TYPE OF SHP SCHEMES, LAYOUTS

AND PLANNING

Dr. M.K. Singhal

Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy
(Formerly Alternate Hydro Energy Centre),
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee
 TYPE OF SCHEMES
➢ RUN OF RIVER
No storage.
The output is subject to instantaneous flow.
Reliability of discharge and geological conditions should be ensured.
➢ CANAL BASED
Utilizes the fall and flow in the canals.
May be planned in main canal or in bye-pass canal.
Nearby drops should be clubbed in existing canals.
In canals under planning concentrated drops should be considered.
➢ DAM BASED
Dam toe schemes are most common in India.
Water stored during monsoon is utilized for power generation.
➢ PUMP STORAGE
 Power Potential and Energy

Power (kW) = 9.81 x Discharge (cumecs) x Net Head (m) x Efficiency

Energy (Units)= Power x 8760 (No of hours)

Net Head = Gross Head –Head loss (varies 5% to 10% of Gross head)
 Derivation of Power Equation from
Potential Energy Equation
Potential Energy = m g H
= 9.81 volume * density * Head
Power (watt) = Energy/time
= 9.81 * Volume/time * density * Head
= 9.81* discharge *head *density
Power (kW) = 9.81 * discharge * density/1000 * Head* efficiency
= 9.81 * discharge * Head*efficiency
COMPONENTS OF SMALL HYDROPOWER SCHEME

➢ Diversion and Intake structure

➢ Feeder Channel/Intake Channel
➢ Desilting chamber
➢ Water conductor system- power Channel/ Tunnel
➢ Forebay/ Balancing reservoir/ Surge tank
➢ Spillway/Spillway Channel
➢ Penstock
➢ Power house
➢ Tail Race
➢ Turbine, generator and controls
➢ Transformer and switchyard
 Irrigation Canal Based SHP Projects
➢ Irrigation Canal has milder bed slope (1 in 5000 to 1 in
8000) in comparison to normal ground terrain slope
(approximately 1 in 2000 to 1 in 5000).

➢ For example normal ground level in Roorkee is 300 m

above msl. The distance between Roorkee and nearest sea
is 1500 km. therefore the average ground slope in
between Roorkee and sea is 1 in 5000
➢
➢ In the starting, the bed level of irrigation channel and
ground level is same. If irrigation chnnel slope is 1 in 6000
and ground terrain slope is 1 in 5000 then after 30 km the
channl bed shall be 1.0 m above the average ground level.
For construction of channel, filling is to be carried out.
 Irrigation Canal Based SHP Projects
➢ After every 75 km, the filling required will be more than
2.5 m. Therefore, fall is provided in the bed of channel and
channel is carried 5.0 m below the ground level so that
material excavated may be used for filling upstream
Pumped storage (power system support
PUMPED STORAGE SCHEME
 Techno-Economic Evaluation for Pumped
Storage Scheme
(A) Water Lifted from Lower Reservoir by Pump
Energy Consumed by Pump in Lifting the Water = P
Efficiency of Pump = Ep
Energy stored in lifted water = P * Ep

(B) Lifted Water Used Back for Power generation

Efficiency of Turbine = Et
Energy generated by using the lifted water = P*Ep* Et
(C) Expenditure/Revenue Details for pumped storage projects
Rate of Energy while consuming power = Rn
Rate of energy while generating peaking power = Rp
Expenditure in pumping water = Rn*P
Revenue in generating peaking power = Rp*Ep*Et*P
for pumped storage projects
Revenue in generating peaking power > Expenditure in pumping
Rp*Ep*Et*P > Rn*P
Rp/Rn > 1/(Ep*Et)
 HYDROPOWER CLASSIFICATION
Based on Capacity
Pico 5 kW & below
Micro 100 kW & below
Mini 2000 kW & below
Small 25000 kW & below
Medium 100,000 kW
Large above 100,000 kW
 HYDROPOWER CLASSIFICATION

Based on Head
High above 75 m
Medium 30-75 m
Low 3-30 m
Ultra low below 3 m
 Assignment 1
Date of assignment :Aug 11, 2022 Date of Submission :Aug 18, 2022

Q no 1: Discuss about small hydro projects (minimum 5) in your area

(district/adjoining districts/state)
Q no2 : If MSL of Diversion point of SHP is 1500 m and of power house area
is 900 m. The discharge for power generation is 1.5 cumec. What is
potential of site. Take combined efficiency as 85% and head loss as
7.5% of gross head. calculate the energy generated in a year. If the sale
price of electricity is Rs. 3.00 per unit. How much revenue this power
house will get in a year
 STAGES OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

➢ Planning of the project

➢ Execution or Implementation of the project
UNDP GEF Hilly Hydro Project Zonal Plan -Activity
 Identification/ allotment of SHP site

Reconnaissance survey
• Assessment of head
• Assessment of discharge
• Assessment of geology
• Environmental aspects

Not Feasible Project

Pre-feasibility study
Dropped
Feasible

Detailed surveys and investigations

• Topographical survey
• Hydrological investigations
• Geological investigations
• Material survey
• Environmental survey
• Load survey
• Socio-economic survey
• Muck disposal survey

Feasibility study/detailed
project report

Investment decision for Execution

FLOW CHART FOR PROJECT PLANNING