CHEMISTRY

INDEX

S.No. Chapter Page No.

* Basic Reflections 01 - 13

1. Matter in our Surroundings 14 - 45

2. Is matter around us pure 46 - 84

Key 85 - 86
CHEMISTRY PART - I IX CLASS - CBSE

QUESTION PAPER DESIGN

Subject : Science (086) Class : X (2019 - 20)
1) Board Examination – Theory
Maximum Marks : 80 Duration : 3 Hours
S.No. Typology of Questions OBT type* SA LA Total
(01 mark) (03 marks) (05 mark)
1 Remembering : Exhibit 07 02 01 22.5%
memory of previously learned
material by recalling facts, terms,
basic concepts, and answers.
2 Understanding : Demonstrate 04 02 02 25%
understanding of facts and ideas by
organizing, comparing, translating,
interpreting, giving descriptions,
and stating main ideas
3 Applying : Solve problems to new 04 01 02 21.25%
situations by applying acquired
knowledge, facts, techniques
and rules in a different way.
4 Analyzing and Evaluating : 05 02 01 20%
Examine and break information
into parts by identifying motives
or causes. Make inferences and find
evidence to support generalizations
Present and defend opinions by
making judgments about information,
validity of ideas, or quality of work
based on a set of criteria.
5 Creating : Compile information – 03 – 11.25%
together in a different way by
combining elements in a new
pattern or proposing alternative
solutions.
Total 20 (20) 10 (30) 06 (30) 100%
All questions would be compulsory. However, an internal choice of approximately 33% would be
provided.
2) Internal Assessment : 20 Marks
• Periodic Assessment – 05 marks + 05 marks
• Subject Enrichment (Practical Work) – 05 marks
• Portfolio – 05 marks
Note : Ojbective Section would have 10 MCQ. Besides this, the section would include VSA, Assertion
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IX CLASS - CBSE CHEMISTRY PART - I

BASIC REFLECTIONS

Atomic number : The atomic number of any element is defined as the number of protons present in
the nucleus. It is denoted by Z.
Examples :
1) The number of protons in hydrogen nucleus is one. Therefore the atomic number is one.
2) The number of protons in Helium nucleus is two. Therefore the atomic number is two.
Mass number : Mass number of an element is the sum of the protons and neutrons in its nucleus. It
is denoted by ‘A’
A=Z+n
Representation of an element : An element ‘X’ with atomic number ‘Z’ and mass number ‘A’ can be
represented as X AZ .

Examples : He24 , O816 , Ca 20

40

Isotopes : The atoms of the same element which have the same atomic number but different mass
number are called isotopes.
Examples : 1) H11, H12 , H13 2) Cl1735 , Cl1737 3) U 92235 , U 92238
Isotopes differ in number of neutrons. They have same chemical properties but differ in physical and
radioactive properties.
Isobars : The atoms of different elements which have the same mass number but different atomic
numbers are called isobars.
Examples : 1) C614 & N 714 2) Ar1840 , Ca20
40

Isobars differ in number of electrons, protons and neutrons. They differ in chemical, physical and
radioactive properties
Isotones : Isotones are the atoms of different elements which have the same number of neutrons.
Examples : 1) Si1430 , P1531 , S1632 2) C 614 and O816 3) Na1123 and Mg1224
They differ in physical and chemical properties.
Isodiaphers : The atoms of different elements which have same A - 2Z number are called Isodiaphers.
Examples : 11 Na 23 , 9 F 19
Works of Rutherford and Neils Bohr confirmed that an atom consists of three sub-atomic particles,
i.e. electrons, protons and neutrons.
It has been established that the central core of an atom consists of protons and neutrons and is commonly
called nucleus. The electrons revolve around the nucleus.
Neils Bohr suggested that the electrons revolving around nucleus are confined to certain fixed orbits
called shells or energy levels.

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CHEMISTRY PART - I IX CLASS - CBSE
These energy levels are represented by the letters K, L, M, N or with the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4.
However, the problem arises as we do not know how many electrons revolve in some particular
shell. This problem of distribution of electrons in various shells was solved by Bohr and Bury and is
commonly called Bohr–Bury scheme of electronic configuraion.

4 N shell
3
2
M shell
1 L shell
M shell
+ Positively Charged Nucles
K
L
M
N

Ø Electronic configuration : The distribution of electrons into various shells or energy levels of an
atom is called electronic configuration.
Ø Bohr–Bury scheme of Electronic configuration :
a) The maximum number of electrons which can be present in any shell of an atom is given by the
formula 2n2, where n is the shell number as counted from nucleus. Thus, according to above
formula:
Maximum no.of electrons in K – shell = 2n2 = 2(1)2 = 2.
Maximum no.of electrons in L – shell = 2n2 = 2(2)2 = 8.
Maximum no.of electrons in M – shell = 2n2 = 2(3)2 = 18.
Maximum no.of electrons in N – shell = 2n2 = 2(4)2 = 32.
b) The outermost shell (ultimate shell) of an atom cannot have more than 8 electrons.
c) The penultimate shell of any atom cannot have more than 18 electrons.
d) It is not necessary for a given shell to complete itself, before another shell starts forming. As a
rule, the new shell is formed as soon as the outermost shell attains eight electrons.
e) An atom becomes stable (i.e., it stops reacting chemically with other elements), when its outer
most shell has eight electrons, or it has only one shell containing 2-electrons.
Knowing the mass number and atomic number of an element,we can easily represent its geometric
atomic structure. Let us take the structure of some elements
24
For example : Mg.
12

Mass number (A) = 24

Atomic number (Z) = 12
No.of protons = 12
No.of electrons = 12
No.of neutrons = A – Z = 24 – 12 = 12

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IX CLASS - CBSE CHEMISTRY PART - I
S.No. Name of the element Atomic number Electronic configuration Valency
1. Hydrogen 1 ______________ ______
2. Helium 2 ______________ ______
3. Lithium 3 ______________ ______
4. Beryllium 4 ______________ ______
5. Boron 5 ______________ ______
6. Carbon 6 ______________ ______
7. Nitrogen 7 ______________ ______
8. Oxygen 8 ______________ ______
9. Fluorine 9 ______________ ______
10. Neon 10 ______________ ______
11. Sodium 11 ______________ ______
12. Magnesium 12 ______________ ______
13. Aluminium 13 ______________ ______
14. Silicon 14 ______________ ______
15. Phosphorus 15 ______________ ______
16. Sulphur 16 ______________ ______
17. Chlorine 17 ______________ ______
18. Argon 18 ______________ ______
19. Potassium 19 ______________ ______
20. Calcium 20 ______________ ______
s and p block elements.
Group IA II A III A IV A VA VI A VII A VIII A
(or) (or) (or) (or) (or) (or) (or) (or) (or)
period 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
period 1 H He
(1) 2
period 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6) (2,7) (2,8)
period 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
(2,8,1) (2,8,2) (2,8,3) (2,8,4) (2,8,5) (2,8,6) (2,8,7) (2,8,8)
period 4 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
2,8,8,1 2,8,8,2 2,8,18,3 2,8,18,4 2,8,18,5 2,8,18,6 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,8
d - block elements
Group III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII B IB II B
(or) (or) (or) (or) (or) (or) (or) (or) (or)
period 3 4 5 6 7 8, 9, 10 11 12
period 3 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Cu Zn
2,8,9,2 2,8,10,2 2,8,11,2 2,8,13,1 2,8,13,2 2,8,14,2 2,8,18,1 2,8,18,2
Co
2,8,15,2
Ni
2,8,16,2
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CHEMISTRY PART - I IX CLASS - CBSE
VALENCY :
Definition : Valency is the combining capacity of an element.
(OR)
Ø Modern definition of Valency : According to the new concept, valency can be defined as "the
number of electrons that are lost or gained or shared with one atom of an element, to acquire the stable
configuration of the nearest noble gas element.
(OR)
Number of hydrogen atoms (or) chlorine atoms (or) double the number of oxygen atoms with which
one atom of an element combines is called its valency.
Example :
Element with hydrogen with chlorine with oxygen Valency
Na NaH NaCl Na 2 O 1
Mg MgH2 MgCl2 MgO 2
Al AlH3 AlCl3 Al2O3 3
Ø Valency of Metals :
“Number of valence electrons present in a metal atom is its valency”.
Generally metals have 1 or 2 or 3 valence electrons. So their valencies are 1 or 2 or 3 respectively.
Example :
Element : Na Mg Al
Atomic number : 11 12 13
Electronic configuration : 2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3
Valency : 1 2 3

Ø Valency of Non-Metals :
Valency of non-metals = (8 - number of valence electrons)
Generally non-metals possess 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 valence electrons.
Thus their valencies are 8-4, 8-5, 8-6, 8-7 i.e., 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively.
Example :
Element : C N O F
Atomic number : 6 7 8 9
Electronic configuration : 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7
Valency : 8- 4 = 4 8-5=3 8-6=2 8-7=1
Example : CH 4 NH3 H 2O HF

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Name of the Symbol Atomic Distribution of Valency
element number electrons
K L M N
Lithium Li 3 2 1 - - 1
Beryllium Be 4 2 2 - - 2
Boron B 5 2 3 - - 3
Carbon C 6 2 4 - - 4 (8 – 4)
Nitrogen N 7 2 5 - - 3 (8 – 5)
Oxygen O 8 2 6 - - 2 (8 – 6)
Fluorine F 9 2 7 - - 1 (8 – 7)
Neon Ne 10 2 8 - - 0 (8 – 8)

Lewis octet rule".

Ø Lewis Symbols (or) Electron dot symbols
1. Chemical bonding mainly depends on number of electrons present in the outermost shell (valence electrons)
2. The electrons of the inner shell are well protected and are generally not involved in the chemical bond
formation.
3. G.N. Lewis, an American chemist introduced simple and convenient notations to represent the va-
lence electrons in an atom. These notations are called Lewis Symbols.
4. Lewis symbols are also known as electron dot symbols.

Group number General outermost Lewis symbols

shell electronic configuration
IA ns1 X
IIA ns2 X

IIIA ns2 np1 X

IVA ns2 np2 X

VA ns2 np3 X

VIA ns2 np4 X

VIIA ns2 np5 X

VIIIA (or) Zero group ns2 np6 X

Ø Significance of Lewis symbols :

1. The number of dots around the symbol represents the number of valence electrons. This number of
valence electrons helps us to calculate the group number and group valency of the element.
2. From IA to IVA group, valency = group number.
From VA to VIIIA group, valency = 8 - group number.

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CHEMISTRY PART - I IX CLASS - CBSE

H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

IONS
Ø Definition :- Charged species which are formed by losing (or) gaining electrons are known as “Ions”
Ions may contain a single atom or a group of atoms.
Ø TYPES OF IONS :
Ions are two types based on the nature of the charge carried by them.
a) Electropositive ion (or) Cation:
An ion having a positive charge on it is known as an electropositive ion or a cation.
Example: K+, Ag+, Pb+2 etc.
b) Electronegative ion (or) Anion:
The ion having a negative charge on it is known as an electronegative ion or an anion.
Example : Cl- , O-2 , SO4-2 etc.
Ø Classification of ions:
Ions can be classified as follows:
a) Simple ion : It is an ion which contains one or more atoms of the same element.
Example: Ag+ (silver ion), S-2 (Sulphide ion), O-2 (Oxide ion), O2-2 (Peroxide ion).
b) Compound ion : It is an ion which consists of two or more atoms of different elements to
form a single unit.
Example : 1) SO4-2 (Sulphate ion)
It behaves as a single unit and is composed of one atom of sulphur and
four atoms of oxygen.
2) Nitrate ion (NO3-),
3) Phosphate ion (PO4-3) etc.

NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF CATIONS (POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS)

Name of the cation Symbol of the cation Charge
Monovalent
Hydrogen H+ +1
Lithium Li+ +1
Sodium Na+ +1
Potassium K+ +1

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Rubidium Rb+ +1
Copper Cu+ (Cuprous) +1
Silver Ag + +1
Gold Au+ [Aurous or Gold (1)] +1
Mercury Hg+ [Mercurous or Mercury (1)] +1
Ammonium NH 4+ +1
Divalent
Beryllium Be+2 +2
Magnesium Mg+2 +2
Calcium Ca+2 +2
Strontium Sr+2 +2
Barium Ba+2 +2
Radium Ra+2 +2
Copper Cu+2 [Cupric (or) Copper (II)] +2
Mercury Hg+2 [Mercuric (or) Mercury(II)] +2
Iron Fe+2 [Ferrous (or) Iron (II)] +2
Chromium Cr+2 [Chromous] +2
Cobalt Co+2 [Cobaltous (or) Cobalt (II)] +2
Nickel Ni+2 +2
Manganese Mn+2 [Manganous (or) Manganese (II)] +2
Cadmium Cd+2 +2
Zinc Zn+2 +2
Lead Pb+2 [Plumbous (or) Lead (II)] +2
Tin Sn+2 [Stannous (or) Tin (II)] +2
Trivalent
Iron Fe+3 [Ferric (or) Iron (III)] +3
Manganese Mn+3 [Manganic (or) Manganese (III)] +3
Aluminium Al+3 +3
Gold Au+3 [Auric (or) Gold (III)] +3
Antimony Sb+3 [Antimonous (or) Antimony (III)] +3
Arsenic As+3 [Arsenous (or) Arsenic (III)] +3
Chromium Cr+3 [Chromic] +3
Cobalt Co+3 [Cobaltic (or) Cobalt (III)] +3
Boron B+3 +3
Tetravalent
Platinum Pt+4 [Platinic (or) Platinum (IV)] +4
Lead Pb+4 [Plumbic (or) Lead (IV)] +4
Tin Sn+4 [Stannic (or) Tin (IV)] +4
Pentavalent
Arsenic As+5 [Arsinic (V)] +5
Antimony Sb+5 [Antimonic (or) Antimony (V)] +5

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CHEMISTRY PART - I IX CLASS - CBSE

NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF ANIONS (NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS)

Name of the Anions Symbol of the Anions charge
Monovalent:
Acetate CH 3 COO - -1
Formate HCOO - -1
Bicarbonate HCO 3 - -1
Bisulphate HSO 4 - -1
Bisulphite HSO 3 - -1
Bisulphide HS- -1
Fluoride F- -1
Chloride Cl- -1
Bromide Br- -1
Iodide I- -1
Hypochlorite ClO- -1
Per Chlorate ClO4 - -1
Nitrate NO3 - -1
Cyanide CN - -1
Permanganate MnO4 - -1
Hydride H- -1
Hydroxide OH - -1
Superoxide O2- -1
Bivalent :
Carbonate CO3 -2 -2
Chromate CrO4-2 -2
Dichromate Cr2O 7-2 -2
Manganate MnO4-2 -2
Sulphide S-2 -2
Sulphite SO3 -2 -2
Sulphate SO4 -2 -2
Oxide O -2 -2
Peroxide O 2-2 -2
Oxalate C 2O 4 -2 -2
Trivalent :
Nitride N -3 -3
Phosphide P-3 -3
Phosphite PO3 -3 -3
Phosphate PO4 -3 -3
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IX CLASS - CBSE CHEMISTRY PART - I

CHEMICAL FORMULA
Definition : "The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its composition".
Importance : “A Chemical formula gives the exact number of atoms of the same or different elements
present in a chemical substance.”
To write chemical formulae, the symbols of elements and the combining capacities of elements are
required.
Note: Here, the combining capacity of an element indicates the number of bonds formed by that
element
Example: Hydrogen Chlorine
Its valency is 1 Its valency is 1
Its combining capacity is 1 Its combining capacity is 1
Number of bonds formed by it is 1 Number of bonds formed by it is 1.
H—Cl
The combining capacity of hydrogen and chlorine is one. So only one bond is formed between H
and Cl .

Rules for writing chemical formulae:

Ø The valencies or charges on the ion must be balanced.
Ø In writing formulae of a compound, the metal comes first followed by the non-metal.
Formulae of simple compounds :
Ø The simplest compounds are made up of two different elements and are called binary compounds.
Ø Criss - Cross method to write the formulae for compounds :
1) First we write the constituent elements in the compound.
2) Then write their valencies.
3) After that we must cross over the valencies of the combining atoms.
Example:
1) Formula of Hydrogen chloride :
Symbol H Cl
Hydrogen Chloride(HCl)
Valency 1 1
2) Formula of Hydrogen sulphide:
Symbol H S
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
Valency 1 2

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CHEMISTRY PART - I IX CLASS - CBSE
3) Formula of Carbon- tetra chloride:
Symbol C Cl
Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4)
Valency 4 1
4) Formula of Magnesium chloride:

Symbol Mg Cl
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
Valency 2 1
S.No. Name of the salt Formula Cation Anion Formula Frmula
Present Present of Acid of Base
1. Sodium chloride _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
2. Calcium chloride _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
3. Magnesium chloride _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
4. Zinc chloride _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
5. Sodium sulphate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
6. Potassium sulphate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
7. Clacium sulphate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
8. Magnesium sulphate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
9. Aluminium sulphate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
10. Zinc sulphate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
11. Copper sulphate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
12. Ammonium sulphate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
13. Sodium nitrate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
14. Potassium nitrate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
15. Sodium carbonate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
16. Zinc carbonate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
17. Sodium acetate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
18. Iron sulphate _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
19. Ammonium chloride _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
20. Potassium chloride _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

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IX CLASS - CBSE CHEMISTRY PART - I
Write the formulae of the compounds formed by each of the following pairs of ions.

Pair of Ion Formulae

+2 -3
1) Ca and PO4
+ -2
2) Na and CO3
+2 -3
3) Mg and N
+2 -
4) Pb and NO3
+3 -3
5) Al and PO4
Mention the names of the following compounds

Name of the compound Formulae

1) Silicon carbide
2) Potassium Hydroxide
3) Sodium Oxide
4) Boron nitride
5) Aluminium Sulphate
Write the formulae of the following compounds

Compound Formula
1) Barium Nitrate
2) Ammonium Carbonate
3) Barium Peroxide
4) Sodium Silicate
5) Stannic Chloride
Complete the following table :

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Acid radicals
Basic radicals ↓
→ Chloride Nitrate Sulphate Phosphate Carbonate

Sodium
Barium
Calcium
Magnesium
Lead
Postassium

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