SAINT MARY’S ACADEMY OF LUNAO 4TH Quarter - ENGLISH 9

Lunao, Gingoog City May 6, 2022

SY: 2021-2022 Ms. Kathleen Claire G. Rama

REVIEW GUIDE

Prediction

Being aware of what’s going on and taking part in dealing with social issues around you are of great deals that will help you
reach your full potential as a responsive individual in the society. This module will introduce you to the different social challenges
that take place in our everyday life.

While working with different compositions, you will have to use prediction as a reading comprehension strategy, which will
allow you to use the information at hand in anticipating what will transpire or happen in the text/material used. This will enable you to
activate your prior knowledge, thus make connections to one’s personal experiences

Prediction is an important reading strategy. It allows students to use information from the text, such as titles,
headings, pictures and diagrams to anticipate what will happen in the story (Bailey, 2015) When making predictions, students
envision what will come next in the text, based on their prior knowledge. Predicting encourages children to actively think ahead and
ask questions. It also allows students to understand the story better, make connections to what they are reading, and interact with the
text.

How to Predict

 Look at the title

 Look at the images
 Think about what you already know (making connection to prior knowledge)
 Create your prediction

Example:

Situation Prediction
The basketball team practices daily and gives all-out effort for
They will win the championship game.
their championship game.
He is not going to eat the hamburger.

or

He will not eat the hamburger.

In making predictions, we use “will” or “going to” to signify that it will happen in the future (to predict what will
happen next.

Source: https://readingstrategiesmsu.weebly.com/predicting.html

Validity And Soundness

A deductive argument proves its conclusion ONLY if both are valid and sound.

Validity: An argument is valid when, all of its premises were true, then the conclusion would also HAVE to be true.

In other words, a “valid” argument is one where the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. It is IMPOSSIBLE for the
conclusion to be false if the premises are true.

Here’s an example of a valid argument:

1. All philosophy courses are courses that are super exciting.
2. All logic courses are philosophy courses.
3. Therefore, all logic courses are courses that are super exciting.

Note #1: IF (1) and (2) WERE true, then (3) would also HAVE to be true.
Note #2: Validity says nothing about whether or not any of the premises ARE true. It only says that IF
they are true, then the conclusion must follow. So, validity is more about the FORM of an argument, rather than the TRUTH of an
argument.

So, an argument is valid if it has the proper form. An argument can have the right form, but be totally false. For example:
1. Daffy Duck is a duck.
2. All ducks are mammals.
2
 3. Therefore, Daffy Duck is a mammal.

The argument just given is valid. But, premise 2 as well as the conclusion are both false. Notice however that, IF the premises WERE
true, then the conclusion would also have to be true. This is all that is required for validity. A valid argument need not have true
premises or a true conclusion. On the other hand, a sound argument DOES need to have true premises and a true conclusion:

An argument that has true premises (regardless of whether it is valid or invalid) is said to be factually correct. An argument that
is both valid and factually correct is sound .

Soundness: An argument is sound if it meets these two criteria: (1) It is valid. (2) Its premises are true.

In other words, a sound argument has the right form AND it is true.

Note #3: A sound argument will always have a true conclusion. This follows every time these 2 criteria for soundness are met.

Do you see why this is the case? First, recall that a sound argument is both valid AND has true premises. Now, refer back to the
definition of “valid”. For all valid arguments, if their premises are true, then the conclusion MUST also be true. So, all sound
arguments have true conclusions.

Looking back to our argument about Daffy Duck, we can see that it is valid, but not sound. It is not sound because it does not have all
true premises. Namely, “All ducks are mammals” is not true.

So, the argument about Daffy Duck is valid, but NOT sound. Here’s an example of an argument that is valid AND sound:
1. All rabbits are mammals.
2. Bugs Bunny is a rabbit.
3. Therefore, Bugs Bunny is a mammal.

In this argument, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is necessarily true (so it is valid). AND, as it turns out, the premises
ARE true (all rabbits ARE in fact mammals and Bugs Bunny IS in fact a rabbit)—so the conclusion must also be true (so the argument
is sound).

I have set the LORD always before me: because he is at my right hand, I
shall not be moved.
Psalm 16:8