1

Main Focus of the Chapter

1) The different attributes shaping citizenship
2) The challenges of determining what is good for a society
Concepts
Citizenship Trade-offs Governance
Topic
Citizenship is shaped by legal status, identity and There are differing needs and interests, as well as The government needs to understand trade-offs
participation. priorities. It may result in unequal sharing of costs. and make decisions for the good of society.
Governance is shaped by different ideas.
Factors
Legal status: Differing needs and interests: Citizens may not always be able to come to an
● Ways to become a citizen ● A diverse population may not be able to agreement on what is good for society.
o Descent agree on common interests.
o Country of birth The government has to consider citizens’
o Marriage ○ E.g. - The Cross-Island Line that feedback in its decision-making based on the
o Naturalisation cuts through the nature reserve best interests of society.
benefits the commuters in terms of
 Will feel stronger sense of belonging and shorter travelling time. Green Trade-offs occur during this decision-making
feel valued as a citizen as they enjoy groups see it as destroying the process.
exclusive rights and privileges. natural habitat of many species of o The building of the Thomson-East
 Fulfil their responsibilities to contribute flora and fauna. Coast Line would serve about 1 million
towards the good of the country. commuters daily in the long term.
 Government has to hear everyone’s needs
and interests. Giving limited resources in However, the trade-off was this piece
Sense of identity: of land could no longer be used for
● Common practices the society, it will be impossible for all their
needs and interests to be met fully. The recreation or industry in the future.
o Singing of National Anthem and taking
the National Pledge government must be prepared to answer
and convince the citizens whose needs Ideas shaping governance:
● Common events ● Having good leadership
o National Day and Racial Harmony Day had to be rejected.
➢ Leaders will be capable of making sound
➢ Feel a sense of pride and affection decisions that serve interests and ensure
towards the country. Think that citizenship Differing priorities: that Singapore continues to develop and
is not only a status, but something that

2
 binds citizens together. They will contribute
towards the good of country. Thus,
resulting in a prosperous and harmonious
country.
Participating in public affairs:
 Having a voice and contributing to issues
that are of general interest or concern to
most people in society
o Helping the less fortunate
o Raising environmental awareness
➢ Feel a sense of belonging. Think that
citizenship is not only a status, but
something that makes a positive difference
to the country. Bind citizens together with a
common purpose. Thus, resulting in a
harmonious country.
● Different people prioritise what is
important for them
○ Affordable healthcare, retirement,
job opportunities, etc.
 Government has to consider the different
priorities of the citizens which are
dependent on their different income levels
and stages of their lives. With limited
resources to the society, it will be
impossible for their needs and interests to
be met fully. Hence, the government has
to prioritise the needs that are more urgent
and affect a greater proportion of the
population.
Unequal sharing of costs:
● Some individuals or groups will bear
greater costs than others when a decision
is made.
o Building of expressways ensure
smooth traffic but residents living near
it might be affected by the noise
● Some citizens may feel unhappy and
suffer unequal burden of the costs. With
limited resources to the society, it will be
impossible for their needs and interests to
be met fully. This makes it difficult to have
the society feel satisfied.
3
progress. This will win the confidence and
respect from the citizens.
● Anticipating change and staying
relevant
➢ Government will be able to stay ahead and
respond to challenges. It is to ensure that
Singapore will overcome the challenges
that will come. Government will also be
able to steer their policies that are in the
best interests of the country. With a
government that is ever-ready for any
future challenges, Singapore will have a
stable economy which will continue to
grow and a stable and peaceful social-
climate.
● Providing a stake for everyone
➢ Develops a greater sense of belonging to
Singapore as their worries and concerns
are heard by the government. This
enables the government to review their
policies and gain more support from the
citizens and continue to govern Singapore
with much ease. With peace and stability
in the country, Singapore will be able to
prosper.
● Practicing meritocracy
➢ Singaporeans will be motivated to do their
best since they will be able to enjoy
benefits. Develops a sense of belonging to
the country as everyone is given equal
opportunities to excel and help is also
provided to those who may not have
access to the same opportunities. This
results in social stability which will enable
Singapore to grow economically.
 Main Focus of the Chapter
How citizens and organised groups can participate in working for the good of society
Concepts
Citizenship Trade-offs Governance
Topic
Role of Citizens Role of Government
- Peace & Stability - Justice, Fairness & Personal Rights
- Sense of Security - Basic Needs & Services
Factors
Informal Groups Formal Groups Maintaining Internal Ensuring Providing Safeguard Interests
Order : Justice Goods & of Citizens
Contributing to the Contributing to Influencing the Services
needs of society the needs of government’s Ministry of Home The Judiciary to Government
society policy Affairs (MHA) ensure ensure that the Government put implement legislation
o The SG Haze peace and security courts will judge in resources to that safeguards the
Singapore o The SG Haze o Transient within Singapore. people fairly. improve the well- interests of citizens
o Red Cross Singapore Workers Count being of the
o Lions Befriender o Red Cross Too (TWC2) o Central Narcotics o Personal citizens o WorkRight
o Boys Town o Lions ➔ Equitable Bureau (CNB) Protection Initiative
Befriender treatment for  responsible for Order o Public o Central
o The Salvation o Boys Town migrant coordinating all Transport Provident
Army workers in matters  a o Provision of Fund CPF
o The Salvation Singapore pertaining to restrainin clean water Life
 Singaporean Army g order
s would o Migrant Workers drug eradication o Education  Ensures
Centre o Immigration and that that their
organise  Organised would be o Public
themselves groups ➔ fair Checkpoints needs
employment Authority (ICA) placed housing and
to attend to complement upon the
this specific s the role of practices  responsible for o Healthcare interests
and the well- securing family are
needs when the member
a situation government being of Singapore’s  Contribute protected
migrant borders against that s to the and they
4
occurs. It in working workers in the entry of committe good of have a
complement for the good Singapore undesirable d an act society sense of
s the role of of society o Singapore people and of because it security
the and Environment cargo through violence helps to about
government encourage Council land, air and sea towards meet the living in
in working citizenship checkpoints. another basic Singapor
for the good participation ➔ Facilitate  Issues family standard e.
of society for the and passports and members of living
and greater coordinate Identity Cards to  Feel safe that is
encourage good of environment Singapore and essential
sense of society. al causes in citizens, and secure as for the
belonging to Singapore immigration there is a well-being
the nation.  Provide passes and fair of all
constructiv permits to justice citizens.
e feedback foreigners system,
to the o Internal Security and law
government Department (ISD) and order
in order to  confront and in the
see positive address security country.
change in issues and
government latent threats
policies for  collects and
the good of analyses
society. intelligence and
presents its
assessments
and policy
recommendation
s to the
Government
 investigates and
takes direct
action in relation
to the defined
security threats

Maintaining External
Security :
Ministry of Defence
(MINDEF)& Ministry of

5
Home Affairs (MFA) to
protect Singapore from
potential attacks
o Singapore Army
o Republic of
Singapore Navy
o Republic of
Singapore Air Force
o Association of
Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN )
o United Nations (UN)
 When the
country is
peaceful and
safe, citizens’
basic needs
such as
education and
healthcare can
be met. Citizens
will also feel
safe and
develop a sense
of belonging to
the country.

6

Nationality
 Passport
 Legal status and give us a
sense of belonging
 Common Experiences
o National Service
o Singing of the national
anthem in school
o Reciting the pledge
 Provide a sense of identity
and shapes citizenship
 Celebrations of Independence
o Singapore’s National Day,
USA’s Independence Day,
France’s Bastille Day
 People feel a sense of
belonging and forge stronger
sense of shared identity when
they take part in these
events.
Main Focus of the Chapter
Factors that shape identities
Concepts
Identity and Diversity
Topics
Race and Ethnicity Religion Socio-economic status
Factors
 Race → physical characteristics  Religious holidays in  Financial Assistance Schemes
 Ethnicity → ancestry, language, Singapore  This will help people in the
cultural practises, customs, food o Easter: Christians/Catholics low SES so they would be
and dressing o Vesak Day: Buddhists able to have access the same
 CMIO (Chinese, Malay, o Hari Raya Puasa: Muslims opportunities for success.
Indian, Others)  Double- o Deepavali: Hinduism
barrelled race to reflect the  Different festivals will allow us  GINI coefficient
races of those who are born to accept each other more  Measure how income is
to parents of different races and understand different distributed in a country
practices (closer to 1 represent country
 Housing Development Board with more unequal
(HDB) Ethnic Integration Policy  Inter-racial and religious distribution of income)
 Race and ethnicity is highly confidence circle
visible in a multicultural  Bring all the different groups  Income gap
Singapore and as an identity together and resolve the  Concern that the gap
marker. Members of different dispute. between people with high
race and ethnic groups will SES and lower SES is
have different customs and  Inter-Religious Organisation widening
practices. The EIP engaging in Inter-Religious
encourages greater Dialogues  Social mobility
understanding and interaction  It helps to create harmony  People in lower SES groups
among the different ethnic among leaders and followers can possibly move up to a
groups. of different religions. higher SES group through
education.
7
  Poverty cycle
 Families trapped in the cycle
of poverty and have limited or
no access to resources to
help them to bring them out
of poverty.

 White-collar jobs (PMETs) vs.

Blue-collar jobs
o White-collar jobs are jobs that
requires education while
blue-collar jobs are jobs that
are labour related.
o PMETs are professionals,
managers, executives and
technicians.

8

Immigration Policy
 Singapore’s changing immigration policy
 Closely linked with the manpower needs of
the country.
 Early years of independence, large
demand for manpower in industries.
 Foreigners are encouraged to migrate to
Singapore until today  Government
issued work permits to foreign workers.
 Immigration policy contributes to
greater diversity in Singapore because
these migrants and immigrants bring a
diversity of cultures, practices and
customs from their countries of origin.
 Brain Drain
 Professionals from Singapore to leave to
work overseas.
 Age-dependency ratio
 It is the ratio of people order than 64 to the
working-age population. Less taxes can be
collected when there are less working-age
Main Focus of the Chapter
Reasons for greater diversity in Singapore
Concepts
Identity, Diversity, Harmony
Topics
Economic Opportunities Socio-cultural environment
Factors
 Investment of Multinational Corporations  Community Support
(MNCs) o Immigrant Support Groups such as the
 Help a developing host country by Australia and New Zealand Association
increasing investment, income and (ANZA) Action Group and the Myanmar
employment in its economy. Club.
 Contribute to the rapid process of  Helps the immigrants to adapt quickly
development of the country through
to life in Singapore and eventually
transfer of technology, finance and modern integrate well into the society.
management.  Promote exports of the
 Adding to the multicultural landscape
host country.
and diversity in Singapore.
 Foreign PMETs choose to work in SG
because they can earn more due the safe
 Locations that provide support to foreign
and stable environment.
communities
o Golden Mile Complex, Lucky Plaza, Liang
 Conducive Business Environment in
Court, Bukit Timah area, etc.
Singapore
 Foreigners consider safety and security  Safe environment
when they decide on which country to o Singapore ranked third in the annual
work and live in. ranking of countries deemed to have the
least corruption in the public sector with a
 Safe environment ensures that their
Corruption Perception Index of 85.
children can grow up in a country that is
o Low crime rate in Singapore and
stable and secure
Singapore tops the list in the Law and
 More foreigners also create a society that
is more vibrant and diverse. Order Index. Singapore ranked first for
9
 people than those older than 64 and it
affects the revenues collected.
 By 2030, there will only be 2.1 working-age
citizens for each citizen aged 65 and
above. It will lead to greater economic
burden on the working-age population.
 Ageing Population
 Population ageing is an increasing median
age in the population of a region due to
declining fertility rates and/or rising life
expectancy.
 Most countries have rising life expectancy
and an ageing population.
 Low Birth rates
 Singapore’s fertility rate is 1.14 in 2018
according to Singapore’s Department of
Statistics.
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
 Is GDP divided by the total number of
people in the country where the GDP is
the total goods and services produced
within the country.
 Economic opportunities continue to attract
many foreigners to seek employment and
take up residency rates, adding to the
diversity in Singapore.
10
order and security in the World Justice
Project’s Rule of Law Index 2017-2018.
 More willing to set up families and
accept Singapore as their new home.
 Education System
o Singapore has the highest achieving
students in international education
rankings in Programme for International
Student Assessment (PISA) with
teenagers coming top in tests in Maths,
reading and Science.
o O and N levels certificates are co-certified
by Cambridge Assessment and Singapore
o Good educational Institutes in Singapore
o Internationally recognised tertiary
institutions e.g. NUS, NTU, SMU.
 attracts more foreigners to study, work and
live here
 enjoy the structural benefits of the
country’s safety and excellent education
system
 Main Focus of the Chapter
Experiences and effects of living in a diverse society (can be positive & negative)
Concepts
Interactions Exchange and Appreciation Prejudice and Misconceptions Competition
Topic
Due to increasingly diverse society, The attitude towards interaction is Negative sentiments can arise when Increase in the number of foreigners have
it is important to ensure harmonious important such as openness, people jump to conclusions about created tensions due to the competition for
interactions. which allows people to respect others and make incorrect judgments resources.
and appreciate diversity. due to insufficient understanding and
erroneous assumptions.
Factors
 Common space: refers to  Culture create unique  Islamophobia: having or showing  Job : Many Singaporeans will have to
physical space, shared values experiences due to diversity a dislike of or prejudice against compete for jobs with the foreigners
& common experiences that in nationality, race & ethnicity, Islam or Muslims, especially as a
build national identity. religion & socio- economic political force.  Cause unhappiness among
o Inter- Racial and Religious status. Singaporeans if foreigners are
Confidence Circles (IRCCs) Resulting in:  Targeted because of their prioritised.
promotes racial & religious o Fusion food: Laksa Pesto beliefs and blamed for events  May lead to xenophobia.
harmony in SG through Linguine that are not caused by them.
activities heritage trails. o Fusion music  They will not feel safe staying  Unemployment: companies prefer to
o OnePeople.sg foster o Fusion fashion: Designs in Singapore and may leave hire someone with more experiences
interactions and friendships & cuts from different the country and change their and cause the Singaporean to be
among different ethnic cultural influences. citizenship. unemployed.
communities through  Fusion of local & foreign  Blame government for choosing
programmes such as cultures signify deep  Terrorism (Muslims): the foreigners over Singaporeans.
CampTeen where youth appreciation & unlawful use of violence and  Hatred towards foreigners and
volunteers promote understanding developed intimidation, especially against may move out of Singapore to find
jobs.
11
 harmony among youths
from different races through
bonding activities.
 Government & Non-
Government organisations
create & provide common
space to:
o Bring people together and
promote greater interaction.
o People of different
backgrounds can come
together & have common
experiences. (E.g. social,
cultural & sports events)
 This creates opportunities
for people of different racial
groups to come together.
Promoting more social
interaction, collaboration &
stronger national identity.
Ensures harmonious
interactions among citizens
to build & strengthen
harmony in society.
from experience,
enriching socio- cultural
environment.
 Openness to interaction
ensure rich exchanges
between groups of people
and seek to understand
the meaning behind
cultural practices of other
socio-cultural groups.
 Skills and Knowledge:
exchanges in knowledge and
skills in areas such as
research and development
with overseas expert.
o Biomedical Research
Council (BMRC) of the
Agency for Science,
Technology and
Research (A*STAR)
funds and supports public
research initiatives in
Singapore. BMRC
features foreign scientists
who provided leadership
to local research institutes
and mentor young local
scientists.
o Collaborations between
A*STAR and
Switzerland’s Cytos
Biotechnology SG led to
discovery of the H1N1 flu
vaccine.
 Citizens can collaborate &
learn from experts who
civilians, in the pursuit of political
aims.
 Singaporeans and those living
in Singapore will not feel a
sense of security
 Muslims will be targeted and
be cast out of society
 Tourism rate can drop and
affect the economy
 Rental discrimination: Refuses
to rent to members of a certain
race
 Foreigners will not feel
welcomed and not stay in
Singapore
 Affect the economy
 Xenophobia: having or showing
a dislike of or prejudice against
people from other countries.
 Foreigners will not feel
welcomed to Singapore
 Investment rate and economy
will drop
 Affect Singaporeans and the
image of Singapore
12
 Living Space: create competition
with Singaporeans and foreigners on
the available places
 Singaporeans will be unhappy if
foreigners get prioritised.
 Lead to discrimination and tension
between Singaporeans and
foreigners.
● Infrastructure: Competition over
things like healthcare resources and
common space. Public places will be
more packed and fight for the
available resources.
 Singaporeans will feel that
foreigners are taking everything
they have.
 Cause unhappiness among
Singaporeans and feel
disconnected.
 Hatred and misunderstandings
towards foreigners.
 Public Transport: Overcrowding on
transport system especially on public
holidays
 Singaporeans may feel
uncomfortable as there are too
many foreigners around.
 Cause feelings of uneasiness and
misunderstanding towards
foreigners.
 Social mobility: movement of
individuals from high to low socio-
economic status.
 Lower income groups are affected
when manufacturers shift to
region with lower labour costs.
 came from different  Affect the ability to progress up
countries & cultures. socio-economic ladder due to lack
 Significant discoveries of opportunities and possible
can benefit the people. financial difficulties.
 Cause Singaporeans to move
overseas to seek better
opportunities for social mobility.

13
 Main Focus of the Chapter
How governments manage diversity in various countries and the impact of different approaches on people (can be positive and negative)
Concepts
Assimilation Integration Healthcare: Market based, Shared responsibility, Government financed
Topic
Immigrations are expected Immigrants retain their unique Market based approach: Shared responsibility: Government-financed
to adopt the beliefs and identities while forging common government gives the government intervenes through approach: government
practices of the majority ground with the groups already freedom to decide how the provision of basic provides substantial
group in host country. living in host country. much they wish to pay for healthcare services and shares subsidies and services for
healthcare and allows the the costs of some aspects of most of the healthcare
market to determine the healthcare. needs of its citizens.
provision of services to meet
healthcare needs.
Facts
France: Singapore: USA: Singapore: Sweden:
 Laicite; secularism o Bilingual policy.  No single national  Made up of both public  Universal health
which means not o Presidential Council of policy guiding the and private healthcare coverage for
connected with Minority Rights healthcare system in service providers. everyone regardless
religious or spiritual (PCMR). USA; both private  Combination of of background or
matters. o Group Representation and public hospitals personal and collective socio-economic
 Assimilate new Constituency (GRC). provide healthcare responsibility, and status.
immigrants into o Ethnic Integration services to citizens. government provision.  Public healthcare is
French society Policy (EIP).  Government neither  Healthcare costs kept largely owned and
through –  To promote equality intervenes nor affordable through: financed by the
education, without granting special interferes: freedom Subsidies, risk-pooling government
employment and rights to any particular of healthcare (pooling together of  Choice of having
naturalisation racial, ethnic, or provider to set the insurance premiums to private insurance: to
processes. religious groups. prices they want. safeguard against supplement publicly
 Shapes a strong  Allows individuals large payouts for financed healthcare,
French national New immigrants: to decide how severe medical get quick access to
identity that is not o Naturalisation initiatives much healthcare conditions). A portion specialist, and avoid
linked to factors (SG Citizenship of CPF savings is set waiting lists for
they need and at
based on race, Journey) aside in Medisave to treatment.
o Common experiences: what price.
ethnicity, religion or

14
 socio-economic  All male Singapore
status. citizens and Permanent
Residents are required
Tensions: to serve NS for a period
 Upholding the of two years, to ensure
influence of national Singapore's security.
identity versus the NS brings people from
impact of religion on diverse racial, religious,
identity and language and
respecting the educational
rights of individuals backgrounds to train,
to practice their live and serve together,
religion. which will foster greater
 Prohibit the display unity and strengthen
of religious items in national identity.
public. o Community support:
 Violates individual  The People Association
rights and freedom (PA) also organised
of religion and programmes to promote
expression. integration, which
include block parties,
festive celebrations at
community clubs and
home visits to help new
immigrants adapt to life
in Singapore
Tensions:
 Erosion of Singaporean
identity.
 Increase number of
foreigners and affect
social cohesion within
the country.
 Immigrants unable to
communicate effectively
and they have different
social norms and
behaviors.
Challenges help pay for
 Americans have to healthcare.
cope with costs of  Healthcare Financing
healthcare largely Policies:
on their own: o Subsidies i.e.
medical insurance polyclinics,
premiums public hospitals,
 High cost of medical CHAS.
insurance for low o Medisave
socio-economic o MediShield Life
status (-ve)  not o Medifund
insured, more likely  Government makes
not to visit a doctor healthcare affordable
when sick and may for all citizens
not take the regardless of their
necessary tests, income levels.
treatments and  At the same time,
follow up care due citizens play an active
to high costs. role as they develop a
 Insurance sense of ownership
companies operate and responsibility for
like profit making their own health as
companies thus, they would have to co-
more motivated to pay for the cost of the
insure the healthy healthcare services.
and employed.  Enables resources to
be allocated efficiently
Affordable Care Act: to continuously ensure
(ObamaCare 2014) that quality and
 Families with low to affordable healthcare is
moderate income constantly available to
are now eligible for all Singaporeans.
financial assistance
in obtaining
insurance coverage. Challenges:
 Ageing population (-ve)
 Increasing life
expectancy, sedentary
lifestyles (-ve)
 Rising healthcare costs
(-ve)
15
 Strong intervention
from the government
in providing
comprehensive
assistance in terms
of healthcare
subsidies.
 This is usually
financed from heavy
personal taxes on
the people.
 This ensures that all
citizens will have
access to basic
healthcare services
regardless of their
socio-economic
status.
Challenges:
 High taxation: both
income tax and VAT.
(-ve)
 Growing number of
people needing
healthcare: inflow of
immigrants, EU
members.
 Competition for
medical resources.

Interconnections, Interdependence
Manufacturing Industry
Production of laptops using raw
materials from different parts of the
world.
Main Focus of the Chapter
Globalisation
Concepts
Driving Forces of Globalisation
Topic
Developments in Transportation Growth of MNCs Advances in Technology
Facts
Developments in transportation has The global span of MNCs’ Technological advancements in
‘shrunk’ in terms of the time needed operations drives globalisation as communication have resulted in
to get from one place to another. they increase the economic greater access to the Internet
For example: interconnections between people and the increasing use of mobile
o Air transportation: 1903 (1 and goods throughout the world. communications. These
passenger) to 2005 (853 For example: facilitate the communication and
passengers) o Starbucks supply chain – exchange of information across
o Land transportation: 1769 coffee beans sourced from 27 the world.
(Speed 7.8km/h) to 2012 countries, beans are o Evolution of mobile phone:
(Speed 435km/h) transported to roasting With the invention of the
o Water Transportation: 9th facilities in different cities in smartphone at the
century longships (9-28 km/h) the USA and India, roasted beginning of the 21st
to 20th and 21st century (37-46 beans are packed and century, mobile phones are
km/h) delivered to over 21 000 no longer limited to making
stores in more than 65 voice call.
Case Study of Singapore: countries across the world.
o Sea: 140 000 vessels per year. o Locally-owned MNCs. E.g.  Advancements in
Connected to more than 600 Eu Yan Sang, Singapore technology has improved
ports in over 120 countries Airlines, Singtel the communication process
o Air: Flights per week 6700. o Foreign-owned MNCs: Pfizer, among people within the
More than 100 airlines. Shell, Toyota country and around the
o Land: More than 130 000  Increase the economic world.
vehicles cross the causeway interconnections between  Leads to greater
between Sg and Malaysia daily. people and goods throughout interconnectivity due to the
the world. These capabilities of mobile
 Development in transportations interconnections can also technology with various
translated to faster movement lead to interdependent features and the Internet to
of goods and people across the relationships between the allow dissemination of
16
 world as the time travelled has parties involved in the information and
been greatly shortened. operations of the MNCs. communication at a faster
 Facilitates the process through pace and with greater ease.
which people's activities and
ideas become interconnected
and interdependent.

17
 Main Focus of the Chapter
Globalisation – Economic impacts
Concepts
Economic Impacts of Globalisation
Topic
Countries Companies Individuals
Facts
Economic Growth Economic Downturn Higher Profits/Market Lower Profits/Market Higher Income Loss of income (-)
(+) (-) Share (+) Share (-) (due to ease of
movement) (+)
 Foreign Direct 2008 Global Financial Many companies are Many SMEs have found Globalisation has Jobs may also be lost
Investment (FDI): Crisis: was triggered able to widen their themselves unable to facilitated mobility, when global companies
refers to the in the USA and market reach by compete with larger making it easier for close down their
investments in a affected many expanding their companies that offer the individuals to look for operations to shift to
Sg company by a countries in the world. production and sales of same products or jobs overseas. another location. This
company from Some of the goods in many parts of services. They may o A Singaporean affected Western
another country. economic impacts the world. They have the experience a small engineer Jumadi countries such as the
include the fall of opportunity to benefit domestic market and Husani who USA in the 1970s when
 Free Trade stock markets, a from higher profits and shortage of expertise and worked in Dubai, many Americans lost
Agreement decline in demand for larger market share. For labour. earned 3 times their jobs as the work
(FTA): refers goods and services example, PepsiCo.  Unable to earn his Singapore could be done by
to treaties and a decrease in (and Singapore enough profit to pay. people in China or India
between industrial production. companies such as sustain their  Better job at a much lower cost.
countries to The decline in Super Group Ltd, operations. prospects and
establish a industrial production Capitaland Limited and  Result in them higher income. o Uniqlo move its
free trade made increases in Hyflux Ltd. having to retrench  Higher standard production from
area where unemployment almost  Earn a higher their own workers of living which China to
the exchange inevitable. profits as their or cut down on the improves their Vietnam where
of goods and  Loss of jobs products are sold number of quality of life. labour costs
services can resulting from to a bigger pool manufacturing were lower.
be retrenchments. of consumers plants or outlets.
conducted, which increases  Close down.

18
 without tariffs  Small firms their market  Shift their
or unable to share. Even MNCs which are operations to
hindrances, finance their  Venturing abroad unable to anticipate another country.
across their operations and would also allow changing markets and  Domino effect
borders. had to close companies to ensure that its products on the economy.
 Greater down. lower the cost of and services remain  Loss of income
trade, more  Low-income their production. relevant and competitive. decreases
tax revenue families will be o In 2012, Carrefour workers’
are being affected by the closed down due purchasing
generated to recession. to competition. power.
improve its  Could also face
infrastructure. lowered profits
 More job and bankruptcy.
opportunities.
 Benefit from
a greater
variety of
goods and
services
available for
consumption.
 Enjoying
economic
growth
contributed to
the increase
in standards
of living.

19
 Main Focus of the Chapter
Globalisation – Cultural impacts
Concepts
Cultural homogenisation is the process by which local cultures are changed Cultural Hybridisation is the process by which the foreign and local cultures
by foreign cultures to become more and more similar with aspects of foreign are blended, resulting in unique combinations containing elements from
cultures. both cultures.
Topic
Entertainment Food Others Entertainment Food Others
Facts/Examples
American Every day, hundreds of thousands of Use of the Kung Fu Panda Fast food e.g. Salsa
entertainment Starbucks customers are served English movie (inaccurate Rendang Burger,
companies generate near identical coffee in over 21 000 language portrayal of Chinese Satay chicken pizza.
close to 30% of near identical stores in over 65 around the culture)
worldwide countries. world
entertainment revenue.
Other examples:
Korean Wave (Hallyu) Fast Food (Singapore) there are over
– spread of Korean 100 McDonald’s outlets and over 80
Pop Music. KFC outlets.
Positive Impacts: Positive Impacts:
 [Film]: American messages of freedom and individuality can empower  [Food]: Allows people to savour the flavours of foreign and local
consumers to develop their identities. cuisines in a dish.
 [Food]: Greater variety of food options. Easier access to foreign  [Entertainment]: Movies to become a medium to celebrate cultures
flavours. from different countries and allow viewers to have short insights of
Negative Impacts: different time periods and cultures which makes it all the more
 Foreign cultures are perceived to undermine cultural, moral and entertaining.
religious values as well as threaten the local cultural industry. Negative Impacts:
 [Film]: In August 2011, many Japanese protested against the  [Food]: Some elements of either the foreign or local cuisine may be
increasing presence of Korean programmes. lost or changed. Loss of some distinctive cultural elements.
 [Food]: Many Italians protested against McDonald’s plans to build its  [Entertainment]: Leaves little room for the idols to be individualistic
first restaurant in Italy in 1986. and end up having to abandon their own identity to take up one that
is created for them that can sell.

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 Theory
Globalisation – Security impacts
Concepts
Security Challenges
Topic
Cyber security Cyber security Transnational Terrorism Transnational Transnational Transnational Terrorism
(Impacts) (Managing) (Impacts) Terrorism Terrorism (Responsive
(Preventive (Protective Measures)
Measures) Measures)
Facts/Examples
Government Government Technological advances  Immigration &  Singapore Emergency
Some cybercriminal  Upgrading of Cyber improved the speed of Checkpoints Armed Forces – preparedness exercises
attack government Watch Centre to communication, travel and Authority (SG) – protect our  Exercise Heartbeat –
networks to gain access allow the tracking of trade. use of biometric borders through Home Team agencies
to secret information malicious activities technology and working closely work with the
concerning a country or and responding Terrorist organisations radiographic with homeland community and private
dealings between swiftly to security Terrorist organisations image analysis agencies to corporations.
countries. threats. These found it easier to coordinate of cargo protect key  Exercise Northstar –
o In 2013, the USA measures also form their operations across vehicles. installations. tests the Whole-of-
accused China’s part of the countries, online or in  No-Fly List (US)  Full body Government ability to
military of Singapore’s five-year person. – names of scanner (US) – respond to emergency
mounting cyber- National Cyber o On 11 September individuals who detect hidden scenarios, serve to
attacks on its Security Master 2001, Al-Qaeda, a are known or and potentially raise public
government Plan 2018 to further militant group, suspected dangerous awareness on the
computer secure Singapore’s hijacked 4 American terrorists. objects under threat of terrorism and
networks. These cyber environment. aeroplanes and  The Passenger passenger’s emphasises the need
attacks were  Cyber Security crashed them into Protect clothes. for continued
focused on Agency (CSA) was various locations in Program  Internal Security vigilance.
collecting formed to provide the USA. (Canada) Act (ISA) – a SG  Individuals are
information on the dedicated and  (UN) Security law that enables able to respond
USA’s political, centralised overview Self-radicalised Council the government readily in an
economic and of Singapore’s individuals (‘lone-wolves’) Resolution 1373 to deal with

21
 defence sectors. national cyber refer to individuals who are of 2001 – threats to SG’s event of a
In response, security functions. not members of any sharing national security. terrorist attack.
China made an  Cyber security organised terrorist group, intelligence on  Patriot Act (US)
allegation that the will be tightened but have been inspired and individuals or – arrest, detain
USA has also and hence radicalised by extremist groups practising and seize the Collaborations with
been engaging in important data propaganda through what or planning property of other countries
cyber-attacks to online will be they have read on social terrorist acts and anyone  DSO National
steal secret protected. media and the Internet. cooperating with suspected of Laboratories – work
information from other involvement in closely with its
the Chinese Collaboration between governments to terrorist acts. counterparts in
government. countries take action countries like the USA
o In 2013, there was  Asia Pacific against them.  Potential on chemical,
a spate of cyber- Computer  ASEAN terrorists not biological, radiological,
attacks in Emergency Counter- be able to and explosive
Singapore, Response Team Terrorism carry out (CBRE)-related
including the (APCERT) which Workshop – any attacks research and
hackling of encourages countries as they are development efforts.
government cooperation exchange best being  ASEAN Defence
websites such as between member practices so as watched. Ministers’ Meeting
the Prime countries to to enhance  Laws also (ADMM) Plus
Minister’s Office maintain a counter-terrorism act as a Counter Terrorism
and the Istana’s. network of cooperation in deterrence Exercise – forces
computer security the region. to the from various countries
Commercial experts in the  Interpol’s terrorists as came together to plan
Cybercriminals hack into region. Fusion Task they know and discuss strategies
these businesses’  ASEAN CERT Force (FTF) – they will be to coordinate
networks to steal trade Incident Drill sharing of severely operations against
secrets or money. If a (ACID) aims to information and dealt with. CBRE-related terrorist
company steals strengthen increasing the attacks.
information on new cooperation capacity of  International
technology that a rival is among ASEAN member Security Assistance
developing, it can use this members in countries to Force – the SAF has
information to stay APCERT and address the deployed close to 500
competitive. other countries. threat of personnel to
 Infocomm terrorism. Afghanistan from 2007
Individuals Development  Container to 2013.
Cybercriminals create Authority of Security  Information is
malware to steal our Singapore (IDA) Initiative (CSI) – shared and
information online. They trains recognises the efforts could be
can collect personal professionals in potential dangers pooled together
information through our
22
computer, smartphones the fight against posted by illicit to handle any
or social media. Once cybercrimes. seaborne cargo. terrorist attacks.
there is sufficient  Countries are  Total Defence
information collected, they better equipped (SG)
can launch a cyber-attack to counter any
against us using our cyber-attack as  Terrorists
online identities. there is a ready are not able
pool of to enter a
competent country to
computer security carry out
experts to tap on. any attacks.
 Protects the
Individuals country
 Remain vigilant from any
so as to reduce loss of lives
their vulnerability and
towards cyber- properties
attacks. E.g. and
Ensure that your spending
computer is large
defended against amount of
technological funds in
threats, create restoration
strong passwords works.
and changed
regularly, and
never be
complacent about
maintaining your
privacy online.
 Protect their
privacy online
and prevent any
leakage of
confidential
information to
any potential
cybercriminals.

23