SAINT MARY’S ACADEMY OF LUNAO 4TH Quarter - ENGLISH 7

Lunao, Gingoog City May 6, 2022

SY: 2021-2022 Ms. Kathleen Claire G. Rama

REVIEW GUIDE
INFERENCE

Inference is using observation and background to reach a logical conclusion. You probably practice inference every day.
For example, if you see someone eating a new food and he or she makes a face, then you infer he does not like it. Or if
someone slams a door, you can infer that she is upset about something.

Before you begin to practice inference in literature, you should know what you are looking for. Your goal is to find the
intended meaning of the text. Intended meaning is what we think the author is trying to teach us.
Why is it important to make inferences?

When writing a story, an author will not include all the information for us. He/she will expect us to read between the lines
and reach conclusions about the text.

How to practice making Inference

1. When reading or viewing, we make inferences by observing all the facts, arguments and information given by the author.
2. Consider what you already know from your own experience.
3. When faced with multiple choice answers, determine whether each is true or false based on the information given in the
passage.
4. Your goal as you read is to make conclusions. These conclusions are not stated, but you should read between the lines to
understand what the author is trying to say.
5. As you read, make guesses. Try to guess what will happen next in the story what a character may say or think or even what
other characters not in the scene are doing.
6. Next, ask questions.
 Why are the characters acting a certain way?
 What are they thinking?
 What are they doing?
 Where are they going?
 What are they feeling?
 What do you already know?
 What is missing?
 Why is the author not including information?
7. After this, you should make predictions. What do you think will happen next? How will a character react? What will be the
outcome?
8. Finally, you should find connections in the details. After you have made predictions, see what is missing or stated in the
details and make connections. Fill in the missing information using your questions, guesses and predictions.

ACADEMIC WRITING

Academic writing is the production of documents that serve as the permanent record of your academic work. It is important to
remember that academic writing is not like other writing. It has its own style, rules and conventions.
Traditional language conventions such as grammar, punctuation and spelling are important for making meaning in
academic writing.

There are 6 key elements that make a text a piece of academic writing:

1. Formal language 4. Concise language

2. Objective style 5. In-text referencing and paraphrasing
3. Precise language 6. Cohesion and coherence

Formal language
 Limits the use of personal language and is free from slang and colloquial words.
 Uses technical terms but avoids excessive jargon.
Example:
Informal: “We couldn’t find out why the temperature went up so quickly.”
Formal: “The rapid increase in temperature is not explainable.

Objective Style
 Presents information in a factual and unbiased way with vocabulary that does not reflect emotions, opinions or personal
feelings.
 Avoids emotive words that might prejudice the reader.
Example:
The rocket travelled at lightning speed.
Objective Style: the rocket travelled at 90km per hour.

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Precise Language
 Avoids the use of vague and ambiguous language.
Example:
Avoid words such as “always”, “almost”, “approximately”.
Also avoid overgeneralizations such as “Everyone knows that…”

Concise Language
 Uses as few words as possible yet retains meaning.
Example:
Instead of “in close proximity to”, use the word “near”.

In text- Referencing and Paraphrasing

 Evidence and ideas from the work of others are acknowledged

Cohesion and Coherence

 Cohesion: Ensures that sentences are connected through the organization of language elements.
 Coherence: Ideas are presented logically and paragraphs are used to organize ideas.

Deepen
 The tone used in academic writing is usually formal, meaning that it should not sound conversational or casual. You should
particularly avoid colloquial, idiomatic, slang, or journalistic expressions in favour of precise vocabulary. Informal and
colloquial language is often imprecise, so is open to misinterpretation, and can be inaccessible to non-native English
speakers.

 For example, ‘international business heavyweights’ is too informal. Better wording would be ‘leading international
businesses’ if referring to corporations, or ‘international business leaders’ if referring to individuals.

 Academic writing requires that you use full forms rather than contractions. For example, write ‘do not’ instead of ‘don't’, ‘it
is’ instead of ‘it's’, ‘they have’ instead of ‘they've’ and ‘we will’ instead of ‘we'll’.

I have set the LORD always before me: because he is at my right hand, I shall not
be moved.
Psalm 16:8