Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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future.”
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Let’s recap 👈
- Our students - Gen Z and Gen Alpha - are post-digital generations
who are familiar with globalization, artificial intelligence, robotics, 3D
printing and the Internet of things
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Over the years and after going over the 21st Century skills for preparing students to
become world citizens, lead educators have agreed that some of these skills are the
most important learning strategies in today’s environment, especially for K-12 education.
These skills have become known as The four C’s - Learning and Innovation skills:
Collaboration
Communication
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Creativity teaches students to think outside the box - creating content that has a
purpose, an audience and a community.
Communication lets students learn how to convey their ideas effectively choosing
the best tools - as these have changed significantly
We are now going to see how to integrate Critical Thinking in our classrooms.
Critical Thinking
Although there is not just one definition for critical thinking, many authors agree that it is a
way of thinking in which the thinker analyzes, assesses and reconstructs knowledge. We
can expand this idea by saying that:
A critical thinker:
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- Looks for information, evaluates its relevance and interprets it successfully
- comes up with crucial questions and problems
- searches the best solution and conclusion
- considers alternative solutions (lateral thinking)
- communicates appropriately in an attempt to find a solution to complex problems
It is very difficult to talk about critical thinking skills without referring to Bloom’s Taxonomy
(1956). This is simply a hierarchy of cognitive skills which may be helpful when we think
about our students’ learning. The following graph has seen many revisions but this is one
of its most popular representations:
In turn, Bloom’s taxonomy is useful for learners because it explains how learning takes
place:
● Before you can understand a concept, you must remember it.
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● In order to evaluate a process, you must have analyzed it.
evaluation.
Source: https://tips.uark.edu/using-blooms-taxonomy/
The thinking skills we have looked at in Bloom’s taxonomy can be classified into higher
order and lower order skills. The former involves a more superficial processing of
information, for example, when students study something by heart and then recite it in a
test. They may pass the test without understanding what they are talking about. Repetitive
routines reinforce this type of thinking.
On the other hand, higher-order thinking implies a transformation of ideas so that the
information becomes meaningful to the students. This type of thinking typically occurs when
students explain something with their own words, generalise, make implications or arrive at
conclusions. For the teacher, encouraging this type of thinking means the students’ replies
cannot be predicted and so there is always a certain element of uncertainty.
Critical thinking is related to higher-order skills. When we say that we want our students to
develop critical thinking skills we imply that we would like them to go beyond a superficial
approach to learning (lower order skills). In other words, instead of memorizing information
they should be prepared to understand, analyze, apply and ultimately create new meaning.
The following graph shows critical thinking skills and the questions we sometimes ask
ourselves when these skills are at play:
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It is crucial to bear in mind that critical thinking doesn’t necessarily mean criticizing
ideas or people, but rather basing your arguments on criteria:
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Critical thinking doesn’t mean being critical all the time! A critical thinker should be
able to find reasons to praise an argument as well as reasons to criticize it. (Houston,
2009)
Watch this short video which presents a short review of the story
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B89JwSCQLvo
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This notion of thinking about our thoughts is called metacognition and far from being an
ability we are born with, it can be taught, developed and reinforced throughout our lives.
Lateral thinking stories can help to bring down or unlearn prejudices. Find the
worksheets in our virtual classroom. This is also a good example of critical
thinking + grammar skills. Both can be developed through the same
activities. Find the answer at the end of this file.
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More puzzles and brain-teasers in the following site: Brain Teasers - Puzzles by Puzzle
Prime
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Allison Lumsden lived by herself in a small house. One day she received
a letter. When she opened the letter there was a cinema ticket inside. there
was also a note in the letter. It said:
‘Here is a free ticket to the cinema on Saturday night. Enjoy yourself.’
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However, there was no name with the letter. Allison decided to telephone her friends to find out who sent her
the present. First of all she called her father.
‘Dad. Did you send me a cinema ticket?’
‘No’, he replied. ‘Perhaps it was your brother’.
Allison called her brother.
‘Andrew. Did you send me a cinema ticket?’
‘No,’ he replied. ‘Perhaps it was Roberta’.
Roberta was Allison’s best friend so she rang her.
‘Roberta. Did you send me a cinema ticket?’
‘No,’ she replied.
Allison phoned all her friends but none of them had sent her the ticket. She decided to phone the manager of
the cinema.
‘My name is Allison Lumsden. I received a free ticket for your cinema on Saturday night. Did you send it to
me?’
‘No,’ said the manager.
Allison was puzzled. On Saturday night she did not know what to do but then she decided to use the ticket.
She put on her coat and went to the cinema. It was a good film and she enjoyed herself. When she got home
she was very surprised. There was a note on the front door of the house. It said:
Students get together in pairs or groups and come up with a 2 - 5 line note. They must put
their creativity and problem-solving skills in action.
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- Images
As discussed in the previous unit, authentic pictures offer a wealth of possibilities when it
comes to teaching EFL. You may use them for creative writing or oral discussions. They
may be ice-breakers or triggers for predicting a text you are about to read (lead-in). They
may help to activate your students’ schema. In all cases, you will be tapping into your
students’ critical thinking and visual thinking skills. If your pictures are carefully chosen so
that they are intriguing then motivation is likely to ensue.
Check out these images collected by the New York Times. There are 40 of them!
https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2016/08/16/learning/images-from-four-years-of-whats-going-on-in-this-pict
ure/s/VTS04-08-13LN2.html
Students try to predict what’s going on in the picture and they may post their comments in
the ‘what’s going on in this picture?’ section in the New York Times webpage. They must
follow this three question protocol:
Some days later, the real context in which the picture was taken will be revealed.
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Other activities that can ignite students’ creativity:
- Add comics-style speech or thought bubbles to indicate what the people (or even
objects!) in the picture might be trying to communicate.
- Write from the point of view of one of the people, animals or things in an image.
- Guess what happened just before a photograph was taken.
- Come up with ideas for what might be happening just outside the frame of an image.
- Play a guessing game with the image
Lateral thinking story on prejudices. Answer: the surgeon is the boy’s mother. Did
you guess it?
These last weeks we have been sharing digital tools, resources, apps and websites
that support student learning. All in all, the material is meant to improve and enhance 21st
century teaching practices with Web 2.0 tools.
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Technology is here to stay. Kids, children and teenagers are fully aware of this as
they already take technology as part of their natural environment in and also beyond
academic life. We have thought of a variety of software, sites and apps that will allow you to
enhance your classroom practice and students learning in and outside the classroom.
It is worth mentioning the research done by Mishra and Koehler, who built on
Shulman’s formulation of ‘‘pedagogical content knowledge’’ and extended it to thoughtful
pedagogical uses of technology which require the development of a complex, situated form
of knowledge that they call Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge framework (or
TPACK). This framework can help us understand and describe the kinds of knowledge that
we teachers need for fruitful pedagogical practice with technology in the integration of the
areas.
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are terms that also stand for blended learning approaches. In this scenario, students attend
a class taught by a teacher in a traditional classroom setting and they independently
complete some online components of the course outside of the classroom as well.
Adopting a blended learning system implies using information communication
technologies (ICTs) and new pedagogical models. Let’s go over some of these
blended-learning tools and resources.
Examples in which VLE's structure, manage and deliver learning activities and
content in just one product with in-build activities and resources: Moodle (where this course
is!), Blackboard, Google Classroom and Edmodo - more about this one, in a couple of
pages!
A natural offset of blended learning: The Flipped Classroom - students are introduced to
content at home - doing independent study via technology, and then carry out significant
guided practice at school.
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■ Youtube
■ Screencapture
■ Talking Head Recorded Lectures
■ Animated Videos: https://explee.com/
■ Glass screen
■ Virtual Field Trips
■ Video Conferences
○ AUDIO & others
■ Podcast
■ Webinars / Web conferences
■ Online meetings
■ Moodle activities
■ Blogs
■ Skype
■ Interactive Content: Content that requires the students' active engagement
— more than simply reading or watching.
For example
- quizzes, surveys and polls,
https://www.educatorstechnology.com/2018/02/17-of-best-surveys-and-poll
s-creation.html
- videos with hotspots, infographics, assessments, e-books.
https://www.snapapp.com/platform/interactive-content-types/
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Technology can be put into use to better student learning by supporting syllabus
objectives. Technology-enhanced classrooms are key to student engagement. Of course the
challenge is for us teachers to integrate the best tool to achieve effective learning.
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★ increased creativity and interaction for the user
★ sharing of opinions, ideas and experiences among users
As we have noted, our students who are digital natives, are natural consumers of these
tools. However, we need to incorporate them and we need to introduce them to the
educational uses of these tools. We must help students evolve by including technology in
the classroom or set homework with Web 2.0 tools.
But you are not a newbie to this type of tool, after all. You have probably been using some of
these in your classrooms, and if you haven’t, you have certainly been introduced to some of
them in this course; for one thing, you have been experiencing Moodle as a student and you
were guided through Edmodo in Week 5_part 1. In the following image, you can see some
of the tools we have seen so far:
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LyricsTraining https://es.lyricstraining.com/ We explored this site when we talked about
‘authenticity in the classroom’ (Week 3), do you remember?
British Council site: http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/listening
VideoNot.es http://www.videonot.es/ Students can watch a video and take notes at the
same time
Pixton https://www.pixton.com/ Students create comics online and share them as well.
ReadWriteThink http://www.readwritethink.org/
Kami https://www.kamiapp.com/ PDF & document annotation app for schools to improve
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Annotate https://www.annotate.com/ give students the possibility of creating, sharing and
discussing newly created documents or authentic text.
FunBrain https://www.funbrain.com/books Here you will find lots of books for children!
Web 2.0 tools: have you used any of these in the classroom? What impact
does it have on students? Which one of these would you like to implement?
Why does it sound appealing to you?
First read the instructions and below them, you will find examples with explanations.
1. Plan a reading class using some visual organizer. In it students can: brainstorm main
ideas in a text; make a summary of a story. Try using Bubbl.us
2. Design a reading comprehension activity with a quiz. You can use Kahoot or Funtrivia
3. Design a vocabulary activity in which students play a game to practise vocabulary. You
can use: PowerPoint, Prezi, Quizlet, Flippity
4. Design an activity in which a character speaks - it can be related to Activities 1 and/or 2.
You can use: Blabberize or IFunFace
Tasks are tailored round `The Giraffe, the pelly and me` by Roald Dahl.
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http://eclass.sch.gr/modules/document/file.php/G668151/2015-2016/Bclass2015_2016/Dahl.pdf
1.
Check out this activity done with Bubbl.us. Students complete the summary of the story by
working together - as the characters did to work out their problems. After this, they can
narrate the story from a different point of view or tell it again using a different genre.
2. http://www.funtrivia.com/
Fun Trivia is a free trivia website where you can create your own quizzes for free. Check out
this quiz based on the reading of The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me.
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http://www.funtrivia.com/playquiz/quiz289763212c770.html
2. Kahoot! is a game-based learning platform, free for teachers. This online tool is designed
to check learners’ understanding or knowledge. You can create a series of multiple choice
questions or jumble games. The format and number of questions are entirely up to you. You
can add videos, images and diagrams to your questions to boost engagement.
Go over these flashcards to find out all the possible creations you can make with Quizlet
https://quizlet.com/89313049/what-is-quizlet-flash-cards/
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Try this on-line quiz about the same book.
https://quizlet.com/24284438/the-giraffe-and-the-pelly-and-me-flash-cards/
https://www.flippity.net/me.asp?k=1s_fQE9JBDsQnu4TQn9gVbhDSUJ5NUaoj9E0bDFeLFLU
Vocabulary practice done in flippity.net. Children must find the pairs (colour splash + colour
word) and say the name of the colour. In addition, you can set pictures of animals on a desk
and students must find the picture of the animal whose name rhymes with the colour. For
example: a red hen, a black cat. a pink fish.
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Think about a language point you could teach using one of the online tools
above. Who are the learners? What is the language point? What is the
context? What tool could you use to set the context?
We can help our students develop learner autonomy by using digital tools! Find out how!
https://thedigitalteacher.com/training/using-digital-tools-to-develop-learner-autonomy-tips
There are also a great amount of tools that can support your teaching practice.
- GetStencil https://getstencil.com/app
- Piktochart https://piktochart.com/
- Glogster https://edu.glogster.com/ Students can create an online interactive poster
combining text, pictures, graphics, video and audio - which is called a glog. This glog
can be hosted by Glogster or you can embed it into a wiki, blog or class website.
- Postermywall
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Imagine the following scenario: Your class has been working on the project ‘The Food Fair’.
They have been exploring recipes, learning about ingredients, watching ‘mini chefs’ videos
and rehearsing in order to prepare their recipes live at a school food fair. One of the tasks
before the exhibition is to prepare posters, flyers and invitations to share with the rest of
the school (either printed or online through the school platform, such as Edmodo). They also
need to design a diploma for the winning team. These e-tools would come in very handy in
these situations.
Animated videos
The following web tools can be used to create simple animated videos.
Powtoon https://www.powtoon.com/home/?
Genial.ly https://genial.ly/
Edpuzzle https://edpuzzle.com/
Word clouds
ABCya http://www.abcya.com
Wordle http://www.wordle.net/create
Word Art https://wordart.com/
Word Clouds https://www.wordclouds.com/
Word it Out https://worditout.com/
Have a look at this word cloud listing some of the characteristics of 21st century learners.
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Sharing time!
An important aspect of using technology is sharing productions with the class, the
community, other classrooms around the world, a variety of platforms...as we are connected
on the web. Let’s see some of the tools we can use to let our creations out to the world.
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★ Links to blogs, web pages, or other online content
ThingLink https://www.thinglink.com/ This tool is useful for sharing visual information. The
user uploads an anchoring image, such as a map, photograph or a drawing. The user then
inserts “tags” which link to additional information such as definitions, maps, images or even
other websites.
Kidblog http://kidblog.org/home
You can also start your own class blog in EduBlog! https://edublogs.org/
We need to strike the happy medium...to use tech as tools but to accompany
students with lifelong values and significant content. We must create
opportunities for students to employ their skills as creators and producers in
meaningful learning contexts.
To summarize our work during this course, we would like to share with some
TED talks and compare them!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOTEQVYDPpg
Redefining Learning & Teaching using Technology. | Jason Brown | TEDxNorwichED
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0lNhayjJVE
Technology in Education - From Novelty to Norm | Joel Handler | TEDxHIllsboroughLibrary
You will find the link to this final task in our classroom.
Bibliography
Banta, T. W. (2003). Introduction: Why portfolios? Portfolio assessment: Uses, cases, scoring, and
impact. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bloom, Benjamin (1956), The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Ann Arbor, David Mckay.
Cochrane, T., & Narayan, V. (2013, 12). Redesigning professional development: Reconceptualising
teaching using social learning technologies. Research in Learning Technology,21(0). doi:
10.3402/rlt.v21i0.19226
Fuquen, A. & Kim Jimenez P. (2012), ‘Implementing Tasks that Stimulate Thinking in EFL
Classrooms’, Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica N 21,(pp. 143-158)
Garrison, D. R. (2011). ELearning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice (2nd
Ed.). London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
Halpern, D (1996), Thought and knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking, New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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Hoadley, C. & Cox, C. (2009) ‘What is design knowledge and how do we teach it?’, in Educating
learning technology designers: guiding and inspiring creators of innovative educational tools, eds C.
DiGiano, S. Goldman & M. Chorost, Routledge, NY, pp. 19-35.
Latham-Koenig, C. & Oxenden (2017), C., English File Upper-Intermediate Student’s book, Oxford:
OUP.
Lin, Y.-S. (2009). Teacher and pupil responses to a creative pedagogy —Case studies of two primary
classes in Taiwan. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Exeter: University of Exeter.
Mishra, P., & M. J. Koehler (2006): Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A new
framework for teacher knowledge, Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017-1054.
Paulson, P. R., & Paulson F. L. (1991, March). Portfolios: Stories of knowing. Paper presented at the
54th annual meeting of the Claremont Reading Conference (No. ED377209).
Pineda Baez, C. (2004), ‘Critical Thinking in the EFL Classroom: The Search for a Pedagogical
Alternative to Improve English Learning’, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura Vol 9, no 15 (pp. 45 - 80)
Prensky, Marc (2001): “Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants” in On the Horizon, Vol. 9, N.o 5, Oct.
2001, mcb University Press.
https://tips.uark.edu/using-blooms-taxonomy/
https://file.scirp.org/pdf/CE20110300018_49033096.pdf
https://www.criticalthinking.org/
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