Introductory Message  
 
For the facilitator:  
 
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and evaluated by the Development and 
Quality Assurance Teams of SDO TAPAT to assist you in helping the learners meet the 
standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and 
economic constraints in schooling.  
 
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also 
need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own 
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the 
tasks included in the module.  
 
For the learner:  
 
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided 
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the 
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. The following are some 
reminders in using this module:  
 
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. 
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.  
 
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in 
the module.  
 
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.  
 
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.  
 
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.  
 
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.  
 
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to 
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.  
 
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep 
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to analyze the significance of 
cultural, social, political, and economic symbols and practices. 
 
 

 
 
Multiple Choice  
 
Direction: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 
 
1. The  natural  process  of  biological  change  occurring  in  a  population  across 
successive generations. 
 
A. Evolution B. Culture C. Biology D. Sociology  
 
2. It is the genus of modern humans and the first group that came out of Africa 
 
A. Homo rudolfensis B. Homo C. Australopithecus D. Homo habilis 
 
3. It  is  considered  as  the  earliest  known  fossil  creature  identified  as  definitely 
man-like in form. 
  
A. Ramapithecus B. Pithecanthropus C. Australopithecus D. Eutherian 
 
4. This specie is also known as the” Handy Man”  
 
A. Homo erectus B. Homo sapiens C. Homo habilis D. Homo rudolfensis 
 
5. This specie is also known as the” Upright Man”  
 
A. None  of  the  following  B.  Homo  sapiens  C.  Homo  habilis  D. 
Australopithecus 
   
6. The earliest tools used by prehuman primates 
 
A. Spears B. Gatling gun C. Broken pebbles D. Arrows 
 
7. It refers to the period of flaked and polished stone implements 
 
A. Mesolithic B. Neolithic C. Paleolithic D. Marsupial Period 
  
8. It  refers  to  a  relatively  high  level  of  cultural  and  technological  development  of 
human beings  
 
A. Society B. Community C. Civilization D. Nation 
 
9. It  refers  to  genetic  variation  among  human  groups  that  characterizes  their 
common biological traits along with supposedly correlated other traits. 
 
A. Race B. Ancestry C. Civilization D. Ethnicity 
 
10. The  cultural  differences  among  grams  of  people  bounded  by  certain  cultural 
and historical commonalities that establish their unique identity. 
  
A. Ethnicity B. Race C. Ancestry D. Civilization 
 
11. An important cultural change from Paleolithic to Neolithic is 
 
A. from nomadic to agricultural. C. from pottery to sculpture. 
B. from warlike to peaceful. D. from illiterate to literate. 
 
12. The hunter-gatherer way of life made it impossible for people to live  
 
A. in groups. C. without a spoken language 
B. in cold climates. D. in permanent dwellings. 
 
13. The term "Paleolithic" refers to the 
 
A. Old Stone Age. B. New Stone Age. C. Middle Stone Age. D. Old Stones. 
 
14. Early humans living during the Stone Age most likely 
 
A. lived in small groups and moved to new areas as food became scarce. 
B. settled in permanent villages for common defense. 
C. were uninterested in art or music. 
D. worshipped one common god. 
 
15. In ______ societies kinship plays a smaller role in patterning public affairs. 
 
A. Agricultural B. Industrial C. Horticultural D. Pastoral 
 

 
 
Decipher the Code Puzzle. ​Use the following code to uncover the coded terms in 
the sentences below. 
 
A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M 
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13 
N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z 
14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26 
 
 
1. 3-21-12-20-21-18-5 refers to the full range of behaviors learned by members of a 
group.  
2. Acquiring the surrounding culture as part of growing up within it is called 
19-15-3-9-1-12-9-26-1-20-9-15-14. 
3. When one culture adopts the traits of another culture en masse, the process of 
transformation is referred to as 1-3-3-21-12-20-21-18-1-20-9-15-14. 
4. The process of being socialized within a particular culture is 
5-14-3-21-12-20-21-18-1-20-9-15-14.  
5. The feeling that one's own culture is superior to other cultures is known as 
5-20-8-14-15-3-5-14-20-18-9-19-13.  
 

 
​Activity 1: Early Humans Crossword 

 
Retrieved from : h​ ttps://www.studenthandouts.com/world-history/early-humans/worksheets/early-humans-crossword-puzzle.htm
WORD BANK    Across    Down 
     
agrarian  5. study of the earth’s  1. family that discovered 
anthropologist  liquid and solid matter  evidence of early humans in 
archaeologist  and how these are formed  Africa’s Great Rift Valley 
Africa  and shaped over time  2. study of how humans 
biology  8. person who studies a  interact with and populate the 
Europe  combination of 
folk tale  archaeological evidence,  earth 
fossils  current cultures, and oral  3. lifestyle involving the 
geology  histories  cultivation of crops 
historian  10. movement of a group  4. place of origin of modern 
Homo sapiens  of people from one place to  human beings 
human geography  another  6. lifestyle involving moving 
Leakey  11. preserved remains of  from place to place 
migrant  living things 
migration  13. lifestyle of shepherds  7. species to which human 
nomadic  and herders  beings belong 
paleontologist  14. person who studies  9. study of the earth’s natural 
pastoral  written evidence from the  environment 
physical geography  past  12. person who studies artifacts 
 
from past cultures 
 

 
 
Human Origins 

 
Source: ​https://sirdenzmodules.blogspot.com/2019/07/ucsp-2.html 
 
 
 
 How does the picture explain man's development?   
 
Man  goes  through  evolutionary  changes  that  help  him  adapt  to  his 
environment.  As a result, his adaptation started the formation of society as well as 
cultural  development,  which  is  essential  for  survival  (​Baleña, Lucero and Peralta, 
2016​).  In  studying  the  origin  and  evolution  of  man,  scientists  became  interested 
especially in analyzing mans capacity to cope with its existing environment. 
 
What is Biological Evolution? 
 
Any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several 
generations. 
 
The ​biological evolution of man​ refers to the long evolutionary history of the 
human species from primates to its current form, the ​Homo sapiens.​ Evolution is not 
an overnight event. It took millions of years to end up with the specific set of 
biological traits that humanity presently has.  
 
Evolution​ is the process of developing physical and biological change in a 
species over a period of time. Modern humans, belonging to the genus ​Homo,​ are 
seen as by-products of events and processes that occurred in the past. 
 
The ​biological transition of humans​ from its earliest condition to its current 
physical and biological makeup took millions of years to complete. Despite this, 
scientists, through the help of archaeological pieces of evidence and modern 
technology, were able to identify and distinguish distinct transitional stages of 
human evolution. These stages are described below. 
 
Species  Characteristics  
Australopithecines    Species with brains no larger than a chimpanzee’s – with a 
volume  around  400  –  500  cm3  -  but  walk upright on two legs 
 (bipedal). First human ancestors to live on the savannah.  Lived 
about 4 million years ago.  
 
Homo habilis    Its  brain  size  was  estimated  to  be  35%  larger  than  the 
Australopithecus  africanus.  It  had  similar  teeth  compared  to 
Australopithecines, the close relative species of humans. 
Its diet included a variety of plants and meat. 
 
  Species with a brain of a Broca's area, which is associated 
with,  speech  in  modem  humans  and  was  the  first  to  make 
stone  tools.  The  ability  to  make  and  use  tools  is  a  unique 
quality to humans such that the species is recognized to be the 
first  true  man.  The  species  name  means  "Handy  Man."  Lived 
about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scavenging for food. 
 
Home rudolfensis    Species  characterized  by  a  longer  face,  larger  molar  and 
premolar  teeth,  having  a  larger  braincase  compared  to  habilis 
particularly large frontal lobes, area of the brain that processes 
information.  The species lived about 1.9 ton 1.8 million years 
ago. 
 
Homo erectus    The  species  name  means  “Upright  Man”  with  body 
proportions similar to that of modern humans.   
 
  It had very large brains and an average brain capacity of 82 
cubic  inches.  It  was  characterized  by  high,  vertical  forehead, 
small  teeth  and jaw, and defined chin. It had a lighter skeletal 
built compared to earlier humans. 
 
  It  constructed  and  used  tools  for  survival.  It  developed  a 
symbolic  communication  system.  Lived  1.89  to  143,000  years 
ago;  adapted  to  hot  climates  and  mostly  spread  in  Africa  and 
 Asia.  They were the first hunters with improvised tools such as 
axes and knives and were the first to produce fire. 
 
Homo heidelbergenesis    Species  with  large  brow  ridge  and  short  wide  bodies  that 
lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago in Europe and Africa. 
They  were  the  first  of  early  human  species  to  live  in  colder 
climates,  first  to  hunt  large  animals  on  routine  basis  using 
spears, and first to construct human shelters. 
 
Homo floresiensis    Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due to their small stature with 
a height of more or less 3 feet and lived 95,000 to 17000 years 
ago  in the island of Flores, Indonesia along with other dwarfed 
animal species. 
 
Homo sapiens    The  species  name  means  "Wise  Man"  that  appeared  from 
200,000  years  ago.  The  present  human  race  belongs  to  this 
species. 
 
Homo Sapiens    Subspecies  with  short yet stocky in body build adapted to 
  winter climates especially in icy cold places in Europe and Asia. 
  The  subspecies,  also  known  as  “Neanderthal  Man,”  is  the 
closest  relative of modern humans.  The first to practice burial 
of  their  dead,  hunting  and  gathering  food,  and  sewing  clothes 
from  animal  skin  using bone needles. They lived about 20,000 
to 28,000 years ago. 
Homo sapiens sapiens    Subspecies  known  as  Cro-Magnon  characterized  to  be 
  anatomically  modern  humans  and  lived  in  the  last  Ice  Age  of 
  Europe  from  40,000  to  10,000  years  ago.  They  were  the  first 
produce  art  in  cave paintings and crafting decorated tools and 
accessories. 
 
Source. Banaag, L. T. (2012). A Summary Matrix on (topic). In Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 
for Senior High School  
by Balona, Lucero, and Peralta. Quezon City, Educational Resources Corporation. 
 
 
The  physical  and  mental  development  of  early  human  beings  helped  them 
understand  and  adapt  to  their  existing  environment.  As a result, their adjustment 
served  as  the  start  of  their  culture.  Culture  enables  the  members  of  society  to 
develop  ways  of  coping  with  the  exigencies  of  nature  as  well  as  ways  of  harnessing 
their  environment  (Panopio,  et.al.  1994,  ​as cited by Baleña, Lucero and Peralta, 
2016). 
 
The  changes  made  by  man  throughout  his  dealings  with  the  environment 
create  the  different  cultural  evolution  which  determines  man’s  social  and  cultural 
development. 
 
 
 
What is Cultural Evolution? 
 
Non-genetic means of adaption where learned ideas and behaviors are passed 
from one generation to the next by teaching and learning. 
 
Cultural evolution​ gives explanation to the changes in the beliefs, knowledge, 
customs, skills, attitudes, and languages of humans over time. It suggests that as 
humans transform themselves; their culture becomes progressively complex due to 
social, environmental, and biological factors. 
 
The cultural evolution of early humans can be traced from to the beginning of 
the ​Stone Age​ when they started creating and using tools made out of stones. The 
earliest known period of human culture started roughly 2.5 to 1.4 million years ago 
and ended around 6000 and 3000 BCE. The ​prehistoric period​ where writing was 
not yet invented that is divided into three separate periods. 
 
● Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 
● Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), and 
● New Stone Age (Neolithic). 
 
Paleolithic Age 
 
The ​Paleolithic age ​is the first phase of the Stone Age ​(roughly 2.5 million 
years ago to 10,000 B.C.). Early humans lived in caves or simple huts or tepees and 
were hunters and gatherers. They used basic stone and bone tools, as well as crude 
stone axes, for hunting birds and wild animals. Those​ who existed during this period 
showed their skills with fire and stones that changed their diet and food 
consumption. Hunting and fishing were the primary activities of the early humans 
during the Paleolithic period. They also had their religious rituals based on nature 
and developed their own language based on sounds and hand signals. 
 
Mesolithic Age 
 
The  Mesolithic  Age  or  middle  stone  age  is  the  second  phase  of  the  Stone  Age 
between 10,000 and 5,000 BC.  It was considered as the transition period between 
the  Paleolithic  and  Neolithic  periods.  Early  humans  during  this  period  gradually 
domesticated  plants  and  animals.  They  also  started  to  form  their  own  settlements 
and communities. Hunting, fishing, and food gathering were the primary activities of 
the early humans. They also started to use microliths or small stone tools. 
 
Neolithic Age 
 
The  Neolithic  period  or  new  Stone  Age  started  during  the  last  phase  of  the 
Stone Age ​10,000 B.C ​and at this point, modern humans started to exist. From being 
food  gatherers,  they  became  food  producers  and  introduced  the concept of farming. 
They  crafted  better  stone  tools  and  invented  the  axe.  Pots  and  jars  were  evident 
during  this  period,  which  served  as  their  food  containers  and  storage.  Modern 
humans also formed their permanent homes and started to have their own tribes and 
villages. 
 
Simple Differentiation of the Cultural Evolution 
 
Paleolithic Age  Mesolithic Age  Neolithic Age 
 
Unpolished stone tools  Microliths or small stone  Polished stone tools 
  tools 
Hunting and gathering  Hunting and gathering  Domestication of plants and 
Start domestication of plants  animals 
and animals 
Nomadic way of living  Started own settlements and  Living in permanent places 
communities. 
 
The  evidences  of  a  change  in  economic  aspect  have  resulted  in  the 
transformation  of  man's  way  of  life.  Early  societies  started  to emerge as a result of 
man’s  interaction  with  his  environment.  Every  society  is  organized  in  such  a  way 
that  there  will  be  rules  of  conduct,  customs,  traditions,  folkways  and  mores,  and 
expectations  that  ensure  appropriate  behavior  among members ( Palispis, 2007,  ​as 
cited by Baleña, Lucero and Peralta, 2016). 
 
Characteristics of Human Society 
 
1. It is a social system – Conscious relations are more important than mere 
population in society  
2. A society is relatively large – Much wider scope compared to community 
3. A society recruits most of its members within. In, society, there can be many 
communities 
4. A society sustains itself across generations. Possible to society to become self 
–sufficient 
5. A society’s members share a culture. Area less & shapeless, people living in 
different fields can form society. Individuals have wider scope to develop 
themselves & giving expression of their personality. 
6. A society occupies a territory. More extensive and closely coordinated 
 
Types and Characteristics of Societies  
 
Type of 
Key characteristics 
society 
These are small, simple societies in which people hunt and 
gather food. They used tools made of stones, woods, and bones. The 
Hunting-and-
societies are fairly egalitarian, and the degree of inequality is very 
gathering 
low. 
 
Horticultural and pastoral societies are larger than 
hunting-and-gathering societies. Horticultural societies grow crops 
with simple tools, while pastoral societies raise livestock. Classified 
as subsistence farming and surplus farming. 

SUBSISTENCE FARMING: 
● producing only enough food to feed the group. 
Horticultural 
● small settlements 
and pastoral 
● solid neighborhood  
● Political organization is confined in the village. 
● Authority  is based on positions inherited by males through the 
kinship system. 
 
SURPLUS FARMING:  
● Practiced in thickly populated and permanent settlements. 
 ● There was occupational specialization. 
● Established social stratification. 
● The community tended to be structured by kinship relations 
that are male dominated. 
 
Both types of societies are wealthier than hunting-and-gathering 
societies, and they also have more inequality and greater conflict 
than hunting-and-gathering societies. 
 
These societies grow great numbers of crops, use of plows, oxen, 
and other devices. The Creation of the irrigation system provided 
farming enough surplus for the community. The Ever-growing 
populations came together in broad river valley system. Those who 
controlled access to arable land and its use became rich and 
powerful since they could demand the payment of taxes and political 
Agricultural  support. By taxing the bulk of agriculture surplus, the political 
leaders could make bureaucracies implement their plans, and 
armies to protect their privileges. Social classes became 
entrenched, and the state evolved. 
 
Compared to horticultural and pastoral societies, they are 
wealthier and have a higher degree of conflict and of inequality. 
Industrial societies feature factories and machines. They are 
wealthier than agricultural societies and have a greater sense of 
individualism. Kinship plays a smaller role in patterning public 
affairs. 
Industrial   
It constitutes an entirely new form of society that requires an 
immense, mobile diversity specialized labor force. Creates a highly 
organized systems of exchange between suppliers of raw materials 
and industrial manufacturers. 
 The degree of inequality that still remains substantial. Industrial 
societies brought about a tremendous shift of populations and 
divided along class lines.  
 
The predominant form of social and political organization in 
industrial societies is the bureaucracy 
 
These societies feature information technology and service jobs. 
Higher education is especially important in these societies for 
economic success. It resulted in the homogenization of social 
Postindustrial 
relations among individuals and the interaction between humans 
and the natural environment​ (reduction in cultural diversity). 
 
Retrieved from: ​https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/sociology-comprehensive-edition/s08-02-the-development-of-modern-soci.html
 
 

 
 
Activity 2. ​Directions: Fill up the table with correct information. 
 
EVOLUTIONOF MAN 
 
SPECIES  CHARACTERISTICS  TIME PERIOD 
     
Australopithecines   
Homo habilis     
 
Homo erectus      
 
Homo     
neanderthalensis   
Homo sapiens sapiens     
 
 
 
MAN'S CULTURAL EVOLUTION 
 
 Cultural Period  Cultural Development  TIME PERIOD 
Paleolithic Age     
(Old Stone Age)   
Mesolithic Age     
middle stone age 
Neolithic Age      
(New Stone Age) 
 
 

 
 
Activity 3.​ ​Fill in the blanks 
1. Bipedalism is an important characteristic of ____________.  
2. The mental development of early human beings helped them understand and 
adapt to their __________. 
3. The use of fire was developed during the ________ age. 
4. The discovery of ___________ led to the establishment of early communities. 
5. __________ serves as an avenue for the growth of industrial communities.  
6. The evidences of a change in __________ aspect have resulted in the formation of 
man's way of life. 
7. _________ farming involves only producing enough food to feed the group. 
8. _________ societies are organized along male-centered kinship groups. 
9. In __________ societies, social classes became entrenched, and the state evolved. 
10. In ____________ societies, the predominant form of social and political 
organization in industrial societies is the bureaucracy.  
 
 

 
Study your own community. Write the socioeconomic changes that take place. 
Identify the different local government policies or ordinances connected to 
planning and development. 
 
 

 
Multiple  Choice. ​Direction:  Read each question carefully.  Encircle the letter of the 
correct answer. 
 
1. The natural process of biological change occurring in a population across 
successive generations. 
A. Evolution B. Biology C. Culture D. Sociology  
 
2. It refers to a relatively high level of cultural and technological development of 
human beings  
A. Society B. Community C. Civilization D. Nation 
 
3. The term Homo sapiens literally means 
A. handy man. B. wise man. C. stupid man. D. upright 
man.  
 
4. Which of the following best defines the word ‘sedentary’? 
A. moving regularly from place to place.  
B. staying in one place regularly. 
C. farming.  
D. eating animals that are already dead by other means. 
 
5. Scholars think early people might have believed in life after death because 
A. surviving cave art shows the dead being reborn. 
B. they did not bury their dead. 
C. surviving carved figurines from the period seem to be of angels. 
D. they put food and objects in graves. 
 
 6. The shift from hunting and gathering to farming is called the Neolithic 
Revolution because it 
A. coincided with the development of wooden tools. 
B. changed life dramatically. 
C. began the process of global warming. 
D. began a long period of warfare in the Fertile Crescent. 
 
7. Which of the following was one way that the lives of people in agricultural 
societies changed? 
A. People now had to spend all of their time producing food. 
B. Gender divisions became more blurred since everyone took part in 
agriculture. 
C. People could now spend time doing activities other than food production. 
D. Agricultural societies were more peaceful than nomadic societies had been. 
 
8. Early humans living during the Stone Age most likely 
A. lived in small groups and moved to new areas as food became scarce. 
B. settled in permanent villages for common defense. 
C. were uninterested in art or music. 
D. worshipped one common god. 
 
9. The hunter-gatherer way of life made it impossible for people to live  
A. in groups. C. without a spoken language 
B. in cold climates. D. in permanent dwellings. 
 
10. An important cultural change from Paleolithic to Neolithic is 
A. from nomadic to agricultural. 
B. from pottery to sculpture. 
C. from warlike to peaceful. 
D. from illiterate to literate. 
 
11. An important cultural change from Paleolithic to Neolithic is 
 A. from nomadic to agricultural. 
B. from pottery to sculpture. 
C. from warlike to peaceful. 
D. from illiterate to literate. 
 
12. The hunter-gatherer way of life made it impossible for people to live  
A. in groups. C. without a spoken language 
B. in cold climates. D. in permanent dwellings. 
 
13. The term "Paleolithic" refers to the 
A. Old Stone Age. C. Middle Stone Age. 
B. New Stone Age. D. Old Stones. 
 
14. Early humans living during the Stone Age most likely 
A. lived in small groups and moved to new areas as food became scarce. 
B. settled in permanent villages for common defense. 
C. were uninterested in art or music. 
D. worshipped one common god. 
 
15. In ______ societies kinship plays a smaller role in patterning public affairs. 
A. Agricultural B. Industrial C. Horticultural D. Pastoral 
 

 
Agriculture considerably expanded throughout the Neolithic revolution. 
Because of this era, domestication and pastoralism were discovered as sustainable 
ways of living. Systems and tools were also developed. As such, civilization was 
formed. 
Why is the Neolithic period called a ​revolution​? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
References​:   
 
● https://www.quipper.com/ph/ 
Quipper School , A free e-learning solution for public schools, Teacher Portal 
● Baleña, Lucero and Peralta (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for 
Senior High School.​ Quezon City, Educational Resources Corporation 
● Source: Palispis, Epitacio S. (2007). Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology. 
Manila: Rex Bookstore. 
● https://www.studenthandouts.com/world-history/early-humans/worksheets/anthro
pology-terms-code-puzzle-iii.htm 
● https://sirdenzmodules.blogspot.com/2019/07/ucsp-2.html 
● https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/sociology-comprehensive-edition/s08-02-th
e-development-of-modern-soci.html 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Development Team of the Module

Writer:​ Ernad S. Arrosa

Editors:
Content Evaluator: Elisa P. Apolis , Head Teacher III
Language Evaluator: Lovely Pamela T. Serran
Illustrator: ​Ma. Cristina Javier
Layout Artist:​ Dan Gil M. Loresco
Management Team: Margarito B. Materum OIC-SDS
Dr. George P. Tizon, SGOD Chief
Dr. Ellery G. Quintia, CID Chief
Norman Quinn O. Arreza, SHS Focal Person
Ferdinand Paggao, EPS AP
​ ​ Dr. Daisy L. Mataac, EPS LRMS/ALS