r.

,. -S,-rr,
Boih e:lrollnelrt tot.J i '*.th
and tota '*.Ih*-El.,iiFI'i,r.*..l';:..:i-.'i''..niirns-st't:i-:ar"t'2i'J;'L,i'.
cjl-.tiijbl'lr.*.-.': .
"nro.lr.E*;*1
tuilion reveTllre ai Bior,rrrsrrille s-Lc! e fi1e-iris a Loz:e 2
liniversiB, haye increased (A) Brou,r-rsvil]e Universiiv nor,r, collecis more total tuition Ievenue ihal't
during each of the last four Canterbu4.' Univers it1
years. During the same period (B) Students rlgard higner iuitio,t as an indicator of higher qualitv. -
of time, enrollment at (C) The per-.t',-,i."rrt tultion at Canterbury Universiqu has risen over the Iast
f^---
.Cauterbun, Universil}' . has --^^--

steiflity decreasecl. rvhiie toral 1O, ii,iitrn four 1'ears. en:oliment at Brounsville Unirielsih'rryil] lii<ely cxceetr,
.enic]lnrentitCanterbulrLTniversrry.:...
rurtion reverrue has remained
consian[. - (g) Cu"1e.lury Universiq,' '.\ill lkely continue 'io lalse tuitioir to:make up for'

2; A detailed lab analysis of a @hofthe

meteorite recenily discovered - in
Antarctica revealed that the meteorite
has geologjcal characteristics common
to the planet Mars.'To.datq, scientists
irave not found these cha-raeteristics
an).where other than on Mars. Using a
technique called "acid.-etching," tD)
scientists found that the meteorite tlll
contained fossilized remains of single-
1 cell life forms.
3. The average fue} efficiency of
vehicles sold nationwide during follawing conclusions?-' .

the period-:2oo.o*-2oo4 was z5 ia) tfr. ar!.ug. fuel efficielr-c.y-o{:re}i.el-qs qqJd nationwide:sftould reach 30
,
milqqlf1er,'
.a'-::li.r--!f.-- =..--.
galion; the miles per ga}lon for theperio&zoo5-zoo9.
corresponding figure during'the (B) The nitionat average pri@O.fgi-soline di:ring r.997 was lower than the '..
period 1995-1999 was 2q miles
per gallon. The national average (C) Rising gasoline prices lead consumels to purchase more fuel-efficjent
price of gasoline during the cars.
perio& 2ooo-2oo4 was $z pet (D) Between the two described time periods, the national average fue)
gailgn; the coiresponding figure efficiency and the national a'rerage gasoline price both incleased at the
{rlring the period 1995-1999 was t sarne rate.
i (n) Consumers spent more money on gasoline during the period 2ooo-2oQ4
I than durins the period rggs-rggg. .'
4.-Mr:eium-A-:uiilheir ceforth displaf rtuhichof
only undamaged objects of .proven thefollouing concEGiofis?--- - -
authenticity. Doubts have_beeri raised A)Authentic Mycenaean vases'arevaluable andtare' : ,

about the origins of a s:pposedly nj MuSeum A has been beset witJr questions about the provenalce of
Mycenaeanvase currently on display in rnany of the items in its antiquities wing.
t-he mriseum's antiquitiqs wing. The C) The vase in question will no:Ionger be displayed in Museum A.
only ry3y to estabiish this vase's .D) Spectroscopic analysis has revolutionjzed the forensic investigation
authentlcity would be,to pulverize it, of art forgery.
then'subject the dr:st to spectroscopic .E) Knouringly or not, rnany of the wor:ld's rnuseurhs diqplay sorne
', analysis. . :
forseliesj .-

5. Gifi Catalogue trnc. sent true'ihieh qf the

.seven custom-made gift follawing ntu$t als a. b e true a-b out Gj.ft C at alo gue In c -?
paci<ages last r,veek. Last rveek, (A) At ieast one of the gifi packagesrsent to Teehnocorp,)a,st 'week \qas'not
all of tlie shipments flom Gift custom-made.
Caialogue inc. that were sent out D) At least one o{the custom-made gift packages sent last-rt'eek rn'as not
-
on Wednesday or later consisted duected to Technocolp.
entirely of non-custom-made c) The.majgliry of the gift packages sentto Technocorp last r'r'eekrvas sent
gift packages. Gitt Catalogue Inc.
$ent, se\ien . gift 'packages to D) Sonle of the gift packages sent !9 Teghno-corp iast vueek rt ete sent on ,
Techrrocorp last rveek,'. at least Tuesdav or earlier. " .

two of r.;hich were cusiom-made E) Technoeolp receir.ecl a higirel pr-oportion of the gift packages sent last
;-ff *^^t--__-
r,r,eekfi.onrGiftCata1ogqeInc.tha.rranyotherrecipient'
 aba
,4.' detai isofa sta.terraerLts ; if t-nte, be-st srpp ort ushi o{,1
eteorite recently discovered in following as a concli-rsion? :
nrarclica revealed that the meteorite (A) The fossilized remains indicate ttrat life exists on Mar$'
rs geoiogical characteristics common .(B) the scientists have evidence to support a hypothesis ihat the
, the- plairet Mars. To date, scientists meteorite came from 1\4ars-
-r,Cr (C) The meteodte represents a substantial step forward in human
not found these characteristics
ryutrere other than on Mars. Using a knoivledge of the development of life in the solar system
,chnique called "acid-etching," (D) Undiscoiered meteorite; currently exist in Antarctica'^ -
:ientists "found that the meteorite ipj "e.ia-etching" is necessary to confirry the. existence of fossilized
rntained rfossilized remains of single- remains tn meteorites.
tl life forms.
The .'United States is
rnsidering a ban on the
rportation of sa}ryon from
c.untly B, in order to protest
protgction of intellectual
- ror
operry: rights in Country B. An
;onomist courters that such a
'- rd would be. ineffective, since
?untry B would circumvent it
r sellingr the,'extra ialmon in
-' Jrope- Indeed, last yeal six
rropean nations each imported
ore salmon than Country B
lported to United Sates.
Traditionaliy, public schooi
sti-uctors have been qompensated
;cording to seniority. decintly, the
usting. salary system h3s been
eleasiag!6- -eritieized-,-as---
lproach to compensation that
wards lackadaisical teaching and
rnishes motivated, higi,ly-
ralified instruction. lnstead,
iucatiolral experts argue that, to
,tain exceptional teachers and
airitain quaiity instruction,
achers shor.dd receive salaries or
. rnuses bis'ed on performance
.ther tha:r seniorit
I
,r. j'be )ocd uliyersjly The argument aboi:e fs based art which of tL,e. ;fbttowing
rcceritil' hircd a new soccer cssurnpfions?
coach. i\lthough she has (s)Studying the garne is nct as imporiar:t as having extensive coaching
several years' worth of expenence.
coachrng experience and is a (B) Coaching experience is one of the most crucial factors for coaching success. .

diligent siudent of the game, (C)The preiiorr. coach at the universrty rvas 'dismissed due to her iack of
she rvas never a member of a' success,, ,.. -'...
coilegiate soccer Leam. For (D)To build a successfui soccel ploglam as a coach..one must be a former'
;

this' reason, the new coach collegiate soccer piayer.

wrll be unable to build a (E) The rfniversity d.oes nof plan to provide the nerv coach with the resoulces
succe*ful necessary t6 build a successful prc
z. Methyltetrachloride
is a chemidal found in ,some
;,esticides, glues, and sealants.
Ir,xposure to MTC carh cause
people lo develop asthmal In
order to halve the nationls
asthma rale, the government
Iras announced that ir will ban
ail products containing MTC. in maintaining respir-atory

3. 'Both enrollment and total

tuition revenue at Brownsviile
University have increased
during each of the last four
years. During the same period (B)
of time, enrollment at (c)
Canterbury University has
steadily decreased, while total
tuition revenue has remained
constant.
j lost revenue'from dedinine enroilment.

"4.--{he-F
Arts, designed by a world-renqwned arehitect
'was built tgn yeaffi -agar indowntown
Metropolis, "A recent.study shows that, on
averagd, a person who attends a perfonnance
at the Farmsley Center speods eighty-three
dollars at downtown busineises on the day of
the perfbrmance.' Citing this reporq lthe
chairman ofthe Farmsley Centel's Board of
Trustees :contbndi:that the Farmsley Center
i hrs been a pignificant source of the economic
i revitaiizaiion of downtown Metropolis.
I

|5.Brandxa*o*ippo,isiliprerlictionthatTheGoltlStlntlnrdshoe!ine
:iui]ds.CLlSto1IsneakerS,|uliltbeprortnbk?
,rnc si'reaker a1 a rime. Ii 1e; n".*i. of its repr-rtation as ari original and exciusive sneaKer, t ne Uolo Stqndar:d r.vill be
f
lrecenlly annor-rnc-ed plans I favoredbyur-banhipstersrvillingtgpayexceptionallyhigh,pricesinoltlertostandout.
ito sell ':Tl.]e. Gold | (B) Of .the last four netv sneakers that Bla4d X has released, tlrree l:ave sold at u 1319 lh2t rvas
.,,dr rudlu, a 5[eaKG.r Ulat ]itgitef H]atI ptuJcutcu.
I
will co.st fir,e tin-res mor:e to I tCl n rival brand lecently declar:ed barilrr-rptiy and ceased manr-tfacturing shoes.
I

ntrnriaciule than any other I (D) The nlalket for The Golcl St anciar,j rvill noi be more Iinritecl ihair the markei for othet Bl-end '
sneakel' tlrar lras been er.,et' I X shois. i

.!^---l:.:
irll.-r l l I -.-^^1.^.--
-\ ! rr- ilJ-(
L -)
 lS E
q"-r-t LEUHr.l -i{,t-" U 5T!!I
. 'l he Unitcci Siates lilhieh as- the rr?osf seuerelgi ,o*aEen ti-r.
a ban on the e c a no tni s t's ar gfollawing,
G
cnsidering utnel:ut ?
:rportation of salmon from (A) Salmon is the chi-ef export of Co,untry B, accounting for a substantial proponion of
iountry B, in order to protest poor
iis expot'r earnings over each ofthe last three years.
roiection, of in{ellectual properq, (B) The sr-rpply of native salmon has become inereasingiy limited in certain paris 9l
ights in Corrntry B. an economi'st North Ameri'can in the past decade, inch-rding *uny pli..rtt of the Unired St;t.!.'
ouniers that such a tran would,be (C) 'salmon jdered a delilacy in
r,,ffeclive, since Countrv. B r^,ould !ro1 cou.!!ry B i. .onr of tt European trrut
ireported salmon last 1's2p. " "iiio"r
ircr:ynvent it by selling the ertra (D) The economic i'Aiue to U.S. companies of the adoption cf intellectuai ploper!,
aimDn in Europe. Indeed, last regulations in Country B is greater than the value of salmon exports fron-r Couniry
ear, six European .natjons each B.
(B) Costs for the transportation of
salmon from-Country B to Furcpe wogld nr'ake
nported, .more saimon than salmon from Country B more expensive, for European consumeis than salmon
'ountry Br erported to United
ates.
. TraditiolaUy, puTlic:school -{!{eh af the fgllou:ing, if true
Ntructors have been' compenSated, edueationalexpe*s? - -'-:' :' '"'
ccolding to seniority. Recently, the (C Some teachirs expresi that financial compensation is not the onJy facror
xisting sa1ary system has -'been contributing to job satisfaction and teaching pei.formance.
rcreasingly criticized as an approach to (B) School districts wili deveiop their own onlqoe compensation structures
-- that
ompensption .. that rewards may differ greatlyfrom those of other schoo] districts.
rckadaisical teaching and punishes
rotivat€d, higlrly-quaTinea instru"tion.
nstead, educatidnal experts argue that,
'l retain exceptional teachers and
raintain quality instruction, teachers
*houid receive salaries or bonuses based

Which of the follotuing, ;j tntawou t reas.ott to

doubt Lheuarning?
(A) Coconuts iontajn saturated fats.
(B) Some pathogeni are not detectable by any medical tests.
(c) No coconuts or coionut products are dsed in the manufacture of
"Coconui Fun Snax." :
(D)
Thg -p4tient tracking qt the hospital contacted the parents of all of the
children concerned and received ful} cooperation from them.
chrldren
Qqqqrytr qre a favorite food of many children.
Compan5z erson: Over tle past 'Which of the statements uould. most serior,rsly
-order*to-spt*r'-
fre
cJe$! card division. However, or., tn" ."*" p.ri"a, profitable growth? .

q1o!ts,have.steadity aeAined, iiisJry u; ; (A),Many other comp'anies ' have expeiienced a similar trend in
''
!3 $1vfion's
esult of a rapid increase in default rated ; ;#dii ;;d -'theirdefaultrates-. , :..
oans afnong our customers. It i9 time to recOgnize that (B) The company's operating expbnses are, above the industry
rur previo-us stratery was flauied, since *""fuil"d
,to . average and ean bir substan-tially reduced, thus .increasing
ncrease the avergge 4nnual percentage rate (ApR) marBrns.
:harged on opfstanding balances to compensate
for the (c) {he rapid incrqase in:default rates was due to a rise in
righer. default rates. According to. our es:timates, gnemplo.yraent, but unempfoyrnent rdtes areiexpeeted to drop
ncreasing_ the.- interest charged.i out.t."ai"i-.U"i."tJ
-rom an i\PR d 9.S2" to an ApR of r2o/o wiil bJsufficient CD) The proposbd increase in th'e ApR wili alone, *o.." thun double
o compensatefor the current rate of d.efaufts and bring
(E) An increase in the AFR charged on credit card talances often
.. A recent ariicJe asi6rted,Elf af thefallor-uing,-it raue, w
rom 2oo2 to 2006, Band 1: (a) band^with the highest g.rossingtour in thlj industry in,zooz did.'not tour again in
;ene.r3te{ the most revgnue of any 1ne
. the
Lr]tr next
rltrxl four
luut years-
ycal 5-.
;and jn the.world. The article based (B) Bard r rypicalV puts,0n.extrao'i-dinarily expensive concerts with elaborate siaging,
lact thar t;;;.h;;
his claim on rhe
video displays and ljght shovvs.
nose years,. Band r sold Lhe most -
(C) From zoozlo zo06, other trands released conce.rt film and vidBo anth;logy DVDs
,byT., . and .Bahd , rls ,tiighly
inti:ipated first concert tour "was (D),^J] of Band i;s
alburns released from zooz to zoo6 were poorly received by music
he highest grossing ccncert to,r.
lte )ltdusf ry- in zo06.
ii critics.
(E) Internet pirac',' cf music resulted in depressed album sales for the perioC 2cc2 to
?
zcc6 relative to earlier \./e ars-
 1. ----t ,:.

(A) most
(B) mdst

e oi eiho,nol as
ino], a fuel frorn corn, can be E following, { _?}*: Ind'ermz
abh aJ the
nsed to power automobiles equiPPed the corn used as tuei is greater
with special engines or ' as an additive to C5' Tir" li;s.r;;;;J t" il* and process
gasolin^q to r?duie the consur.nptio-n o! {ossil than the l*ornt of eneiry ultimaiely produced'
Iuels in petroleum engines' Unlike fossil fuels, (E) ;;; ;;*"
\"/ 1" i r.l -L *o,iia, o
i'111 11'^1' 3. :::f "*:l*
S: f: i'*',i*
ethanol is a sustainable fueI since it is primarily ;;;*ri;;;l;od, since,consumer reaetion to food appearance is atma,or
the result of the eonwersion of the sun's enerry. EoritiU"tot to ihe prolific use of p-esticides'
into usable energy." tvlgreover, coinpared with (c) i;;;;ii,ry"* .6;;;;JfiJar"" than gasoline and turnishes fewer
couventional unleaded gasoline, pule ethanol miles per gallon'
is a cleaner burning fueii that combusts with (D) If the entire annudl'U'S. harvest of corn werejif$"15*Y".*,1:
oxygen to. form carbon dioxide and water. '"' L#,loiffiffi;;'.;l;"d# A''-olin", the ethanol produced would
of typical us glsoline.consumption' I
Thu-s, many individuals advocate the increased ;;;;;t*6lre days
' - , .,, - :----:^
gasoline additive produces- volatile olganlc
t-' ntfranol used as i writh
fet
usage of ethanol as a primary fuel source in produce smog.
;;;;;a" tfrut i"u.t sunlight to form ozone and
conlunction with qr in place of gasoline in the
United Siates. ouSIU useakeTs the
g. Displayco is marketing a aauog&Lest i
io tha.t shows three'dimensional pnosition of th
osi ti on-o;f i ons-utn er
the ccortsurrter a du o c st es.?
"upennartets fii il,;ir;i"gtrprri"-ai.plays are expensive to install and maintain'
imag& of eertain packaged goods in the aisles"
' *iffi--;fi;i
Ei ;.;;il'ir.r"ai"g shopping ma11s, are consideiing
adopting holograPhic disPlaYs'
enough to cause injury are
tCl a""ia""i, ir, .iipJ.rouri..i. tt ut are serious
rare' that strt-Iggle to
' Supermarkets tend to be low-rirargin businesses
(O)
u.hi"r"profitabiliry. 1 -r - r-^*^ quicklv
supermarket pdtroi'rs. and' may even increase E)
' :ilfdi; ffi;"i;ts patrons -..:^r,r.,
have show4_that supermarket
becorne accristome
ionthTt
4, The respective owners of a
store and a coffee shop that are next orn"rgir*ititncreasere_ugy1e? !i J :__--1-^
--.*^r-^ooo- often, thev are n{ren thcw are
door to one another have decided to Ai;;3tr;['d,#*:ioffiT'; *nsidered impu]se purchases;
::lf".arri*a-tfJ*6m.il*itlr"ut*r"t"t"udrr--t---t-;-'-.-=-------+'
traro stor"es are currently positionedrelative
to one
ov,ners believe that this. merger will (B)Because ottrr" *uyl";bi"h th"
bogk
, ariother, the coffe-e shop n"vut ."u or ngtice the
help . incredse the number o{ . -"1ry
cuJtorners, and'therefore the gross'
"oJto*;;d;"*e.to for
revenue. They reason that cl ilTi"r" are damaged in a bookstore beforS por"n"r",11" custolners'responsible
cuslomers who come for a cup of :.'
th; damage.are geieraly notheld financially ac999n1abl.e' . . . parents
coffee might find themselves (D)iir;;"ff.E ;fr"p"i. p"ritirify t'.q"qtited by iocai high school Students whose tegnagerluse the
make up a ru,g" p#ilniuiJ {Eq !-"9k ;io;;b ;q[9per
b-asei-th.e
glancing at.the book titles for, sale,
ind those, who come for bobks' ;;fi;;ir"p "# pr*" i" Hl"g]. their ftiends
Y'th
tr,4l91"]j1Tl'..YltJ^"f::t;*z
of""'a in a'neishborins citv rast
12'qt
might like |o sit down and start G) i"X;;tti',rT'1ffilo'oii:J#iil#';;#;; ;h"-p
readins rvitHa cup of coffeb.
'-1 h;; ;;;
"i'"uav "urred if t -ue,tnauld most
5. The Smithtown tre, a town t
that stages old Broadway shows, has
"t
i announced a new expansion that wiU
:substantlally increase both the capaciq; and
fie costs o! operating thetheatre' Attendailce
ai the Smithto'wri Jheatre is currently :just
enough tor the. theatre to cover- its'present
I
opeqiiing,qosts. In -addition, all of ihe cuirent
'pitrons'of tle theatre live in Smithlo:wa,' and '
I ihe fiopulatiou'bf'the iovrh is'not expected:to
i irrcrease in the,next several years' Thus,'it
I seems certaiir ihat the expansion of the
, Smithtorn'n Theatre rril] unp.
 pii*t-to t;;t;;tir;i-iit-;-_Ct-srh;;;."r2 riii o.io.=i
.sihrir. z'':re ,?i.
:.:_,ll:l
;;; ,r:r-t,a,-.ei,_rnen{i
:"^:,:,1"11i.,i;;;;'" ;;;:;:;,i;';Jii;-:;;'"';:T;;jl':;""0'"ri's
resticide's, qlues, a.nii i (^)grpoirr.,o uic iu rirpo,,.inr" iir
sealants. E;rposure to I,Ii'C i ' .r.r"* - ' r" ress rhan half of the narion,s asthmr
i---'
can cause people. !o develop j (e) rroaucts containin3,
i\irc are not neces:iary ro tne pro-sperit-v of i'e
.as!hme,InortIertohai'']ethei.{mericaneConomv..'-,-
naiion's asthma rate, the i 1glAs,trn.,o t-,r.-*..rr;a epiciemic proporrions.
and proper.nirtrtion
- - "-^ ;." ;"rptuiin maintainln3; respiraiorl,hea)th
;.::TT#
tl-.at it rriii ban - Ii :3]:xe1cis1
.,?":,"^::.1i1
al'
I producG r^- cause
"|f j (E)Dust
--r mi+o.- ^i, pet
mites and ^:; dander a.sthma.
containing i\iITC,
z. Oisplai,co
display to supermarlets that sho_rvs three_
dimensiqnal images of certain packaged (A) Ihe holographic jj,splays
goods in the aisleS. Displa.rco,s are expensii.e to in-s1211 and
-art eti.,g maintain
literature states tfrat . pr,.o"i ui (B) l,{an',' other venues. including shopping malls,
supefmarkets will be Snongiy attracted to are
considering ad opting holographic displays.
goods. tirat are promoted in this w&y, (c)
Accirients in supermarkets that aie serious enough
resulting' in higher .profits for the to cause
lnlurl'are rare.
supermarket that . purcha_s.e the ' displays. (D) superrnarkets
tend to be iolv-margin businesses that
Consumer advocates, hclever, f'eel that the
displals lull be inkusive to supermarket (E) Studies jn
test markets have shoryn that superrnarket
patrons qnii rnay evelt increase minor patro:is quickly become accustomed to , holographic
nvolving s hcppi ng cars o-'
"..id"IE dispiays.
.l.compaffi
most recent a<iverristng campaign
for our leading brand of lor.-caloie
tgft dr'rnks, Suqrise Splash, has
obviously been a success. Since this

magazines a )'eai ago, our unit sales

of sunrise _spiash have increased bv
ro;"6 reaching a reccrd ler.,el in our

cloritn of the-p"6mising
 j 1-'r.-1','; i
-. .t --; ( L. r;.'r, r'i - .:'lr.r ji r i i-\i - _j
-.-

:rril irri: r-e','ciuc ;1 $i,-r;r'115riile i staterncnt-s: tibc,ue'?

I
Llni-''er-s:ir hir c jncreirstd i'(t) ts.o-'.'nsv:lle L;ni';c:si:,' norr'ccllects :nOie to i:ri n-rition revenue than
duriilg cach rhc li.st iour L
c-.i Canieri;uq. I;lt;r'ersit-.'. ''- ' - .'
li,ci1rS. Duiingthesaneper-iod l(B) Studentsregardiii;;,1,e rtuitil'nasernindicatorof
hignerquality,
oi lti\ir:-..", e ::loijment at i (C) Thc per-sti:den'r tuitioir ai Car-jterb't.ii i: Uni'' ersiq'i-ras
rise:t ove; the last
Clanterbury Lliir.ersiR" has fou r vears.
:;i erriil ,' iecr,:rsed. ',r-nilc iotai (D) \trithin t-cui;i'e:rrs. enroiiinei:i at Biormsr.ille Iiniversitl rviil }ikelv'e>;ceed
tuition rer+i:ue hzis iemained enrollrrre::t ar Can*r-erbun Universih'-
rlOnStanI. (F.) Canterbury LTnivelsiry' -\riij iikeiy continue to rajse iriition to make up for
lost rerrenue froi-n aeciirting en rollment.
boue ara tr1le, **hich of tlrc
seven cusiom-inacle gift I follorcing rnust clso be tru.e'about GtJt Catnlogue Inc-?
package-< 1251 rveek. Last ',*eek, {ta) At least one of the git packages sent to Technocorp )ast rt'eek rvas not
I

all of the sbiprments fiom Gift cusLorn-tr-lade.

Catalogue Inc. that rvere sent out B) At lea.'st one of the custgm-made gift packages sent iast rveek u'as not
'
on Wedne-qda-v or later consisted direeted to Technocorp.
entirell. of non-cnstom-made C), The majority of the gift pack4ges sent to Technocorp last week ,was sent
gift pacl<ages. Gift Catalogue Inc. on Wednesdav or later.
sent seven giit packages to (D) Some of the gift packages sent to Technocorp last rveek rvere sent on
'fechnocorp last rveek,- at least Tuesday or earlicr.
frr"l of rvhich rn'ere custom-made Tecirnocorp received a higher propofiion of the gift packages sent last
gift paci:ages. week from Gitt Caialog::e inc. than any other recipient'
\\9, iJ tt:re, roould rnost seuerely useo'kerl. the
considering a ban on the I econornistis argurnent?
importaiion of salinon from ! (A) Salmort is the chief erport of Countrv B, accor:.nting for a substantial
Country B, in order to protest proportion ofits export earnings over each ofthe last three years.
poor protection of intellectual (B) The supply of native salmort has become ingrqasin_gly_l]mited in certain
I propc-rt,t risEts- in Guntn-B.
I' --prr.r;im;ffi"*qEfrcanil ;a,tr,e
I An economist counters that Uni.ted Siates.
such a ban rvouJd be inetfectlve, (C) Salmon from Country B is consicleied a deiicacv in al] of the Europeirn
since Qqruntr,v B rvo,.ild na'uions that imported salmon last,vear.
cirturnvent it b,v selling the (D) The econ.omic value i.o U.S. companies of the ailoption of intellectual
!

cxtra -sal{xon in Europe. properi,v- reguiations in Country B is greaier than the I'alue of salmon
I

Indeei. i'asr i'ear. six European exports frot:i Couniry B-

I

naiicns e;rc}: impcrte<l ;'r,ore (E) Costs tol t-he iranspdr-taiion of seli:lon front Countr-\' B to Europe rvould
!

slrl:nc,il r:h:,n Ccuntn, B ;rake s::i;non fro':i: C,--'itn'rq'E ntore e.xpensive I'lr Eulc,:,ean consllrnel's
i

', ex'DC).:Fra i,: Lll:ir:r1 Sates. t h a n s ] n: c i-i i n: E :t e cl fr o in ot h e r-cou n i r e s.

I
tr c-
t: bZsed on rr.irich .oJ the
i

l+ Tlic ]iciil universiq' .;ficilouing

.t neli/ scccei
I receiri);,' .]ril-ei
i calc:. , {iro',rrl-r-' she has
I

se-,'er;i . ..,i.., rq' rr-Cfth ' Of

,
J!\.IJ

coltcli!ng r:::,o-l:crice and is a

diligent .student of tr,e game.
she rvas'never a inember of a
collegiate socc.r team. For
tJ-lis i-e aso:r. ihe irern' r:,ta(:li
 i-.I-i'{r Ca i i<-€ aS ".}r.ri ii
_j: i. : -.

e-rjsjon "v44 lt,'r I eenagers comprise a g;o\"irg propon:orr cl ' ,',:lc-Ylsrsp'

teler,:sl
".::::,.::.. 1;;{:,ii:t l..) l;1.*::;ru,',**.}ii:_,.,1"#;,;..;":.il;iJ":::::::
"a""ii
,ure tvas 6o%. Durin,

I: :*I j:r,".+
fi,i".g:
"illgfl'J
"il:ftrljl.-J

.,!Xir,
i ,r".";
":Tl'H{r,
,r"a";
v'as sreate'-,i.,,
Y"as J.i,".,"i",1..,.
sreater ,rr.,iJ.i,".,.,'nt

2o04,. adverlising
t:l^,1,?Br_,nd qr a ld5ter
;.Y:ui:ign
of rer.enue earned by neir^,,ork
-( teie\rision
comr-nerciats
'

rererriei^,i comrnercials in
in
''
i
riil

".i^.a'
ili:i:ry'*ifJ;
;i";;y ;,ffi$i'
jT:,"*.::lt9tk I 'commercialq.'*"'t rate tnan'ievenue:ealned
liff::r,,i'i":*n,;o.o'i.,111",?il,',nl;".1;..,:x'.:L#t:r 1envor5 ."J;";
iro*'":J#;it'i:ix#:i:X
Soon advertising rgv.enue 'r ' ' .: - -
rlrts. 'n]n* [E)' :1T_r.ry."jsinp i--om n*o.t
reve,,.1g from non-n"rwnr] iororrio'^-.^^_
rlrfleJretrvorkJelg'jsion commer.l;i;. t""'"
ork.televisionlcomrn:er
: cials rviJl suqpass revenue
.!3y"rnm"nt restriciion., irri
'ere;/ limited
- .*o"*il'i?
l,1"
:: ^__-"_"ff research . Ameiiian
npanr es.can conduct. r *.ur..f,i.
se,.r eslrictions,
G;;;
many
'.rtrsts,who ."p""iaL.-1"'if,i
cet_l resear.n f,J".
:"r"i^:1.]"
1|"_rfng.term contracts
l0rergn companie to work

gi;y_. r.,," ;;il;::=d ffi?Yl

.ncrrons on qtern
.g!.a.!f,I,
""ti

;:.y]l.y B,s "oil producrion is not

];:7,.,*r1_,megt,
.-,ru. -,t. - a"*..u.
rrr t.lroer to shalp]y
redirce
l?..1.o"1." on forergn sources
::lt y B recenrty ei.U"rt.j of
lram requia-ing- aff "'j,,,
""
fl*i]:" tb -.,ri "l in
o' ethanot
i ne. c"*nin.I
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?ie ergu'rrLetit abote i:s oc:sed o;r i-uiiici cf thefoLlcroi;r.g rr.ssu,.ript'ions?

(A) Studf ing -.'r:e ga::ie isilci il.:portarL as ha'.,ii-,g exiersile coecnin3 ei=er-lence.
",s
(B) Ccachin"S ex-pErience is b,ne of rhe mosi crucial i'r.t"t= ior ccacirin3-srr...s=.
(C) The pr"rious coach at the uaiversiiy rn.iis uisr:rissed tlut to her iac!. of success.
(D)To build a successful,soccer.pr:ogrlm a.s accach, one ini.rsi be a forn.er coilegla.c

(E) The uni..'e- siV .ices not plan io piol-rde the nev ccach r';iLr rhe resouices necessary
to bujld a successful p,rosraln.

i''lte Ecue;rtr;:el:t's picn io hclue ihe nc{io;r's ,;::Iit;;ia iatg ;-gites cn

i.i;I ich of the fo!-lcwing assurnp
' .;\ r{ons
(i\) E;<posure io lviTC is responsible
2
for noiess 'than half of ihe na'r-ion's asthma
-i
(B) Prcducts containing N{TC are no'r necessary to i}re prosperiiy of -rhe American
e.conomy,
(C) Asthma has reached epidemic proporions. :

(D)Exerci.qe.and proper nutr.ition are heipful in inairrtaining respiratory hea1th.

(E) Duit rnites and pet dander cause asthma. l

5.'E,iitcriafm of th: fo)ic',r'ilg is an assumptiou L'pon r.,'";cl '.\e,editor:al\airtbo-.s

Eank shculd reallocate fre voting ",ftich
srrggesiing
":'DD-"_--o
a
-_ _- :ricre
to -_.-.'"__'1'. Lffective)y silape 91obal ecolcmic
-J pclici,'?
lauiJvrruJ.-
"!,ir),
(A) The Unjted StlJes has a iarger voiing a.share cf tl:e intei'coniirerta] -Banlt than
. shr,i'es of iis menrbers in clder tl
Il:,1-e .---:,j.--r shape
aF:.,'1::r,ol., glc,bal ,-,1lttc]:in3oi,fd:..d.ln:
(B) ,,= i
The speciS.c e.llccaticn cf vrth3 sharcs iacr_crs in:o the
; . ', l:l:.:rccnii;:eriil
.t .*B:.;k's
efrrc'ij-,iencss in s):aping glcbal econo;r:ir po) iiy.
_. -. .. .>rvuo uutr:c5t.ile j.UUucr
(C) C-nl-v]' 1ciin:g -ch.iresi .iliai' aii'e'' prgciscilll prccoi-[ici:r.], to er,'ch ccu,nti]i.s
I , - lj
t i:,r:i has cn)y a perc?nt r,otin3 contrii:-ition io iire globaI econojnjr are itrplrrtjpr'ltre f,..,r the Intercc,ntitlertal
3
irilile,
I
rn,hereas Bel.gir:rn, r,r-ih ieliS Bank.
,r
1..'Lir.i I ;,trceii ,-,f ll,r l.li-,5.1
i DJ. i he lriie'i'.jt;,iini,rii i !,arll"l is n.:c:es:trv- 'r..i i,li: ;--::.iiie nar;e ,:l :i l-ric,s-ll3rc Lrs
I ... --.^--.. t.^..-... - __- - ?:,,:i l: i rCi:l-,'jlT.\,
.
 5 -aro,"p."i, Nlrr"G,*r.. ft*
,r"st .....1 l{'lticlt a./ tlte.iollot;i;t.g s!{it?titetits tuoulr! ntos/ strorrit, *pport th, ,l^r, ;,li,ii, ,,nn,,,
adver-rising campaign ibr oui leading brand
c tt nt p rt i
3t t's J // cr'..\J .,
of Iou,-caiorie soft drinks, Sunrise Splash.
has obviously been a success. Since this !f) over the past.r,car. iire price of Sunrise Splash has been reduced by nearll, 2Go%.
(B) over rhe pasr lcrr-. unji salr.s cl sunrise Splash have irrcreased'b1,
carnpaign was conducted severai magazines
bott l es.
nearly I 5 mill
a year ago, our unjt sales of Suniise-Splash (c) As a resulr ol a shift in consumer preferences towards lou,-carorie
have increased by Ib%o reaching sofi dr.inks.
of rhcse drinks has gro\r.n ai a double-digi, ,ur. o.,.ilh.
^,.""r1
level in our corporate history. Ii addition, (D) The majoritl' of nerv sales of Sunrise Splash made over the past y.u, ;J;;;r.;;
.^. ::lrr*.prion ;,
consunler surveys jndicate thal the inroir";;;;:;,
coupons distrjbured ,lrrrins the last advenising caqpaign.
.r'rogonion of customers who recognize this (E) Over the past
L,rrfrd has nearlv doubled over this )'ear. tire companl' has experienced a diamatic increase in salles of ma
leriod.
other soft driirks. ' :

I l'he CEO Corpo.aUon XyZ wus 16

exrrted aLout lhE company's 2006 founir (A) Most'of tlre products sold by'iorporation xyz:urJian ia"tu..o goods that
quarter lerfotmance. Sales lof .the replaced by consumers every couple ofyears.
tend to
company's newest product were double the (B)
In the fourth quarter, Corporation Xyz's older; Iess up-to-date products
foulh quarter target projections while sold at a substanrial discount by retailers.
were oft
product costs remained cOnsistent iith (C)
The profit margins of Corporation XYZ's newest product are higher rhan
estirriates- fhe-CEO projected that due to tlie indult
average.
these increased sales, the company's profits (D) Revi;s of
for the
corporation XyZ's newest product in magazines and blogs have
quarter wbuld. dtamatically uniformly positive
ber
-fourth
exceed the cqnpany's prior expectations. :. (E) The newest producrrepresents the vast majoriry of corporation XyZ's projected
Thereaeffi
I far lower than that :for traditio;;lly llthich of tlrefrUo*
rvr ure ruut{rr quat LEI uI zuuo-
is
distributed paper coupons. One factor is t# (A)
Computers are available for frel in Iibraries, schools, and community
"digital divide"-thosg 'who might benefit (B) The redemprion centers.
", rate of ordinary coupons is particularly high among elderly
the most from using port. such as income people that do not know how to use computers.
and lo,
homemakers, the elderly"otand those in low- (c) Many homes, incruding those of elderry and low incorne peopre, do not
- iniome households, often do not have the have hig
speed internet connections.
knowledge or equipment necessaiy to go (D) More homemakers than elderly people would use computers if they had
online and receive coupons" access t
them.
,-
screntrst: An .experimental technique on the fiwe
:,
flor combating severe depression, sttpports tlte elaim o1f tlte promisini
deep_brain
'" ;timulatiop (DBS) demonstrates much (A) The electrodes impianted during deep-brain stimulation can
tr,;imise for the Iong-term ireatment of only be activated jn i
hospiral setting.
:hronic depression. In1 recent g.;;;";
(B) The other two patients reported a slight reduction of depressive
:lectrodes were implanted into the brains symptoms when tht
oi current lo their electrodes was activated.
ix-'patienti-whu-.t uO*rrot rrp*J"a=;;..*y -
;
(e) 'i-h-e operation to implantThe electrodes poirjii seilous iisk
:urrently approved treatment -for a"pression of brain n"*orinr_s.
infection or seizuye.
When an elecfrical,current to the
eiectrodes- (D) Continuous stimularion of the electrodes produced sustained remission fiorr
vas switched on, four of the patients
depression in the four patients for six months.
.*p"T"g feeling a dramatic reductign of
Iepresslve . symptoms. The depressive
(E) Deep-brain srimuration relies on the experrise of highly
skilled physicians.
:ymptoms returnbd when the
*rs
:witched off., ' "orr"nt

,.}
IL li aa,"t. al=" here in the solar

isvstcrn. scientists suspect

it rvould most
i rit.rv be on Europa, an ice covered rnoon
I oru;iing Jupiter- Hou'ever: NASA recentiY
i a,roopa,J an unmanned science nllssion to
Ii tu,oou and reassisned most of the
involved iri the project to anorher
I Jn o"r'or..t
' \\'hrcn ' ses on ' landing an
r'') -
!P,oject .Iocu -L^.,, t,.rr to rook at
ur,ionuu, on lr4ars Polls shou' that o:"':!:o-l1r rokvo allows add scientists than the
.Americans are far more fasbinated by space ,r, rtlili:,liJ:# ,n., tras been
nt"',o";uf t'bufott 'nd p'o*i'ei to yield more
information
Europa in ways
tra,Llthan they are by discovering Iile *':::T'::i1;:i=Iifi':',""'',j,i,,"
that 1he next logicar step in
the deveropment
elseivhere in the universe' Critics argue i':""^o
(E) Most Amencans.re( to Ptducr as far
arvay as
NASA's decision-making process places places
a
oun, to
'-' ;a a system that wilt eventually allow humans ,o ,rru-al
traver Lo
greater emlhasis on public. interest than,it
and beYond.
;";;" thfi*pottun.. of tti"ntifi" Iesearch. enion?
the Farmsrev chairman this
@rformingArts, t'-' rhe Metroporis dffi{:il:f'{;JJ;;;;';d
(A) r llE lvre!rv},vrrJ

for his contributions to the city'

lA, --'-
designed by a world-r3nowned',*1t^t-":1,,t'":
;'iil;;;.s; i; ao*ntown MetroPolis' A (B) y.u,Restauranls near the Farmsley
Center tend to be more expen
sive than
a person who
,a""n, t uay shows that, on average'
designed bv a worrd-
utt.r,at a performance at the Farmsley C1nte1 buirding in Metroporis
spendi eighty-three dollars at downtolvn ,.) ffifi','#:":r"::li::"Jii:::y
Center is the first
the day of the perfoimance' Citing the Farmslev
Lur;n.Su., o=n
(D) For major theater t;;;;; "' ^tli?l:l:"^Y:'
ffi;;;il, the chairman of the Farmsley-center:s choice among venues in downtown
Metropolts'
in order
Board of Trustees contends that the Farmsley il ;":il;ly::*:ltt on weekends primarilv
G) Many suburbanites
;;;i;t has been a sigaificant Source of the Farmsley Center's
i" t"'"p"*.*ances at the---------------=:---=';,-;
.*rori. revitalization of downtown Metropolis'
3-Bt-rrd--*igts and
ffi;{x,#,Ji;;:f,,iT.;:iJ;il;.#.;k"'rr,;c"raStandardwillbefavoredby
builds custom sneakers, one
sneaker at a time. It recentlY
'^' ;,"0;i;;;;; ;;fr*; o*',.*o:""'l*lil f:::l: :*::f^:':::,luj,at au rate
i.i;;;;;.'r,^,n .u,. that was higher than
than

announced-Plans to sell "The ,r, fil;"';l,T;;l*T',::#JJ1ff$:f;';';-J '"ra

Gold Standard," a sneaker recentlv declared.bank:ft'l
ceased manufacturins shoes'
that will cost five times more ,a, 'i?iill'i;and Id
i,""a"J *iri ,0, u" *or. rimited than the market
for other Brand X shoes'
.,) The marker ro, n ..io'ra trran five times the cost of
the canvas used in
to manufacture than anY other ,rl"g *or"
sneaker that has been ever G) rt Gold standara iI*ra" canvas tr,ut-.;,
"
been created.
ument obove?
4. J.hr---** flYing- from San

Francisco to New York with a

eer! eegg t'gl'l -4l':gr=sa&
itfjmuXiry,H;#UiilLi"lil:rusrr.veee,ie-wlseq.d-'isBELroLdl
='t"-n"atin[R1-gni
efiiiiago. slirport is ore
lamiai-rti-i-,i -- --r out came terminal
^,,+ of the same
alway; fly-into and ^rrhe 1

(C) At the airport in Chicago' airlines scheduled for one hour after
the connectrttg
of the larggst in the.world, consisting
(D) iohn knew thqre
of sevetai imall' stand-alone terminals
connected bY trams. iohn's Plane =":i":rf,,T:l;;h,;ii;;nork night ten minutes before it is scheduled to
ora particurar
anived on time, Iohn was PQsitiv-: le ,r, ii-*,1;t;"1:i,;l:*:t',lJo**
take off
would make his connectirig flight
thirty minutes l4ter, because-------r-- mltercials or'e less

'fi'"''i'*t'o"l*':::!'irliintelevrsiln programs is a viable altemative to trad

(A) Product Placement
are
wilhout digitar video recorders
", .") Tl?i:;X,:l;1'.'i;?l:rs.preferred !l ::::'1".'
consumers with the devices'
", similar to those pretirred bY r;r; f.t'television viewers srvitched
rc) prior to the advent of digiral video recorde;;
'- *';ti:::l:1li:lXlii,5:i::I::l:l*:=Jl based ,ess upon horv nianv peopre
(D) The cost-eitectrven
irpo ii. .poroptiateness ofthe
denrographic
)- 1 watch a particular ccmmercial and nibre " nleasure ihe nunrber of viervers' many
l*ptrftol'u',i'*iltttt
(E) Dueto an u'1i'o
,.companiesfinditdt;fi.,i;'t"dg"*in.tt,.r.lu|nonilveSlPentfo-,r:t9}qvrsion
' ' -
"o**",t'ut'
 , t o,.;rn, lrlanaganr;*, X,a ,r-rt r...-n, ll'hiclt o-f r,he .f olioviiig siirte/itetits trott!tl nros/;ror\gl], srpport il* Arri";;;;i
ac1'vertising campaien lbr oui leadins brand cantpttigrt '-9 J/rcccJi j'
rb0;j
of1ou,-calorie soft drinks. Sunrise iplash.
over the past 1'eai'. tire price of Sunrise spJash has been reduced by nearry,
has obt,iously been a success. Since this !f)
(B) over the
2D0,z6.
pasr \car. dnri salr.s of Sunrise Splash have irrcreased b1 nearly t.s mrll
campaien was conducted several magazines
botties.
a year agb, our unir sales of Sunrise Splash (C) As a result ol a shift in consumcr preferences towards
have increased by lb%o reaching.a ,eco.d Jo*,-carorie sofi drinks
otthcse drinks has gro*n u, J"rii.-Jigir ,a,.'";.;'i'rr.;#;n.".;ji:';,
.^. ::n.u*prion
Ievei'in our coiporare history. ii aOaition, (D) ^
The majorit-r' ol nerv' sares of Sunrise Sprash
consurner . survbys indi%te that the made over the past y.r, i;;;l;;;;;.'";:
'coupons
distributed during the last advertising car4paign. .
.rrrop.rrlion of customers who recognize this- (E) Over the past
irrafra has nearly,doubled over "p..;oa. )'ear. the companl'has experienced a diamatic increase in sal es of ma
tfr;, other soft driirks.
z. fhe CEo Coipo'ation-XVZ-El;ry
excited aLout lhe .company'i.2006 fourtir Irt|ictt gf inepuo*i
(a) Most orin. prooi.r.s sord by'iorporation x"y;I:r:;;;;;;crured
quarter neifotmance. Sales :of the replaced by consumers every couple ofyears,
soods thar tend ro
company's newest product were double the .-
(B) In the fourth quarter, Corporation Xyz's older; less up-to-date products
foulh quarter target projections. while sold at a subsrantial discount by retailers.
were oft
product costs remained consistent rvith (C) The profit margins of Corporation XYZ's newest product are higher
estirriates- tre:C'EO projected that due to rhan the induir
average.
these increased sales, the company's profits (D) Rwiews of
for the fourth quarter wbuld. atam"tlcalty corporation XyZ's ne\4,est product in magazines and blogs have ber
uniformly positive.
exceed the cornpany,s prior expectations. 1. (E) The newest product-represents the vast majority of Corporatio n xyZ, s projected
-Iher"dem@ rrevenue
v, !t!sy for the
rvr fourth quaner
ure ruuttrr of2006.
qu:1I Lg{ uI zuuo- .

! far Iower
is than that rfor traditionally
Whiclr of tlr"
responsibleforlowerelectroniccou|onretlemptionrotes?..
distributed pdper coupOns. One factor is the
"digital divide'those who might benefit (al
computers
are available lor free in Iibraries, schools, and community centers.
': (B) The redemprion rate of ordinary coupons is particularly high among elderly
the most from using pon{. .such as income people that do not know how to use .j-puters. :
and lo.
homemakers, the elderly"ot
and those in low_ (c) Many homes, incruding those
inCome households, oftLn do nor fravel tf,e of erderry and rlw incorne peopre, do not have hig
speed intemet connections.
knowledge oi equipment necessaiy to go
online and receive coupons.
@) Moie homemakers rhan elderly people would use computers if they had access t
them.
fiwe
[or combatj5rg severe depression, aeep_brain claim o1f tlte promisini
I ;timulatiop (DBS) demonstrates'*r"f,
rromise fo.r the long-term treatment of
(A) The electrodes implanted during deep-brain stimulation can
only be activated in ;

:hronic depression. In a recent experiment, __ hospital sening.

(B) The other two patients reported a slight reduction of depressive
:lectrodes weie implanted ints tfr" boin, symptoms when tht
oi current to their electrodes was activated.
iix-patient$-who*t'"+"ot -r"rp*rt*i;;;, -- -(e)-l"heroperalion to
implant the electrodes poses aiefr-ous
:urrently agPrgved treatmext ior depressioli- ilsl-bf uidin r,--o..nug.
infection or seizure.
ily'hen an elecfrical,current to the eiechodes. (D) Continuous stimulation of the
- four.: of the
vas switched on, patients
electrodes produced sustained
depression in the four patients for six months.
remission fron:
eported feeling a dramatic reduciiqn of (E) Deep-brain srimurarion relies on the expbrrise of highly
iepr6ssive symptoms. The a"prJsriu" skilled physicians.
rymptoms retufned when the
current' was:'
:witched off. . '.

n -!
*
 rhar rl'rjs t,iil impiove rhe
.;uri, sl,-(i:m bi, J:elpir3 jrr;o;-s ccnsii.lr; fe.,..,e; I-acrors noi
rnenrionedinrhecourtroomIe5timony.Fourofthe6vean5weIchoicesrvi1,lrer,ea'l
porerrtiaj probienrs rn rhrs pja,-iacrors rirar rhe pian drdn'r consjder or \\,a),s rn rvhjch
rhe pian ra,ouid acruaill,wprk againsr rrs goal.

\ ]fthe dhsrver ro (A).is,ves, then the plan isn'r even necessary_.rhe presel.rr sl,srem jusi
needs Sbme nveaking. ]f rhe ansu,er ro (B) is
i,e5, 1,"11 rhe plan is sound, bLrr if the
answer is no, rhen the plan rvill definjreJy lail. Th: quesrion por.,J by (C) i: ulrirnarely
t irrelevant io the issue of wheiherihe jury sysrenr v",iil ra,ork berrer-u4rerher or
eor
orher procedures rvould ha,e ro be ad.;usred.isn'r rhe pojnr. so (C) js rhe corlecr
answer. (D) srri)ies at rhe rvhole reason [or rhe plan )f rhr facrors rhar djdn'r come
from the courtroom restintony acrualiy didn'r lnfl.ence rhr o'-.;.;on. rhen rhere's no
rea-son io change rhe svstein. Lasr)y, (E) asLs suaighiforu,ardll,r,hriher
rhe p)an t,or-rlci
u'ork at all; if the jurors u'ouJd stil.l spend 40 percenr of rheir rime
considering lacrors
thar d.idnr come from rhe e'idence, ,h.n ,h. pran ra,ouldn'r be rvorlongi

19. B

Thjs quesriori askls for the mosr relrabie conclusion ba-sed or: rhe
aurhor's oredicrjo'r
concerning rhe ruble. Thar makes rhis an lnference ouesrion, \veso need ,o fir,d ,h.
ans\\'er rhar musr be rrue. The aurhor describes a chiin of cause and efiecr and ends
r*.,jih a predicrion: Compering claims
of o.vnership.r. rlo*inf .;r;,r;; ,;;;,;; ,;r,.
enrerprises; rhese enrerprises musr still be subsidjzed
by rhe gor.rnn,.n,; qovern61e;r
subsidies lead ro large deEcirs; deficirs drive r-rp., rh. jr1fiai;o,,
r^re; high.inf,arjon causes,
the rubiet vduq ro decline. ln a nurshell, rhe disagreemenr
o,er o\\,nership is causing i
\ rlre rubje ro clecljne in vajue. The aLrihor's conclusion, ruJrich rve're
rold io'accepr
as accurale, is rhat unril the question of
ownErship has been reso]ved, rhe ll-rrssian
governmenr probabJl' rvoni make rhe ruble freeJy con,errible
ro \flesrern currencies.
:
1\oIrce rhe big nerv idea thar comes aJong right ar
rhe end, jn rhe aurhort concJrrsion.
She exPlalns a Iink berweensubsidies and
deficiu and berwe:n clefcirs a,d inflarions
and che decljningval*e of rhe ruble. Then a.ll
of a sudden shes ralHnl ,o;",
rubJe "freely convenjbJe ro\pesrern currencies..
-ru"= *.
\{/here did rhar come frorn? Sjnce we,re
rold rhar her pr:dicricn is accurare, jr musr
be ri:e -aai iher. ;, ,;" rrrJ;;;;;..;r;
t,
berween making the ruble conuenible to ws*,t
cun-encics and i,crensed
i,nfarion and thc *cliningualae of rhe t:uble.
I
(bl-!.r rhis scenario-b1, .oncJuding rhar malijng rhe rubre
freery converribJe
ro'!V'esreri: currencies wourd a]so cause,h. rubi.'r
rarue io d..r;n., rhereby
(inferably) *_rErB mar-rers *,orse. (B)
explains qu;,. ,;.ely -;;, ;; ;,r;.;'
o*,.:t:I,P. ol enrerprises posrpones rlre ruble's qon.,..ri jbiljry..
tiyo, didn,i .

see (B)s place in rhe argumenr, you could

have arrived ,, i, .n1+r1, bro
eliminaring rhe choices rhai courdn'r be correci (a J(apian
merhr.,d rhar
It'orks rarher nicell; for ail Infeirnfe guesr;ons) (A)
i; iiur.r,arra;:reC
 cr(r T.,,,o. !,ltaie3:e: o' ''
'
ao
Critical P'easontn3

\:,.'.:.orL)PCl]iUf,.i,.p,;si,u;iii;,u|Gcrrriai.r
*-rr,ii oo.rn'' 6t'rhe biii' rs it ieaves tlre oo-
luied, here's a more
r:

rhar a Iii'le..-::-";';;.nt
idealisrs lf vou inc sa,vin3 f'ot
philo5opherl*'t'o 'ltnlt
.on.(-,. er'ample: Sal'i"g,'1.'l ::'.'rtt
(t) l';i.::;'::-;''::-;:nli.", i-pl;'s 'i"-
tt_"],t:,;r,.',"
,h, ell men piav in rhe NFLI ail German.id.ealisrs
,oi--ra_ving rhar
,..i,i:i'iil,
l;;;i::*::,:?il:I: il::; i.il::'li
:,:::
of tt't'" *ii::;:::
philo'opht's (D) rricky' is
*'t totlo'izvt I*;;; some dldn't asli
Cnce again, "tht' But ihe'qut"ion srem
*alid inlerence based on 'it "'rn"'"'
it is a e nough suPPoIt
because
a.,-an ideallsr does gi''e
L,s for rhrr. A"d 1.."".*;;,ir,
;r; ,r,ri'l
Gerrn:n ts'
ro clair,r th'11 qlel)'orh:l

I;,.'..,..tted to identif an assump:'",1 1t'"'"-"1-:,":t:i,i:i:i:''::iff?i:i

evt
' bulb The supporring
Iamp" t'n "pt"t-'nt
"tt'^Ot"tn' t;',;.::"= ('nd lors of numbers to
lanrp is more.or,-.ff..,i],,
one electrorlc
"i-
backthatup)'sowhat'smissirrgf'o*"t"'"3u"."n'?\ThenevertheGl/rATasks
' yo u i o c onsi d er o'" f "''' "oro';o':l::;ij.,;
unconstdereo :i,
''-.^
::::,:: ;'I[t;; ;lamp :;:i:'
t*iIl clearly
uninre nded conseguences, -'-," ;"..t..lror,;c
rhe prediction from '::li; ;;;";':"a "=J'-o" 'h'n
i!r-ar mieht r"'i"' bulD ;:: '?:,
"''"-"a'id'-'''
cost less long-rerrn than
one inCandesceni l"'lamp;ttst *o'k as well? We
bulb? Cr iithe
one newt'rnp to'"place one old
coirldpreph,,,".h.assurnprion,o,b.-*.elecrroniclamp.r,orksjustasrvelluasone brllb
it says rhat the incandescenr
inrandescenr buib'"
(E) is a good -"t'l'-u"tt
do.rn'' *'ork berter'
onlY'
. (A) isn'r assurned because rhe 4
ho'trta c{aY fisurewas
(B) is ten
:t'":"d-:::::'ii'.l.]i'
.rpii ng bur gors too f
their expecred *'orkJoad'
benvgen the bulbs' not
n.* i"mp h".,i;; ^' 1*' :li* l:: :,;T'II'JH,: :iltr'.'t* "
*',
:T; ffi *;
" "

1 : tl lJ: :
ciift-erenr, rhe neu, Iamp
might
""r;.
lJ iii :? i * T5: H I :',
replacement'
;; ;.p,rbl.
(D)
3 ; il1'i
|usr amplifies
rhe assumprion
I'$ Bur that doesn't affeci
- rhar rhe n.r,l*p.rJ;.'i..per-
rh.e evidence ",?:"1 srrengthen and
rveaken
(tn:,t'r. real world' we can
rhat pricewas rhe only_clifferen...
er,idence,-buI;ii*,reyslloweu'idnteil,,:std)
i 8' c l'- L'efcrt w?u movr
sic;:i, sc t:""t':-.,1::;;;;l;;;;.Ieraqr
" "d:rEt:nd
ro'e.,atuaiinq a
"-'! l,'-.ai,-un.,js.Lr;j
,1., . , .ve;re
Q.isiion
as[ed ro Snd: 1u:srion
iilzt s r',:'lrlj
.''.r, lr:rrr.r.us ro e.iaiuare
on ro rhe stirnr-Llt'ts' ' roihe a;ei,ious quesrior
*'])',, rhis very siiniiar
is Yery achiqve it
i-,ow ir intends ro
thrs,ts
-.ugge,rriolr- rr', " l":',r;:, ,o ..hi..,..
plaa.intelr..",
; ;;" Lcok clo11)i,zt rvhai th. :r:v<:': ,n. olan
t ,rrorn -,voiliing- Thi
olan' is
'' . u'nat rniqht ',"' :^'- -,r-n at ioc
lr is hoped
<nd. )r
,h= <nd'
and ro ihinl: critical']t,;'boui : ,ul;.r,,zj:.ra!rer :han ai the
6i!3i15 :rt vtr'
Lr)s beginr'i;-:i
ihe -
i6 qive_lu,ots il-'5i:ucilri:' 'i.t
.
 1l j:' i '- :a:: :i ir._'.;=
; Li.a_:.. .

1J.A
EXPERT EXCLUSIVE
lle airrlror usrs rh.' slngle case orAcrxe ro
'" conclude rhar rlie .ri,ar
llnti.o ho,^,^. A ; ^.,,;t u ! --':
^ht,, in
f
proiounci]y afr-ecreci nascenl 'busines,.es." .t.iris assumes rlrrr Acllre's
.'..-L:),;;
I
answer (Q. Ertreme Ianguage grora,ri-r
is a good sign that an answer rate is ivp;cal; or represenra:ive, ol'such busilresses as rn (A); oihenvise,
. choice is wrong. u'h)'hold ir up as an examo,i?

(B);rh. euihor needni assum. rhar $r0,c00 isn'r nruch of a profir

As for

.:, lr4aybe he rliinks ir srarred.our high anci gor even higher. (c),.r.h.ich brinss
up oih", u'ars, is beyond rhe scope-rhe argunrenr concerns \lbrld 1il/ar il,
perioci.
j?) ,: rriclcl'.- bur ir's noi assumed. Norjce rlar rhe aurhor claims only rhar vorld \var
Il h"d a proiound, nor salurary, effecr oo nascenr busine.sses, so u,e cron'r.l-6q, jr-rsr
hcri'he feels abour ralid grorvrh rates. As for (Ei the aurhor
, neecln't assurn€ Acnre's
rnana$ers had norhing ro do ra,jrh rhe conrpan)rs
success, jusr ihar rhe r..,ar a]so had art
e,{ecr-and a markrd one-

15. t
The aurhor argues, basicaljl', rhat ihe edjrorjal ha.. ro
be wrong because ir's ra,rjrren
poorJlz' Heret yet anorher -scope chanqe-shifring
frorn bad irii;,rgto bad r.easoning.
5o we can prephrase alr assumprion Jil<e "brd u.riring guaranrees
(c)
b,ad rea-<or"ling.,,
uses more forn:a.l ri,ord choices bur says rh. rr--,h;ig.
(A) is u'rong bec.ause rhe argumenr
isn'r abour who ra,rore rhe edrrorjaJ, only horv rveir
I
\ ir s w'ri rien. (B) and (D) are borh irrelevanr
because ir doesn'r rcalll,marrer horu, orher
edirorials 2v6 '6v1is1s6-ra,e need a connecrion
bern,een rvriring and reasoning. (E)
corne-s close, bur the argrrmenr doesni depend on rvherher rhe arr rhor,"r.;lrrr;,
ra'rires poorly; he could hav6 jsp. so by acc.ideni urd sriJr be nrar<ing a
bad point.

Read rhe quesrjon srenr carefullyl This

is nor an Jnlerence quesrion. lr aslis jnsread
Ior a facr from which ,h. srimr),rs couid be inferred.
'- . e'jdence rhar woujd supporr the conclusjon.
tn o,i.,
";;;;r,'""'ir". ,. i"o
l. ' The argumenr basically says rhar rhe only
German philosopher *ho, ,,o, * idealisr is \4arx- iVhrr erjd"nce would supporr rhar?
Ir have been difficuir io fornt aprephrase for
i 1ay rhis o;*,;;;,-i;, ;;;;.;;;l;';;r1;.
r,o 6nd to{trl':t to validate jdea
rhe ,hr, .r..y sing}e Germanph.ilosopl.,.i f*,,i ,i.
.Y
an idea.list. Cerrain,)1'rhen,
'1o,is
itu,ould 5.,r,,.,t,r, il c.rnr.,., philosophers,
t:tl'n? rh.ar one, are idealjsrs-rhe nvo srare meris are pracricaliy idenrica]. 1n.rlrp,
-

rbis claim seems absurd

,.,,toyou-itprobabIy'youJdjfyouknowa]orofGerman
. : , , , ;!il;.,:,.il, ;.:irH;;1,:,'r""t; r rvirh conreor. jrsr srricr log;c.). . i,,
r'
/l\ ,i'Tot, rfr oppcsiie of ,vhar we needed. hsread of sal,ing tlrar elJ
"

lil
pnttosophers are jciealists,
Cei.,nan
ii sa1.5 rhar ali idealisrs are Gerrnal phjlcsophe rs
 Pa:i Ivto. Siraiegies end P;actice
j/
Ci'iiical Rea:cning

1
r 12. E
-ilcr.e EXPERT EXCLUSiVE
are aciuai)y mrn! i'rssumprions in rhis arqumeni, so it'-q entir:J;'
cossible rhar you nrade , ,,a)id prep-rhrase e\ren if ,vou didn'r find rhe ans\\'er If you can't find your pre-
,t.
phrased answer-don't go back
rigbr ara,ri'. The arEnmenr'oasicalJl,says rhar because rnorr n(ii/spaper ariicles
and rewoi-k the stimulus. if
are lreing exposed as labricaiions, publishers musi caie mor: abour raising you've already read criiically,
circul arion rhan printing rhe riuih. There rie iwo scope sh jiis irere: (i) ihe underslood the arBUment's
(onsirudion, and thought
aurhcr qives elidence aboul lt(1L,lpapil' tniclts bur drar..,s 3 conclus jon about
about ils s(ope, lhen you'll be
ptrblishers, and (2) rhe aurhor shifis iromf bricarions to cirru.larion. *
boa:teC
able to eliminale many wrong
5o ily,our prephrase somerhing eirher lil:e (l) "publishers have influence dnswers quickly.
"',,as
o\/er ner\,spaper articles," or lii:e (2) "fab,rjcarr,l erticles'oocsr ci,culation,"
gire vourself a pr.t rit rhe back, because ),ou r;.rere riehr ll scr haopens ihat
rhe Glr4AT used{l) as rhe basis of rhe righr ansr,\,er-\,ou ca,t s.i rhar ir marches
,r,irh (E) qrrire rricely. 5o r,oi, nray have needed rhe Denial T:sr to e.'alt,ate ,h. ,nt..'.,
choices, Leri e>;an.rine rhenr rhar v..'a1,.

(A] Whai if neu,spaper arricles have been exposed as fa}ie ior s v',hiJei Thar rrouJdnrr
mean rhar such exposures couidn'r have b:en on tjre rise laiei1'. (B) \Xrhat if nor
everl,rhing a ner,l'spaper prinrs can Lie lacrualll'veiiEable? Again, ailorving a handful of
unveri6ed arricles i; a year doesn'r mean rhar rhe number of such articles hasn'r been
cn'rhe rise. (C) Vhar if ma;or publicarions u,ere as o*ood ar facr checking as minor
on:esi ThaI cerrainiy wouldn'r damage the author's arqumenr-if anvrhing, ir rvould
i

-strengtherr irl (D) i: very sjrnilaiio (A)-ne.r'spapers couid ha.'e been arlrnirting to
rhis behavior far e u,hile, and rhar woujdnr mean rhar rhe behavior isn'r on rhe rise.
Brrt jf irye den,v (E) and clarnr rhar pubiishers n:ake no decisions about *'hat's pr.inred,
rhen it's hardly possibleiopin rhe blame for the fabricarions cn them, and the
srgumenr colJapses.

!). t3, ,
EXPERT EXCLUSIVE
The argument tells us rhar buildings are coliapsing and concludes thar rhe
rrchire(rure schools aren't ieachir:g enough of "rhe basics of good design."
#8; and you'll see lols ol
Like mb!r GM AT quesrions rh2r'asstrr a c:'.:s:-ard-tfr:ct ;e ja;;o;'iship (rhis simiiarities. The CMAT uses
t'3 one doe s so by assigning blame), rhr cenrral assumption is thar there ire tro some kinds oi reasoning over
other oossibJe causes. So out prephr_ase tVeaken an-(wer mighi be "Anorher and over and over. Recognizing
those patterns willreally help
re3son rhar the buiJdings are falling dsr.r,n-" (B) hands us rhai other reason
you rarse.your scor.e.
on r sijriel piarrer, (A) Basic.phvsics an.d mechanics don'r msan rhe same
rhingas..rh'ebas,ics'o[gooddesiqn,,49dgv:n;flrd-;ci.rhtaIqUlnfl]r
ner's;6l31rs ihar ihel'arerrii iaughr, iusi ihar rircl,2r.n', iauShi :asr,gl1.
(C) comrr?,rs a ijmil2y ayl6r-.1f,e arqumenr doesn'r cla jm iha: rnos! cf rhe curricuiuin
is :resthrrics, jusr rhar Jlex,er.br much asstheii65 i-s tauelri'is roc, much. iD,'r is qut c,i
. i -.
.1..oci: t.i-:e i:su: oi rt,i-,cx ihe b'uiiciinss siaii'e,i rc, cru,-n!:l: i-,:ror rhe same s5 7;,i15,. (.F'S is
i!-sc' jlril:\'3,1r'-ir'5 loi ih.: !:r,rth ci'::iic'r' lhar, ilri :.,ui::c:- .::;.i':j:.t:.. 's,'1i vfio.t is :;udita.
 :-:i T,..,,c 5'irai-Sies ar,c l;:ii,ce
Itr
fha pier 4

rhat l:amiJy-rur: br-r!inesse-,.roulci have been Iess profir:ble ri,jrJror.r r rlrem Bur rhelc's
\
\ a r"orld of differer-rce benriee;r !t:t
Vrofr,tble and rrnprof nl;le. {E) i.s ce rrainll' irue
Buiiness nrethod-s did char':ge because of riie educaiion-rhe srimulus calls rhe nr ne\\,
n'rithods," after all. jrt a cor:rmor.r injsra-ke ro rhror" oui an alls\\rer because.i t seems
t
sorilehorv "roo obvious." som? lnference answers are rough ro prove righr, 1,e-s. . . bur
nlan1, 2s6 ven, srraighrfol'rvard.-

10. D

The author1rreseni.\ rhe idea rhar oroducriviry increases in dj-screre rasl(s can acrually
lou,er cvelalJ producrivj r),, as ie-\enimenr ofren bui.jds ro rhe poinr rhai lt sJ orvs dou,n
rhe produciion process as a u,hole, A valid lnference cani srray far fiom ihis.
Note rhrr the stin-:ulus uses.r,ords lilte c/rau,b,achs, of en,,nd t/ou,r!orrr- These are ven,
differenr'fro n) catatrt'0])liu, r,l*,t1,5, and sroppagr. The hedged langurge oI ihe srimu]us
creales rhe possibi)il, for rnsr,,,ers ro be wiong because rhev rake rhjr.rgs roo f.,rr. Sure,
eriouqh (A), (B), and (C) cJo lusr rhat. (A) al)eges rhar rhese rechniques neuerw,ssft, ru
e"en once. Thjs is roo exrrefi'le; all ihe srirnujLrs sa1r5 i, rhai rhry "often" don'r rvork.
(B) rakes the ideas mucl: too iar- Sc,rrre slorvdgra,n jn the produciion proces-< doesni
ltean thar busjnesses are sr-rcidenl), uncompeiiijve. Besides. rhe srjmu..lLrs Dever claims
that these technicues are excJusive ro American. businesses. (C) also goes roo far a
slora'dou'n is vei-y djfferenr from a sioppage. (D), by coniresr, marches the tone of rhe
stjn:uiu,s, using nonexrrerre languaBe: 'may resulr." in lacr, (D) is a grear paraphrase
of rhe srinrulus a.s a u,hole, and ir is rhe righr alrswer. (E) is our of scope-pr-oducrion
nlanagers are never rnenr.ioned, 5p u,e have no idea horv rhel,feel.

11. C
'We
are asked to find a flau,, rvhich means rhar our preph.r.ase wi].1 concern ..,har's wrong
u'irh rhf argumeni ajready. Ve mighr paraphrase rhe argunenr like ihjs: The nrosr weJl
rounded educarion cornes [ron] schools rvirh lo* srudenr-ro-frculri,rarios, so i rn,ill senci
n:y irids ro colieges wiih low srudenr popu)arions. The auriror assumes rhai a
lorv sruder:r popularion is rhe same rhinq as a lorv srudenr/facr-rlr1, rarjo. Thar's
an error-a school wjrh a Iarge srudenr populadon could have a lou,srudenr/
facuJg, iatio by hiring lots of faculry. simllarly, a school rvirh few srudenrs.
couJd have proporriona.ll), even feyuer facu-Iry resu.lri,gln a Jrigh rarjo. So our
prephrzue would be somerhing like ihis: l'Ha*ing a lorv srudeni populaiion
doesn'r nrean a school musr have a lorv sr.udenr/facuiry raiio." Thar's exacr)1,
whal (C) q?),s, which is vrhli ir'.s rh. r;t1-,, answer.
,
(A) cJaims ihat rhe author con-fuses cause and eiTecr, blrr il:ar isn'r
a l--ig,fla..v here;
eYen jf (A) is riqhr,:rhe stimulu-s poinrs out ihar rhe n*o.are highly..,r-r.1",.d,,o',h.
author's slrareg)r rtouid siilj i!J:eJy ri,ork. (B) js or-rr oi scope , as-intrlligsttc atd u,el/-
.;.oitiid.cr!,d,,,,,,,io,-dott,r,lnealthesan:tihin3.,b
a.
=':2 ---

Paii lir.r Siraiegies and Placlice i5

Cr i'cal Reasonin3

\ ffi
\.S C E-..
EEXPERTEXCLUSIVE
rhar iudges' sente ncss "[
jr)! auihor
Tne 4u nores that crime is up -siSnif;cently and r that there
lil( urru*Otion
E ,na c))uilrPL'u
conclude s rh:t rhe,blame ior
he,e$ee n geriing rnore ienienr laiel1,. He .E E ,;;';;'..be any oiher possiblg
"enrirelr," ro ihe courr s\'slem- Thai's a very
*^- ^^ rL^
rhe rise in.rime belongs E ,uuraisverycommononthe
rhat there could be,lo*ltntt
sironq claim-the.urho, musr be assuming tg** a*,*
.:;;t:,,;;- rrlrr* A sreat v't'k'n prephrase '-"orLld be
'"i-,,tsoever' (This is a
mighr ha.'e qon3 uP'"
somerhing like,,6ni,orher reason that crime
have ro n'ea]ien.:r causalirv-
classic GN4AT rveai:ener, by iLe vJa)' - . i[i'ou
oiher reason-fs*':r
b:-sed argunrent,lookfor another cause') (C) eives us a gre2t
merlrioned in rhe
cops. please uotice rhar ir doesn'r mailer,h, ioi;., \('ere,-, i t>:plicitlv
irgumer-)r. Scope is more abor'rt impacilh'n
ttr-'nologl" and rhe number of police
..ruld drfinlre i1' have an'imoact on the crime rate'
ihis srare; it doesni "'ll'---,^
(A) is rr iauJry comparison, as the argument is onl1'aboui
senle nC]ng
fit2irir,".hat's happening elsern,here, (B) hardll'u'eak'ens Ihe rdea that lerlient
re'spond to le nie nl
is causing a rise in .r;-".-ruhy,r.,ouldn'r *,hire-.o11, crirnlnals
senrencing as weil? (D) doesn'i impact the
argumenr e ither; e'en if 'nt'::tl:'-*:,,".t
u'e
didha.'e an impact on crime 12ie'
srar: resicenrs u,ho opposed the dearh penalry
aren'r roJd ,hjs .,un:5.r changed sinc.e lasr
year (E) ls out of scoPe' as it's ihe leniencr''
that a newer judg'e
of rhe juriges thar,s at issue,not their renure; we c3n'i sa1'for sure
u,ould t,e more lenient-

9. E

besr suppoiled by rhe lnl:rmat;1n

This quesrion ashs,,.which of rhe follo*ing is
auihor
above?" 1,'r otherwords, rvhar can bt;nft"Jd
frorn rhe stated mareiial: The
had a big impacr on lamijy-run
in rhis question asseris rhat junior college education
,, ,ht nt*' *t'liods oiaccounting' markeiing' and finance
bus'rne5ses ,f,., 17r\T'II,
,ilooied business size ro grcrv and profiis to be ma-rimized'
l.
oflenl O:t'to
1rs diSculr to make a specifit prephresq on
mosl lnference quesrions' it's
rhe scooe or
sa7 "th: als'1.r.'er on rhe sri::':uiu''; i1 rvon\ oo beyond
I.4UST bt t''.:t b"td
', ,.rd , d.r.ij in an (xtremg rva,v''
presented does nor
ln (,\), the disquaJifoing rn'ord is prittcipally-The inFormation
This choice reads roo much
inio the facr
specifu u'hirrhe junior colleges t-pt"'i"d'
knpt")'edge
tiecause of ihe-newl)i acqulred
rhai ofren famil), b,isinesses increased in size
cr lidespreld rh;se merhpds
,r,ts) uwrongi-rrczt-sc'v;e r<alli'qan'i rrfc;' ho'* pcpular
lechnigues
' lvire bllcire ilre rvar' For all we l:now' ihese could ha'e been ret'oluticn''r1l of rnar!:ering
o. *eli-kepr seciets. ]n (C),-rve Ioorv junior colJe ges t2ugnt
Iior coue -qes ""' methods
raughr netv "'':--:t:--.., -w25
n-ruil': mznzgeinent ti''36rv ....
,"n i"'*tand s;ufi"lii<e ihat: tve do noi l-nor"'ho"'' ,r
t"lt-t]:"":'':.1-
cr \-'as not Eresenigcj This choice relies oi: datz.ii._-z\en'r 3i-"en--a
in io.-a
i;lcoi;:ct ot.Lrn$raiisnte'j inference (D) iallts in: ia':ls 'h; ::t;:;''u5 \r''-' lt:' :'t.:;..
:'i iL:r;l'l' tril;le:" "ir i;-'ui3 irr'i ::i
:3,j- i;,:rl ;,;c,iis lr,,:,ta-.r,J ihani:s rr tne ,ii;e:r':':
-

rnasr Ileopl€ r€ .r6.e

sho'*s "i".iJ
*hy fiis couid Lc-
of t.i-g kill..l ty . st..-g.t- 1
",t
IooL icr tke aos*er \-
_

_- ,( oLlJrrr ru url{.u55 peoPlr lirho eie diiecij_y

_-: ., . AliS;ifl by mitfAti
..=-;?rionai populaiion as a,r;hoie. (C) Iooks
::.. :',:'.,,,:o. good ar 6isr, Lur jr
conri'dicrs r]re oirjence, as.rJ:e,{rsr r.ir"rrce s.lrorvs
r]:e srudy ,-o b" nrrioraJ- I1e right
laswers to E:ptaia cuesrions show
how ott rtrrcvidence.car: be rrue- /f)l 53vs 1l_,,?1

€.€ l*
f an argun']enr, l.srock o-ui rhe cenrral assumprion.
Y.tll*
*,,.L.L-!-!;--1e--cts \e .cit:ot.shipt> rryfiic' is acriv. ,aprarr,trr.
Jhc auihor shifrs
lf.S a SUbtle Change
bur enough of onr ro i11* rhe prephrase
for a wral<:ner:-*lffirhho.idjng funds
sarnr as ccnsorship." (C), r}ich says
exacrly rhar, de.rrroy, ,h.
"rgu_.r,r.
rhe. aurhor never cJairns r.har an acr isnt censorship if ir reflecrs
9],::,._:l:l::rl:,r:

:: :i:':i.f'
:': uci.*+'een t
:: :l'' :': " l,"ht'
*, lor,,,.' *,i.*, ;. ;;#;;; ;=-
' a 'q'rrrsrLr
rheli^LL-^..^--^^-- r-
cfr-jsorshrp anci rhecieniai oifunds.Ard (E), ]ikr (A),
l'',""o
irrtlevan: idea of majoriry opi.oion.
discusses rhe

7F
,. L

'Firsr,
EXPERT EXCLUS!VE we have ro undersrand the argunrenr.
The aur-Lror crairns rhar high
school srudenrs shou.ld nor design rh.;r
liJatch oui isr sirenghening o*., curricula, b..rurr-rh.y
a$st?:rs in Weaken questien:, don'r have rhe maruriry o, .rp.ri.n.e
a nA
*. ui.o ,^..-
tu *rll ,Et Jg-
of professionaj educirors. whar
experience anri maruriry wereni r...r.rry
if
for rhe a.df" ,r_r""rr,
Jhe
.a
u rh or! argu men r would r,rr,- io- * "ig*a
;rr1;;;;; l;, ;
.compl.rety frJt
need rhe answcr ro erprain wbl curricuru'
deiip requircs bori .rp.rrr,.*
r ':
and marurig.- (E) dces exacriy ih.ri"oq,;i
rhe.rJdjredanswer.
(A) jusr restates tJre last
!;ece of widencq and righr .**.r, on th.e GMAT always deal
rhl assumprion, nor the evidcnce. (B) reiniorccs
li4 *rc authorls rheioricai n.r;iil
about rhree-year-oicis, bur rhar is jusr
window ar.rrlrf:ro;;J;;;;;;; ffi;;;
poinr; we di{nlr evea nced ro-bring three-ycar-olds
nog
jnro
"u, O-.;io;#;;;; '
,does ltlenglhqn the main-argu*crrr.: 71,5 egm,prrii." ir"d.; i6;;.r;,
ro,the rnain argumb+rr, .-uli4! ;r'lbc.ui
*ri, . -- - , r .
iit,,,e,i[.nc.-,,
rvhi ch,
" ",
lu.;;;. H: ;;;, f :;;rli.;",. ] ;I;ilj i;,
r::."r, o.f scope, as ir discuss., *h., kir,{ bf .lrr,.J;;r;;sr, norrvho designs.it
:r
(and if anphing, {D) weakens rhe argurnrnr,-"; t ;*g;rr..
change in curricuJurn design). -
@ :;rr"]- *.r.
-'- needr
':---" ro "- a*
'" be
 P6rtrfwo: 5trategies anl Praclice
Critical Reasoning

d
rvraken ihe argumrnr i{ contrary ro {D), many of rhc attacks clruld not have been
prevented, so (D) is not assumed'

assumptioo and rhen 6nd

This is a Weake,. gucsrion, so we need ,o 6ni rhe cenrral
i. ,;*ra. ,hru *rke, ir more quesrionable- The arBurnent basically says tlrat
charg<s
ro 6ghr againsr Balajand'
shoui,l be brolgbragainsi a group rhat is *ainingrecru.its
into rngage
why? Becauic ,r. ,rln', ., *i, *ith BalaJarl, .:O citizer:s art forbiddcn
'\rrl:ere's
w'e areni at war' rhe problem
milirary.campaigns againsr countries with which
"milirary campaigns'" but
.rvith rhjs argurnent? ior.
scope sh;fr-rhq larv forbids
,h.
thar rhe grouP is activel'v
rhe grorg is only 'iraining"l Th. .,,'ho' rnusr be T"li:g
argument,
wraken.this we want to'look
.;g;g.d't" nr;i;riry.r*pi;irr., as well. So to
areni actr'rally 6ghring"' tC)
for rhe snswr*hrr srys,'r* grgup is only rraining; they
6rs rhr bill; *s rhe group ,ro,rid only srart 6ghting if rhe
United Sreres 4139131f,$ i,varl
'
rhey arin\ ln violarlon of the law-
with our
(A) is na wrakener; aside from rhs problem that it has nothing ro do
a milirary campaign-only a l
fr;rtr-r., the bloodi'ess ota civll war doest'r iusrift (B) is out' (Dlseems
i..i"rr6on af war ca*..Neither dgers severiog diplomatic.ries, so
Bur the answer choicc
rernpriqg, as the law only prohibits IJ"S- dttxry from fighriog'
., iornmirs a subrle ,.op. ,lin--irt only discussing who1fu.d;rg rhe grouP, nor
who
t-or an invesrigarion' but
rvould be Sghring- ar,a * for {E}, rhe author starts sffcelling
we carrt say*rhr, chrrg., should bc brou6hr withoirr one'

4.0
This ]s an unusual quesrion ste-m, bur,.alt i,t "rtir,gls forl paraphrase
of an argumcnr'
is hardly ? nslY rask' And 'we
Siace wr ilwaytr-vinr:to paraplirasc what wr read, this
we wenl U-:::'-'n
also astiec frJm ,h. qu.rrior, ,,.m whose ar8ulll'n{ 11f"t:'""'
rhe argumbrr, gatef is rhar rhey don't achie'e improvemenr
*grirrt.;promorioaal
ie b.rsic skills. as evinced by a comperen€y'resr. 1"1t,:Li, ip), j"
thq GM4Ti
Every other answer
ir;-irru-!. purcd'up sryle, says-fiat the program didn'irvork'
choice is ourside ,fr.u.op. qf rhe
"rgu*.r.i-
ti) discusses "challenging mdteriaf and
:basi5
(B) discussis "ciuc iorellrcrual derrl-opmerrt,'but ,h. ,rgu-.nr is only
aqeur
.
*gsycfralogical n'I"4o:,'-i:
,ilirL:n.;r*qnlen{ nevrJ djstusses, as.{cJ,dc*, d,':'-*:'l

the s<op.e-

5. D' ..
expiei'r':s why
This is a rareExplain quesrion.l"W. **rr, to End the answer rhar
rhe slimuius'
seen:ingly discrepanr pieces of riata esuJd bo;h;be true'
So
":y.ol1'rqad
s.harvs .u; rhelconrtast
Iook lori rhi *nirudjcrary inforraarion, The key *o rd norrthd*s
their stieckers'
*e'rc !saking for: rhat d.sp;r. rhe fact 'hnt rnost:4${der victin:s knorv
 tr'1Fl

ih:nr-"

A4ode ro see explanarions es you rrorl*. desr of all, you rlro

:j_:lr-,"r g.,.i.,"i1..j

visir rt'ww.kapresr.cornlct\4AT for rnore derails

on ihe euiz Banft arid for rnore

FXPFPTI LFYTI II(I\IE

LLIJJ,
vL
Wsrds like nosi inpaaont
in {A) and erery in i{) are
hallmark o{ answers that are
ico exireme tc be r*rre€L
1- D
The quesrion srern is g lirrle unusuar, bur
since ir asks rvhar concrusio, rhe
argu*rnr seen,s ro rnake, we can rrear this as an ]nference
question-rve
$,anr ro 6nd somerhing cornplerely supported
by rbe r,i*ul,rr. So after
reading che srirnuJus and nrakir:g sure rhar we
undersrand ir, rve'fi go
through rhe answrrs one by on..

The srimulus says rhar in Ld.,

buying sarurarian radio ad,errisingwill ger rnaximurn
name recognirion. in
orher wdrds, saruiarion radio ads ,r" .norgi,
on their own, ro
gluran ter rna;irn urn narnc. reco$n i rion.

{A) claims that radio ads are ri:e rnosr irnporranr ficsor ro campaigns.
Thart roo broad
ro be supporred, as rhe srin.rulus discusses only
narne ,.cogrir;og; nor carnpaigns a_s i!
whole' {B) is poriblL.vue but uttimate}y a wrong
ans,r.€r because rheie! norhing rhar
tells us for cerrain'rhar rlre resuJrs of rna ' ;:;"-.,- ,
1r\
rt^.- -,^.-,
{c) can be rutid our-wd don'r rtnow
be. (D) claims rhar rhe only rhing a candidare
-t:ff.rff:";rTffir.":::1 I;T:ir"
neecls ro d, ,;g.;*r;;;;;;;'"
recognirion .L ad.,,ertise on ,h. ,riio; lh. stjmulus
sa1,s thar ,rijo ,du.rrising in large
enough guanriries, rvorrrd guaranree rna:imum
,r"rne r..ognirion. B.;;;;rr;;
-
thing! so (D) is rhc credired answer finally, jusr
because ,?Jo ra*.r,u,", ,i-".;,
sufficienr, rhar doesni necessar.iry
. ,urc /F\
-.r, ,h* orher facrors hro. no .tr *: ;; .;
-.,1^ oul
---- (t/.
2-E
clearly, rhis is an assumprion quesrion, so .rrye
l*:o
i* rhe ergurr€$r.
are l:ookirg fo, rh. "missing l!nk.
The evidencr discusses etiac[:s by Dobdrrnani
bor rhe conclusion
is ebout dags-all doS1T.&ari
a brg chang. of ,.opi- Th;.;;;;;.
thar all dogs behave as Doberman, ao. SJ*.re,,
ffi;;
o* pr.ph;;., .*ti aog, U.nru. [t*.
Dobernans". Thart exacrly whar (E) safs, although ""
oi *rrr. ;. ;*i;;;
ir more d*r:lr, .

argument-dogs'If".rice,
rhough, how spectfi.
-;* fil kr;;rr rlr. r.o;..;i;.
behavior around small chiidrcn!) fhe Denjal'Tesr
wouldlalso work
wdl here' Jf Dobermans' be]ravior rowarrj chirdren-isnt
;;;;";j;;;;:;;.,
.the3rgume1tfdIs.!parr,'..,...'...-'':......lt.-r:..,:..::,
(A), whether rhe arracl., were jusri6ed,
is beside the poin.t: Even if rhe kids *ere
puiiing rie dogs' tails, rhe aurhor's poinr rhar rh.
dogs'areni safe s,ril L"li.lOri.,
peis are beyond rhe scope, so (B) ;r'o,rr- A, f",
iCi,:il.;;;r;;;--;;;;;;;;;:;
rJ:e fuigre, so ihe aurhor neednt.assurne anyrhing afour
ir]a,a u ..;;;;;;";;;,,
 Part Two: Strate8ies and Prae tice
Critical Reasoning

ergun:enil TRY OUT GMAT Vcrbat Workboah, rvhich contains valuable

the Kaplan
srraregies for breaking down a.Criricai Reasoning &rgume nI, as rvell as exercises ro
L.-:l-r -- --) drrU
uLllIU SPCCU --) JllUrJL/.
---.--^--. W;.. -L^,,t.l ^1.^
rUU JrrUUlU -^^).L;tfrL ---,,--
dr)U r-LdU ---l^^^':^^.
arlJvr!, l^yr4rr6rlurir, aJ .l--".',;ll
-. rrr\/ 'r,r.
guide you through these skilis as weli.

l. Did I do fine with both the question stem and the stimulus but struggte with the
anstarer choicesT
Did no.answ(r seem correcrl Did more rhan one enswer seem correctl Eirher you
rnisread the scope oF rhe stirirulus, or you struggled ro connect the ideas in the answer
cheices rc the ideas in rhe srimulus. C!osely read the answer elplanations for n:ore
guida::ce sn how ro work wirh answer choices.

Srgp 2: Ftr'r$ TltE Brtrup Spors

Some guestions yoti answered_quickJy and confidefltil-but got them wroig anyrvayl

]#hen like thcse, you need to 6gure our whai you

Fou (ome e€ross wrong ans$rets
rhoughr you were doing righr, what it rurns out you w€te doing urro-Rg, and why thac
happened. The bcsr way to do rliar is to read rbe answer explanations-

They .e,ivr you a derailed breakdown of why rhe correct answEr is correcr and why
all rhe orher answer choices are.\,rong- Thls helps ro reinlbrce the Kaplan principies
aad.rnerhods for eaqh quesrion rypc and helps you 6gure out what.blindsided you so
ir doesn'r happen again. Also, jusr Iikc with your rsadbJocks, try Io ger in as rnuch
prrcrice as you carr.

Srrp 3: RUNFoRCE Youn SlREruerns

EXPERT EXTLUSIVE
i{arv ssa€i lhraug}: aii ctre &trtw:t expiar-iarians icr ihe or?es you gor righi.
Bon'l ignore lhe expla*ati*i1s
Again, rhi: hetps to rcinforee rhe i{eplan principles a.nd methods far eaeh
lsr the ones yau got righl
ques:icr: 4"pe, which in turn'helps yo* w+rk rr:are r$cienrly so ),ou cafi get Cculd you have solved more
ihe "-^i-.',ni' *," n r }(een votrr-skillc .h, r- *irh mnre nrerrirp .f6.;.-il.,l
LrrruLrrrr)r: Fn,,ll
LUUIU vnrr h:.,o
",...,r
,' Ivu r.sBr
eliminated answeis more
As soon you are comfonable wirh all the GMAT que*rion rypes
as easily? The s'tronger Your
and Krplan rnerhods, complete a full-iength pracrice resr under timed skilt: berome, lhe higher your
conciirions.'ln this rvay, plactice aests serve as rnilestonEs; ihey. help, yau ro CMAT srore will be.

' .charr your:progress! 5,ri donru.savethem.ail .For rhi .finil rvetks,

.,- .i

If'y*u arr rirning,lbr ihar t*p-s€ore..TRY OUT K*p.{an's GMAT Adva*eed, :J

1

which inciu<ies. oniy ri"re toughesr GMAT guesiions anci .mosr iocuseci srraregies. 1

I
.:
For evrn rnorc pracrice, you can also TRY OUT the GMATQuiz Banli! You get rnore
rhan i,000quesrigns.rhaty.oucanaccess24tT frornanylntqrnetbrowser,rachwirh
' comprehensive rxplanarions. Ydu can even cusrornize yo'ut guizzes.bastd on,quesricn:.
rype, colrienr, and {i6culry Jevel. Tirke guizzes in T,$Qtcl h4ode to t€st your stanrina
 Fa:i Tito. Sir;:eif - :,-'i;a;,,,.:
Cl':apter 4

AruSFdE R5 F.FJ r
l.'D t 1I. C 2t. E
.
-,.i-.

31. D
. .

4r. E
2. E. 12. E 22. D 32. C 42. A
1.C 13. B 23 E 33.A 43. .B
E-fr 14, A 24. C 34. D- 44. C
5.D 15. c 25. D 35. D 45. C
6.C 15. E 26. E 36. A 46. C
/. t r7. E 27. E 37. B 47. D
8.C 18. C lu. u 39. E 48. E
9.E I9. B 29. C 39. C 49. C
r0. D 20- A 30. B 40. B q,n E

DIAGIUOSTIC TOSL
Taiiy np four score and wrjre down yorrr resuJrs b,elour

Toal Cot't-trr: our cf 50

?oer*tagt eorrert; # yorr gor riehr x 100 +- 50;

DTAGruOSE YOUft frESLILTS

Look back ar rhe grresrions you gor rvrong and rhink.back
on your orperience
ar:swering rhern.

Srrp I: FlmD THE RoADBtocHS

'some quesrions you srruggled ro ansra,er. To in:provc
rour score, you need ro pinpoinr
up-To cio jrr, ' *ra yo*or.rf
exacrlywhar elerner:r of rhese roadbrocls uipped you
t ,h.u.
thrre quesrions:
aid I *ot.itnow ryhat r rvas leoking for*when t read ,
.1. the siimurus? .

]f thart rhe case, you either didn'r idenrifr rhe quesrian

rype or forgot rvhar srrateqies
- ro employ when so.lving jr, Go bacii ro rhe beginni.,g
of *,;, cLaprer errd ,eri€t" tl]c _
Kaplan principles an,J srrrregies for rj:e qu.rr;"0,-,
nulr ro, ,,rrggt.a *;,1,. t rrt .
suri iiisi .,^,.
",,,-,L-. you ..-J-----
undfrsrandr' rhem
,
anc jrow ro appi;,ihern- Ger aS much praclice aS y_OiJ
'cen wjrh this quqsrion rypq. TRY our *ie iep'tt* 6*raT i*io,lW,lu|[r-i,:*;ti .

. i*cladrs preriicr
. seis far:e;cij quesri*n iyp. * Ilili-jengrh
a;is'l ..vtrbai..pracrjci seccioni
2-Did iunderstanrithe question stem but struggle'with the
stimulus?
' Vere you uaablc ro digest rhe <{ense languige? Did you srruggJe ro idenriry
rhe cenrra1
"
' assump{ior: er ,,, furmi, confidenr prephrase? Did you
*irr.ri ,rr. r.uf. of;;

SIrFqEhirffi;--
 jj:}},, ii] J :\: -.,i : ! ;-..:.-:.1: -.,-,1?-,..,.-r.:

6* q\qf Parl Two: glrete8ies and Prat:tiee

Critical Reasoning
6q

#\'\
49. The tratest ee us of the toivn in which
jacobs hardw store is located has revealed
.L-+ +l-^
Iildr rttr -o.r .o.i.lp.tc hes
^f
increased te t 980. Though lacob /:56 .Or:e to ext{eme Poverly in ltaly betwefn..i9l0..: :

has not enaouiite anT Rew comPetition #,1i

:: y {h-
_l=ry,
li,l.it
0 ;, a
lt,
f'' ;ffi,wet*rrt'n.;:lmmiilateatg
I o st ilf i

tq u!.f
s,ff
f ;,
1

:;
:,

t1e..
"''
^

{or business during his time period, his -o.:.ln-d.'

invenl+ry rec*rds il: ic:rtithit the average ; 'll . Stales, The wave from ltaff reacneci,i* ht8!-t - ,. . .

.r:. iifi 15e.;1g,year span-betw€en ]9?0 and.lgl0.. :r .; .:

number orlo'*gp1c1"/€ and snowblowers
. i:' :;i#riai,#.o*priiia iz.pii.ant ot,'tt,'di;tdi :
:

that he sells per year has isen erly slightly

",:,-. numbir of immigrirnts'ail#nea to ttre Unlltd . ;
over.*e average number ' ' Siitls: Thl maiority of-these ltaljan immjaills ..,
-'
snornrblowers he sold yea ior to 1980. :
.vuiie from ssuihern{taly and Sitily,'and' upon - .'
',.'i1. th[i; ar rival., they:seitled'alon g th e East C gast,
l{hich of the follou'ing, if t best expi
.'. '' wirti tlie heaviest icncintiitions in cilles surlr
the discrepancY outiined a
'. ,,', ,.,;s New.Yorkl Bo5toit,'and PfiiladElphia;ltiough '

r? Since I9$0, nrany of the s

properties have been sYbdiv
sma]lel slngle holre Parcels'

Clnflalion hascaused the P

the n:achines to !ncrease ry ye
s;:'ree ig$*.
CAI] of the housing btri in'Jacobt t
sinee ]980 hai been I qe apartment
rc:r:plexes.

C Jhe auerage incw

'eet
sir:ce 1980 i:as
Ao..on.oA f.onr 6 per yeat to 4 ieet
pet year.

O }ac*b'i store ly carrles two braads ef

lalvrircwe artu ^---.-LI^-.,^-^
---t StluwuluwcrJ.
 I 9>r't T,^,n ('i,:tcr,=. ;-i Dtttr.-a
56 l'""'
I Chapter 4
2?,: SlitJl.Plioducis fabilcqtes n-rafhir-le toCIis thit
arc csscniiall;':de;:ticcl tc thcse p;'cdu:ed bi,
]ac}<so* Manufacturin'fr. For bcth rornpanies,
riiw materials represd-iit about two-thirds of
tlie cmt of n:anufactui'ing the machine tools.
To gainzn edge sver iac]<.so$ Manufacrr:iing,
Srnith Prsdr:cts sl"rsuld purchase its raw
materials from a nert iupplier advertisitlg
n:uch i*wer prices-
Wirich of the follawing, if true, would rri*st
rreaken the argu*relrt above?
C Smith Products spends more on
employee wages than ]aeksan
Manufacruring does.
O Srnftht clrrrent supplier provides raw
ma!eriais of exeeedingly high qnaliil'-
^;
C The rnarket for machine tocis has been
declining for severai years.
O The aew supplieri materjals are of low
quality and would reduce the Iifesnan
of S#* machrne *rX Uyi-ff, ;;;;;;g
saies to decline.
O Thr pla*t manager for Smith Prodli*s
is plannlng to increase the pJant's
,, e$cieircy.
,t-
2i, According to a rf,errlt,study, q diet,tlrar is f{ee
o{meal and dair1, products greatly redures the
risk of sufl-ering a heart attack. The srudy cites
the fact that only I0 percent of those who
consume such a diet strffer a Feart anack at
Which of the followiag rtCIuld most seriously
weaken thlargument above?
O Diets free of meat and dairy are low in
calcium; which can lead to bonedensity
A ecr e; cc<
O Those *yho.consurne only dairy but not
. nleat are twjce as likely to sufrer a heart
attack as those w]:o. consurne neither
meat nor dairy.
O Sonre people who eonsume *either
dairy nor rn-eat sulTer two or more heart
atiacks over the course of a lifetirne.
O Meat and dairy products are.high in
. ]ow-densfty cholesterol,rrrhich is.known
. to harden arteries and cause other heart
problerirs-
O Of those who consurne dairy and $eat,.
7 percent regularly suffer heart attad<s
. over the cour,se of their lifetirne,
I
 ,,i',: iii:*jgi+iiifiif'jffi;;.:i?rii*[i*f;ii,j,-r*, i,i;r i:::;irr'.:i;;::i'f,'S{:'ei*.',ii"t:i*;if.*{,r€rf€

Parl Two: Sirateties and Prae tice tt

Critical Reasontng
I
I

/-/
21. In a survey of freehmen at University X'
rwo-thirds claimed ne1€r to hare piagiarized
liiaster Q
lvhile in high school- However, the surrey
ri:ay overstate the proportiss of freshmen at
Attem pts r ci b ia nie ttiii maib/i' p olitiEs f 6iilie"
Univeriity X who did not plagiarize in high
growing inequality of wa#. !*tryisllided,rlht
in:eaiginls betweer-r,' school because*.---
ihaip growth in the gap '

coiiegJand high school graduatgs'in t.hi1 $ry i. lVhieh of the fellowingbest completes the
during the past deca{e re5y.l1d{ from .ovqlqti
passage above?
rechnbfogieal la{tifed thbrikiltlof;
tri*ds that '

*oru idu.ut.d ,r"orkex. Nci canihe mayqr's O so;-ne PeoPle who donot attend
response!o this problernbe eiiti-cized,{or it '
Universily X probabiy plagiarized in
would hardly be' i easonable' i,o eitpl ct hi6r' to high school.
attempt to slow the lorces of technology- ' ,
C sorne people plagiarized in high
"-,'ho
Whirh oi the fotlowirig. il true, iasts the mcst ' school rnay nol do so in coilege'
serious doubt on the ronclusion'drawn in the last
secter:(e abave? C some peoPle who claimed to have
The.rnayor.rouid have initiated policierrhat
piagio*t"a o${r rray have done sc
Q
wouid, have made it- easierifpl less-educaled manY times'
workers to receivi the,edLiatio! neressary. the freshmen
: '..
O ar Universilry Z, one-half of
fo1 beiler-paying iob.l: , ,r,1.,
..,,...,' . ,l,i,,l in hig!
adr:ritted te having plagiarized
C> Rathei than cutting$i botigdtiln Uirq:giit,' school.
. the mayor could have'increased the.amounl
s
t. t-r-"'
of staff and funding devoted to locaiing . O some flreshmen who did plagiarize il
emloyryeirl {sr graduating high'icliool high schoolmight have claimed an the
., -, J:

slrYeY that theY did not do so'

O The mayor could have attemPted to :

-tor preduds.tre*-l
ge*erale more de*ra*d
iadustries tflat paid hi gh :blg gl5.oJtlf wa ges,
-_ :-i-l'' -"t' :"

.C l*siead oiredud*gtlretii'raii ai liie ''

wealthiest earners, the may'or could'lrave
ensared that ihey shouldeted a greitef
:
shari cf the lolai lar burden.:'

O Tiie'nrayoq couid have attemptEd. toprretect

the qarnings of eity woqkeis by;iqrsrigali*$

'
pgllci€i {eiigxed tc'reduct !t5ref![on ,
'lrarn
foreigil induiuies. . - .: l
 ia;i Tt;o: Straiegie; and prlcti:e
-(,1
{hapie r 4

j9. Pnyatization olthe Jargesraie elrq{prjsgs: ,

: ,
that comprise the'industrial secior in Russia
is proceeding siow.ly, due to eompeting
claims of ownership by Various groups.
Con t inu e d governm -oltl-,
eR t subsi dizat i on ese
enlerprises creates large deficits., which drjve
up &e inflation rale and cause the rublds
value to decline. It is therefore unlikely rhat
the government will grake the ruble freely
converlibie to Vy'estern curreneies unti the
guestioa of ewnership of state enterprises has

If the authort predictign concernjng the ruble

is accurate, which of the following conclusjons
can most reliably be drawn?

,C The inelustria] se.ro, n..oonts for. at

Ieast 50 percert of iussiat econornic

,C Making the Russian fuble freely

convertible to Western currenciis wiJl
. cause the rub]e's va]ue to deciine.-

C The Russian goy€rilrnert can indefinitely

state elterprises-
'

C,fhe Russian goverarnenl is among the

.groups claiming ownership of cenain
state enterprises.

O The Russian government is under

pressur? from the West to make th.e
. ruble freely convertibje to Westernl
 .{q .

::,::;i'#;i:*;.i,ili.iiji!;i::.;i)ii:,::::r.r.ri:i:'?.;r,..;-rri;::;r::r :'
f;+*l*;#i;$xtj*f*

Part Two: 4rret"gles and Pratlice [ ,,

Critrcal Reasontng I

jdarx' are I l.1'? trler-tiiral

ULLr*,qsr efigifieers
\''D" have develoPed aa
ffinGtrman philosophers, elicept for thal e an
energy-efficient rpe of Ightbuib
ideaiists. :

,.pl*. thexaditionai inca*descgnr bulb'

Fron: which of rhe following can the

slaiemetri
Tl," ,rr* bulb, known as the eiecuonic'Iamp'
radio
above bc mosr ProP€riY inferred? oserates bv using a high-frequency
featxred ia
an sign"l iather tl:an the fila:::enl
O ExcePt for Marx, if someone is .lncant]ESLrljl
r---^-' L..1t." Akhorrsh the electronic
L'uvr- M"v -D--
. philasopher, then he or she is
idealist as mrich ae its
iarnp eurrentiy cests ?* times
German- will prove
tradirionai counteryart' its usg
C Marx is rhe onlY non-German run- While a
clore cast-eff-ective in rhe }ong
philosoPher rYho is an iCea}ist- 100-wan incar:descer:t bulb lasts
$ rnonlhs ii
electronie '
bur.ed lbr 4 i:ours daily' a Z5-watt
C lIa German is an idealist' then ire sr she aitirne each
or slre is lamp used for rhe same amount
is a philosopher, as long as he
daY lasts uP to I{ Years'
not Marx'

Marx is noi an ide*list German The argume*t abovs assumes-thet

O
plrilosoPher r--) the
\-/ househaid use of a iightbtilb'
rlrl t'gnical
rIt/rL
e daY'
if is aPPro:<imaielY for:r hqurs :
Aside fronr the philosopher Marx'
then
someoil€ is a Germaa philosopher' r] aside from its grea:er e6cieneY'
l.=
ITT -.. rhe ic nn idealist. the
UI DIJL i.lle electronic lamp resembles
I
r 1'
ii':
O the-type af Sigllt cast by the elecr'ranic .:
iamp is dif;erei:t from t}:at cas!
bI an ia'

. !i
:'-
!"
- wili
O the Prlce of electronic lan-rPs i^ areatpf
\,
-,l----,1 jjJ Lsrs:
decrease as 'theY are ProuuLru &r

quanlitles'
does
Or,{laO -watt in can d escent }ight'uu}b
J- notprovlde significantiy raore light
tharlr
a 25'wati eJeetronie lamP'
 prar r.ice
parr lv'o: siraregies ard I , ,
Critrcal ReaSonrng I

\ of nervspap,e;r
:-

shorvn that r I 2 The increase in the number

l1 Time and timeagain,it has been serves to
articles exposed as fabrications
Students who anend coUeges
rvith low faculry/ publishers are.-
'

bolster the conlention that

ttudent ratros get the most r+'ell-rounded
are more interested inloostingcirculation''','!/
education. As a result, when rny chj-idren Even minor
:

than in printing theiruth'

'r

attend a
ready for coliege, i'll be sure they check such obvious
population publicuiions have staffs to
school rvith a very small student
fraud'
i
the
Which oi the followirrg, iltrue' identifies that
The argument above assumes
greatest Ilaw in the reasoning above?
q] lervsPaPer slories exPosed
as

A iow faculty/student ratio is the

eff-ect
3 fabrications are a recent
phenomenon'
: l.
its
of a rveli- roundecl educaJion' not :-!

must be
S OU ICE. O everl'thing a newspaper printi :ji
:l
l'i
factuallY veri$able' ri
the
C lntelligetrce sl'rould be considered i
for
t: l

result of chiidhood environment'

not C fact-checking is more comPrehensive
major ones'
minor publications than for
r1
r7
advanced educrlion' ii
admitted 1,1

does O only recently have newspapers iii

l5;;>f{rry smali student population fraudulent
not, by itself' ensure a low faculty/ to publishing inlenlionaliy trt
t"i
l: i

srudenl ratio' sl orl es -

t:
I;J

Parentai desires and preferelces rarely .\-Z <><6epublishers of newspapers are the iil
O ', L their
lt l
l:r

determine a chi'ltl's choice of a college

or wno decide what to Prlrrt in i, ,/
' PeoPle lt ,/

. universirY newsPaPers
;.
l.
the low
Cr Students must take advantage of I
I,

faculry/student ratio by intentionaliy

, choosit'tg smal) ciasses' :

t'l
 i

,-:} i Paii Iwc sirairgies..rci Pr-ciice

I Ci-rapter <
Part Two: Strategres and Pracil(€ | ,
' Criticai Reasontng I

.st
-#,{ \{or}d \rrar ll irad a proiorrrrd cffeci on
lhe eror^'th of nascent bustnesses- The Acnle
Pacltagirg Company nemed only $ I0,000 itt
rhe year belore the war. By 1948, it rt'as eerning
almost I0 tinres that figlre.

The arguarent above deperrds uporl u'hich of

the following assumPtjons?

C Acmei grourth rate is t'epresel:tativc of

rlrat of other nascenl br-tsinesses-

,l,An annual profit of $10,000 is not

especlal)y high.

C Wars jr:evitably stinlulatl a nation's

economy.

O Rapid growth for nascent brrsjnesses js

especial)y desir rble.

C Acme is not characterized b1'

respor:sible, far -sighted managers.

This editorial car.:not be a goorl argument

be.cause it is bare)y ljterate. Run-on sentences,
slang, ard perfectiy dreadfirl grarnmar aPPear
regularly thror-i ghout. Anyth ing thar po orll'
written cannot be ntaldng very nSuch sense-

Which of the following identffies an

assnmption in the argtlment above?

O This editori al rvas written by sonreone.

other Ihan the usual editor.

,3 Generai)y spea.ldng, ver'y few editorials

l',
1
poor in s$le or grammar.
l

O The language of an argument is

O Ginelal\l speaking, lhe miigrity of

eriitoriais rre Poor in styie anci grammar'

O The author of the editorial purposely

uses Poor Srammar to disguise what lre
lcnows js a bad argument.
 Pract.tce
Parl Jwo. Srralegies and 51
Cr:ltical Reasontng

I
o[ nervspaper
) I2. The increase in the number
shorvn that
ll Time ar-rd rimeagain,it has been articles exposed as fabrications
serves to
who artend coUeges rvith low faculry/ publishers are-'
'

bolster the contention that

Students
kudent ratios get the most u'ell-rounded more interested inloosting
circulation 't/
are
- eduration. As a result' when my chj-ldren Even minor
' than in printing the-truth'
ready for college, l'll be sure they attend a to check such obvious
population publicaiions have staffs
schooi rvith a very small student
fraud.
the
Which oi the followirtg' if tlue' idenrifies that
The argurnent above assumes
above?
greatest flau'in the reasoning
as
O nervsPaPer stories exPosed
the effect
'C A iow faculty/student ratio is fabricarjons are a recent
phenomenon'
its
of a rveli-rounded educalion' not must be
s ou rce' O everyhing a newspaper printi
the factuallY verifiable'
C lntelligelrce sl'rould be consjdered for
result of childhood environment'
nol O fact-checking is more comPrehensive
for major ones'
advanced educrliot-t' minor publications than
admitted
lfiery small sludent population does C only recently have newspapers
fraudulent
not, bY itself, ensure a low facultyi to publishing intentior:ally
studenl ratio' stories'
are the
O Parentaj desires and preferelces
rarely -\-Z C ><6'publishers of newspapers
a college or \-z ', who
r decide what to Prtrrt in their
determine a child's ch-oice of '' PeoPle
- universiry ne\{sPaPers

the ]ow
Cr Students must take advant age of
faculfy/student ratio by intentionally
, choosing small classes'

t',
 T,,...-, <r,.i.
50 II P.rrl
-;I
,
IL"uf,L,_r
h-^t^.
-,tres enC P;-iaire
I-

9. The educalion oflered.by junior coiieges.

IS. Techniquis to inrease pioduetiviry in
.iusr, after \a.rcrld rArar II had a lre*:eldor:s
practical effect on faritily_run busirresses
thibughout rhe counfiy. aft erlearning
ntivt methods of marHtins. finance
accou,ting, rhe r-ljrr;"a lr"ilr*r,
"rid
of rnercJrants returnet home; often to
. increase significantly the size of the family,s
ehterprise or te s:aximize profits in
other ways.
wn-iah of the folJorving statemerts is best
supported by the information above?
C) Thp junior colleges principally
ernphasized methods of increasing the
sii'e of smalJ businesses.
O The business methods taughr in the
junior colleees were olready widespread
before World War II. l
O The business curricula at junior colleges
did pot include theoretical principles of
ffienagement. { Arnerican busit-resses tO cOmpete abroad.
the lerforr::ancc of disr;srs 12_sJr5, ! y
reguiring less human Jabor in each *ep of
the production process, are widely utilized.
Consultants on productivitv enlrancemert
point out, howeve:; tJ:at ahhough lJrese
techniques achjeve their specifie goal, they
are not without drawbacla. They ofien
instil] enough resertment ix the workfirce
rventually to lead to a slowdown ir the
production process as a whole.
Which of the following ean'be reasonably
inferred from the statemehts above?
(1 jPrnrlrr.tirritrr o-I.^-^6.. ^-. .^-L
'J ruuulr.:v1r;, gnh2ficembnt - :^
techniques
eionot attain-t-hejr intended purpose
and should nor be ernployed in ihe
rt'orlcplace.
O fhefact that productivify enhancemenr
techniques are so widely employed
has Ied ro a decline jn !he ability of

C> Without the influence ofjunior cirlleges, O If productivity eahaneemen t qeRsuJ rar: rs
rnanl,- family-run businisses wouj<i
' corttinl}e tc utilize tlese iechniques,'
have
complete work stoppages will eventually
,r'Business methods result.
e in many postl4/ar ...
./-*\ - ' rr
family-run busjnesses changed rlD ]roilrcaily,.an increase jn the
significantly as a result of the j unior productiviry of discrete taskq mly resulr
coileges" in a decrease in the productivity of.the

O Production managers are djssatisfiecl

rvith the efforis that prorluctj.r,jtl
enhancem.ot .grrsgli'*t, iiro" rnade. to
i-n qlq'as e pro.hu ctiyi*.

t
Part Two: Strale3ies andPractrce
I o,
Critical Reasontng I
Perl Two: Straitgrr-. :r,c ? aiiic:
Chapier 4

6. :The extent to which isociety is really frcd .

cai-i be gariged by its attit*de tcrvard ertistic

expressior:: Freedsm of expression carr eesily
be violated in even the rnost outwardly
democratjc of socjeties. When a golrernment
, arts council withhdds funding from a
dance perfornrance that its members deenr
"obscenei the voices of a fer^r bureaucrats
' have rn fact censored the work of the
choreographer, thereby committing the real
obscenity of repression.

Which of the following, if irue, wouJd rr:ost

"seriously wbaken the argumeni above?

O Members of governrnent arts corrnciJs

are screered 1o ensure that their beJiefs
reflect those of the majority.

O The lernt absr?nitThas several different

definitions that should not be used
interchangeably for rhetorical' effect.
.t
^r/-.,.
gy'Faiting to provide fir:ancial support.f,or a
performasce is not the same as actively
preventing or inhibiting ir.
ilij:*;$:,:uiiira€*#,.tilli,r:;*irii"':iti:i#iai;t**i;'j'rl'C+;:jnl;.iti;-Stii;:i;'i;-

Par{ Tr,vo. Srrategies and Praciice

Critical Reasoning

' Wealeen questisn: \Vhieh of'rhefoilowiag, ittrue; casts rhe mosr doubr sn the
argumen{ abcvel '; ,,1

' Prephrase: The elerciiE, and nor rhe SlimDorvn, caused rhe rveighr loss.
. Righr.answer: Daily exelcise contribured significantly 16 1fiE rvcight Isss
rxperienced by rhe men in rhe study.

SUMMARY

The Seven Basic Principles +f [ritica! Reasoning are the fcllowing:

Understand the strurture of an argurnent

. Study the question.
. Paraphrase the argumenl
. Hunt for potential prcblems uvith the argumen{.
,
.. Make srlre you arlswer the q$estion bei*g askecl.
' . lry to "prephrase" an answer. .
-.
Keep the scope of the argument in riind.

The most common questicn tr,pes are the follorn,inB:

'. Assumption questions

' lnference queshonS

, Kaplan's Four-5t1p,Metho-d for Criticai Reasoning is as follows:

Step'2:. Read the stimulus-

Step 3: Prephrase the answer

'l

5tep 4: Evaluate the answer choices.

- fusumpiion.questioil: Find {he rnissing tink.

Str eng-tu\en queslion:.ffiake thr assumplion more iikeiy.
- " .Weaken question: Make lhe assumplion less likely. ;
... 'lnference
questicin: Fiad wh;ii rrrisf be tiue {elimi*ate wiong ansr4ers}-

'. ,'. :
 Pari jrrl. Slra'i*q,t: atd ?reait{-a
{D
Ih1 nlnipr 3

PRACTICE QU IZ 2. ln recent years, atiaci<s by Dobermans oll

: : ' small ch-ildr.en have risen.dranratic.3lly, Last
Directions: Selectthe best ans*.i foi .reht in ihe .entinenta],
quesiiorr. Tcir sax 35 such attacl..s

t.r United States alone, a*,increase of almost

I. In l-os Aegeles, a politital candidate rvho 2i percent over the previous yeari total-
buys saturation radio dfrvert-ising wiltr get Clearly, then, it is unsafe to keep dogs as
maxirnurn name recoghition. - pets if one J:as small chikiren in the house,

The staten:ent aboye logically conv€ys which The argumeat above depends upon which of
olthe followir:g? the following assumptions?

O Radlo advertising is rhe most iirport.nt O No reasonable justific.ation for these

factor in political rampaigns in attaclcs by Dobermans on srnall children
Los Angeles. has been discovered.

O Maximunr name recognition in () Orhei househoJd pets, such as cats,.don't

. Los Angeles will help a candidate to x display the san:e violent tendencies ttrat
wjn a higher percentage of votes crsr in dogs do.
the city. Ir .

'I)* fhe nnmber of attacks by Dobermans

i-.1
O Saturation radio advertising reaches
everf demographically distinct secior of
thll,oting population in Los Angeies-
-/
f-FFor maximum Rarne recognition, a
channels other than radjo advertising.
C> A candidate's retord-of achievement
hi.g or her name recognjtion there-;{
,"tr*.,
o, ,*rU chi]dren wiil continue to rise ir:
C) A large percentage of the attacks by
Dobermans on small chilclren couJd
have been prevented by proper lraining-
1ar
f ,1
t7h, behavior toward small children
exhibited by Dobermans is
rcpreseniatlve of dogs in general-
 P*rt Trto: 5traegies and Pracltce 43
Critical Reasoning

Srsp 1: SruftY TFtE SuEsrl*il STEM

Assumption question' 5o we can
We quiie clearly, rher rve're dealing-+vith an
see,
imrncdiarelyadoptan*essurnption"ni-',d,..,-r,vhich'neansweknowbeforcw€even
missing link to the chain of reasoning-a
read rhe srimulus that lhere wiiJ be some
missing piece of supporr without
which the conclusiorr wouldn't be valid' ,...1.
l- 'ji ;1
rhar lir:k'
Now we turn lo the *tirnulus , tezdy ro End EXPERI LXLLUIIv-Ii i:; :ii
; .:1:

Nstice how the argument ::: ;

:r l.ii
asserts lhat there could ontY t'i:a
Ssrp 2: Rrn* T$r STltt'luLug for a
have been one cause 'i i'i
Senrense 1 introduccs a study of 20
men using a food suppiemenr ptoduct' cedain eflect even hough
,'||::

2 describes how rhey used ir: olher causes migh[ in realitY,

;;l;;;;; ;;;,;;losi for aii zo. senre'ce it fcels is pqssible? that's a very
exercise: 5o far so Sood; be
once a day, for 3 monihs, after rnorning ,r*&o^ CMAT Pattern. vqhich
' 'lt i

to son'rethinS' The key'w'ord clear{1 usually indicares :

rill
i:.;
if r'e're building LrP .rqrffiuse ta help form Yatir t,tl
and in facr ii does: Ssntence 3 t'.{".qffl:tf i'/ :

rhar some sort ol conclusion tbll-ows' lif'

,nr, ,nrot. 'vho has one portion of rhe producr daily for *o"ffi$- E ' !tt-
.I
F,

' il t,.

lose'*'eight, roc- ffi.i:,iir.-\.

Eir t' *.r
i{ }:,
l.Ir,t
lli
\0e might paraphrase the argr'rment like this:
;
.l t.
.il
. ,tf
ilt
by'consuming sonr*
Each of 20. overweight men lost weight llii
r lii
ihen eaiii:g ncrtnall rlli
StrimDewn every r*ornirlg after exercise'
il!ii:
:

So anyo*e who censuiires Slim$own will lose

weight' l,i
rii ,/
,/
'\i ,/
.tl'
Readingcrirically,<loweSeea']yscoPeshiftserorherporentialproblems?Sure-what tti
es Pa't of the study reg.irnen bur
is ioral}y ;iI
happened ro thr exercise? Ifs in thii,ideace -
, 'lrrl
ti'"t'' a signigeant change in scope' and we can !i
;;;;p.;}*, ,t. eonclusion- Pretr!' 'ti
i

,r. .hu as the basis of our prephrase in Srrprl-

IUe coulrJ, iFr*'e were so inclined' Ioek at the

argument eYrn morr abstractly:

A'hunch'of guys did A and B and had X

result' 5o il someo*e EXPERT EXILUSIVE
Th-.a'i
llrlrLJ,u.-,1
r>relv nnP
-'-
"nPdgCt
r

way" tc ligure cut the right

fishy-who says A (SlirirDown) caus-ed X (rvtight loss)?
Sounds preity ansder; so long as You read
this.insighr ro
rVhy eould,rt ir. have.b.en B.(exe11i1)? We can use criticaiiy, Ycu'll be movii'rg in
, :'
make a PrePhrasc rnSrep 3. t*o, Nolke rhar
ns rn'aile r how -absr.r,,1qtiy :
tlre right direction.

or concrerely we.analyze rhe guesriol slerr.'

r' rve arrive-at the, same. basic
. .
: .: :,' r .L-
i:suc-rha; thc auihci.isn't accounttng, ioi Iae on..elce
ix<r':;]!: .
.

Srrp 3; PrePnRAsE TltE AHSwHR

We've re;ilized that ihe arg,ument forgot to
coqsidertlt "-:ti'lt-'l
.a-;-rhi^o Iil<e "rhe
3::"::-1,: '
the exelclse Reeos iu ur Ljrdr(u uH:
.---L-^-^-..:;L
iliiij 5u.iiiL"""5 "--.-- iSSue Oi
' . *.
:PIfPrrr:lic
"'t'
and glame'ous' A v3$u€':
' -"A",e, priphrase wirh:cr::rzhing -fadcy
on rhe ,,sh;;.;;;.$i **y*sh ,*.-find
,i:e ,ighr ,:,-:..
,li.ri";.ll:;:;"-:,,,s.rbcused
 ,)I,CIIE ::
+.1 i
i Li rJg'q, a

Srrp 4: EvalunrE fptr AusulrR CHorcEs

EXPERT TXCLUSIVE ,] n

Ycu l:n see hc,n rhe Denial

'
Judge ihe ahsrver choices 6ased'or'hbrv'weiJ:rhey fu16ll rlie ieq,irenrenrs
-Iest,is n:cre ti;ne cont*nring of 1'our prephrase- Anci sure enough, oniy (c) even menrions rhe exercise
than a suceessfui prephrase, so regimen! Reading ir closely, \r/e see ir firs our prephrase perfecrry, c-.[earir:g
{orm a prephrasr if you can.
up the question'of rvherher'rhe exercise caused the weighr loss.

Since the diffieulry

of Crirical Reasoning is ofien in rhe ar:swer choices {rarher dran
rhe srirnulus), you can'rJer them maice you indecisive. Pick (C) wi*r confidence
and
move on.
Iffe alio couJd have rrsed
rhi Denial Tcsr- Lert look at whar rhe answer ci:oices worrld
..look like when negared:

' -Answer Chojce (A): fl:e men jr wilj noi gain back the weighr if
rhe srudy
. rhey disconrinue rhe SlimDown progra^rn. Theret ro reason.ro rhinl< rhar jusr
b..rur. rhe weighr loss is permrr.ri ir wasn't caused by slimDown. irlrogg
arlSwer.

' Assra,er chojce{Bi; other dietary supplemenr, **uJi have rhe same efftcr.
Jhari no reason ro think thar Slin:Down ivouldni work. (The conclusion
srys rhat SlimDown rvill work, nor rhar only SlimDown could work-) vrong
answer.

Answer ehsiee (C): fhe daily erercise regirnen riias responsible for rhe efitcts
nored in rhe srudy- ]f ir rvas rhe exercise, ir wasnt rhe SIimDowr:. Now rhe
conclusion isni possible . . . so rhis is definirery rhe righr answerl
' Answer Choice (D): !{/omen will experience simitar weighr reducions iFrhey
adhere ro the SlimDorvn program for 3 monrhs. Jhar! ,ro ,.oron ro rhink
rhar
ir <iicin'r work for rhe men. Wrong aflswer-
' Answer Choice (E): Overweiglrr men could'achieve rorai wcighr !oss if rhey
don'r remain on rhe program-for a full 3 months- If anythjnglrrr,, ii.. ,'rr.
concjrrsion sven srronger, Wiong ilns\ircr.

:OniER Possls!-g Qursrroil SrEMs

Crasping the stru*crure of in
arguinent and Iocaring rhe aurhort cenrral assu-mprion
allows you ro answer many diflerenr kinds of quesrions.
'/a
Q9 flEAD M0RE I F.law quesrion: \(lhich of the lollowing besr describes rhe faw in rhe argumenr
,.
for more nrartirp urith
abovei
Criiical Ieasohing
q*esdons. tunl to . Prephra;e:'Wh*rabour.r.[:eexercisrl -
I

..- . . i,- r:'- :. :...'

..]

'
Kaplan's 6&aAT Veibai
Wsrkbaok.
' fughr answer: ]t fails ro cons;der rvherher the exqrcise regimen.could har.e
been rcsponsible t-sr rhe rveight Joss.
';-::
 Pert Twg: Stralegies and Fractice at
Critical Reasoning

a.

:.- :
;: ::
Exptain Questions ;
. :,.
'l: -.

These ask you (o Endin explanarion for: seenring discrepancv in thc question ....
..
,:

srem. Look for an ans."er ttrat explains horv rhe?pparenriy contradictory facts in the .: : :i.

srimulus could both be rrue. i:

.. r.t!
.i

, ..1.

I ..::
Here are sorn€ rxarnple quesrion siems: ::'"1
;:: i.
' 'rVhie h of rhe [olio*ing would best exp]ain the discrepanry above ? ,lt la

'\Xlhich
' of rhc fullowing would besr resolve rhe par*d*x described abcvel i: Il
t!t::--
Flaw Questions
I !,.;.
biit instrad of askingyou lor some new fect :il: lr
These aresin:ilar ro'\Veakrn quesrions, -:'i:
-
rhar, iirrue, would make rhe argurnEnt questionable, fiaw guestions ask rvhati already il:. ::
wrong- So your prephrase should focus on reasor.ing errors made in rhe 3rgumenr. iriii.
I
I l1'lr
rltiL-l
Here are sorne exrrnpie quesrion sterns; i't i. t. i:'
liiiEl
,iFrf-
' \ilhich o[ rhe following is a fiaw in the reasoning above?
i il'rB-
!i;l;
Iii4!
!1!i ie
' The a:gum€nl above is vuiaerabie ts w-ltich of loiiowing criticisms? ;i
l1 ':.tL:
li.ii.,
the lri{!i
I ll:ir
t li;.li
KAPLAN's FOUR-STTP METHCD fi
IIil
Illi
lt :

l.tilit:
FOR CRITICAL REASONING [!]ii'
. ':--
Now irt rjrne ro lerrn how ro orchesrrarr alt of rhis background informarion inro a
t
t rr r..
iiiii, /
,/
l:'fii: ./
straregy for :rrraeltihg Crjtical Reasoning quesrions- We've developed a merhod rhar
t!:i, /
t,!ii:
l'.f r:;
you can use ro acrack eech and erery CR question, I iriit:
t r.il,
I !ti::.
' II iiri
Srep 1.; Sruny rHE QuEsTroN Srrru i it;:ir'.
i it,:.
EXPEET EXTLUSIVL I i:, r
I r:.it,
As we menrioned in rhe discussion o[basic principles, reading the guesrion lf you aren'l sure absut the l;;,r:
t !:rri
t-.'
.. srrrn 6rst is a grear wly lo focus your read.ing of rhe stimulus. Derermjne ques'rion ftpe, don't ruth 0i'
I
,.:,:
I r:.il
lt.rii
rhe question rype, anci you'llknow exacrly+vhar youie looking for. There io Step 2. Tahe the tire you . li r,
Ii i.
-.ry be orher in:porrar:r inforinarion in r-he que-irio-n stem .5 u,sll--possibl),
= neeC to understanri what the '
.
ii'-'
li r-
questron is asking. l:
r.!i;, .
r:,'-!.-
l!' i
ti':
Smp 2: Rrno rHE SrrMULUg I Ir

|:
. i:.' i

-'Wirlr the giresrion sre;fl irj r.rr!!d,lead rhesrimulus. {ead aciveiy, p.araphlasing ro make ._ ' 1::!i '
.,,--,.^.:. ..--r^----.-.r t :.i
.. *s,..rr.rp 1,,*u.t$r!t!rlr. ilie ;rgunie.r;ti ,rr.rstrucqigq ard iuaiiagfol any, porentiai probiems. rl
.ir :
,:;
.'i
Srrp 3: PnrpuHAsE THE Ar{swEB , I.
i
Fsrrn ar idei of whar rhe riglrranswer choiee.should say or do.
. i.,.
. :i
i:,
trrs
J.lL- h-
--- F*nr 'rsr i-rilirf
L?.aLUHlf.rr^=-E rli'; EEr(rnrFp
lft i-*nlrsq'
Lii\J'ILL*-
l.
.;'
's{
Arrack each.rnsiver chsi(e criritally.'" Kerp. liour prephrs.E in rnindi and seE rvhethrr l;iii.
,l- l-.r,
 gain back the weight il lhey
O The men in ihe study wilt
program'
diseoniintie the SlimDown

Na other dietary supplement witl

have the sarne elleet sn
C>
overweight men,
resPonsibl g for' the
OThe dailY exercise regimen was not'
etlects noled in the study'
-'
yy6igh't reductions it they
c vlornen riron,t experience similal
adhere io the SliinDown progr-am fsr 3 monrhs'
partial' weig,hl.t:9s n
3 0vervreigh'i men wiit achieve onty 1:i'
3 months'
rrr.-'rr Iron:in
iJUir Elrlu'ir vrr the
on L' SlimDgwn orogram {or a full
 you ii}r abour eacll; nor"'
1116 2n5t'erS that yotr haveni eiiminated You Looro'u'hat
focus o., rr'hzr nrighr be turon&' .

quesrion qrPes:.
Here's how your Prcphrase It lvaiuar:ion stips ivill wori< foi the rnajor

AssumptioaQuesrior,:Prei:hiase"rlrarthecentralassumptionsirouldsay
If thar fails' use the
and hunr for rhe ans\'/er rhai matches You''preph€se'
*lJer:ral lest.
rhe cenr ral assumption an d
Stren gth en,n$/ea} ea th e .&'g::roent' Identifil
assumption is rnore {for a Stre ngt}rtn
prephrase an answer erpi*ining rvhy rhai
(for a $ileahen-Question) liliely to com€ {tue'
Question) or Jess
"the right answrr must
Infer$ce, Il's ofien difficLtlt to form ' p"ph"" beyond
be tlue." Work through rl:e anslvers one
by one' eiitninaring ehoices rhat are
unsurecf-it may be righr'
clearlywong. Don'r eliminaie an answer rhar you're
discrepant lacts can"
Fxnlain: Look for rhe answer ilrar e;tplainshow seemingly
both be true'
. by rh-:..argrrment-
Fla*r,: Prephrase the reasoning error cornmitted
Rrasoning item we saw earlieil
Now ler,s ap.,piy rhe i{aplan Meihod io rhe Criricrl
tlrat each rnan
A siudy of 20 cverweight men revealed
weighl loss atter arlding SlirnDown'
experienced significant
diet"For !.nnonths' -
an artificial food supplemenl, i0 iris daiiy
portion every rnorning atter
each man consumed one SlimDosJn
exercising, then lollowed his normal diet
forthe rest 0f thaday"
Cleariy, anyone'rJho consumes one
porii0n of SIimDorvn every
wili toolc and ieel
day for ai least 3 monttrs will tose weight anil
his best.

Which one of ihe foliowing ii an assu$piiol 1 on which fhe

argument depends?

O The men in the study will gain back the weighl i{ they
discsntinue the SlirnDowft prog'larn'

O No other dietary supplenenl wili hate the sarne ellegt cn

overweight men.
responsible for the
O The daily exercise regimen was not

.
if:they.
O }*lo,ren .aicn,t experie.nce similar Weighi IBduCtig0S
aOnere 'ro the SlimSowR progr.am
fer 3 rrionth!"' . '

partial weilhl.Tss n1:*

O Overweight men will achieve only
f or a full 3 months'
do*'t ,u*ui* on the StimDown program
 Part Tr^ro Strategres and' Praclice )>
eritical Reaso*ing

SrrEngthen; :-
:..
, rhe argumenri
which one or,h.'follo*;ng, if rrue, would most srrengrhen
most suPPorr for rhe
" Whieh one of rhe loiiorving, i[rrue, would protide-the ,l:

conclusibn in rhe argumeni above ? 't:

atgument above would be more persuasive if which one of tht following

' TJre
were founci ro bc rrue?

lr's also comrnon rhar rhe quesrion stem explicirly refers

to Part o[the argument' You
:..1
nright, for'example, see the Following:
\
Whichofthelollcwing,iftrue,caslsihetnoctiJ0ubl0nlhe
iJ
auJhor,se0ilclusi0nthaliheBrookdalePublicLibrarydoesnol
meet the requirements of the new building eode? ::
I !l
2: Study the Quesrioa.
This example illustrarrs anorher advanrage o[Basic Principle i:i

Rrading ,h, qu"rrion stem 6rsr, heie we wouid be rold

ouirighr whar rhe aurhor's lri
t{
i,
ir
easier ro rnanage'
conclusion is, rnaking the reading of the srimulus much
.:1
fl
1r
ti
t{
l!
l1
InrnnrncE QuEsrloNs EXPEET EXILUSIVE
l1
tl
ihe t
The second-rrtosr common quesrion rype in Critical Reasoning-is (,rrrarq nn
JULLEfJ Ur! ln{prpnrp
rrrtrr\rr\r hrre(lions
Yv-- I
one
InfErenee q-o.srion. The proce*s qf inferr'in& is a rnarser of considering
t.
ofte* depe;':ris en r+e't I
fram thern' l,/
or ruore ,rrr**.nru r, *rdrn.a asd chqn dlawing a canclusion eiimina**g atts'r,ler rheiees .t ,/
thatyou aren'l sure ah:ul ,}l-/
main point'
Somerimes rhr inference is ve{r close ro the author's o'erall
I
tliminate only when You're I
t
Orher drnes, it drals with a less cenrrat poinr"Eirhtl *y'
a valid inferner -.--- it'-
SUtC It ) d = ,-,-^;^
YYlult6 -adarff !
t
t
are true'
is sornething rhat must bc rrue il-rh: sraremcnts in rhe srimulus
Nor rtglr be true, not prol'ab!1 is trqe, bur must be- rrue-
whatssever' Bur
Think of an inlerenseas e conclusion thar reguires no assurnption
' on rir. mairi poinr
becausb an Inference q,r.r.irr,,oold be.based either .lfgurnenti
at] arsw€r on rheSe'
. or oir something I.r, ..nrrd,'ir crn'be ,ery difreult tO prephrass
aasrer'
occdrs tQyqu, that's great' Bur'ex'pect ro go arlslverby
. questions. If one
I elirninaring url'rat you know to be wrong- This
nr;*ffte-ehoice
!,the ltl'1 1f .a

.
rrqrlipii of rhq vgilgylaj| re.am l:glmen!:
:.Lrr!.exarnirig a somg1vh1r:eipandcd
..'*tlysca.p.l.aysvotleyba[tlor:CentiaIHighsehbol,deFpfiethe
team,s rule against participaticn by nonstuden{s.
Therefore,
'' ,

. ..,
:
Allyson must bB river B feet tall:
voll.eyball ream'
Vrong ansver: Allyson is.rhr best player on the Cenrra! HiSh School
rht besr'pleyer an rhs !t-s tempring tc th]nk tlal
Cerraiaiy Eilyson in$htle :clry'
pe'naltirs
,t=,r,,routA p*itot,if. lru..-orhen*ist why would,.$e re:rn rislt wharever
 la:i lv. r ::tiaisgies ;nd frraciire
Chellc;,:

vioiaring rhe rule mighr gnrail,Brlt rlm$jr be rrue? No. Ajlyson-

could be rhe second'
best' or ihi rhird besr. orperi,aps'rh. coa(h owed allrro,.,i d,i, L,n,. \x/e heve
n.
suppon for ri1s idea rhar shes rhe besr on rJ.le ream.

vdid inlerence:.AJIyson is'nor a srude*r er cenrral Hfgh.school.

Ciear.ly, if AJIyson ptays volleyball despire ,i-,.

..r*', r,ule againsr paniciparion by
nonsrudenrs, she musr nor be a srudenr. orhenvise, she rvouldni be playing despire
rhe rulel.sheU be playing in accordalce rvirh rhe rule.. But nore rhat rhis jnference
is
not arl eitenrial assumprio:t of the argurnenr because ihe ccr:clusionpboui AJlyson's
heighr doesni depeod on ;r.

So be caieful: UnJikr an assumption, an inference need nor havr any*ring

ro do u,irlr
t lr. dsLjruj
.,rrL^-'. 5 Lurirtusioi-i.
"i! ^^--1..^: Ir nray simpiy be a p.iece of inforrnation-dcriveci i-rom one or
more pieces o[- evjdence-

Forrunire.ly, rhe Denial Tesr works for inference-s as r,rell ., fo, ,rru,rprions: A vaijd
inierence aiways makes more sense than.irs opposire. If you deny or negare
an answer
choice, and rhe deirial Jr:as ]irtle or nc esecr on the nrgur,r.r,,, rhen chances
are rhat
clroice cannor be infcrred frorn rhe passage.

[$ oruun:
ftevisii ihe questioni in
your Diagnoslic Quiz.
This ti*lethroogfi_
prephrase an an$rrer
f*r eacir'rne and ,
see ii*rat makes the ' 6nd sornerhing based on ir, rhen youi. Iooking ar an ]nfcrence.quesrion Here,s a
diiieren* in lrelping
you ai:swer them
coredly.
'.
Sampte Sterns
lnference guesrions probably havc the mersr variecl wording of a.ll the
Criticet
Reasoning quesiion stems. Sorne quesrion'srrnrs drnbre infeience falrly
obviously,.
orhers are r$ore subrle, and .rrili orhers rnay even look lilce orher quesrion
rypes
entirely. Jhe bortom Iine is rhar if a quesrion asks you ro rakr rhe srimulus
as fact and
quick rundown sfvarior:s Jnference guesrlcn srrns rhrryou may s€€ on your
res{:
, l,J?hich one
of rhe following is ir;ferable from. rhe argumenr abovei
' 'Which one of rhe following is implied by rhe.argurne'r ebor.,e?

' 'if al} rhe sraeernenrc ,bou..re rrue, whieh o{re of rhe folto*iog rnusr aiso be
rrue on rhe'basis of rhern? j ...' -
"
. The irarem€nls abov.e, jf rue, supirorr which of rl:e followingl
. '!flhich
of rhc following.is besr suppon'ed by:rhe qraremenrs.bor.l
' \?hich of the following is tfre conciusion roward whic]: rhe aurhor is probibiy
movjng?g
-: .. .:. ,. . . : . ..-..
'
.. 'l-L-:-,--
iie siaielr(rrrs t : r.'
above best iuppori which of rhe Foilowing conclusions?

Orrre Qr-rEsilox.Tvprs, - . .. :

Assumpdorr, sirengrhen,'ffeatren, and inference maj<e up abour 85 percenr

of all
Critjcai Reasoning quesrions, sg yo.u might run inro other, ,rr., qu.rrion n,Des.
f-------'"/r--'
t
f
. r{t.
 Pari Ti.,,c: Siiii€Eies arid Practi,:e
l3 aL--.-- n
LridPL=t 1l

Whiei0ne0'thel0llowi.ttg."iftrua;wou|d,mo9tstrqngiherrttre
EXPERi'EXCLUS'Yr ^,-..---r^
dl tiUllt6lrt :

Prephrasing is rrucial. Those

whs are very successful al {t{ Prephrtse; AII volleyball players at Cenrral High School xss sver 6 feec tal.i-
questiors are lhose yrfto knor,tr
what they're looking forlefore Answer:
tiey read the an-<wer ehoir*.
O flIo membsr o{

'boisrered
Here, by confirming in efr?ci rhe
zrgurrieR(.

! t I rnprANsTRAJEcy
. For a Skengthen or Weaken question, keep the following in mind:
Weakening an argument is not the sarneias disgroving a ron(lusion-
and strengthening is not the same a!:.prri'vingiAheakener tips the scale
loward doubting the ronclusio[, lvhile a'strelftherr?i tips the srate
tonard believing in the validity of.the conildslqn;

' .
The wording oflen takes ttre form ol "whic[ olthe foHowing, if true,
; would most [weaken or strengthenj,the brgumEnt?:-The 'lif lrue" pari
means that you have to accept the.validihi sf,lhe;nswer rhoice right off
the bat, no matter how unlikely it m.aV1$n!r'
-- ll4any wrong ansyrers have the opposiig.oi iheldeiired effect lf you're
:

I asked ts weaken an.argument,.wat€h oui for.yleng answers ihat wouid

strengthen it- Asked ta strength&ir; gd iihry oT:iueakeaers. Fay dose
atteniion to whA the question ask"

Sample Stems
The srems associated wirh these nuo quesrion rypes,are:usually seif-e*planarory. He.re's

"'Weaken:

' Vhici: onc of the fo.llowing, if true, worrld rnosr lr.ealcen rhe argumeni . -
above?

' Which one of rhe foflowi*glif .rue, wouJd most ieriously damage the .

" .arguI}lent eDovej

'" lfhich:orr. of..rl=. following, if rr,re, casii thd mrxr douhi on rhC iigument',

' . Strh;.h of the follbrring, ili.rue, *ouid mosr ureake;r rhe plan outlined
abovei
 Part Two:.strategies and Practice
Critical Reasoning

o*vhai rhe argurn-crlt depends or' then

askg you lor vrhats rnisi;ng from the ergurnent
it! asking you Io 6nd an assumprion'

5trategies for 5olving Assumption Questions

Asr*'e'r,ejustseen,you€anolienprephraseananswertoanAssurnptionguesrion'By
previervingthequestionsrem,you,i}knowlvhattolookfor.Cnceyouunderstandthe
$1*y ln'el] see a missin-g piece' conside
r rhis simple stimuius:
argumenr's srrrl€rufe, yorl

Allyson ptays volleyball{or Central hiigh

School' Therefore'

AllYson must be over S feet tal!'

Thiconclusionispreiryclrarlythesecondsenlence;,andrheevidenceist.hefirst-
pla,vers have to
;;; ,;; o;rur;*, iv.ll, *iot to sa1, thar all high school "ollivball would say
$g qver 6 feeI talj? 5o we can PreIry
confi.lently prephrase thar an ans}ver

Atfvolleybaf}playersatCertlralHighscheaiaresver6feettatl.

Butwtrarifthrassrrmpdondocs*]rjustjun:pouI?tyouiikethisiCaniourrack
rva:1-th1 GMAT uses
i, io.tni Of eourse you canl Oni of the mosr common
the argument- Norire how the'argurnlnt
asstrmprions ;, ro .or., orir a scope shift in
ana of a sudden irt raii<ing a'bour
above srarrt by ralking alou, pt*y:rrg volleyball, "ii
;;;; ;r.r,* i., ,rtt.iook .louily n-, ,i,. ,.r*, in each part of rhi ar*ument.
Could

Considrr this seenringly solid argurnent; ,

CandidateAwonlhepresidentialelection,canying40outgl
50statesOtearly.,CandidateAhasastr0ngmandatetopush
:
' for her legislative agenda'

SoundsPrelrygoo.J.But.t.keacloselookatrhet'ermsofthel'B*.],.&ecgidcnce '
a sizeable $ajoriry olsrates- Ge conclusion
is aboiit a slrong
is a wir representing
rnandate for an agcnda' Even if yoi'r donl 1 ,nmediirely: see r*.hy those r*ro rbings
-
,u b. ri. you cotld srill.fsrm a pqphi"t:,1\ rhis: 'Candi3t: -
doni.l:arc 1anre, ^t
. biqvierorvrneansshe:hast*"'d"ffor'heragenda'-You'dbqmuchmorelikelyto
I
be.r*eer' ihese r#o' piisipifisies:'

-{t'tr'n'ndldateinihe{ast'24yeals"'*onasr'n'enystatesas-
L#. r$u Le
a--
did Ca*didate A"

ol the pEople who voted'ior C.andjrlate

A si{pport het
'"'3'Mc$t . :

;, ) :l! 'T'L
TSe Ersr answer ch*ice der;n'r dgat v,
-
ith,,eandidlle,|s agtnda- ai.gli,-
^-
il:e.-- :q!g!d-=.-.^.-..J
" -',: , .'

'"'di'q'agenda' so !t rnust
rnust be rrrE right
L'€ rhc
one shdws a coJ"l*ection$gRveen !:er vietory -t 'rblrr
.. ,.:$,.. ,i
: ..r*,.a-
 Parl Tir'ro: 5ii-ategies anr.i Praciice
J9
Chapter 4''

t,,

Brriwhatifyousrilld,rii:,tsurtrliatyo.rr.,n5u,erchoiceis:correct?,or'wharifrhe.
'issulnption is s,r suijiie tJrar yuu carr'l prephrasr dlt a!ls,,r,-r al alliibu ce.r) use tlii
DeniaJTisr.
:

The Denial Test

Because an assumprior: rnusr he rrue for rhe concjusion ro be valid, we can tesi erch
an$ryer by seeing wherher rJre.conclusion could sriU be valid even rhe en$i,er were
negated (e.g., rewritren ro say rhe opposire). If rhe argurnenr falls aparr, then rhat
ansriler ehoice is * *ecessary assumprion. If rhe ergufien{ iI unaffccred, rhen the choiec
is wrong. Lert Jook at rlre volleybal] ans*,er choice:

Atl volleybatl players at Ceniral High School are over 6 feei tall.

Now lert

Some volleyball players at Central High Schooi are,noi-over 6

feet tall"

EXPERT EXCLUsIVE Would AJIyson sri}l have ro be over 6 feet raJl? Of coursc nor! Thart rvhy
Don't Lre loc erttlrne i:hen rhar ansrver choice would be a necessary asurnprion
,Jnt I neoilo :no^:sr rl_r-i. o.
The
u, rJviLi
Lr r._rriLJ.

denial al haiisn'i rcldbul

And norv ]ool< ar the Candidate A answer choices: ' '
rather nol ,hll. 5rmilariy, the .O No candidate in the lasl 24 years won as many states as
aenial af oll ore isn'l none are
but rathei'sorn e oien't. did Candidate A
O Most.of the people who vsted fsr Cindidate A support her
legislative agenda.

And now we'll negare rhen::

'':..'
O Some candidates in the.'last 24 years have won as mtsny
siaies as did Candidate A.
'! t .^ t, !
Cou.ld .Candidare A still gr:joy mas:d*tei Of Lsurse, Jusr bcca*se eEhers fu: rhe
a sEr*l:S
pasr lffere'as popufar. d*esst mEar: rlar shr doesqi enjo.y suppsrr,for her agenda as well.

: _ A Ms_Bt of the people rryho voted fsr Candidate A do not

srrnnnrt hpr lpnielativp anpnda
i
Sow car: Car:didate A claim a :::a*darr lcr hrr agendal Of course noi.
secbnd choicr vrouid br crediied r, .orr..r.
, :.

Assumption quesrloni are urordid in sorne of rhe following lveys:

' \7hi9h one of rhe following is assun:ed by the author?

. I T^^- .,,1,:-L ^-- ^r.]-- f^lr^-,,:^- --...;^,;^^- J^-. .L- -,,,L^. .-t,,)
-l{r
 a

Part Two:Stralegies and Practice

Criticai Reasoning

6. Tnv ro IPREPHRASE" Ail'ANslvER

This principle, which is realiy'an exrension of rhe Iast one' ii crucial' You rnusi try to
approach rhe answer choices with ar leasr a fainr idea ofwhat
the anslv€r sh?*ld
-
look
..
l;!.e . ll',r, is, "prephrase" rhe answer in youi own mind before
looking ar -;
EXPEBT TXCLUSIVT
rhe choices. This iln'r io say')'ou should ponder the quesrion
for rninrrtes-
Notice how the question'asks
ir,< <rill r rnrrlriole*choice resr, so rhe right answer is on the screen- Jusr ger
lr J Jr!r,
$at,usl lot an assuinptlan ln
in the habir of framing an answer in your head' general but for one specifieatty

I - L s' Sure' the corrtcr choice on

abeut tlre new codes? By .

studying the'guestion, we re
3r::X"i;[::::i:I1,il,]l[',J,,11,, o. rnore reshed our rhan vour abie to prephrase lhe answer

!,agu.e idea. Bur your thoughr, you'll [nsw ir in-a seeond'

iIir rnatcfres much more efiectively.

And you'll find rhrr rheres no more sarisfo;ng feeling in Crirical Reasooing
and
rhan prephraging rorrecrly ancl rhen finding rhe correct answer quickly
confidently.

eonrinuing-with the library situation, suPPos€ you wcrc asked rhis:

.Theaulhor'sargumentdepen{isonwhichofthefo}iot*i*g
assumpli0rts about'lhare!#:building codes? ',

' --.t.r'rment
Having hunred for porenrial problems and realized rhar the arBurnent gives
oivpq no
no

- inlorrnuion ;!sus whether the qqdes appli' ro the problems in the librarY' you-corrld
row qurctrty realize. rher rhe anslver rftust sey something like "she new building codes-
rpply in rhis sir,rrrion.'Then an answer like rhls one would jun:p offthe screen as
clearly cotrect:
EXPTHI tXLLUsIVE
The mcsi. eserfve PrePhrases
buildings under cons{ruclion. are vague enough to fil with
-exislr*3
unexpeee<i ideas iiii're
Similarl;', an etherwise tempting answer like this ene weuid .Jlow
seern
buildings') but spedfic E*$ugh
at'out the xspe ol the argu-
-+ ment t+ atlow Ya* tc er'im*rate
ITiO5i VgrU!lB dlllw(}5-

-: afid improved handicapped access as well as

-systenrs
, irnpravements to the eleclricalsy$tem and emergency
. ' pyitq.

'Don';"bl discotiraeed if yeu cen'r elwiys priphiese'an answeiisomE Qtiesriocs'iusr '' '.- - ''-'. ''
'.':I-: =-".:', -'..! "'
wC,R,t-heveanans]rerthatjuorpsou,,'yo.,-.Euriiuse,jtorrettly"prepiiizsingiicrk1..
o1 rhe
o+ many questions- ir *ill realiy boest your.-orirrcdeace ir',d ;rrE *"se ygur speed
secrion *lr.n you cao come up*irh,a glimmer of rrhet the right answer Should.look .

.I
like and rhea have ir iump righr ofi'rhe page at iou' i
 : Parr 71""'o.- SrtTi2ggq tnd Praclre
: ahaplei 4

I . 7,'}{rrl rli; SctiPs oF THE ARGUIvIENT !r{.M!FlD ,: ,;, : '

EXPERT EXC1.USIVE
\i/lxn rhr pcint cf selectinc c::: cf lhc ans'."'er lhcices, focus oil
),o,-t're zr
A remarkabie nun.lber of wrong
answer choices in CR ron',aln
rhe scope of the argurnent. Most of rhe wrong choices on thiS secrion are
scope pioblems., Be taary of . l'rrong.bec:-.rse they are 'outside rlre scope-" In other rvords, the wrong
choicesihirt are too exreme or ansrrer choices conrain eJemenis thst don'r maich dre authort ideas or rhat'
that dont matdr the stimulus in
go beyond rhe contexr of the stinrulus.
lone cr subjed nratler.
Some answer choices are too n3.rrow, roo broad, or havc nothing to do :

wirh rhe ar-rrhor's poinrs- Others are {oo extreme to mdtch the argumentt
scope-rheyie usually signaled by such words as all, olioyt, nfirtr. none,
aqd so es. For 2rgumen$ that are moderare in lone, cotreet a$srrers ere morc gualiSed'
and conrain such words es ilsualll, somerimes, probably-

To illusrrare-the scope principle, lett IOok again at rhe guestion rnenrioned above:.

The author's argument depends 0n which ol the following

assumptions ab0ut the Eew building codes?

Ler's say onef f the choices read as follows:

The new building codes are {ar toc str'lngent

TXPERT TXCLUSIVE
A cornmon enor is to think
hat seope is purely aboul
terminology; ltl rnuch more
about the inpact of the ideu
in 6e answer choice on fre
ideas in the simulus.Jf it has
tre right impQ the arrwet
ish scope, regardless of its
Erninology
;
Knowing rhe scope of rhe argrrmlnr *ouid hilp you ro elirninarc this
choice very quickly. You know rhar rhis argurnenr is jusr a dajm about
whar rhe aew codes.rlrili rcg*ire: rLat rhe iibraqy be reh-abiljrated- Iri not
an argumenr. abour whether rhc requiremenu of rjre ncw codes ere good, or
or ridiculorrsly srrict. That kind of vdue judgmenr is outside the
;us,ifirbl.,
scope of rhis argument.
Recognizing scope problrms is a gEar wav ro climinate dozcns of ."roog
answers guickly. Pay spreiai anenrion to rhe scope. issues discussed ia the
Pracdce lesr olpiana tions-

C F.!TICAL R TA5 O T'JIru G {f,U EsTIO N TYP E5

Now rhat you* farniliar wir-h rhe basic principles of GiticalX.casoning,lcr's look at
rhc rnosr common rlpes ofquesrions. Cenain qucsrion .,'P* *"? up apin and lgain
on rhe GMAL'ti and it Davs to understand rhem beforehand-

Assul,lPTroN Qu rsri oru:

Arr ritumprion biidges a lap bersreen'r,;c pieces of tht a'rgumeirt (,"iually berween
conclusion and evideqce but sornerimel berwell rw.: Hncoiliee,I:d P.ieces oi,evldeace):
Iis r piecc oFsupporr thar isni cxplicirly srarcd bur is necessary for the conclusion rs
re.ruin valid- If thc.assumpiion jsni tiue, the argurnenr falls apar. Vhgn a guestion
 -a

Par! Trrro: Strategies and Praclice

]3
Critical Reasoning

6. Tnv ro i'PREpHttasE" AlI'AHswER

You musr try to
This principle, which iu ,iuiiy.*o exrension of the last one, is crucial-
fis3r1slver sfitr!d losk
approach rhe ansrver chsiceswirh at l*asr a faini idea of '*!ar
lil... Tl]., i:, "p*phrasc" Ihe answer in youi own mind before Iooking:t EXPERT EXCLUSIVE
rhe choices" This iin'r io say.you should ponder *rc question
for rninutes-
Notice how the question'asks
irt srill a mutriple-choice resr, so rhe right answer is on the screen- Jusr get *ot,ust ter an atsurnpllcn tn
in the habir of framing an arswer !n your head' general but for one specilaatiy
about the nevr codes? By
once you have prephrased, scan the choices. sure, the cGrrect choice on
.

studying the questian. were

rhe exam *ill be ,vorded diffcrenrty anc rvi.!! be n:ore fleshed out
rhan/'our - L,---
aDle tU Plepllld'(
rL-
Ulc.!ll5wEl
---.----

vague idea. Bur i[ir matcfres your thought, you'ii knsw ir-in a second' much more eflectively.
'A-nd feeling in crirical Reasoning
7ou'll fin.i rhe.r rheret no more sarisfoing
and
rhan prephrasirrs correcrl-V anci then finding the correct answer quickly
' conlidently.

eonrinuing-v;ri rhc library siruation, suPPose you were asked rhis;

; The author's argur,nent depends gn which 0f the fslioisi;ig
assumpti0ns about th€ new building codes?

Having hunred for porential problems and realized rhat the argurnent gives no
you-couid
inForrnrrion abour wherher rhr qp-des apply to rhe probiems in the libtarY,
now quickly realize rhai she ens.tver must :ay soeerhlng Uf . tnt new building
codcs-
'as
apply in this siruarion." Then e$ a}Iswer lilce rhis aae woirld iurnp os the screfn
cle'.arly €orrect:
EXPT}.:I LILLUiIVT
OThenewcodesapplyt0exisiingbuiidingsaswellast0. lhe nrosl i{feel*e prephr=ses
are vague enough lo fil with
uirexpeaeri ideas iiiiee "eri:ti*3
Similarl;', att orhenvise tempring.answer tilc this one wouid.nowseern b*!idings') but speeific e*r*gh
about the xope of the argu-
ffie$t ts atiavti ya*; t* etirni*ate
r.c
o Tr'* fieve codes woutd force ren8ratio$ the ventilation iTto5t YiiullB dt l)lerYl 5.

.: improved handicapped aceess ds well as

*systems and
improvements to the eleclrleal syslem and emergency
EAll.j
.' :

,'"'Dnh'fbd;;s*rrged;fyoqgan'ral*iyi:prephrase'ananswei"'somgguestioni'iYn', :." ' .." ,'-

'I " won'r hroe an qhat iurnps ou, ,i yo,r, Bur ii useci cbffectiy, prep'hrasing works- - '

"ns:rgr? ..r! !! L - ---^E)-^--;nA i^..ace \r^rrr <ripPd On the

d'!u "'uL6JL
on many questlons. Ir wlll feally Doost your corll'LisrrLr
look
secrion *h"n yo'can come uP *irh a gli"ln"' o[r'htt rhe right answer shouid
like and then have ir jump right oflthe PagE ar you'
Ir

' 1
gati,.'ii,;5i{". }f ,

Parl Tvro: grare6ies and Practicg

Critical Reasoning . i.

,: ,.

rhe aurhor! main argurnent ro rour;elf' l.hat

Afier you rea,.{ rhe ,,i*ulur,'paraphrase
Frequently' the authors in Crirical
is, restati the author's ideasin yourownwords'
Reasoning say prcrry simple ,ting,
i, complex *ryr. so if you nrenrally translate ihe
more manageable
v'e i"rrro'"'ri*p;., fo", rhe whole fiing should be
rbiage ' t,
: J^-', ..,cnr
-L-Lt-- don't
yeu probably rllent ,", dsal-wirh rhe luli
to drzFwirh
]n the library argulnent, lor insranee'
cornpleriry of rJ:r aurhar's sretcd eonclusion: EXPERT EXCLUSIVE
physical
The Brookdaie Public Library wilI requlre exlensive Paraphrasiog serves a5 a
valuable tert- ll You can't
rehabililationtCIrneetthenewbuildingcodesiustpassedby
paraphrase ihe stimulus, You
the town council- probabtY ilon't understand it

a rl'uch simp!er point: yet. l{you don't understand '

Insread, ,vou probably wanr to paraphrase the stimulus, the odds ol
' The library vrittneed fixing uF to meet
new codes' geBing the right answer are
not stiong, so keeP trying- lf
c:;:l^.1,, '!.-
JlljllldrrI, rrru ^,irlenre
r'.uL"- - ;r nretw
iq ,_ - i bulkV: You can't PanPhrase after
ieveral tries. Ysu strould
: For one thing, the electrical system is
inadequaie' causing probablY make a guess and
move on to the ned Problern'
poorly marked and
few emergency exits, and even those are
sometimes iCIckcd' ar .

You eould ParaPlr1asc it like this: ,

.emeIgencyexitsaiehard1olind,loc}ted'andt0i,lew.

' So the whole ergument mighr bes'id simplyt . -

The library's wirifrg electrical system is bad'

a*d the
' emergeflcy exits are hard te find' Ioeked'
and tso few'
'
'Ttrerefqre, tn, tin"'y wili need Iixing up'ro meet new codes'

run rhe risk of

Ofrerr, by rhe tine-you begin reading t!.rough'lt'::*t'.it:::tt'you
tr1u*".*l i:,.y:"' *n*t
losing sighi.of thc gist of the srimulus' 5o 'est"i"g ft ll"
v,,iil oniy heig yau get:the
n.ot. aurhor's gcirr i3 thr firsi placf ir ylfl l::,|tf l f:u '
,.Irold. o$ ro it.'irncil y6ure fotrnd thq.c'o.15ect'answgrt
.:

'. rfir.i,r-
d{. ruK r(J I'trlE I lftL Fpnp.t
uN I --^-;'!)nrr.*..'rrr.r FMS WITH TilE ARGUMENT
I a\v uL'"'.
. t. .1.:--
nor passively, on rl:e GMAa..Ae tive readers arr alvySys tnir"iring
You musr read actively.
reec'riaas as thry go along'
crirically,'enalyzing what rhey're readinS' and'for5:ing
r . ^- r ^r -;;-^,,i^--^ ..',,,-'.^i or fece value, they iook ior potential problems' TJ:is'
. - in_--_fl;ngproblerns-
pays htrge dividenels ofl most Lrill(al rrcasu si
..,,
 Pari ri,,r Sir;iegres cnci practice
fl.=n.a. r

: i,
Here a-re yom€ conlmon pgientiaj probrenr's in crirical Reasoning quesriqls;
., ,: .

c Shifts of scope- The arg.urnent suddenly inrroduces a ne1v. rerm or idea that
wasni rnenrioned bcfore and isni connecred to rhe resr of rhe argumenr.
r Confirsin6 corrclatiaR for causatian, Jusr because rwo rhings haplan zir th!
Sarne-rime doesn'r mean rhar one caused rhe otherl

' Plans ind predictiors. Could there be somerhing inherently seJf-delearing

t.
''abour a proposed course of acrion? Any uninrended consequences? Any
importanr facrors unaccounred [or? The GMAT ,rrrnf quesrions abour
"rk,
plans and predicrions, because rhey are Jike miniarure business pla*si

'consider
rhe argumenr abour rhe Iibrary again. seerlrs prerry reasonable
FXPFRT FYTI IIqI\Itr
UJr t L
ar firsr glance-good Iighring and working rmergency .*ir, prerry
imporranr for a
"r.
public building. Bur rhe crirical reader mighr ask -wair a
Don't lvorry abc'r.:i l,;h:iher
you personaiiy fini an sq6*l'vg ggt a lsr of informarion sbour thr problems bi,r no infoimarion
argument persuasivs or ncL abour rhe codes. Do rhe codes apply ro Bickering lighrs, for example?"
Tlsre y;iii bt, er,,en in very
L iompeiling aigumenLr (iike ti.re since parr of whar youie caJled on ro-do hcrc ii''ro evaluace ergru:nenrs,
i,hrany crt). sor,re room icr
doni Ier yourself fall inro rhe bad habits of rhe passive reader-reading
question-and the CfvlAi rviil
,..^rL-r----.
u)r i,ilJr t(Jurlt d5
- (ne De5l5 ICI
solely lor
rhe purpose of ge rring rhrough rhe srirnutus. Those rvho read rhi-<
ihe right ani,,ver. way invariabiy find rhemselves having ro read srirn*ri r\yo or cvcn rhrce
rimes- Then theyie caught shorr on rime. Rerd u\e srimuli right rhe 6rsr
drne-wirh a crjrical eye and an acriye mind-

5, AxsvrrER THE euEsrta$ BEING Asrr* .

One of rhe mosi dishearrening experiences in Crirjcal Reasoning is to unc]ersrand

, rhe
aurhort argutEr-Ilt fully bul rhtn supply an anse/er r* a quesri+n thar wasrr'. as;<ed.
If you're asked for zrt infrrence supporred by rhe ,rgu*.or, selecting il:e ehoicc
rhar
.paraphrases the author's ronrlution wilj earn you no poinrs. Neirher-will selecring
a
^L-:-- -i r t
a'roice thar iooi<s'ragueiy j.ii<e a summarJ o{ rhe aurhori euid*rr iiyouie asked for an
asntmlution.

The classic exarnpla of rhis error occurs on "Srrengrhen/weaken.tluestions-

\flhen yau'tt asked ro srrengrhqn or,+eaken an argumrnr, you .ro be su*
thar chere rvjil br one, rwo, evrfl rhree answer choices rhar do rhe opposire
of whati asl<ed. choosing such a w.rong chsice is less a rnarrer;rirri"*'r"
u;:riersrand #e argumeni rhaa'of iaiiing to rirnembrr
5iirrask ar harrd-
The'qrles{op sre.s:.r,r'ill *l,n"lri 4sh lor somqrhi$g.veri, speei$er.}t'i yo*i
. lob
the resc makers' iine of reasoning ro ih* credired resporiie- :j'
f tt
te'foiiow

Also, be on the }ool<out for "reucrsers," r,*;ords such as not end cxtept. These Iitrle
.words
are easy ro rnj$s, but rhey change.enrirely rhe kind ofstairrnrn{ you'r. Ioo}r.ing
lor
 i' c : :\i l aileE : r
I i Tr.",'ir i a ir'-.j ii e i i i ie
]C
Chapter 4

.. I .
,a

"',., ,.th6 Sys{em,'f.0ur}d a iev,,r.fraye$r,liire5 as Well aS sgrpe blggs ' - ..' :

f uses [evidenee], clearly, the el'ectrical svsiem al the Brookdale

Public Library is inaclequaie [coneiusion]'

TosuccFedinCririca!.R.casoning,you'IIhivitobeab}erodetirr*inet}cprecise
is to use
functiciit-of .rr.ryr.rrr.-rrsc in ,hl srimulus. Jhe e:lsiest lvey {o do thi's
srrucrr.rial signals, orl'key words" aswE cail then: ar i(ap!an, ro idenrift
conclusion
o'f evidence;
and evidenc.. Wo.dssi.lih as becaust,for, and -rinrr are clear indicarions
,,rods such as tbnefort, benrc,.rhu,ro, and consequently usualty signal the
cbnclusion'
Notice how rhe ward ebarlyin the arggm€$l above provides e srrong sigad
that rhi
l*, r.nr.n.Jis the conclusior:. . :.
do; Io.ok
Nor evcry cridcal R.easoning srirrrulus will ha';e rhese l'.ey words' L'ut mosr
wiiJ
for-rhem every rime, because ruing rhern ro identify conclusisn and evidence
greatly increase nor on.ly yourubiiry to ger the righr answer btrt also
youf abiliry ro do
so quickll
srrue rure of
The exptanarions for the practice test in the back of this boolt discuss the
raaoy of the Critical Reasatrin6 arguments on the tcsr, so read these.earefutly
to share
up your undersranding of this c,-ucial asPen'

2. Sruov rHE QursTtol{

Belare yo* read rhe stin:uh:s, iook cver *re que*tioa- This rvili give you
some idea
abo*t whar you need io look for as you read. Suppose the guesrion with the
Iibrary
&r6unrenr above asJied ihe foilawing:

The author supports her poinl about the need for rehabilitation
]atthe'Brookdalet-ibrarybycitingWhicholtheiollowing?

If3,og rerd rhe gu-esrion'before the srimuJus, you'd know what ro look far
in,
l.,Jr,rn.E--orrty much
,ha evidesce, tie "suppog" pievided- You wsddni have to pay
.arterrio*iorheeelicIusiooataJ]!BugsuPPo5erIrcquestionwerethis:

The authoirs rnain pcint is best expressed by vqhilh uf the ''

.a

In rhis taseyou'd do rhe opposite-you'd focus only on-the conclusion and

''t
-weuldiil,e?ri mtch about $ie evi<iqnce' , . .' -

n.lfr;+g rhS guistion irrsr alJolvs you ro.savej valuab;e rimg .by lelling
you .

horx, io anatk rhe srjmuli- A, yor;I1 soon see, rh.is rechnig$e

rvi}I !g .esper-la}ly''
a work-jng'knovledge,of igr the
landy$rqnyou have great
.
thesrrarcgies
X*itf;rliiff+:Sili{?i'Eii :irrj;a"fr."}*i:+':"'-:r,'*:;'li;:iiti:;z! l-jii4s.liiiiA!:"t*[i;:;it"]:irji:,-i':';i]r']'a.iil-;:"'.J's;|iaG;?i5E:'3;;;.:ii'r-;ii!:Di1i1#;4a'is"dh61t{i':r:''r;'3-

a
li.
.l
Pert r,wo: Strategies and Prattice lq
Critical Reasoning

areshauringereachothFr,AnargumentinCriticaiReasoningmeansanypieceof
resr whe* i'; i,r,ho, piit! forih i sei'of iileas'indlor a poinr of
visw and attempts to
5uPPortit..seryGMATargumentismadeupofrwobas-ic9arrs:
(l) The concJusion (the pointih,t the aurhor is rrying to make)
(2) f}e evidence (the supporr rhar rhe aurhor ofiers for the conclusion)

suceess on this secrien hinges o$ yGuf abiliry to idenrifr th*e parts of thc
arsur}}err. Therc is no general rule rbour where thr coaclusiori aad evideace EXTEET EXCI*5lVE
xppear in dre argumenr-the conc.lusion cou.ld be the firsr seflten€'e, loltowed Over 70% of (ritical Reasoning
nr rcctinn.- r!(P eroi tmprit( (n
by rl:e rviclerice, or ir could be rhe lasi senrencr, wid: rhr <videncc
preceding r{uLres!,r

understanding their Jir ueture

it- Conridrr the'1tip'uhtr (in other rvords, rhe passage): will be'oi Breat help on Test Oay.

TheBrookdalePublicLibrarywillrequireextensivephysical
rehabititationl0.neetihenewbuildir"lgcodespassedbythe
tonrn couficil. For sne thing, the eleclrica! systefn is inadequate,
eausing the tights to iticker spsradicali',. Furthermore, there
are loo fsw smetgency exils, and even ihssd are poorly rnarked
and sometimes locked.

suppose rhar rhe.aurhJr of this argurnent was allowedonly one sentence to convey
h., *.*rriog. .Do you thi$& shg:"crrld wasre her rime v;ith rhe .fcllcrriag starel,renr?
'lfautd she r;alk a*ay srrisfied rhar her r*ain point wes comrRunicated?

The'electiicat systerft [at the Brookdate Public Library] is

Inadequate, carsing the lights ts llicter.spotadically'

Probably.not. Given a.singlc opporruniry she would have io state the Frir sentesce to
convry .lrer real purpose:

.:--TneBrobLdale.PublicLibrarywi!lrequireextensivephysical

,lhrt ls making
tlr..onclusict. iiyorr prrsstd the aurhqr io stale her reasons {ai
:

' thar sraremenr, she would lhcn cire the .,.-tr..l snd srructural prpblems wirh the
. : .

' ii htr conciusion- . .' ', ,

' buil.l;ng- Thar rhe evidence-'for ' '

-.Burdocsthatmean.tharanevideneesiatfmentjike*Thee!eciricaIsysternis.
--:.--i.-,,-::-. .-.,r,....t.,'-.:....
-. :; -.----:'-.-.-:=:- .. , .:, . -,.::: .-._i: ..::,tl
, .,nagequaie,. !r
cafirbeaconcluiio,l.No,l we'reJustsaylngfIsnerthe.cqoclusion'fol ... :. ..'.''
.:thisga,fie.,}arzrgti.nient.Evbryidia;everynew.staternent,mistbeevaJuar5ditthe
contixt of tie srisonlus id which-i1 eppears-

For rhi srareminr above ro serve as rhg conclusion, rhe srimulus would be rhe followingr'
. _' : .
TFro otocirinet reririnn et ihb Rrnnkdale Prrhlic' Libf af V waS .'
IIIL LIUVTI

' instailed ever 40 years ago and appears. to be corroded in :

spme places [evidenceJ. An elecirician, fran inspection ef '

 jI r_o'l
n-/ -..
rfiu^
i rlnaptrr <

Abour I2 Crirical
tIFIfiT,tX{lUSlVE ' . .,: ] Reasoningquesrioas.appeer on rhe .Gh4AT; He.rrt.an
elample ofone:
Nolire that the queslion '-omes
eftei the argumeni? Yau'il sa,i,E
li
A study 0f 20 ovsrweighl men revealed that each man 1

a lst +f time if yc* skip da:irysr experienced significant weight loss after adding Stirnilown,
to the question firsl and read
an artificial food supplement, to his daily diet. For 3 months,
the argument serond.
each man consumed one SlimD0wn porti0n every morning after
exercising and then followed his normal diet for the resi o{ the
day. Clearly, anyone who consumes one portion of SlinrDown
euery riay for at least 3 months will iose weighi and v*ill loo-k

-and leel his best.

Which one of the following is an assurnpiioil 0n which the

argument depends?

l.O The men in the study will gain back the weight if they
disconlinue lhe SlimDown program.

lO No other dietary supplement will have the sanie eilecl on

@ an*xr overweight men.

Reinloice your Critical
Reasoningstrategies
O The daily exercise regimen was not responiible isr the

earh rnonth with your

nerquh.
' adhere to the SJimDown program for S monlhs.

O 0verweight men wiil achieve only partial weig[rt loss if they

dsn't remain on the SlimDown program lor a full 3 months.

On rhe G]t{AI in in four cereer, you'll need rhe abilir.y ro see

business school, and
and understand complo< reasoning. Jrt nor enough ro sense wherher an ar&urnenr
,j tr19"g or weak; you'll need ro analyze precisely u,hy ir is so. J}is presurnes a
fundimentd skill rhat's catrled on by nearly rvcry Cririeal Reasoding quesrion-rhe
abiliry ro isolate and i,Jenrify the rrrious .o*porr.nrs of any g;o.n lrgr*enr. And rhar
.bringp-ustot}:ebasicprincipIes.ofCriticalRe.*sonif}g.'

':
THE SEVEN BASII PRINCIPTES

.Ilere are rhe basic skillsthai you need ro succeed on t_K quesrions: .'

i, Ui*prnsrAliD TltE SrnueruRE oF Atrr Ane umEl'rr

First, you rnusr knowhow argumenrs are srrucrured so rhar ]!ou can
know ho.v ro break rlrem do:arn inio rheir core cornpo,:enrs. Wi"r, ."e
lr
use rhe word argumert, we don'r rnean a conversaLion w.l-iere roi'o peopie

' -r4
.':" '
 .t
Far.t Two:Strategies and Practtce I a]

d.:HAPTER +: tRITi{AL REAS*ruIruG

I
t
I

' Quesiion Fornrat and Structure

I

' The Seven Basic Principles of Criiical Reasoning

I

. eri*cal Reasoni*g Questio* Types .t

, Kaptan'i tour-Step Mettrod for CriticalReasoning

tr -

A i
" ---r7 tu"'u']'11-
cri ri cal Reason ing esrs reason in[
r skiils i nvolveil i, ifle*;3rti'*t' -,
q'.1':-t::,li:.::::.
argumenrs,
"rd
[.o1m,rlrring or evaluaiing ' 1l"ii:n,]'-l$,-"i
- - oIsourc.r,
^c rA,t'i/tll^H-ot'.need to
,l'^,,'L y,i,,'i'#ffi;i5'.q
lfl:
bdilamljlar with
.o bdrramiliar vt'ltn 1
,i;,.:;"1;;;;;';.'iery ,i,o,,gh
t ':.;. .'t, i
I
any s*blrcr marrer urflorehand. "" \.i i
Er ;'," r'\ i, '''l f* i//

Specifica.lly, you a'e measuied on vour abilirv '"

*ffi,'*#f"t:1,t'*' EXPTET EX{LUSIVE
:i
:

Basiiltrucru* t],::- I A slill that Pertains to each of

..

, Argu'resr consrruction: Recog.nizing the

i ;;;
thet lhree artor i: the abili$
ons' un derlT i n g ass-um Pt i1.n s' to recog*ize ihe "stoPe" oi a*
r, pro prf y draw n cor cl us i

"rg-o..rr berwccR strucruraily similar issue, Tlris is PerhaPs the Pc:1

;;;ir;rt; hypo,i.r.,, oi pirallrls
importirnt Critical Reasoning
:a:g;umel}rs sk*!. end Y**3 be reading a lat
-]A,gp-"nt.er,aJuariorr:Analping&na,gu,,CIr;reeagnizing abaut ii in tlie Pages t* c*me!

Itl.nrc tliar wouldttrcngche* or wcaken lt' jd.eltifring-:1':-"."t"g

-
.

. ertois committed in tht

arguerrrt' or aspeirs of the ergument's'
development
' Formulating and evaluating a plan ot"n., *i+r:: R<ognizing the reJarive
of differe nr plans of acrios' as wel!
e-nroorieteness. eflectiveness, and effitiei
.;;;;'"",h*,'*o*!dstricgrhen9rwea}ie1agraq-sedo}a:roi1i1j

nr lFqTl{-}N
.llr-*-. l-^i,
-lhe dtrccttons tgr Crirical Reasoning guesrions
F are shorl';nd to the point' iilt)' {ooK

1;L-.1-i..

BirecllonS: )elect tllu utrsr ur rrtL !.'ru'rvr v'rv'.evv 5 -

'*,
,*,