers, cloth will not fold down neatly upon itself when if comes off a finishing machine and reduced. Thus formation of static charge will be minimized.
so on.
 Opposite charges attract one another. This causes difficulty in the opening of parachute. This
By moisturing
will cause two parts of garments to adhere together. By increasing humidity ,the resistance of material can be reduced. So the charge will
 This charge attracts soil dust and dirt, so it becomes difficult to remove them, When this move and static charge will be minimized.
occurs in loom it creates ‘Fog marking’. By using radio active material
 Charged bodies are attracted by an charged bodies. Due to this charge, fibres will stick to
earthed parts of the machine happens particularly in carding. Radio-active material ionizes air which reduces static charge formation.
 When high enough field occurs, discharge in air will take place accompanying sparks. There is
also a risk of fire or explosion due in sparks. Again sparks from clothing are a source of danger
Anti-static agent/By finishing treatment
where inflammable vapors are present as in operation theaters in hospitals. In man-made fibre spinning, by using anti-static agent with spin finish applicator ,the
 Large amount of accumulated static charge may give shock to people, especially where a large formation of static charge can be reduced.
insulated conductor becomes charged up. By earthing
 Due to static charge, the projecting fibres remain sticked with the fabric. So they can not be
removed by singeing and cropping. So dying and finishing become faulty. By earthing the metallic M/C parts static charge can be neutralized.
 While passing over guides, due to static charge, roving experiences more friction and thus
breakage may occur. Again due to attraction or repulsion roving can not be wound on to
By Using Conductive Fibres
bobbin easily. By blending conductive fibres with non-conductive one, static problem can be
minimized by discharge effect.

Static Electricity Formation