PLANNING, DESIGN, SCHEDULING AND ESTIMATION OF

EDUCATIONAL BUILDING
A report submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

ANNAMDEVARA SAI ESWARI N161079

PILLI DEVI LAHARI N160913
DEVARAKONDA ISWARYA N160927
TEKUMUDI SRI RAMYA SATYA N160696
PONNANA KOTESWARARAO N160438
Under the esteemed guidance of
MR.V.PHANNENDRA KUMAR M.Tech

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge and Technologies
Nuzvid, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh - 521

I
 CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION

This is to certify that the work entitled “Planning, Design, Scheduling and
Estimation of Academic Block” is the bonafied work of A.Sai Eswari(N161079), P.Devi
Lahari(N160913), D.Iswarya(N160927), T.SriRamya Satya(N160696),
P.Koteswararao(N160438) carried under my guidance and supervision for the partial
fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in the
department of Civil Engineering at RGUKT Nuzvid. This work is done during academic
session November 2021 May 2022, under our guidence.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr.V.Phaneendra Kumar (M-Tech) Mr. B. Srinivasa Rao
Dept. of Civil Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering
RGUKT,NUZVID RGUKT, NUZVID

II
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work entitled “PLANNING, DESIGN,

SCHEDULING AND ESTIMATION OF ACADEMIC BLOCK” being
submitted by A. Sai Eswari(N161079), P. Devi Lahari(N160913), D. Iswarya(N160927), T.
Sri Ramya Satya(N160696), P.Koteswararao(N160438) in partial fulfillment of the
requirements BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY, department of Civil Engineering at
Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Nuzvid is a bonafied record of work
carried out by students under the guidance and supervision. The contents of this record, in
full or in parts, have not have been submitted to any other institute or the university for the
award of any degree or diploma.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr.V.Phaneendra Kumar (M-Tech) Mr. B. Srinivasa Rao

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering
RGUKT,NUZVID RGUKT, NUZVID

Place: Nuzvid
Date:

III
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This opportunity is to express whole hearted thanks to all those who helped in the project

work of “PLANNING, DESIGN, SCHEDULING AND ESTIMATION”. It is

very grateful to express profound gratitude to the respective project guide Mr.V.Phaneendra
Kumar for their inspiration and guidance from time to time. The experience of learning with
them would cherish forever. It is very grateful to express gratitude to the respective HOD sir
and civil department, supporting staff members for providing permission to access
workstation for project purpose.

IV
 ABSTRACT

Education is a social institution through which a society’s children are taught basic
academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms. Educational institution is
responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills and cultural values within a
formally organized structure. It is one of the most influential institutions in contemporary
societies. Every nation in the world is equipped with some form of education system, though
those systems vary greatly.
This project provides a special educational building for the civil engineering department.
For this purpose the sire is selected in which the building has three floors including aground
floor, it consists of all the rooms required for the academic building like faculty cabins,
classrooms, laboratories with equipments included.The core of the report describes about the
planning, design, scheduling and estimation of the academic building from the initial stage to
the final stage by considering and exercising all the necessary practices. By considering the
building by laws we provide this building and by using softwares we have done 2D in
AUTOCAD, 3D modelling in Revit, Analysis and Design in E-TABS, Scheduling in
Primavera P6 and Estimation and Costing using MS Excel.
Our project is of G+3 academic building done by using the above mentioned
softwares and using the building by laws.

V
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter1: Introduction
1.1 Educational Building
1.2 Selection of Site area
1.3 Building by-laws
1.4 Functional requirements of educational buildings
Chapter2: Planning
2.1 Geometry
2.2 About AutoCAD
2.3 2D and 3D Functions
2.4 Architectural Drawings{2D)
Chapter3: 3D Modelling
3.1 About Revit
3.2 Modelling
3.3 Rendering View
Chapter4: ETABS Software
4.1 ETABS Introduction
4.2 Loads on the Structure
4.3 Material Properties
4.4 Analysis in Etabs
4.5 Checks
4.6 Detailing of Structural Members
Chapter5: Scheduling
5.1 Methodology
5.2 Work Break Down Structure
Chapter6: Estimation and Costing
6.1 Estimation
6.2 Purpose of Estimation
Conclusion
References
VI
List of figures:
2.1 Ground Floor plan 8
2.2 First Floor plan 9
2.3 Second Floor plan 9
2.4 Third Floor plan 10
2.5 Column layout 10
3.1 3D modelling oblique view 12
3.2 Front Elevation 12
3.3 Inside view 13
3.4 Inside view of a class room 13
3.5 Total building view 13
4.1 Grid model 19
4.2 Framed Structure 19
4.3 Check for sectional frames 20
4.3.1 Story drift 21
4.3.3 Torsional regularity check 21
4.4 Shear force 22
4.5 Bending moment 22
4.6 Analysis and Design 23
4.7 Detailing
4.7.1 Columns 24
4.7.2 Beams 25
4.7.3 Footing 26
4.7.4 Slab 27
4.7.5 Staircase 28
5.1 Work Breakdown Structure 29
5.1.1 Scheduling 30
5.2 Gantt Chart 30

VII
6 Estimation
6.1 Footing 33
6.1.2 Columns 33
6.1.3 Beams 34
6.2 Steel 35
6.3 Concrete quantity 36
List of Tables:
Table 1.1 - Category of the Building and Minimum Size of Plot in sq.m for Educational
Institution 3
Table 4.1: Imposed floor loads for different occupancies 15
Table 4.2 Columns 23
Table 4.3 Beams 24
Table 6.1 Details of measurement form 32
Table 6.2 Abstract of Estimated cost 33
6.3 Table of Stone masonry
6.3.1 Classroom 37
6.3.2 Staffroom 38
6.3.3 Washroom 39

VIII
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Educational Building
Includes a building exclusively used for a school or college involving assembly for
instruction, education or recreation incidental to educational use, and including a building for
such other uses as research institution. In our case we design an educational building for civil
engineering department by providing all the requirements like laboratory classrooms like
mechanics of materials, surveying, fluid mechanics environmental engineering near to
classrooms (within the educational building). And we provide drawing rooms and computer
classes to learn computer courses like AutoCAD for 2D drafting, Revit for 3D modeling etc.

1.2. Selection of Site area

The top criteria for selecting the land or building in India to open a school -
1. Proximity - Proximity to the local community is a decisive factor, the closer the better.
0 – 5 kilometers proximity is ideal; however, specialty concepts may not find enough real
estate within the said proximity. It is desirable for the school land to be close to the civic
amenities including hospitals, utility stores, industries, workplaces, etc.
2. Accessibility - Must be very well connected by road, rail and/or Air. Approach road
leading to the school should not be discounted either.
3. Distance vs Travel Time - Irrespective of the distance, the time required to commute
to the school must not exceed 10 to 30 minutes. In the case of a boarding school, busy parents
should be able to easily pull out time for school visits.
4. Neighborhood — The target community must have the optimum density of school
going children and parents could afford and appreciate education in your school. Performance
and accomplishments of other schools in the neighborhood have an implicit effect on the new
school.
5. Size of the Land – Land required to scale infrastructure to meet the projected
enrollments must be factored in. Ease of construction/development is desired.
6. Modifiable — In the case of a building it must be open to alterations, customizations
and must be fit structurally. Those looking to convert engineering colleges into a K-12 school
must keep in mind that the desired customizations are affordable.
7. Safety & Security - The location must not have the reputation that would compromise
child’s safety and security. It must not close to a geographical fault line
8. Historical profile - The land might have had other constructions on it in the past. A
look into the history must not be missed.
9. Vaastu – Those who believe in Vaastu should make sure that the one you choose is
Vaastu compliant. Seek the proper guidance of a Vaastu consultant. Wastage of land in the
form of setbacks for Vaastu compliance should be minimized.

1
10. Titles & Price - Land/building titles are very clear andare free from legal disputes.
Financial consideration is central to the decision of choosing the property. The price would
affect the quality of the school as it will determine the direction in which it would evolve.
Development fee also has an impact on the overall project budget.

1.3. Building By-Laws

Building bye-laws are a set of rules under which construction of a building needs to
take place. The rules regulate coverage, height, architectural design and safety measures in
order to protect buildings against natural disasters such as earthquakes and hazards such as
fire as well as structural failures.
The first version of model building by-laws was prepared in 2003 by the Ministry of
Urban Development when they incorporated provisions of structural safety, fire safety and
barrier-free public buildings. The Bye-Laws were circulated to all state governments and
union territories and out of 36 states and UTs, 22 have taken comprehensive revision in their
respective building bye-laws since 2004.
The bye-laws were later revised in 2015 in light of emerging issues such as sanitation
facilities for visitors in public areas, conservation of heritage buildings and barrier-free
environment for disabled, elderly and children.
The circular issued in 2016, includes the following new provisions.
1. Green Building and Sustainable provisions - Rainwater harvesting, wastewater reuse,
installation of solar rooftop PV rooms.
2. Provisions for disabled, elderly and children - Access path/ walkway, toilet, parking,
drinking water, stairways, lifts, refuge and designing for children safety.
3. Structural safety and security - Includes disaster management guidelines for different
building types. Prevention measure against ‘soft storeys’ in multi-storey buildings and proof
checking of structural designs.
4. High rise building regulation - Structural safety requirements for high rise buildings,
open spaces, building components, services and fire safety parameters.
5. Swachh Bharat Mission - Revised regulations for adequate toilet facilities for women and
public conveniences such as separate public toilets for visitors in public buildings.
6. Rain water Harvesting - Provision for harvesting rainwater in different types of buildings
and responsibilities for Urban Local Bodies (ULB) in public spaces. Includes rainwater
harvesting techniques, provision for open spaces, enforcement and monitoring.
7. Communication technology - Provision for effects of electromagnetic radiations in built
spaces by identifying emissions and sources.
8. Conservation of heritage sites - States the responsibilities for owners of heritage
buildings regarding repairs, restrictions on development, preservation of the beauty of the
area and penalties.

2
9. Special requirements for occupancy/land development - Includes provisions for
industrial and commercial buildings regarding the development of land, building in the
mining area, poultry farms and penal action for violation of the master plan.
10. Ease of doing business - Introduce provision for online building plan approval process,
generation of reports/approvals, automatic generation of the completion certificate, clearance
of master plans and integration of a “Single Window” process for users.
11. Building plans approval - Includes different bodies in charge for clearance of building
plans before construction such as Urban Art Commission (UAC), National Monuments
Authority (NMA), Airports Authority of India (AAI), Metro Rail Corporation (MRC),
Heritage Conservation Committee (HCC), etc. to grant No Objection Certificate (NOC)/
approvals on the proposed building plans to the local bodies. Moreover, the clearance of the
master plan from different bodies is required.

A. The Andhra Pradesh Building Rules (G.O 168)– 2017:

1. Minimum Width Provisions for Stairways:
Educational Buildings like Schools, Colleges is 1.50m
2. Minimum thread:
The minimum width of thread without nosing shall be 300mm.
3. Maximum riser :
The maximum height of riser shall be 150mm .the no of risers are limited to 12 per
flight.
4. Minimum Width Provisions for Passageway/Corridors
All Other Buildings including Hotels is 1.50m
5. Parking area to be provided as percentage of total built up area
For Colleges, Godowns, Hospitals, Industrial buildings, Institutional buildings,
Residential Apartment Complexes, Schools, Educational Buildings & Other Buildings = 20

a Primary/Upper Primary School 2000

b High School / Residential School 6000
c Junior college 4000
d Degree College 6000
e Technical Educational Institution 10000

Table 1.1 - Category of the Building and Minimum Size of Plot in sq.m for Educational
Institution

3
B. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE- 2016 :
1. the height of plinth shall not be less than 450mm from the surrounding ground level.
Every interior country yard shall be raised at least 150mm above the determining ground
level and shall be satisfactory for drainage.
The height all rooms for hiuman habitution shall not be less than 2.75m measured from the
surface oif the floor to the lowest point of the ceiling, that is bottom of the slab.
According to clause 12.2.1.1 NBC-2016 ,
For educational buildings ceiling height is 3.6m for all regions and for cold regions it is 3m.
Selection of site and factors effect it:
1. define your reason or purpose for situating your plan on the site
2. location and accessibility
3. access to utility and raw materials
4. knowing your compitetors
5. study the building / land surrounding to it
6. lan shape size and topography
7. security and nature of the neighborhood
8. law & finance
9. know the soil type
10. weather conditions
11. natural features
1.4 Functional requirements of educational buildings:
Schools buildings have particular design requirements in terms of spatial planning and
flexible use of space. Modern educational buildings are required to achieve strict
performance targets, such as acoustic, thermal or ventilation requirements and also must
provide flexible spaces to suit a variety of uses. There is also a need to consider how the
buildings can be adapted and reconfigured to meet future educational needs. Emphasis is
placed on pupil and staff satisfaction, the studying environment as well as community
involvement. Therefore safe and good environmental performance are also important
requirements.

4
Orientation :
For optimum orientation
1.A building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in summer.
2. In hot climates, verandahs or chajjas or sum breakers may be provided. Hospital school,
drawing office, the library should be located on North Side i.e. long sides of these should face
north whereas south side and west side should be protected by verandahs.
3. Verandahs should not be provided on north facing
4. To reduce the intensity of sun rays.
5. The tall tree is may be planted on the sunny side.
6. Walls of the minimum area may be provided on East and Westside.
7. Rooms which are occupied through the day are placed on North, whereas bedrooms may
be located on West or in direction of prevailing wind.
8. For ventilation point of view, the height of a house should not be more than twice the
width of the street.
9. No part of the building is allowed of the project beyond the set back distance.
10. for air flow we provide openings to the walls at the end of the corridors in all levels of the
building.
11. For ventilation we provide windows in classrooms, they are also helpful in allowing
sunlight into the classrooms.
12. we provide all laboratories in the ground floor so that the load of heavy equipment is not
acting on the columns , and if there is a problem in machine parts of the we can easily access
or we can easily fix or replace the equipment.

5
 CHAPTER 2
PLANNING
2.1 Geometry :
Specifications: all dimensions are in mm
Class room sizes : 15500 x 13000 mm^2
Laboratory room sizes : 15500 x 13000 mm^2
Staffroom size : 10500 x 12000 mm^2
HOD cabin room size : 10500 x 12000 mm^2
Washroom size (both) : 15500 x 9500 mm^2
Set back distance : 6000mm for educational building
Boundary wall height : should be within 2400mm

Doors and Windows Specifications:

Door 1 (D1) = 1800 x 2400
Door 2 (D2) = 1000 x 2100
Door 3 (D3) = 800 x 2000
Window 1 (W1) = 1200 x 1500
Window 2 (W2) = 600 x 600
Wall thickness :
Inner wall thickness = 150mm
Outer wall thickness = 230 mm
Total plot area = 3167.25m^2

6
2.2 About AutoCAD:
AutoCAD is widely used, and it helps in preventing product failures and warranty
issues. With innovative ideas and creative imagination, the user can create realistic
presentations with AutoCAD. It provides the necessary tools and workflow to design and
build great products.Earlier to the invention of CAD programs, manual hand drafting tools
like drafting boards and pencils, parallel rulers, compasses, and triangles were only the
options for the designers to create 2D designs. AutoCAD released in the year 1982, and since
then, AutoCAD quickly became the most widely used CAD application because of its
automated set of tools and features. It was a great advantage in the AutoCad stream.
Presently, AutoCAD has also been developed in a few other custom variants depending upon
the requirement of the user. These programs include AutoCAD Architecture, Civil 3D, Plant
3D, Map 3D & AutoCAD LT. AutoCAD features include the capability to command the
visual aspects of texts, design dimension styles automatically, add lighting and materials to
the 3D models, control the shading and edges of the 3D models. These features help the users
to achieve realistic renders and appearances.Professionals across many industries use
AutoCAD to do everything from designing and creating different buildings, constructions,
and infrastructure. AutoCAD enables companies to design and plan projects virtually.
AutoCAD supports a powerful yet easier workflow that works corrects and helps the users to
execute the commands effectively and precisely.
AutoCAD is meant for a wide range of design-based purposes, so even its base program has a
lot of features and functions. Here are our favorites, divided into usage categories so you can
understand their part in the AutoCAD process.

2D Functions
Text settings: Creates the text on your designs as a single or multi-line object so you can
adjust the formatting all at once.
Data extraction: Exports object metadata for use outside AutoCAD without needing a user to
manually copy from the file. This ensures fast and accurate information transfers.
Live data links: Creates a live link between data in an Excel spreadsheet and your AutoCAD
file. Excellent for real-time calculations as projects change.
Create your own parametric constraints: Maintains your design’s specific geometric
parameters so you don’t have to worry about manually adhering to them as you’re working.
It’s also good for keeping the proportions you want within your design.
Centerlines and marks: Stays with each object as it moves so you’re always aware of its
center no matter where it ends up on the design as a whole.
Revision clouds: Lets you freehand (or use a shape outline) to highlight areas that you’d like
to revise without becoming part of the design. This eliminates the need for you to remember
to remove it or to go back and forth between old and new versions to make sure you caught
the change.Arrays: Multiplies a selected object to create a repetitive pattern in a specified
geometric pattern. Great for designs featuring evenly-spaced recurrences.

7
3D Functions
Solid, surface, and mesh modeling: Offers a variety of control over your 3D modeling
so you can choose the process that best fits with your needs.
Light and shading controls: Adjusts to show how your 3D object looks with types of light,
illuminated at different angles, and with different strengths of shadows.
Cloud rendering: Uses network capabilities to render your design without tying up your
computer for the process.
Model documentation: Like with 2D designs, offers thorough information about your 3D
model to share, export, and update in real-time.
Section planes: Creates planes that dissect your 3D object to show you its cross views at
whatever angle you need.
Point clouds: Lets you import data from 3D scanners to create your design from real-life
objects (a bit like connect-the-dots).
Collaboration
Mobile app: Lets you access your designs and files on your smartphone for maximum
portability.
Browser web app: Gives you a place to log into your program on any computer that’s
connected to the internet so you don’t have to worry about lugging around your own
hardware. It’s also great for sharing files.
Multiple compatibilities of file extensions: AutoCAD plays nice with a number of design file
types, including PDF and its own native DWG, which means you don’t have to worry about
cross-program compatibility (at least not on your end!).
Model references and import: Pulls in reference models to lay under your design-in-progress
so you can trace or gather inspiration from the original while working on your own.
Online map and geography info: Inserts location information at designated points in your
design, complete with a link to the mapping of the area.

8
2.4. Architectural Drawings (2D):

Figure 2.1 – Ground Floor Plan

Figure 2.2 – First Floor Plan

Figure 2.3 – Second Floor Plan

9
Figure 2.4 – Third Floor plan

Figure 2.5 – Column Layout

10
 CHAPTER 3
3D MODELLING
3.1 About Revit:
Revit software is used for generating high quality and effective 3D model of a
building project. It generates project designs, building information models and 3D
coordination models. Revit offers user friendly and advanced tools which enables engineers
to execute construction project in efficient manner. Revit BIM services help users to achieve
different pre-construction activities like cost estimation, project schedule, material take-offs
etc.

3.2 Modelling:
The Revit work environment allows users to manipulate whole buildings assemblies
(in the project environment) or individual 3D shapes (in the family editor environment).
Modelling tools can be used with pre-made solid objects or imported geometric models.
However, Revit is not a NURBS modeler and also lacks the ability or to manipulate an
object's individual polygons except on some specific object types such as roofs, slabs, and
terrain or in the massing environment.
Revit includes categories of objects ('families' in Revit terminology). These fall into three
groups:
1. System families, such as walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, major finishes, and even furniture
built inside a project
2. Loadable families/components, which are built with primitives (extrusions, sweeps, etc.)
separately from the project and loaded into a project for use
3. In-place families, which are built in-situ within a project with the same toolset as loadable
components
An experienced user can create realistic and accurate families ranging from furniture to
lighting fixtures as well as import existing models from other programs. Revit families can be
created as parametric models with dimensions and properties. This lets users modify a given
component by changing predefined parameters such as height, width or number in the case of
an array. In this way a family defines a geometry that is controlled by parameters, each
combination of parameters can be saved as a type, and each occurrence (instance in Revit) of
a type can also contain further variations. For example, a swing door may be a Family. It may
have types that describe different sizes, and the actual building model has instances of those
types placed in walls where instance-based parameters could specify the door hardware
uniquely for each occurrence of the door. When a user creates a building, model, or any other
kind of object in Revit, they may use Revit's rendering engine to make a more realistic image
of what is otherwise a very diagrammatic model. The user accomplishes this either by using
the premade model, wall, floor, etc., tools, or making her or his own models, walls, materials,
etc. Revit 2010 comes with a plethora of predefined materials, each of which can be modified
to the user's desires.

11
The user can also begin with a "Generic" material. With this, the user can set the rotation,
size, brightness, and intensity of textures, gloss maps (also known as shinemaps),
transparency maps, reflection maps, oblique reflection maps, hole maps, and bump maps, as
well as leaving the map part out and just using the sliders for any one (or all or none) of the
aforementioned features of textures.

3.3. Rendering view

Figure 3.1 – 3D modeling oblique view

Figure 3.2 – Front elevation

12
 Figure 3.3 – inside view

Figure 3.4 – inside view of a classroom

Figure 3.5 Total building view

13
 CHAPTER 4
Design and analysis in ETABS software
4.1 ETABS:
ETABS is an engineering software product that caters to multi-story building analysis
and design. Modeling tools and templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis methods
and solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to this class of
structure. Basic or advanced systems under static or dynamic conditions may be evaluated
using ETABS.

4.2 Loads on the structure:

1. Dead Loads:
We input material properties like unit weight & density, in the software so that the dead load
of columns, beams, slabs are considered by the software E-tabs itself.
2. Super imposed dead loads:
As per IS 875 part-1: 1987
Load intensity for 10mm thick mortar = 0.21 kn/m^2, But we use
a) 40mm thick for below flooring so load intensity is = 0.84 kn/m^2
b) 5mm thick for ceiling so load intensity is = 0.105 kn/m^2
Clay floor tiles of 12.5 mm = 0.12kn/m^2
So ,for a single floor SIDL is= 0.84+0.105+0.12 = 1.065kn/m^2
For terrace, we consider waterproofing load. Let thickness of waterproofing is 125mm and
density of water is 22kn/m^3 ,so the load intensity for waterproofing course is = 0.125*22 =
2.75kn/m^2.
For terrace SIDL is = 2.75+0.105 = 2.875kn/m^2.
SIDL for steps
Unit weight of concrete = 25kn/m^3
Unit weight of floor finish = 23.5 kn /m^3
Load of step = (1/T)(R*T/2)*unit weight of concrete
= (1/0.25)(0.15*0.25/2)*25
= 1.87 kn/m^2

14
Load of floor finish = ((thickness of floor finish*T)/T )*unit weight of floor finish
= ((0.020*0.25)/0.25)*23.5
= 0.47 kn/m^2
So total SIDL on stairs = 1.87+0.47 = 2.34 kn/m^2

3. LIVE loads :For Educational building

s.no. Occupancy classification Uniformly varying load

(UDL) (kn/m^2)
1. Class rooms and lecture rooms 3.0
2. Offices and staff rooms 2.5
3. Toilets and bathrooms 2.0
4. Libraries 6.0
5. Corridors, passages, stair cases 4.0
6. Balconies 4.0
7. Terrace
a) Access provided 1.5
b) Access not provided 0.75

Table 4.1: Imposed floor loads for different occupancies

4. WIND LOADS:
The type of wind load is different from other loads such as live load, super imposed
loads, dead loads. All these other loads are acting downward direction and where as wind
load is acting laterally. Here we use force coefficient method for calculating wind load on a
structure. To use this method we need dimensions of our building.
a) length of the building in X-direction = 61.5m
b) length of the building in Y- direction = 45m
c) height of the building(h) = 21.5m

15
Design wind speed (Vz)= Vb k1k2k3k4
where Vb = basic wind speed
k1 = risk coefficient
k2 = terrain roughness and height factor
k3 = topography factor
k4 = importance factor
from IS 875-part 3 -2015,
Vb = 50 m/s (form annex A & for Vijayawada)
K1 = 1 ( for all general buildings and structures )
K2 = 1 ( for terrain category 2 )
K3 = 1 ( for straight ground )
K4 = 1 ( for all other structures )

Design wind pressure (Pz) = 0.6 (Vz2)

Wind pressure (Pd) = kdkakcPz
Where,
Kd = wind directionality factor = 0.9 ( for rectangular shape)
Ka = area averaging factor = 0.8 (for RC framed structures)
Kc = combination factor = 0.9 ( for RC structure)
Pd = 0.9*0.8*0.9*Pz = 0.648Pz
Note: The value of Pd however shall not be taken as less than 0.70Pd
We also need the value of Cf from from fig 4 of IS 875 part-3, by using the values a,b,h
For wind n X-direction value of Cf = 1.15
For wind n Y-direction value of Cf = 1.3

16
5. Seismic loads
Important terms:
a) Seismic Zone =3
b) Zone Factor(Z) = 0.16
c) Site Type = Type 2 Medium soil
d) Importance factor =1.2 (more than 200 people)
e) System = SMRF
f) Response reduction factor =5
g) Percentage of Imposed load to be considered = 50% of Live Load is
considered.

6. Wall loads:
For wall construction we use AAC bricks which are less unit weight to normal bricks.
Unit weight of AAC brick = 6kn/m2
Unit weight of plaster = 20 kn/m2
Thickness of internal plater = 20 mm
Thickness of external plaster = 25mm.
For internal walls and external walls we use same thickness, so UDL weight for meter width
is
a) weight per run for AAC brick = 0.24*3.5*6 = 5.04 kn/m2
b) weight per run for plaster = 2(0.020)*3.5*20 = 2.8 kn/m2.

Total weight of wall per meter run = 5.04+2.8

= 7.84kn/m2.
For terrace we provide parapet wall at a height of 1.25m, So weight of parapet wall per meter
run = 2.925 kn/m2.

7. Other loads:
a) for staircase total load = 15kn/m2
b) for water tank load = 25kn/m2
c) for railing = 1kn/m2.

17
4.3 Material properties:
Concrete grade = M30
Rebar = Fe 500 ( for main and stirrup)

Section properties:
Beams: 1. B1 group = 250 x 300 mm2
2. B2 group = 400 x 400 mm2
3. B3 group = 300 x 350 mm2
Columns: 1. C1 group = 400 x 400 mm2
2. C2 group = 350 x 350 mm2
3. C3 group= 300 x 300 mm2

4.4 Analysis by RC Frame by software ETABS:

1.Open ETABS Software
2.Enter basic input data
3.Define grid and Story data
4.Define material properties
5.Define section properties
6.Define Diaphragms
7.Check snap option
8.Draw the structure
9.Assign conditions to model-restraints releases to beam and diaphragms
10.Check model for any modelling error
11.Define load pattern for load cases and mass source for seismic weight
12.Set load cases
13.Assign super imposed dead loads
14.Assign Live loads
15.Define load combinations and envelop
16.Define Analysis option
17.Analyse the structure and check the behaviour
18.Design the structure in ETABS

18
Structure model in ETABS

19
4.5 Checks:
Check for sectional failure:
- All members passed the test.

Story drift limitation :

Allowable story drift is shall not exceed the 0.004 times story height as per
IS -1893 part 1-2016.
Height of floor is = 4000 mm
So, allowable story drift as per our structure is = 0.004*4000 = 16mm.
We compared all the story drifts in excel sheet and check weather it is in the limit or not. And
all passed the check with different load combinations.

20
Torsional irregularity check :
A building is said to torsionally irregular when the maximum horizontal displacement
of any floor in the direction of the lateral force at one end of the floor is more than 1.5 times
its minimum horizontal displacement at the far end of the same floor in that direction. That is
the ratio of maximum.displacement to minimum displacement should be less than 1.5 .
Compute the average story drift at two ends of the building, then compare with the maximum
story drift for that specific mode i.e. Dmax/Dav<1.2 or 1.4 for each mode.

Torsion at one end = 10.3 mm

Torsion at other end = 10.1 mm
Average = (10.3 +10.1)/2
= 10.05 mm
S0, max displacement/ avg displacement = 10.3 /10.05
= 1.02mm
1.02 < 1.2 so the model is not irregular.

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Force diagrams:
Axial force

Shear force

22
Bending moment

Analysis and design matching

23
4.6 Detailing of the structural members:

Table 4.2 Columns:

Grade of Concrete: M30 and compressive strength (fck) = 30N/mm2

Grade of Steel : Fe500 and yield strength (fy) = 500N/mm2

Diameter of Rebar Used for
- Longitudinal bars are 16 mm
- Lateral Ties are 8 mm
Clear Cover = 40 mm

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Table 4.3 Beams:

Concrete Grade M25

Steel Grade Fe415

Clear Cover 25 mm

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Footing:
Clear cover =50mm
Dimension = 1.5 x1.5 m2

26
Slab:

Staircase:

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 CHAPTER 5
SCHEDULING
Scheduling is the process of determining the sequential order of the planned activities,
assigning realistic durations to each activity and determining the start and finish dates of each
activity. A time schedule outlines the project work program, it is a time table of work

5.1 METHODOLOGY

5.2 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE

WBS The work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical system that represents a
construction project in increasing levels of detail to define, organize and display the project
work in measurable and managerial component. A project work breakdown structure is a
deliverable or product oriented grouping of project work elements shown in graphical display
to organize and subdivide the total work scope of a project. The WBS is a particularly
important project tool

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SCHEDULING
A schedule is a work program, set date-wise in a logical sequence. It’s a timetable for action. Time
scheduling is a process of developing a work program. It implies programming of the chosen work
plan on a calendar basis and provides the base against which all progress is measured. The
scheduling methodology varies with the planning technique and the nature of task to be performed.
Simple projects can be scheduled using “Bar Chart methodology”. The line of balance (LOB)
technique is widely accepted for scheduling the repetitive work projects while network scheduling is
suitable for all types of projects. There are many other scheduling techniques. Method of
presentation of a schedule depends upon the scheduling techniques used. Generally all of them use
time scale along the horizontal axis. This time scale mostly uses a ‘week’ as a unit of time.

29
 Gantt chart for activity

Using Primavera it took about 19month with 7days work week.

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 CHAPTER 6
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
6.1 Estimation:
An estimate is a calculation of the quantities of various items of work, and the
expenses likely to be incurred thereon.The total of these probable expenses to be incurred on
the work is known as estimated cost of the work.The estimated cost of a work is a close
approximation of its actual cost.The agreement of the estimated cost with the actual cost will
depend on accurate use of estimating methods and correct visualization of the work, as it will
be done. Importance of correct estimating is obvious.

6.2 Purpose of Estimating:

An estimate is necessary to give the owner a reasonably accurate idea of the cost to
help him decide whether the works can be undertaken as proposed or needs to be curtailed or
abandoned, depending upon the availability of funds and prospective direct and indirect
benefits. For government works proper sanction has to be obtained for allocating the required
amount. Works are often let on a lump sum basis, in which case the Estimator must be in a
position to know exactly how much expenditure he is going to incur on them.
The following are the methods used for preparation of approximate construction cost
estimates:
a) Plinth area method
b) Cubical contents method
c) Unit base method

A) Plinth area method:

The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area rate. The
area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of building). In fixing
the plinth area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries are made in respect of quality
and quantity aspect of materials and labour, type of foundation, height of building,roof, wood
work, fixtures, number of storeys etc.As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while
calculating the plinth area of building:
- Area of walls at floor level.
- Internal shafts of sanitary installations notexceeding 2.0 sqm, lifts, air-conditioning ducts
etc., Area of barsati at terrace level: Barsati means any covered space open on one side,
constructed on one side, constructed on terraced roof which is used as shelter during rainy
season.
-Porches of non-cantilever type.
-Areas which are not to include

31
-Area of lofts.
-Unenclosed balconies.
-Architectural bands, cornices etc.,
-Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.
-Box louvers and vertical sun breakers.
B) Cubical Contents Method:
This method is generally used for multi-storeyed buildings. It is more accurate that the
other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method. The cost of a structure is
calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by
Local Cubic Rate. The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height.
The length and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set. The cost
of string course, cornice, corbelling etc is neglected.
The cost of building = (volume of buildings x rate)/unit volume.
c) Unit Base Method:
According to this method the cost of structure is determined by multiplying the total
number of units with unit rate of each item. In case schools and colleges, the unit considered
to be as ‘one student and in case of hospital, the unit is ‘one bed'. The unit rate is calculated
by dividing the actual expenditure incurred or cost of similar building in the nearby locality
by the number of units.
Detailed construction cost estimation
The preparations of detailed estimate consist of working out quantities of various items of
work and then determine the cost of each item. This is prepared in two stages.
a) Details of measurements and calculation ofquantities:
The complete work is divided into various items of work such as earth work concreting, brick
work, R.C.C. Plastering etc., The details of measurements are taken from drawings and
entered in respective columns of prescribed proforma. The quantities are calculated by
multiplying the values that are in numbers column to Depth column as shown below:
Table 6.1: Details of measurement form:
Description Explanatory
S.NO of Items No Length Breadth Depth Quantity notes

32
b) Abstract of Estimated Cost:
The cost of each item of work is worked out from the quantities that already computed in the
details measurement form at workable rate. But the total cost is worked out in the prescribed
form is known as abstract of estimated form. 4-6 %of estimated Cost is allowed for Petty
Supervision, contingencies and unforeseen items.
Table 6.2: Abstract of estimate form:
S.No. Item Decription of unit quantity Rate per Amount
item unit

Estimation of HYSD bars;

33
34
35
Concrete quantity:

Stone brick masonry

CLASS ROOM
Length of wall=16+13.5+16+13.5=59m
Area of the wall=3.6*59=212.4m^2
Deductions
Window=6*1.2*1.5=10.8m^2
Doors=2*1.8*2.5=9m^2
Lintel for window=6*1.2*0.2=1.44m^2
Lintel for door=2*1.8*0.2=0.72m^2
Column deduction=14*0.4*0.36=2.016m^2

36
After deduction area of wall=188.424m^2
Volume of masonry wall=188.424*0.23=43.34m^3
1m^3 of AAC brick required 42 bricks
Total bricks required=1820.28
Mortar quantity
Volume of one brick =0.6*0.2*0.2=0.024m^3
Volume of brick with mortar=0.61*0.21*0.21=0.027m^3
Volume of mortar for one brick=0.027-0.024=0.003m^3
Total Mortar quantity=1820*0.003=5.46m^3
CEMENT REQUIRED(1:4)
Cement =1.33*5.46*29*1/5=42.118 =43 bags
Sand=1.33*5.46*35.31*4/5=205.13 cu.ft
Water =43*17.36=746.48 lts
Table 6.3.1
S.No ITEMS QUANTITY No.Of TOTAL
Classrooms QUANTITY
1 Bricks 1821 16 29136
2 Cement 43 16 688
3 Sand 205.13 16 3282
4 Water 746.48 16 11944

Stone brick masonry

SATFF ROOM
Length of wall=12.5+12.5+11+11=47m
Area of the wall=3.6*47=169.2m^2
Deductions
Window=6*1.2*1.5=10.8m^2
Doors=2*1*2.1=4.2m^2
Lintel for window=6*1.2*0.2=1.44m^2
Lintel for door=2*1*0.2=0.4m^2
Column deduction=14*0.4*0.36=2.016m^2
After deduction area of wall=152.36m^2

37
Volume of masonry wall=152.36*0.23=35.04m^3
1m^3 of AAC brick required 42 bricks
Total bricks required=1472
Mortar quantity
Volume of one brick =0.6*0.2*0.2=0.024m^3
Volume of brick with mortar=0.61*0.21*0.21=0.027m^3
Volume of mortar for one brick=0.027-0.024=0.003m^3
Total Mortar quantity=1472*0.003=4.416m^3
CEMENT REQUIRED(1:4)
Cement =1.33*4.416*29*1/5=34.06 =35bags
Sand=1.33*4.416*35.31*4/5=166 cu.ft
Water =35*17.36=607.6 lts
Table 6.3.2:
S.No ITEMS QUANTITY No.Of Satff TOTAL
rooms QUANTITY
1 Bricks 1472 8 11776
2 Cement 35 8 280
3 Sand 166 8 1328
4 Water 607.6 8 4861

Stone brick masonry

WASHROOM
Length of wall=10+15.75+10+15.75=51.5m
Area of the wall=51.5*3.6=185.4m^2
Deductions
Window=0.6*0.6*10=3.6m^2
Doors=1*0.8*2=1.6m^2
Lintel for window=10*0.6*0.2=1.2m^2
Lintel for door=1*0.8*0.2=0.16m^2
Column deduction=12*0.4*0.36=1.728m^2
After deduction area of wall=177.112m^2

38
Volume of masonry wall=177.112*0.23=40.73m^3
1m^3 of AAC brick required 42 bricks
Total bricks required=1711
Mortar quantity
Volume of one brick =0.6*0.2*0.2=0.024m^3
Volume of brick with mortar=0.61*0.21*0.21=0.027m^3
Volume of mortar for one brick=0.027-0.024=0.003m^3
Total Mortar quantity=1711*0.003=5.133m^3
CEMENT REQUIRED(1:4)
Cement =1.33*5.133*29*1/5=42.118 =40 bags
Sand=1.33*5.133*35.31*4/5=193cu.ft
Water =40*17.36=695 lts
Table 6.3.3:
S.No ITEMS QUANTITY No.Of TOTAL
Washrooms QUANTITY
1 Bricks 1711 8 13688
2 Cement 40 8 320
3 Sand 193 8 1544
4 Water 695 8 5560

Wall Plastering : (1:6)

Total area of the wall = 188.424(16) + 152.36(8) + 177.112(8)
= 5650.56 m^2
Inside wall plastering thickness = 10mm = 0.01 m
Outside wall plastering thickness = 20mm = 0.02 m
Total plastering thickness = 0.01+0.02 = 0.03 m
Volume of plastering = 5650.56 * 0.03
= 169.51 m^3
Volume of plastering ( extra 5%) = 178 m^3
Wall Painting :

39
Area of the painting = 5650.56 + 5.76(4)
= 5673.6 m^2
1 liter paint will cover 4.2 m^2 area .
Total paint required = 5673.6/4.2
= 1350.85 lts.
Total paint required (extra 5%) =1418.4 lit
Let’s Say = 1420 lit Emulsion paint required.
Celling plastering : ( 8mm , 1:6)
Area of the celling = slab area *4
= 8024.6 m^2
Volume of celling plastering = 8024.6 * 0.08
= 641.96
Volume of celling plastering (extra 5%) = 674 m^3
Celling painting :
Area of the celling = slab area *4
= 8024.6 m^2
1 liter paint will cover 4.2 m^2 area .
Total paint required = 8024.6 /4.2
= 1910.61
Total paint required (extra 5%) = 2000 lits

Flooring plastering :
Area of the flooring = 8024.6 m^2
Thickness of floor plastering = 20mm = 0.02m
Volume of plastering = 8024.6 *0.02
= 160.5 ^3
Volume of plastering (extra 5%) = 168.51 m^3

#Total plastering volume = 178+674+169

= 1021 m^3

40
Cement = (1.25*1021*1*29)/7
= 5287.32
= 5288 bags
Sand = (1.25*1021*6*35.31)/7
= 38626.61
= 38627 cubic feet
Water = 5288 * 17.36
= 91800 lit.
#Total paint required = 1420+2000
=3420 lit.
Tiles :
Providing and fixing verified glazed tiles of approved make and quality of size
600*600*10mm thickness.
Tiles required = 8024.6 /(0.6*0.6)
= 22290.55
No of tiles required ( extra 5%) = 23405 tilles

Doors and windows :

No of doors (size of 1.8*2.5) = 32
No of doors (size of 1*2.1) = 16
No of doors ( size of 0.8*2) = 8
No of windows (size of 1.2*1.5) = 96+48 = 144
No of windows ( size of 0.6*0.6) = 80

41
Bill of quantities :

42
Total estimated cost of the educational building is Rs. 62085469.93

43
CONCLUSION:

This Project includes layout of G+3 Educational Building using 2D in AutoCAD, 3D

modelling in Revit, Analysis and design in ETABS, Scheduling in Primavera and concludes
with the Cost Estimation for the entire project.
All the drafting work done using AutoCAD and the drawings made on AutoCAD, 3D
works are done in Revit which gave the 3D view of building and served as a base for
transform the structure for Analysis and Design into ETABS. The analysis and design of the
entire structure has been completed using ETABS. The results include the various forces
acting on various members. Also using the software we got the concrete take off as well as
the weight of various reinforcement bars thus easing the load of cost estimation.
Primavera has been used for Planning the various activities that surround the
construction of a Academic Block. Using Primavera we were able to formulate a working
schedule and also a progress bar for constant monitoring of the project. The duration of the
project using Primavera has been calculated to be around 19 months. The progress and the
relationship between various activities has also been shown in the form of an animated gantt
chart. This chart also helps the project manager to explain his clints the various aspects as
well as the project. The Cost estimation for the project has been calculated in MS Excel. And
the total cost of the project has been calculated to be around 6.3 crores.
Using this softwares makes our tasks easy for construction and makes our creativity to
comes into real world. And also using this softwares we can caluculate the costs easily, it
takes less time.

44
References:
1.Principles of planning and norms followed according to the building by laws as per
NBC
2.IS 456 2000: Plain and Reinforced Concrete
3. IS 875 1987 (Part-1): Dead Load
4. IS 875 1987 (Part-2): Live Load (Imposed Load)
5. IS 875 2015 (Part-3): Wind Load
6. IS 875 1987 (Part-5): Loads and Combinations
7. IS 893 2016: Earthquake
8. 13920 2016: Ductile design and Detailing
9. SP 34:1987: Concrete R/F and Detailing
10. AutoCAD
11. Revit user manual and video resources
12. ETABS User Manual and Video resources
13. Primavera p6 User Manual and video resources
14. CPWD Schedule of Rates for Andhra Pradesh for Costing

45