République du Cameroun Republic of Cameroon

Paix – Travail – Patrie Peace – Work – Fatherland

**** ****
Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur Ministry of Higher Education
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Université de Maroua The University of Maroua
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Faculté des Mines et des Industries Pétrolières B.P. /P.O. Box: 08 Kaélé Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries
**** Tel : (237) 653 397 589 ****
Département de Sécurité Industrielle, Qualité et (237) 656 860 354 Department of Industrial Safety, Quality and
Environnement Email : fmip_uma@yahoo.fr Environment
**** ****

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE DEGREE

OF MASTERS IN ENGINEERING

OPTION: INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENT

MANAGEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL RISKS

WITHIN PRODUCTION UNIT: CASE OF
SAGRI (Soacam Agro-Industries) DOUALA.

Presented by

SAKWE LENYA Cestine

Matricule: 16A336IM

PROFESSIONNAL SUPERVISOR ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR

Eng. Kingsly NCHAPDONG CHEFOR Pr. GHOGOMU Richard TANWI

Assistant Head of Quality Management Associate Professor

System in SAGRI S.A Head of Department (SQE), VD/PSAA of FMIP

Academic Year 2020/2021

Faculté des Mines et des Industries Pétrolières

 MANAGEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL
RISKS WITHIN PRODUCTION UNIT:
CASE OF SAGRI (Soacam Agro-
Industries) DOUALA

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE DEGREE

OF MASTERS IN ENGINEERING

SAKWE LENYA cestine

Academic Year 2020/2021

 AUTHENTIFICATION SHEET
I the undersign, SAKWE LENYA CESTINE, A student in the department of Industrial
Safety, Quality and Environment of the Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries of the
University of Maroua bear witness that this present study is the result of my work carried out
at SAGRI S.A (Soacam Agro-Industries) under the supervision of Eng. Kingsly
NCHAPDONG CHEFOR, assistant head of Quality management system and supervision of Pr.
GHOGOMU Richard TANWI, Head of the Department of Industrial Safety, Quality and
Environment of the Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries in the University of Maroua.

This report is authentic and has never been previously submitted for any university.

SAKWE LENYA CESTINE

DATE……………….

VISA OF THE ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR

Pr. GHOGOMU Richard TANWI

DATE………………….

VISA OF THE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

Pr. GHOGOMU Richard TANWI

DATE………………….

ii
 SHEET OF CORRECTIONS AFTER DEFENCE

This dissertation has been reviewed and corrected in accordance with the jury’s observations.

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

SAKWE LENYA Cestine

DATE……………………….…………….

CERTICATION

VISA OF THE ACADEMIC VISA OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE

SUPERVISOR JURY
Pr. GHOGOMU Richard TANWI Pr. LOURA BENGUELLAH BENOIT

DATE………………………. DATE……………………...

VISA OF THE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT VISA OF THE EXAMINER

Pr. GHOGOMU Richard TANWI Dr. DOUMTA Charles FALANG

DATE…………………………………. DATE……………………………….

3
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my late DAD and MOM,

(SAKWE LENYA Moses and AYUK Suzane AGBOR)

OF BLESSED MEMORY.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This dissertation becomes a reality, thanks to the kind support and encouragement from the
following individuals:

- I wish to first thank the Almighty God for his blessing hands over my life and his support
throughout this internship.
- Pr. IDRISSOU ALIOUM the rector of the University of Maroua for supporting us in
the course of this training.
- Pr. LOURA BENGUELLAH BENOIT the DEAN of the FMIP for the academic
guidance.
- Pr. GHOGOMU Richard TANWI the head of Department of Industrial Safety, Quality
and Environment and Vice Dean in charge of Programs and Academic Affaire, I want to
mark my sign of gratitude and expression for all his support and orientation in both
academic and professional aspects.
- To all the Teachers of the Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries precisely those of the
department of industrial safety, quality and environment for the knowledge, guidance and
support done toward us in the course of our training.
- General Director of SAGRI S.A Mr. ALHADJI NANA BOUBA DJODA for given us
the opportunity to have an internship.
- My professional supervisor Eng. Kingsly NCHAPDONG CHEFOR Assistant head of
quality management system for all his mental and physical efforts he made regarding my
professional work and life.
- Mmy family members MUM (BATEM Victorine and BATEM loveline) my dad (SUH
Romanus) my siblings (SAKWE Tuphan AYUK, LUM Miriam, AKWA Lindadel,
BATEM Royce) and uncles and aunts for this great efforts placed on me during the genesis
of my studies.
- Mr. WATARA of his kind supports and encouragements.
- The personnel of SAGRI S.A. for their encouragements and spirit of teamwork.
- Eng. NANJE Boris for his efforts place in going through my work for corrections.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................................ix

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. x

RESUME .....................................................................................................................................xi

GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1

Context ...................................................................................................................................... 1

Problem statement ..................................................................................................................... 2

Objective ................................................................................................................................... 3

Principal objective ................................................................................................................. 3

Specific objectives ................................................................................................................. 3

Hypothesis................................................................................................................................. 3

Importance of study .................................................................................................................. 3

Organization of dissertation ...................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW ..................... 5

Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 5

I.1-Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................... 5

I.1.1 General presentation of the enterprise (SAGRI S.A) ....................................................... 5

I.1.1.1 History of SAGRI S.A ............................................................................................... 5

I.1.1.2 Objectives of the company ......................................................................................... 5

I.1.1.3 Location of SAGRI S.A ............................................................................................. 6

I.1.1.4 Sector of activity and product of SAGRI SA ............................................................. 7

I.1.1.5 Organigram of SAGRI S.A ........................................................................................ 9

I.1.1.6 Neima double concentrate tomato process............................................................... 10

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 I.1.1.7 Politics of SAGRI S.A ............................................................................................. 14

I.1.1.8 Identity of SAGRI S.A ............................................................................................. 15

I.1.2 Presentation of conceptual framework ........................................................................... 16

I.1.2.1 Generalities on risks ................................................................................................. 16

I.1.2.1.1 History on Risks ................................................................................................ 16

I.1.2.1.2 Definition Some risk terminologies ................................................................. 16

I.1.2 Juridical and Institutional framework ............................................................................. 18

I.1.2.1 International framework ........................................................................................... 18

I.1.2.2 National framework for management of professional risks ..................................... 19

I.2-Literature Review.................................................................................................................. 19

I.2.1 Risk concept ................................................................................................................... 19

I.2.2 risk management concept ............................................................................................... 20

I.2.2.1 Risk identification .................................................................................................... 21

I.2.2.2 Risk analysis ............................................................................................................ 22

I.2.2.3 Risk Evaluation ........................................................................................................ 22

I.2.2.4 Different Types of Professional Risks ..................................................................... 23

CHAPTER II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................ 28

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 28

II.1 materials ........................................................................................................................... 28

II.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 29

II.2.1 Identification of Professional Risks ........................................................................... 29

II.2.1.1 Initial Diagnosis (Study of company’s state of existence) ..................................... 29

II.2.1.2 desk study............................................................................................................ 30

II.2.1.3 Collection of data. ............................................................................................... 30

II.2.1.4 Questionnaire (checklist). ................................................................................... 31

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 II.2.1.5 Risk identification using 5WH tool. ................................................................... 32

II.2.1.6 Risk identification using 5M/ISHIKAWA tool: ................................................. 33

II.2.2 Prioritization of identified risks using pareto diagram .............................................. 34

II.2.2.1 Preliminary Risks Analysis tool (APR). ............................................................. 35

II.2.3 Risk Evaluation and Prioritization ............................................................................. 37

II.2.3.1 Shell Risks Analysis ........................................................................................... 37

II.2.4 Elaboration of Health, Safety, Environmental intervention plan. ............................. 39

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 41

CHAPTER III-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 42

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 42

III.1 Identification of risks using checklist. ............................................................................ 42

III. 2 Categorization of risks using 5M method or ISHIKAWA ............................................ 43

III.3 Prioritization of identified professional risks using Pareto diagram ............................... 46

III.4 Results obtained from Identification of risks using 5WH............................................... 48

III.5 Professional Risks Assessment using the APR tool (table 12) ....................................... 50

III.6 Risk evaluation in the production unit ............................................................................ 67

III.7 Proposed prevention plan ................................................................................................ 68

GENERAL CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 71

RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................ 72

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 73

ANNEX ....................................................................................................................................... II

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Geographical location of Soacam Agro-Industries(SAKWE LENYA 2021) ................. 6

Figure 2 : Organigram of SAGRI S.A .............................................................................................. 9
Figure 3 : Flow diagram of neima double concentrate tomato production .................................... 13
Figure 4 : Risk management process ............................................................................................. 20
Figure 5 : representation of 5WHY tool ......................................................................................... 33
Figure 6 : Representation of 5M/ISHIKAWA tool for risks identification ................................... 34
Figure 7 : Representation of APR principle ................................................................................... 36
Figure 8 : Representation of APR approach ................................................................................... 36
Figure 9 : Identification of professional risks using 5M/ISHIKAWA tool.................................... 45
Figure 10 : Prioritization of professional risks using the pareto diagram. ..................................... 47
Figure 11 Frequency of occurrence in percentage in the de-stuffing unit (SAKWE LENYA 2021)
........................................................................................................................................................ 64
Figure 12 : Frequency of risk occurrence in percentage in line sub-unit (SAKWE LENYA 2021)
........................................................................................................................................................ 65
Figure 13 : Frequency of risks occurrence in percentage in the primary and secondary packaging
sub-unit(SAKWE LENYA 2021) .................................................................................................. 66
Figure 14 : Risk evaluation in 03-sub unit of production .............................................................. 67

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table I : Identity of SAGRI S.A .................................................................................................... 15

Table II : The international standard for management of professional risks.................................. 18
Table III : Materials used for the realization of our work .............................................................. 28
Table IV : Questionnaire (checklist) for risk identification ........................................................... 32
Table V : Shell risks analysis approach assessment of professional risks in the production unit. . 37
Table VI : Professional risk evaluation scale ................................................................................. 39
Table VII: Summarized methodological approach for our work. ................................................. 40
Table VIII: Risk prioritization using the pareto diagram .............................................................. 46
Table IX : Risk identified from problem 1 using 5WH in the line unit. ........................................ 48
Table X : Risk identified from problem 2 using 5WH in the line unit........................................... 49
Table XI : Professional risks assessment using the APR method .................................................. 51
Table XII: Proposed HSE prevention plan for SAGRI S.A. .......................................................... 68

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FMIP: Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries

SQE: Industrial Safety, Quality and Environment

SAGRI: Soacam Agro-Industries

TCT: Triple Concentrate of Tomato

DCT: Double Concentrate of Tomato

UC: Unconformity

C: Conformity

QHSE: Quality, Health, Safety and Environment

PPE: Personal Protective Equipment.

OHS: Occupational Health and Safety.

EU-OSHA: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work

ANSI: American National Safety Institute

CEMAC: Central African Economic and Monetary Community

EPA: Environmental Protection Agency

DUERP: Unique Documents for Evaluation and Professional Risks

GPS: Global Positioning System

OHSAS: Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series

QGIS: Quantum Global Positioning System.

ISO: International Organization for Standardization.

APR: Preliminary Risk Analysis

VD/PSAA: Vice Dean in-charge of Programs and Academic Affaires

ix
 ABSTRACT

A study carried out at SAGRI during the period from May 2021 to August 2021
have as general objective; an assessment of professional risks within the production unit of SAGRI
S.A in order to reduce or eliminate all possible risks and proposed control preventive measures.
The first methodology use is risks identification, consists of a documentary review on similar works
of the same theme. Thereafter, brainstorming and checklist which were related to the organization,
25 out of 32 employees confirmed the existence of several risks found in the unit of production and
this risks were categorized by the different families by the help of ISHIKAWA diagram of which
we identified 14 problems in the family of Milieu,08 problems from material, 06 problems Man-
labour 05 from method. This risks were further prioritized by using the PARETO diagram which
we found that 80% of the problems or risks where caused by 20% of risks found in the family of
milieu. Furthermore, risk assessment was carried using the Preliminary Risk Analysis table
where 53% of risk due to internal circulation of forklift,55% confirms the existence of biological
risk 51% confirms risk of slip, trip, fall 52%, risk due to inadequate lightening 53% noise risk 55%.
To facilitate understandings, weekly site visits were carried out for better observing the medium,
detecting the risks related to each activity and the means set up to reduce / eliminate them. The
results categorized according to the Ishikawa diagram show that; investigations carried out from
the checklist and it gave the following risks problems; In addition, a risk analysis and evaluation
methodology was carried out by applying the preliminary risk analysis method and risks with high
gravity that acts as threats in the unit of production includes; risk of vibration, risk due to internal
circulation of forklift, risk due to inadequate lightening, risk of slip, trip, fall. To reduce/eliminate
these risks, an action plan was establishing in order to allow a better integration of QHSE aspects.
The application of the regulatory requirements in force, reinforce the capacities of the personnel
on risks related to quality, hygiene, safety and environment and instauration of synergy between
the personnel and the local populations on intervention strategies event of emergency which will
be a better strategy to integrate QHSE aspects a SAGRI S.A.

Keywords: Assessment of professional risks, Quality-Hygiene-Safety-Environment, Risk

Management, SAGRI.

x
 RESUME

Une étude réalisée à l’entreprise SAGRI durant la période de mai 2021 à août 2021 avoir
comme objectif général ; une évaluation des risques professionnels au sein de l'unité de production
de SAGRI SA afin de réduire ou d'éliminer tous les risques possibles et de proposer des mesures
préventives de contrôle. La première méthodologie utilisée est l'identification des risques, consiste
en une revue documentaire sur des œuvres similaires du même thème. Par la suite, brainstorming
et check-list qui étaient liés à l'organisation, 25 salariés sur 32 ont confirmé l'existence de plusieurs
risques retrouvés dans l'unité de production et ces risques ont été catégorisés par les différentes
familles à l'aide du schéma ISHIKAWA dont nous avons identifié 14 problèmes dans la famille
du Milieu,08 problèmes de matériel, 06 problèmes Homme-travail, 05 de méthode. Ces risques ont
été davantage hiérarchisés en utilisant le diagramme de PARETO dont nous avons constaté que
80% des problèmes ou des risques étaient causés par 20% des risques trouvés dans la famille du
milieu. De plus, l'évaluation des risques a été réalisée à l'aide du tableau d'Analyse Préliminaire
des risques où 53% du risque dû à la circulation interne du chariot élévateur, 55% confirme
l'existence d'un risque biologique 51% confirme le risque de glissade, trébuchement, chute 52%,
risque dû à un éclairage insuffisant 53% risque de bruit 55%. Pour faciliter les compréhensions,
des visites hebdomadaires sur site ont été effectuées pour une meilleure observation du milieu,
détecter les risques liés à chaque activité et les moyens mis en place pour les réduire/éliminer. Les
résultats classés selon le diagramme d'Ishikawa montrent que ; enquêtes menées de la liste de
contrôle et cela a donné les problèmes de risques suivants ; En outre, une méthodologie d'analyse
et d'évaluation des risques a été réalisée en appliquant la méthode d'analyse préliminaire des risques
et les risques à haute gravité qui agissent comme des menaces dans l'unité de production
comprennent ; risque de vibration, risque dû à la circulation interne du chariot élévateur, risque dû
à un éclairage insuffisant, risque de glissade, de trébuchement, de chute. Pour réduire/éliminer ces
risques, un plan d'action a été mise en place afin de permettre une meilleure intégration des aspects
QHSE a SAGRI SA

Mots clés : Évaluation des risques professionnels, Qualité-Hygiène-Sécurité-Environnement,

Gestion des risques, SAGRI.

xi
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

In this introductory chapter we present our motivations for this study. Through the highlighting
of the context, the problematic as well as the objectives targeted by this work and its organization

Context

Risk management in terms of health, safety, the environment and working conditions are recent
concepts since they appeared in the 19th century with industrial development which constitutes the
hard core around which was built gradually the labor law. The search for working conditions that
guarantee the health, safety and environment of employees remains relevant and represents a
a major concern for many employers, as the risk is present in all activities carried out by man.
(Lyon and Folcroft, 2016)
.However, the news relating to industrial risks has been strong since the beginning of the years
2009. This year was indeed marked by numerous accidents. Major industrial risks as well as all
the debates that accompanied this sometimes dramatic news marked public opinion just like the
holding of the trial relating to the accident at the AZF plant (2001) which was held at
early (2009). We can cite some example of the most recent accidents: Ranging from the accident
in a quartz sand plant of the Jtngxln Mining group in China (2009) to that of the explosion of a
tank wagon filled with LPG (2009) in Italy passing through the explosion of the petrochemical site
of the company Total in Moselle (2009) to this list already long we can still add the one that
occurred in 2009 in the United States in the town of Bryan (Dey, 2001).

In Cameroon the public authorities in the concern of improving the conditions of workers
have fixed the general measures of hygiene and safety in the workplaces included in order 039 /
MTPS / IMT of 1984. Despite all these preventive measures, we can affirm that the zero risk does
not excite because the fires of Necotrans declared in (2017) and Fermencam declared in January,
2018 allow us to look into the concept of: "risk management". Soacam Agro-Industries is part of a
culture prevention of the risks to which its employees and equipment are exposed. This is how that
it never ceases to seek to set up working conditions that guarantee the safety and health of these
employees as well as the protection of the environment. Industry food SAGRI SA Cameroon who
welcomed us as part of our final internship study took the opportunity of our availability to once
again reflect on the actions or means to guarantee these employees better working conditions.

1
Conscious owing to the fact that his activity is not without risk like any industry, the General
Director of SAGRI has decided to go further in the search for working conditions that guarantee
the health and safety of its employees as well as the protection of the environment. This is how an
emergency plan, an environmental and social impact study and the audit were carried out. It is
therefore in this same context that we have been given the task of “propose a more consistent
approach to risk management in terms of health, safety and the environment which aims to improve
working conditions within factory ". The objective of this work is to help promote the conditions
of development that guarantee the health and safety of employees on the industrial site and residents
exposed to SAGRI activities. Created in 2011 in order to meet the demand processed tomato in the
country, SAGRI company is Aware of the fundamental place occupied by health, safety and the
environment at work, is now aiming to improve its working conditions. Job. It projects through a
better consideration of all the important factors of health, safety and the environment to develop its
risk management system and become a reliable and sustainable organization.

Problem statement

Risk management reduces the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of undesired events.by
systematically anticipating risks, assessing their importance and managing them, unwanted or
negative events can be brought under control. It at this point where Soacam Agro-Industries
(SAGRI SA) creating an HSE department with the aim to ensure health, safety and hygiene of
workers at their assign place of workplace. This department still faces numerous problems such as
priority of the company is to boosts its productivity, faces health and safety problems such as lack
of mandatory personal protective equipment’s (PPE), non-compliance with safety instructions and
the view of multiple problems, several near misses, incidents and accidents which were recorded
with respect to the company’s reports on incidents and accidents in the month of February 2021
where a worker fingers where crushed and chops off by rotating machinery in primary packaging
sub-unit, secondly a worker slipped off and fall on a floor where he sustained multiple injuries and
was both victims were hospitalised for some period of time. Faced with this kind of situation, the
company SAGRI S.A most set up an effective risk management in order to reduce or eliminates all
possible threats on worker on their task by application of some risk analysis methods like APR,
5WHs tools and also a proposal an HSE plan of intervention as a means of continue improvements
with respect to international standard ISO 31000 version 2018 and Cameroon legal framework of

2
degree number 039/MTPS/IMT of November 1984 relative to health & safety measures of workers
at work to eradicates all residual risk which may act as threats to workers.

Objective

Our study is made of one general objective and four specific objectives. Specific objectives we will
achieve our overall goal.

Principal objective

➢ The principal objective of our work is to carry out an assessment of professional risks within
the production unit of SAGRI S.A in order to reduce or eliminate all possible risks and
proposed control preventive measures.

Specific objectives

➢ Carry out an initial diagnosis (company’s state of existence).

➢ Initiate identification of professional risks in the unit of production of SAGRI

➢An assessment of professional risks.

➢ Development of Health, Safety and Environment plan of intervention.

Hypothesis

Hypothesis 1: The poor management of health and safety of workers at the workplace has negative
impacts on the workers, increase cost of charges and reduce the productivity level.

Hypothesis 2: Risk assessment will help to reduce or to limit and to manage the numbers of risk
workers are exposed to existing hazards.

Importance of study

This work on risk assessments is very important as it forms an integral part of an occupational
health and safety management plan for every industry or organization.

- Create awareness of hazards and risk in the industry.

- Identify who may be at risk
- Determine whether a control program is required for a particular hazard.
3
 - Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more should be done
- Prevent injuries or illnesses.
- Prioritize hazards and control measures.
- Meet legal requirement when applicable.

Organization of dissertation

In order to carry out our study, a structured organization of our work is essential. To do this, we
have subdivided our work into three (03) chapters, in order to facilitate reading and comprehension.
The first chapter Theoretical framework and literature review which is the subject of brings
together general information on safety industrial and the different types of industrial risks, risk
management, the framework regulations for occupational health and safety as well as the
methodology used to achieve the objectives of our study; Second chapter devoted to the
framework of the study and the approach methodological, describes the SAGRI SA company and
then presents the different methods, tools and means used to solve the problem posed by the study;
The third chapter presents the results obtained at the end of our study in application of the
methodology set out in the previous chapter; Finally, the general conclusion recalls the problem,
the objectives of the study, the results of the study, then the recommendations aimed at ensuring
the application of HSE risk management within the factory.

4
 CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

For the purpose of making a meaningful and well understanding of our study, it is important
to have a close look on the notions of our area of study and on health and safety of workers and
review some of the literature work to the study. This chapter is meant to contain the review of
various literatures considered to be relevant to the study.

I.1-Theoretical Framework

I.1.1 General Presentation of the enterprise (SAGRI S.A)

I.1.1.1 History of SAGRI S.A

SAGRI S.A is an Anonymous Company born of SOACAM (Societe Alimentaire du

Cameroun) created in 2011 with the main aim of producing and commercializing double
concentrate of tomatoes in sachets of 70g and packaged in cartons of 50 sachets.

SAGRI S.A is part of the NABO HOLDINGS group, which is a grouping of companies
belonging to ALHADJI NANA BOUBA DJODA. Other companies under this group include;

➢ SOACAM: An Agro-food industry of Cameroon which is the main parent company of

this HOLDING
➢ AZUR S.A: Soap and oil refinery industry
➢ SAGRI S.A: Specialized on the production of double concentrate tomato from triple
concentrate
➢ Civil society and Real-estate: Sci-KRINA
➢ Development of a cattle ranch: RANCH MANDOUROU
➢ The capital of SAGRI SA is 500 000 000FCFa and the main shareholder is ALHADJI
NANA BOUBA DJODA.

I.1.1.2 Objectives of the company

During operationalization in July 2013, the main objectives of SAGRI SA were as follows:

• Contribute in the development of Cameroon;

5
 • Reduce the rate of unemployment;
• Make available to its customers’ double tomato concentrate of high quality at a low price;
Put in place a new sector of activities

I.1.1.3 Location of SAGRI S.A

SAGRI S.A is located 5000m from the road junction between the North-west and south-west
Regions, from the town of Douala and more specific along the road leading to TIKO with
geographical coordinates (4o07’56” N 9o34’48” E). Situated in BOMONO BA-MBENGUE village
in the DIBOMBARI sub-division of the Moungo Division, Littoral Region of Cameroon. This
industrial unit has a surface area of about 2.5 hectares.

Figure 1 : Geographical location of Soacam Agro-Industries(SAKWE LENYA 2021)

6
I.1.1.4 Sector of activity and product of SAGRI SA

SAGRI S.A is an Agro-food processing enterprise and the only finished product of the
enterprise is double tomato concentrate with the brand name NEIMA TOMATO. The double
tomato concentrate is a diluted form of the triple concentrate of tomato (TCT, main raw material).
NEIMA tomato is conditioned in sachets of 70g and packaged in cartons each containing 50
sachets. This product is distributed in the CEMAC zone by SOACAM SA.

Organization and functioning

SAGRI is structure in many departments, which on its own have a specific role for the proper
functioning of the company. We have:

 Quality, Hygiene, Security and Environmental Department

This department is made of 02 services: The Quality Assurance and Laboratory Service
in charge of product safety and quality, hygiene, security and environmental service and Health,
Safety and Environment (HSE): This department is responsible for ensuring the safety and health
of workers. It studies and takes into account the risk related to different areas, equipment and
working methods. They conduct training sessions and emergency simulations with caseworkers to
maintain warned of industrial risks. In addition, they ensure environmental safety, cleanliness,
pollution (noise and dust) and waste management.

 Production Department
The head of this department has an objective to ensure that the production target set by the
administration is attained while optimizing the cost of production. Production is done continuously
24h/24, 7days/7 ensured by operators working in shift. Activities at this point are coordinated at
each stage of production to ensure constant quality of the product.
 Maintenance Department
This department has as objective to put at the disposal of the production department reliable
equipment for effective processing. To do so, they work in partners with contracting company to
ensure deep maintenance of this equipment and a different team responsible for partial maintenance
to assist operators.

 Human resource department

7
 They are in charge of managing administrative and personnel’s affairs. Some of this task are:
payment of employee, recruitment of employee, staff training, leave management etc.

 Logistic department
This department that takes care of the supply of all the raw materials of the plant (TCT, salt,
cartons, scotch, wrapping film etc..) with the help of the purchasing department of the general
management. The triple tomato concentrate arrives from China in drums of about 250kg of
containment and is received by the storekeeper before being stored in the raw materials store.
Before storage, these products undergo a conformity analysis; in case of non-compliance, they are
returned. It is divided into three sub-activities:

• The raw materials store; who is responsible for storage and supplying production with a
request made with a purchase order and the storekeeper responds with proof that is the
delivery voucher;
• Service finished products; the factory two types of finished products: one local the other
export or Arabic these products have at least three to the production room and then transport
to the store fine products where they are delivered by the rule of first in first out;
• Service spare parts, it is a store where the spare parts are stored as its name indicates. These
parts are there to help the maintained department make replacements on the production line
during an outage.

8
I.1.1.5 Organigram of SAGRI S.A

General
administrator

SHE Manager Assistant

internal audit
IT manager
services

planification
manager

commercial human
head of director of technical
and marketing resource
logistics finance department
director director

head of engineering
head of Responsable Responsable
network Legal HR head of flotte accounting and
commerce service client chaine supply
service technology

attached Legal counsel project

dispacth Warehouse remote tresory
commercial associate engineer

Figure 2 : Organigram of SAGRI S.A

9
I.1.1.6 Neima double concentrate tomato process

➢ reception of raw materials:

The different raw materials used for the production of NEIMA double concentrate
comes from different countries and on arrival at the industrial site, its test of conformity is
being carried out on them to ensure they are good for usage and if not sent back to the
manufacturer. The raw materials used in SAGRI are:

- The triple concentrate tomato paste: this is the main raw material used for production
and is imported from China in drums having a brix of 36-38% cold break, and a weight
of 242-255kg per drum.
- Salt supplied by SASEL is being used as a preservative.
- Plastics films for packaging the NEIMA double concentrate tomato paste.
- Cartoons for secondary packaging of the sachet tomato paste.
- Scotch for sealing the cartons during packaging.
➢ De-stuffing process
This operation permits the transfer of the raw material to the storage tank by the help of a
suction pump (hoist). To the 4 drums of TCT to be de-stuffed, salt(7kg) and water is added to
facilitate adsorption by the pump and the operation usually last for at most 30 minutes. Before de-
stuffing, four samples from a batch (4 tanks) of the TCT is being collected by some laboratory
technician personnel for analysis. Parameters consider for analysis are: color, brix and pH and if
those parameters are ok then the operator at the de-stuffing can depot.

➢ Storage or Buffer tank

This tank is a temporal storage tank (because no reaction takes place) where the TCT stored
after se-stuffing. There is also a filter at the base of the buffer tank, which filters the tomato paste
and filters out debris and physical contaminants, which might cause harm to the consumer while
sending the paste to the mixer.
➢ Dilution or Mixing tank.
Once the TCT is transferred from the buffer to the mixer, mixing takes place for
homogeneity. Here, the hot water valve containing water at a temperature70-80 OC is opened and
with the help of the centrifugal pump, the mixture is mixed with hot water in a close circuit for

10
about 6 to 7 minutes before sending to the cooking tank. When homogeneity is attained, the hot
water and mixing values closed and the product is being transfer to the cooking tank.
➢ Concentration or Cooking tank
This operation is being carried out in a vacuum evaporator consisting of 2 layers of steel
surrounding the tomato paste so as to prevent the oxidation of the red pigment lycopene in the
tomato paste. The space between the layers is filled with water heated by hot vapour and the heat
is transferred by means of convection to the tomato mixture for cooking. The depression created
thanks to the vacuum pump favours the entrapment of water or dehydration of the product. During
this process, acids are being evaporated, condensed in a distillatory and collected as water. The
product obtained is passed through a temporal storage tank called the hopper and is progressively
passed through the pasteurizer for pasteurization.
➢ Pasteurization
The process is carried out in a tubular stainless steel in which the product and the vapour
circulate in a counter flow system. The pasteurizer consists of 13 tubes, which facilitates the
exchange of heat between the product and the hot vapour. The main aim of carrying out
pasteurization of the paste is to sterilize the paste by destroying or inactivating organisms and
enzymes that contribute to spoilage including vegetative bacteria but not bacteria spore hence
increasing the shelf life and stability of the paste. The hot water used for this process is at a
temperature of 95- 105 OC and the pasteurization process is carried out at a temperature of 89-93O
C.

➢ Packaging Process
Two types of packaging are being employed in NEIMA namely primary and secondary
packaging. The primary packaging involves the filling of the pasteurized paste in the plastic film
with the help of a packaging machine (UNIVERSAL PACK). The plastic film is being mounted
on the machine, unfolded and filled progressively; the sachets of DCT on leaving the machine
weigh between 70-73g per sachet in a row of seven (07) and column of 10. The secondary
packaging is done after cooling. Here, the DCT is folded in 10 sachets and packed in a carton. A
carton filled with DCT weigh 3.5kg and it contain 50 sachets of DCT.
➢ Cooling Process

11
 After the primary packaging process, the packaged paste is passed through a four cooling
chamber for adequate cooling. In the first cooling chamber, water is poured on the sachets and this
water is stored back in a tank, which is reused for the next cooling stage by performing a closed
cycle replaced by water reaches the temperature of 35oc. The second and third cooling chamber is
supplied with water from the cooling tower; it cools continuously in a circuit. The fourth chamber
is the chilling tower, which is not functional.
➢ Palletization
Here, the pelleted cartons of NEIMA double concentrate are been stored for 4 days under
which its quality is been controlled and there’s separation of the bad cartons from the good ones
before transportation to consumers.

➢ Reconditioning and Recycling

During production, some sachets of DCT may be identifies as being NC due to leakages and
thus cannot be packaged with the other tomato paste. Also, during palletization and transfer, NC
tomato paste can equally be generated. These NC are sent for reconditioning. It involves the
repackaging of the good sachets and recycling of the bad ones which involves sachets with
leakages, swollen and so on. The operators in charge carefully open and check the rejected cartons
in order to separate the sachets for conditioning from those to be recycled. The sachets with no
problems are cleaned and packed back into cartons, kept for 4 days for verification before sending
to the market. While sachets that shows leaks or swelling are been recycled and reintroduce back
in the production process.

12
flow diagram of neima double concentrate tomato production

Figure 3 : Flow diagram of neima double concentrate tomato production

13
I.1.1.7 Politics of SAGRI S.A

In a competitive market, SOACAM AGRO-INDUSTRY S.A took as engagement to some

measures aimed at perpetuating its know-how and controlling its growth so to become the leaders
in the markets of tomato concentrates in the CEMAC zone.

In an objective to fasten these measures, the management deliberately opted for the
implementation and permanent improvement of a management system for the security of food
(SMSDA) based on good production practices and conditioning according to ISO 22000: 2018
norm exigencies.

These taken measures reflect the constant worry of the company to meet legal exigencies,
regulations and expectation of other interested parties. Thus, they rely on the following five pillars:

➢ To continually improve the living standard of the CEMAC community household by

proposing a product up to their expectation
➢ Offer to our agent and final consumers a good quality product at reasonable prices
➢ Assuring the well-being of our collaborators and the undertaken social engagement to the
communities where we operate.
➢ Control danger linked to the security of conditioned products so as to assure a safe and
quality product
➢ To prove to control administrators the conformity of the practices in the company
➢ The team responsible for the daily sustainability of these politic (security of food
commodities) will equally make sure that the product is shared, understood and accepted
by all personnel.

14
I.1.1.8 Identity of SAGRI S.A

Table 1 Identity of SAGRI S.A

LOGO

Administrative Bata-Congo Douala (marché Congo) at « l’immeuble

location Direction Générale de SOACAM »

Address P.O. BOX: 17355 Douala Cameroun;

Phone : 79 99 68 88 / 79 99 62 77 / 77 11 78 44

E-mail : Sagri.neima@yahoo.fr

Chief Executive Alhaji NANA BOUBA DJODA

Officer (CEO)

Director General NJAFAROU SADOU

Capital 2000.000.000 FCFA

major share- Group NABO HOLDING (36% shares)

holder

Sector of activity Agro-Food processing

Date of creation February 2013

15
I.1.2 Presentation of conceptual framework

I.1.2.1 Generalities on risks

I.1.2.1.1 History on Risks

The study of risk began after World War 2. Risk management has long been associated
with the use of market insurance to protect individuals and companies from various losses
associated with accidents. Different forms of pure risk management, alternatives to market
insurance, surfaced during the 1950s when market Insurance was perceived as very costly and
incomplete (Lyon and Hollcroft 2016). The use of derivatives as financial risk management
instruments arose during the 1970s, and expanded quite rapidly during the 1980s, as companies
intensified their financial risk management. International risk regulation began in the 1990s,
prompting financial firms to develop internal risk management models and capital calculation
formulas to hedge against unanticipated risks and reduce regulatory capital. Governance of risk
management became essential, integrated risk management was introduced and the first risk
manager positions were created (Lyon, and Hollcroft 2016). According to the ILO estimates, every
year over 2.3 million women and men die at work from an occupational injury or disease. Over
350,000 deaths are due to fatal accidents and almost 2 million deaths are due to fatal work-related
diseases (World day for safety and health at work, 2015)

I.1.2.1.2 Definition Some risk terminologies

➢ Risk: ISO 45001 defines risks as the combination of the likelihood of occurrence of a work-
related hazardous event(s) or exposure(s) and the severity of injury or ill health that can be
caused by the event(s) or exposure(s).
➢ Professional risks: Risks that acts as threats in a workplace/an occupation (OSH).
➢ Likelihood: Chance of something happening (ISO Guide 73/ANSI/ASSE Z690.1-201
➢ Risk identification: Is a process that is used to find, recognize, and describe the risks that
could affect the achievement of objectives (ISO 45001:2018).
➢ Risk analysis: Is a process that is used to understand the nature, sources, and causes of the
risks that have been identified and to estimate the level of risk (ISO 45001:2018).

16
➢ Risk Assessment: Process of evaluating the risk arising from a hazard taking into account
the adequacy of any existing controls, and deciding whether the risk is acceptable or not.
➢ Qualitative Risk assessments a risk assessment based on subjective ratings (ISO 45001).
➢ Quantitative Risk Assessments: A risk assessment based on numerical ratings (ISO
45001)
➢ Event an Occurrence or change of a particular set of circumstances (ISO Guide
73/ANSI/ASSEZ690.1-2011).
➢ Risk evaluation: Is a process that is used to compare risk analysis results with risk criteria
in order to determine whether or not a specified level of risk is acceptable or tolerable (ISO
45001:2018)
➢ Severity: Severity is defined as the degree of injury or illness which is reasonably
predictable
➢ Risk Control: Process of deciding how and to what extent, reduce or eliminate risk factors
by considering the risk assessment, engineering factors, and social, economic and political
concerns.
➢ Residual Risk: The risk remaining after risk reduction measures have been taken
(ANSI/ASSE Z590.3-2011).

17
I.1.2 Juridical and Institutional framework

I.1.2.1 International framework

Table 2 represents the international standards relative to managements of professional risk in

order to protect workers and properties at work place they include; ISO 31000 Version 2018 for
risk assessment and managements. ISO 45001 Version 2018 Management of health and safety in
a workplace.

Table 2 the international standard for management of professional risks.

STANDARD REFERENCE DATE TITLE

ISO 31000 2018 Risk management-
line of directives
ISO 31010 / Risk Assessment
Techniques.

Management of
ISO 45001 2018 occupational health
and safety.

Decree n ° 2001-101 5 November 2001 Applicable to the

civil service: it now
imposes to all
employers a
comprehensive
assessment of the
risks identified in
each work.

18
I.1.2.2 National framework for management of professional risks

The labour code, law n°92-007 of the 14th August 1992, in its title 6 prescribes occupational
safety and health conditions at work as well as several other legal texts of Decree N° 039 /MTPS
/IMT of the 26th November 1984 establishing general health and safety measures at workplace.

I.2-Literature Review

I.2.1 Risk concept

Risk concept the perception of the potential harm associated with a hazardous situation
relates to the concept of risk. The term risk has several meanings. Likewise, the risks may be very
varied nature and many classifications have been proposed. Definitions of risk at two dimensions
are quite close. Risk is a measure of danger combining a measurement of the occurrence of an
adverse event and a measurement of its effects or consequences. And according to OHSAS 18001,
a risk is the combination of the probability and the consequence (s) of the occurrence. However,
there are slightly more definitions complex in which a third dimension appears: acceptability of
the risk, threshold in below which we accept the existence of the danger although its seriousness
and probability of occurrence are not zero. In the remainder of this work, the term risk is
unambiguously linked to the risks incurred in the management of systems.

Risk can be calculated as:

Risk = probability of loses =

X X
Hazard Vulnerability Elements-at-risk

Temporal The degree of loss of a Quantification of

probability of specific type of exposed elements-at-
hazards scenario elements-at-risk given risk e.g. (people,
the intensity of a given buildings monetary
hazard scenario value)

19
I.2.2 risk management concept

Organizations, whether they realize it or not, are exposed to hazards and their risks each day
capable of significantly affecting the ability to achieve important business goals or even remain in
business. Risk assessment is an important and sophisticated tool used to assess an organization’s
operational risks so that proper decisions can be made to avoid or effectively mitigate and manage
risks to an acceptable level. It is considered the cornerstone of risk management and the basis for
the practice of Safety. Europe, the importance of operational risk assessment is well known and
publicized as indicated in the following statement from the European Agency for Safety and Health
at Work (EU-OSHA, 2015).

ISO Guide 73/ANSIZ690.1-2011 states that there are three distinct components to the act of “risk
assessment” which are given as follows:

•Risk identification – finding, recognizing, and recording hazards

•Risk analysis – understanding consequences and probabilities and existing controls

•Risk evaluation – comparing levels of risk and considering additional controls.

Process of risk assessments includes;

IDENTIFY HAZARDS
AND RISKS

ANALYSE RISKS
RISK MANAGEMENT
PROCESS

EVALUATE RISKS

Figure 4 : Risk management process

20
I.2.2.1 Risk identification

The key components of risk identification are the identification of the causes and source of
the risk (hazard in the context of physical harm), events, situations, or circumstances, which could
have a material impact upon objectives and the nature of that impact. Once identified, existing
controls for the risk should also be identified (ISO 31010/ANSI Z690.3-2011). Methods for
identifying existing and potential hazards/risks in the workplace are many. A likely starting point
might begin with collecting available information about the operations to be assessed. Some
hazards are easily identified intuitively or through recent or past experience, while others require
more systematic methods of identification. Depending on the operation or subject of the
assessment, the level of effort will vary accordingly. A simple job or task may only require a job
hazard analysis, while a more complex system may require a series of methods to identify existing
and potential hazards. There are many ways to go about identifying hazards and operations for
assessment, but a systematic approach will likely be more thorough and reliable. Some of the more
common methods and sources used by safety professionals to identify hazards are listed in the
following:

•Brainstorming.

•Checklists.

•Regulations (OSHA, EPA, etc.).

•Consensus Industry standards (ANSI, etc.).

•Experts (external or internal).

•Job hazard analyses/job safety analyses.

•Accident/incident investigations

•OSHA injury and illness records

STEPS INVOLVES IN RISK IDENTIFICATION INVOLVES

▪ Identify job task.
▪ Identify activities present in job task.
▪ Identify potential causes

21
Identify Potential harm/ill health condition

I.2.2.2 Risk analysis

Risk analysis involves developing an “understanding” of the risk. This analysis of each
hazard/risk includes the following tasks:

•Determining the severity of consequences

•Estimating the likelihood of occurrence

•Assessment of the effectiveness of existing controls

•An estimation of the risk level. The level of risk takes into consideration a combination of the
possible consequences and likelihood. A single event or task can have many possible consequences
and impact multiple assets. Risk analysis can be qualitative, semi quantitative, or quantitative in
nature depending upon of the assessment and available data. Qualitative analyses are the most
common and use descriptors such as “high,” “serious,” “medium,” and “low” for degrees of
severity of consequence, likelihood of occurrence, and risk level. Semi quantitative methods use
numerical ratings for consequence and likelihood to produce a level of risk, which are based on
qualitative descriptive criteria rather than quantitative data. And finally, quantitative analyses,
which are not as common, use estimated values for consequences and their likelihood producing
numerical values of risk in specific units defined in the context. As stated by ISO 31010/ANSI
Z690.3, full quantitative analysis may not always be possible or desirable due to insufficient
information or the needs of the assessment. In many cases, a comparative semi quantitative or
qualitative ranking of risks by qualified assessors is desired for the assessment.

I.2.2.3 Risk Evaluation

Risk evaluation involves comparing the estimated risk levels with the defined risk criteria to
determine the significance of the level and type. It is based on the combination of estimated
consequences and likelihood and uses information from the hazard/risk identification and risk
analysis phases to make recommendations for decision makers. These decisions may include
implementing further controls, other forms of risk treatment, or avoiding the hazard or operation
all together. Additional inputs to the decision-making process include legal, financial, ethical, and
other considerations. Decisions on treating a risk will likely depend on the costs and benefits of
22
risk and the costs and benefits of implementing improved controls. The “as low as reasonably
practicable” or criteria is used to determine when the cost of further reduction is disproportionate
to the benefits gained in risk reduction and safety (Manuela, 2008). An illustration of the AS LOW
AS REASONABLE PRACTICABLE principle reprinted with permission from ANSI/ASSE
Z690.3 (Courtesy of ASSE) and Fred Manuela. The selected risk assessment matrix is used to
consider both the consequence and likelihood risk levels for each risk. The risk assessment matrix
example provided in is qualitative in nature with risks ranging from “high” to “low.” In the example
matrix, risks that fall in the “low” category would most likely be considered acceptable by an
organization, while those in the “medium” category may be considered acceptable with some
additional controls. Risks in the “serious” category would require immediate action, and those in
the “high” category are considered the highest risk and would be unacceptable to an organization,
requiring immediate action to avoid or reduce the risk to acceptable levels. In each case, the criteria
for severity of consequence and likelihood of occurrence will need to be customized and defined
by the organization’s stakeholders.

I.2.2.4 Different Types of Professional Risks

There is a panoply of risks in the industrial world, but which differ according to the
activity.

After the construction industry and the woodworking trades, the agro-food industries are one
of the sectors of activity causing the most work accidents and occupational diseases.

➢ Biological risk

This risk is linked to exposure to biological agents. They can be bacteria, viruses, fungi
or parasites. Contamination can be through the skin, through the conjunctiva, by ingestion or
through the respiratory tract.

➢ Chemical hazard

The chemical risk includes the risks associated with the storage of products, their transport in and
outside the company, and their handling. Risks can be linked to their properties physico-chemical
(flammability, instability) or their toxic properties (harmful, corrosive, irritant, etc.).

23
 ➢ Risk of thermal burns: This risk manifests itself in contact with solids, liquids or
vapours having a high temperature, in contact with flames, when projecting incandescent
elements, when handling cold products.
➢ Electrical hazard

These are the risks of electrocution (passage of electric current) or electrocution (death of
the victim), indirect contact, ignition of an arc or spark, lightning strike.

➢ Explosive risk

Explosion, unlike fire, is almost instantaneous combustion. It causes a blast effect

accompanied by flames and heat. It can only occur after formation of an explosive
atmosphere (ATEX). This results from a mixture with the air of combustible substances
(flour, wood dust, solvent vapours, etc.), in proportions such as a source of ignition of
sufficient energy produces its explosion.

➢ Fire risk

A fire can take various forms: Either the flames are predominant with a significant release of
heat, either the fumes are dense, either polluting or toxic gases are emitted, there are many
risks associated with the fire: burns, asphyxiation, irritation, etc.

➢ Risk Associates with handling Tools

These are the risks associated with handling objects to accomplish a task (screwdriver, cutter,
scalpel, etc.) or passing them from one state to another (e.g. Opening / closing a door).
➢ Risk associated with repetitive actions

Repetitive gestures are gestures repeated at a relatively high rate, involving excessive
extensions or contractions, or even twisting movements of a part of the body that can lead to
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).

➢ Risk Associates with work postures

These are restrictive gestures and postures resulting from workstations and operating
methods that do not meet ergonomic requirements. This risk is all the greater as the posture
is prolonged over time and there is no interruption in the task to be accomplished.
(Relaxation, other task…).

24
 ➢ Risk of manual handling

Risk associated with any operation of transporting or supporting a load, including lifting,
laying, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving, which requires the physical effort of one or
more workers. The risk arises when handling is done without mechanical assistance (forklift,
forklift).

➢ Mechanical handling or lifting risk

These are the risks of shocks or collisions by moving masses, of overturning or crushing.
These risks are mainly linked to the use of pallet trucks, trolleys, overhead cranes, etc.

➢ Mechanical risk

It results from mechanical contact resulting from material contact involving force, energy and
pressure that can result in bodily injury.

II.2.2.2. Risks generated by the work environment

➢ Risk of falling object

These are essentially the risks of falling objects linked to storage on several levels, or in
bulk in large quantities.

➢ Risk of falling from a height

Falling from a height can occur when working or accessing at height. The risk generated by
the fall can be a trauma, a shock, a fracture.
➢ Risk related to the thermal environment

Thermal discomfort is characterized by many symptoms.

In a cold environment, we will rather see the appearance of chills, colds, sore throats, reduced
dexterity, and numbness. In a hot environment, you may have profuse sweating and feel
fatigue, nausea, dizziness, decreased alertness.

➢ Lighting risk

Poor lighting can be the cause of more or less significant physical disorders depending
on the degree of lighting deficiency and the sensitivity of the person. Insufficient lighting

25
compared to the level of precision required for the task, excessive strain on the muscles of
the eyes causes visual fatigue. It Is characterized by three types of symptoms:
- Eye effects: tearing, burning, stinging ...

- Poor lighting can also be the cause of bad handling, embarrassment in carrying out
the work activity. These circumstances are sometimes the cause of accidental situations.

➢ Air Quality risk

The quality of the air can present conditions of comfort or discomfort but also
particularities likely to affect the conditions of health and safety at work. The risks involved
can be: discomfort, aggression on the respiratory tract (odour’s, dust, etc.) or an allergy
reaction.

➢ Noise

This risk is linked to all sounds that produce an unpleasant, annoying or even painful
hearing sensation. The noise can be continuous or impulsive, it can also come from various
ringing tones (telephones, sirens, horns).

➢ Risk Associates with screen work: Working intensively in front of a screen can
cause health problems. Visual fatigue, tingling, Musculoskeletal disorders related to work
postures (neck pain or joint disorders for example); Stress, nervousness.

➢ Risk related to particular working conditions (shifted hours, on-call penalties,

etc.)

Night work imposes a shifted pace of work and life for employees. The biological cycle can
lead to periods of reduced vigilance during night work.

Working with changing schedules can be difficult because it requires a lot of organization on
the part of the worker, in his personal and professional life.

➢ Risk associated with internal displacement

Walking on slippery, uneven or obstructed ground may cause a fall or cause a twist of a joint
or an impact against a material element.

➢ Psychosocial risk (stress, moral violence, etc.)

26
 We group together all the situations that expose a worker to stress or moral violence in
the course of his work. For stress, 5 factors are distinguished: the task, the organization of
work, work relations, the physical environment and the socio-economic environment. Moral
violence can be harassment, overt side-lining, repeated bullying or mockery

27
 CHAPTER II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter presents the different materials, procedure, methods and techniques used in our
work, it looks at how data were gathered for the work and the help in the accurateness of our
study so as to attain our objective.

II.1 materials

Table 3 : Materials used for the realization of our work

No Material Role

1. A mobile phone For the collection of photos on the field.

2. Computer Realization of work my work thanks to applications such

as word document, excel, PowerPoint, etc. present in the
computer.

3. Google maps for android For geographical localization of SAGRI S.A.

4. Software Quantum GIS Realization of geographic map of SAGRI S.A.

5. Software EDRAWMAX For drawing and designing diagrams.

6. Software GPS (Global Collections of geographic data’s on the field.

Positioning System)

7. A bloc note To collect or note personal data’s on the field.

8. SAGRI HSE archives This includes;

-Reports on near miss, incidents and accident from

26/02/2020 to 21/07/2021) see annex

-company internal rules and regulation.

-books on historical background about the company.

28
 -company’s checklists and permit to work.

-rules and guidelines for occupational safety and hygiene

in a food processing industries

-unique document for risk assessment.

9. Online documents
-Cameroon penal code for protection of workers at work.

-checklist, and methods for risk assessment in a food

processing industries.

10. thermometer To measure ambient temperature.

11. Sound level meter To measure noise intensity.

II.2 Methodology

Table 04 below summarizes our methodological step. It gives a result with respect to each
specific objective in synoptic a representation of the methods and tools used and leads us towards
the results allowing us to achieve our general goal.

II.2.1 Identification of Professional Risks

We say: "A well identified problem is half solved". So the first step of the preventive
approach of our work consisted in clearly circumscribing the risks present at the SAGRI.SA. To
do this we have collected at the level of each work unit, the information on the work situation. This
was information obtained during interviews with responsible for each work unit on the one hand
and on the other hand for the observations made on the ground.

II.2.1.1 Initial Diagnosis (Study of company’s state of existence)

The initial diagnosis is an important phase to objectively analyze the practice of managing health
and safety risks in the system improving working conditions on workplace. This phase includes
surveys, data collection and analysis.

29
II.2.1.2 desk study

➢ Documentary review

Here the documentary research aimed to bring together and structure all the information
relating to our study topic. This phase was based on written and graphic sources of information. It
consisted in consulting documents such as: The emergency plan, accident reports.

➢ Direct observation

Direct observation is one of the data collection techniques used. The observations made on
the whole site, in particular inside and outside buildings, in the corridors and bare spaces, allowed
us to see at first contact the devices of safety in place within the plant to ensure the health and
safety of workers but also to detect deviations and non-conformities with respect to order 039 /
MTPS / IMT. The data collected are photographs that were taken on an ad hoc basis thanks to a
camera.
II.2.1.3 Collection of data.
Data collection is the second step of this goal. It was made during a month in two parts:
primary data collection and secondary data collection

➢ Primary data collection:

This was data collected by us. It was done through interviews. The interviews took place
during interviews with the various stakeholders. We have developed a questionnaire sent to some
SAGRI SA staff this questionnaire included so-called "open" questions which required a form
developed response whether by a short or long sentence and questions said "Closed" intended to
be answered by yes or no. For this, all questions were asked in accordance with order 039 / MTPS
/ IMT of 26 November 1984 laying down health and safety measures in the workplace.
We submitted the questionnaire to 32 (thirty-two) people because they are always present in the
daily shift to describe their activity and the risks to which they are exposed during
the performance of their task. Twelve questions were addressed to each of them, the principle being
to find out if employees are aware of what the risk is in terms of health, safety, environment and
what their capacity to react to an unforeseen event are.

➢ Collection of secondary data’s:

30
 These are data obtained through existing documentation. It was made at
through the consultation of various documents such as the SAGRI audit, the emergency plan, the
study environmental and social impact analysis of SAGRI SA data, research on
internet and the use of courses given in university.

➢ From divers documents.

We have consulted a few documents relating to our field of study.

➢ Analyze data’s from SAGRI S.A.

We have consulted the accident / incident investigation reports, the reports of QHSE
department meetings and we mainly had access to the Health & Safety performance of the
company for the period of 2020.

➢ Researches from the internet

We visited a few websites. They took us to the work on the theme of risk management. We also
consulted investigation reports, dissertations and thesis.

➢ Exploitation of some courses from the Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries.

We have exploited some courses offered in some Universities in the world, including the
University of Maroua -Faculty of mines and petroleum industries.

Risk identification must be carried out in order to find out the causes and consequences of
all possible risks presents in the production unit with the help of a questionnaire (checklist) and
look for the existing control measures put in place.

II.2.1.4 Questionnaire (checklist).

A checklist is a technique that can be used to identify and manage risks, its often by the form
of questionnaire to check the conformities of activities below is the selected checklist used to
identify risks in the production unit of SAGRI SA.

31
Table 4 : Questionnaire (checklist) for risk identification

References

HSE CHECKLIST LIST FOR 00

CONFORMITY

YES NO N/A Comment section

Possible risks/hazards that may occur

II.2.1.5 Risk identification using 5WH tool.

It is a quality tool that allowed us to ask good questions before tackling the situation or
problem. It is a very important tool because it made it possible to identify all the important elements
when choosing a solution. The 5WHYs can be represented as follows;

➢ What is the problem?

➢ Where does it arise?
➢ Who is affected by the problem?
➢ When does it appear?
➢ Why what are the reasons for solving the problem?

WHAT? What actually

happened?

WHY? WHO?
Why does it The 5WHY Who is affected?
happen? approach
WHERE?
WHEN?
Where does it
When did it
actually takes

32
Figure 5 : representation of 5WHY tool

Importance of 5WHYs
➢ It helps to quickly identify the root causes of a problem.
➢ Its helps to differentiate between the contributing factors of a problem and its root causes.
➢ It helps to determine between the different root causes of a problem.
➢ It can be learned easily and does not require statistic data’s to be used.

II.2.1.6 Risk identification using 5M/ISHIKAWA tool:

Also called cause-effect diagram or fishbone diagram, or even 5M, the ISHIKAWA diagram
is a special problem-solving tool. More advanced than the 5P (5 Why) and widely used by quality
specialists, this tool aims at categorizing causes which have an influence or which are at the origin
of an effect. The notion of effect refers to the problem we are trying to solve. Once the effect has
been defined, the list of causes which have an influence on the effect must be drawn up, then comes
the classification of these causes into different families which will constitute the edges of the
ISHIKAWA
- (M) Material: These are the causes linked to the various consumables used; raw materials and
materials used and more generally the process inputs, documents, information,
- (M) Machine: equipment, machines, computer hardware, software, technologies,
- (M) Method: specifications (operating mode, process logic), laws, regulations, procedures,
information flows
- (M) Man-labour: the causes linked to human intervention are listed here; habits, personal
qualification, etc.
- (M) Milieu: the workplace, its physical organization, working conditions, each branch receives
other causes or categories hierarchized according to Diagram. The level of detail. The terms
"Means" or "Machines" often replace the category "Equipment". However, there are several
variants of the 5M diagram: - A first variant structured around 6M, which adds to the previous 5
areas that of "Measurement":8M, which adds to the previous one the categories "Management”
and "Means financial Another adds a ninth M, that of "Maintenance" added in the production
universes. Indeed, a lack of maintenance or a bad maintenance can be at the origin of faults (effect).
The 5M diagram can be represented as;

33
 METHOD MATERIA MILIEU
L

Potential
Consequences
causes

MAN-
LABOUR MACHINE

Figure 6 : Representation of 5M/ISHIKAWA tool for risks identification

II.2.2 Prioritization of identified risks using Pareto diagram

Once the risk has been identified, it is necessary to determine its importance. An assessment
would therefore be necessary insofar as it is necessary to compare the estimated risk with given
criteria. This evaluation was carried out with the help of the QHSE manager of SAGRI.SA as well
as of certain employees to ensure that all possible types of risk are taken into account.
The objective of the risk assessment being to quantify the risk, it is therefore appropriate to rate
the risk taking into account:

The pareto diagram is a cause analysis tool that sorts out vital risks problems from a series of causes
by prioritizing them in a graphical manner in a descending order of the identified risks, according
to the law of pareto, 80% of the identified problems or risk was caused by 20% of elements present
in a particular family of risk Categorized in the 5M family of risks as shown below;

Pareto law= 80% of all the risks found in the

80%

unit of production

Is caused by 20% of the elements

%20

in a particular family
34
Pareto chart procedure

1. Decide what categories you will use to group items.

2. Decide what measurement is appropriate, common measurement are frequency, quantity,

costs and time.

3. Collect data, recording the category each time, or assemble data that already exist.

4. Subtotal the measurements for each category.

5. Determine the appropriate scale for the measurement you have calculated. The maximum
value will be the highest sub-total from step 5. Mark the scale on the left side of the chart.

6. Construct and label bars for each category. Place the tallest at the left, then next tallest to
its right, and so on. If there are many categories with small measurements, they can be grouped
into others.

7. Trace a line of 80% against 20% of the Pareto law so as to determine the principal cause
of the problems among the multiple problems found in the given workplace.

II.2.2.1 Preliminary Risks Analysis tool (APR).

We carry out analysis method to identify and evaluates dangerous situations of risk or
hazards; which further helps us to verify short comings. Treat risks at the levels of acceptability
and also shows the best procedures on how to manage major risks. Is systematic and simple to
apply. Its principles can be represented as

Principle of APR

➢ Identification of all dangerous elements and elements at risk.

➢ Identification of one or many situations in danger.
➢ Evaluate the causes and consequences of danger and its existing control measures.
➢ Evaluate the frequency and gravity of occurrence.

35
 3. identify the causes and consequences of dangers and its
existing control measures

2. identify one or many

situations in danger

1.identify dagerouse elements and

elements at risk

Figure 7 : Representation of APR principle

APR approach;
Initial risks residual risks

Identification and analysis evaluation treatment evaluation

No Process/ No of Type/category Causes consequences F G Existing observations Proposal control

affected control measures
activity Of risk
workers measures

Figure 8 : Representation of APR approach

36
II.2.3 Risk Evaluation and Prioritization

II.2.3.1 Shell Risks Analysis

The analysis and evaluation (quantified rating) of the risks makes it possible to define those
that are the most important. The classification criteria used appear in the proposed risk assessment
(severity x frequency = occupational risk index). It later allows, according to the results obtained,
to deduce the priority level of treatment of risky situations. At this stage, the analysis of the
causality of service accidents that have occurred and the studies carried out following the revelation
of occupational diseases are important indicators. Likewise, the study (statistical, i.e. anonymous)
absenteeism per work unit can be indicative of malfunctions

Table 5 : Shell risks analysis approach assessment of professional risks in the production unit.

LIKELIHOOD
Extremely Often likely unlikely Very unlikely
likely
Could happen Could happen Could happen
Could happen at some time but very but probably
SEVERITY
at any time rarely never will

10 08 06 04

Death or permanent
disability or extreme
damage to 100 80 60 40
equipment or
property 10
Long term illness or
serious injury or
major damage to 80 64 48 32
property or
equipment 08

37
 Medical
treatment several 60 48 36 24
days off work or
minor damage to
equipment or
property 06
First Aid needed or
negligible property
damaged 04 40 32 24 16

Key
Frequency/gravity of an event likely to occur: 80-100
Frequency/gravity of an event unlike to occur: 48-79

Frequency/gravity very unlikely to occur: 0-48

Risk evaluation criteria
Shell-Risk assessment matrix. Hazardous activities categorized according to their severity and
likelihood.

Gravity
Gravity is the character of what is important, of what cannot be considered lightly, of what
can have unfortunate consequences. Gravity characterizes overall all the consequences among
different classes of importance. This classification is usually done by experts. An even number
of gravity classes should be defined in order to avoid the tendency to retain the middle position
of an odd classification. Revealing and distinctive terms should also be chosen to avoid
misinterpretation in the event of an audit or request for expert advice. Indeed, some simply
prefer to number gravity classes (level 0, level 1, level 2, and level 3) (Mazouni, 2008).

Frequency of occurrence
The frequency of occurrence of an event is the measure of the average number of occurrences
expected in a given time frame under known conditions. This frequency is estimated over a given
period of time (year, day, time, etc.)
Calculating risks score (initial risk)

38
At this stage, the identified risks/hazards are rated in frequency and their gravity of occurrence in
a criticity matrix shown above of using the SHELL RISK MATRIX. All this is calculated without
taking into account the initial preventive control measures put in place by SAGRI SA.
Denoted as Ri = P X G (General risks calculation) or Ri = (P X E) X G
Where; Ri =initial risks.
P= probability of occurrence
G= gravity
E= a given element.
Risk Evaluation scale

Table 6 : Professional risk evaluation scale

Evaluation Scale
Score Category Action Required
Isolate the hazard immediately. Take corrective measures on high
80-100 Critical
priority and eliminate the hazard as soon as possible.
Isolate the hazard as soon as practicable, Engineering control and
50-79 High administrative controls need to be taken. Regularly monitor the
cause(s) until rectification.
Must fix the cause(s) when time and resources permit.
30-49 Medium
Administrative control is to be taken.
Need to monitor and consider. Administrative control is to be taken
<29 Low
& use appropriate PPEs

II.2.4 Elaboration of Health, Safety, Environmental intervention plan.

The results of risks analysis that are been carried out will enable us to define priorities and
planning prevention and protection actions. The HSE plan will be based on the risks to be taken
into account:
• Time parameter: which precisely defines the actual mastery of duration of elaboration of
HSE plan.
• Actor’s parameter: which defines the person in-charge to carry out functions.

39
 • Financial parameter: which will determine the amount that would be spend to elaborate
such programs
• Monitoring parameter: determines how the elaboration plan will be follow-up.
Table: 7 summarized methodological approach for our work.

Objectives activities Tools justification

documentary This tool permits us to find

Initial diagnostic review about the out about the existing state of
(SAGRI state of existence) company the company.
Desk study Observation This tool helps us to identify
problems or risks encountered
during our study.
Risk Identification of -5M/ISHIKAWA Helps us to bring out all
identification professional -5WH possible risks which may acts
risks/hazards that are -PARETO diagram. as threat to personnel or
found within the unit properties
of production.
Bring out the causes Bring out the causes and
Risk analysis and consequences and -APR consequences and existing
existing control control measures
measures
Evaluate and -APR Permits to appreciate the
Risk assessment hierarchize -shell risk matrix levels of risks and hierarchize
professional risks them

Proposed Defines and

prevention plan hierarchize the 5WHY Develops a new strategy to
of intervention proposed prevention EXCEL manage risk.
and monitoring plan and monitoring
procedures procedures

40
Conclusion

Coming to the end of this chapter that has as goal to presents the different materials and
method used during the realization of our work. The first step was the study of initial diagnostic
(company’s state of existence) by the use of several tools such as desk study, observations.
Secondly was to carry out risk assessments where several tools were applied such as checklist
(questionnaire), brainstorming, 5WH, 5M diagram/ISHIKAWA for identification of professional
risks. Followed by risk analysis where identified professional risks are being analysed with respect
to causes and consequences and existing control measures put in place. Finally, a proposal plan of
intervention to be put in place with the help of an excel software.

41
 CHAPTER III-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

In this chapter, we will present in detail the different results obtained after having applied in
our methodology. Each result is either followed by a discussion or interpretation or in a comment
form.
III.1 Identification of risks using checklist.

The risks identified in the unit of production by the help of a checklist (Questionnaire) in annex 2
where 15 questions of risks were being posed to 32 workers and 29 workers confirmed the
following risks.

Professional identified in the unit of production

➢ Poor working position of worker (standing, sitting or bending for a long duration of time.
➢ Limited space for execution of job task
➢ No designated area for the circulation of forklift and pedestrians.
➢ Wet soil and floor.
➢ Inadequate lightening
➢ Limited space for the execution of daily task.
➢ Poor circulation of fresh air due to absence of natural or mechanical ventilation systems.
➢ Sometimes the workshop experiencing overcrowding.
➢ Bad weather condition.
➢ Low power supply.
➢ Noise intensity greater than 85Db.
➢ Uneven and rough floor.
➢ No designated path for circulation forklifts and pedestrians.
➢ Negligence of mandatory PPE.
➢ Insufficient labour to carry out job tasks
➢ Lack of motivation to workers.
➢ Lack of appropriate training to workers.
➢ Negligence of safety instructions put in place

42
 ➢ workers are involving in lifting, pulling, pushing of loads containing sachets of tomato
with weight greater than 20kg for about 4hours only males are allowed to carry out de-
stuffing.
➢ Inappropriate rags and moppets to clean and dry floor.
➢ Presence of chemical products.
➢ Poor quality of plastic films.
➢ Unsuitable footwear

III. 2 Categorization of risks using 5M method or ISHIKAWA

After using the 5M analysis, the following results of risks where obtained;
(M) Method:

➢ Poor working position of worker (standing, sitting or bending for a long period of time).
➢ The inappropriate procedure of work.
➢ Poor cleaning techniques.
➢ Lack of precaution during repair of machine.

(M) Machine:

➢ Lack of proper maintenance

➢ Presence of rusty equipment.
➢ Machines run longer than planned.
➢ Lack of qualified repairer.
➢ Incomplete Installation of machines.
➢ Some machinery equipment is out of date.

(M) Material:

➢ Inappropriate rags and moppets to clean and dry floor.

➢ Presence of chemical products.
➢ Faulty wires and electric outlet.

43
 ➢ Absence of reflective jackets
➢ Usage of rusty equipment.
➢ Poor quality of plastic films.
➢ Unsuitable footwear.
➢ Limited mandatory materials to be used daily e.g. face mask.

(M) Man-labour:

➢ Negligence of mandatory PPE.

➢ Insufficient labour to carry out job tasks
➢ Lack of motivation to workers.
➢ Lack of appropriate training to workers.
➢ Negligence of safety instructions put in place
➢ workers are involving in lifting, pulling, pushing of loads containing sachets of tomato
with weight greater than 20kg for about 4hours only males are allowed to carry out de-
stuffing.
➢ Unsuitable handling method (manual jack lift).

(M) Milieu:
➢ Vibration of machines rendering a noisy environment
➢ Limited space for execution of job task
➢ No designated area for the circulation of forklift and pedestrians.
➢ Wet soil and floor
➢ Inadequate lightening; the 5M can be represented below as;
➢ Limited space for the execution of daily task.
➢ Poor circulation of fresh air due to absence of natural or mechanical ventilation systems.
➢ Sometimes the workshop experiencing overcrowding.
➢ Bad weather condition.
➢ Low power supply.
➢ Noise intensity greater than 85Db.
➢ Uneven and rough floor.
➢ No designated path for circulation forklifts and pedestrians.
➢ Pathway not traced. The 5M/ISHIKAWA will be best represented in figure 1

44
identification of professional risk identified and categorized in the 5M/ISHIKAWA method.

Machine Method Material

➢ Some machines are out of
date
➢ Lack of proper maintenance
➢ Presence of rusty
equipment
➢ Machines run longer than
planned
➢ Lack of qualified repairer
➢ Negligence of PPI
➢ Lack of motivation
➢ Insufficient training
➢ Negligence of safety instructions put in
place
➢ Lack of training program
Man ➢ Miss handling of products
➢ Fatigue
➢ The working position of
worker (standing, sitting or
bending for a long period of
time)
➢ The procedure of work
➢ Poor cleaning techniques
➢ Lack of precautions during
repair machines
Milieu
➢ Inappropriate rags and
moppets to clean and dry
floor
➢ Presence of chemical products
➢ Faulty wires and electric
outlet
➢ Presence of defective pallets
➢ Usage of rusty equipment
➢ Poor quality of plastic films
Risks
➢ Vibration of machines rendering a noisy
environment
➢ Limited space for execution of job task
➢ No designated area for the circulation of
forklift and pedestrians.
➢ Wet soil and floor
➢ Inadequate lightening
➢ Hot environment

Figure 9 : Identification of professional risks using 5M/ISHIKAWA tool.

45
III.3 Prioritization of identified professional risks using Pareto diagram

From the risks identified and categorized using the 5M diagram in figure 9, the professional risk
identified must be prioritized to so as to sort out the major risks that are present in the unit of
production, all the professional risk identified using the diagrams which gave the following results
as follows; in the family of MILEU which recorded 14 professional risks, followed by risks found
in the family of MATERIAL with 8 identified risks, thirdly by risks found in the family of MAN-
LABOUR with 7 identified risks, while in the family of MACHINE with 6 identified risks and
lastly, in the family of METHOD with 4 identified risks as represented in table 8. In order to
prioritize these risks, they have to be calculated into frequencies (%) and in cumulative frequencies
(%).

Table: 8 risk prioritization using the Pareto diagram

Family of causes effectives Frequency (%) Cumulative

frequency
Milieu 14 35.89 35.89
Material 8 20.52 56.41
Man-labour 7 17.95 74.36
machine 6 15.38 89.74
method 4 10.26 100

TOTAL 28 100

The frequency is calculated as;

Effective
FREQUENCY= x100
Total effectives

46
From the statistics of identified risks obtained from table 19, the risk found in the families of milieu
with 14 identified risks, secondly those in materials with an 8 identified risks and man-labour with
6 identified risks, 6 risks identified in the family of machine and lastly,4 risks identified in the
family of machine.as shown on figure 10.

Vital identified risks

80

Less vital identified

20 risks

Figure 10 : prioritization of professional risks using the Pareto diagram.

From the pareto diagram it shows that the risks that acts as threat in the production unit are mostly
the risk found in the families of milieu with 14 identified risks, secondly those in materials with a
8 identified risks and man-labour with 6 identified risks which must seriously take into
considerations and effective control measures should be put in place.

47
III.4 Results obtained from Identification of risks using 5WH

• Problem 1.

After carrying out a brainstorming with a line operator which a member of his group had an
accident and was hospitalized for some days and the results from the 5WH questions from table.

Table 9 : Risk identified from problem 1 using 5WH in the line unit.

Date : 07/05 2020 unit: line sub-unit

WHAT? What really happened? • An accident occurred where a worker's

finger crushed between a moving pulley
and belt.

WHO? Who are the actors concern? • A worker (a line operator)

Who is affected?

WHERE? Where does it actually • In the production unit/ line sub-unit

happened?

WHEN? When does it actually take • During the night shift on the 07/05 2020
place? (from the company’s archives)

• From the information gotten from the

victim he narrated that the conveyer belts
were not functioning as normal so he
WHY? Why did it really happen? tried to fix with bear hands without the
notice of his colleagues when the
machinery was on duty.

This first problem encountered in the line-sub unit were a worker finger was crushed by
movable machinery because the victims wanted to resolve a problem of the machine that’s not
guarded and without any supervision or help which made him hospitalize for some weeks. We can

48
conclude that risk due to running unguarded machineries should be well identified and take
immediate preventive measures. Below is a second case identified.

Problem 2.

After carrying out a brainstorming with in the de-stuffing workshop which a forklifts had an
accident where part of the wall of the entrance was damaged the results from the 5WH questions
from table.

Table 10 : Risk identified from problem 2 using 5WH in the line unit.

Date : 07/06/2021 unit: line sub-unit

WHAT? What really happened? • an accident occurred due to the internal

circulation of forklift, where part of the
wall was damaged.

WHO? Who are the actors concern? • A forklift operator.

Who is affected?

WHERE? Where does it actually • In the production unit/ line sub-unit

happened?

WHEN? When does it actually take • During the day on the 07/06/2021
place?

WHY? Why did it really happen? • The forklift operator lost control as a
result of reversing the forklift at a high
speed.

From problem 2 case identified in the production with the help of the 5WH analysis we could
say that risks due to internal circulations of forklifts and the risk due to manual handling/working
with mobile machinery acts as big threats of risks in the production unit precisely the line sub-unit.

49
III.5 Professional Risks Assessment using the APR tool (table 12)
From the results obtain from observations, interviews and questionnaires from 21 personnel’s
in SAGRI SA, it could be noted that 19 of the 21 personnel’s confirms that following types of risks
professional risk found in the production unit. The risk found in table 12 based on;

Activities/Process includes: reception of raw materials (i.e. triple concentrate of tomato,

plastics films, salts) transportation and transformation of triple concentrate of tomato to
double concentrate of tomato followed primary and secondary packing of transformed
products in sachets and finally, palletizing for sales.
Number of workers affected: depending on designated job task in table 12.
Professional risks identified in various units: Risks due to displacement and internal
circulations of forklifts, risk due to Internal working environmental condition (high acoustic
temperature, noise, inadequate lightening,) biological risks, risk of slip, trip, fall, risks due
to manual handling, risks due to working under suspended aspirator pump, risk due to
working with movable object, risks due to handling/working with sharp objects.
Potential causes: potential causes vary with respect to the various risk represented in table
12 includes; A narrow/limited paths for pedestrians and forklifts movements via de-stuffing
workshop limited area for the circulation of forklifts due to storage pallets containing
cartons of DCT on the path meant for the movements for lifters. Overcrowding at the site
due execution of many tasks with limited space that is not suitable for the execution of more
than one task. Unstable load containing TCT drums, which are not, attached the forklift.
Insufficient lightening in the workplace.
Consequences: the consequence based on their causes is well discussed in table 12 which
minor injuries such as sustaining bruises, cuts and properties damages.
Existing control measures put in place by SAGRI SA: the existing control measures put
in place by the company is designed to the specific tasks or job at given workplace as it is
well explained in table 12.
Risks evaluation: was calculated using shell risk matrix in table 5
Observations: an observation was done by us to check out conformities in the exiting
control measures by the company.
Proposal of control measures: our proposal of control measures to be put in place are
divided into technical (conception control),organizational ( organizational control) and

50
 Lastly, human resources which is the last mode of preventive measures shown in table 12
Table 11 : professional risks assessment using the APR method

UNIT : PRODUCTION UNIT/ DE-STUFFING SUB UNIT.

A/ N/ TYPE NATURE POTENTIAL CONSEQUEN EXISTING F G Initi OB PROPOSED
W
P OF OF RISK CAUSES CES MEASURES al MEASURES
RISK/ris risks
k due to
-A narrow/limited TECHNICAL
paths for pedestrians -Forklift operators
and forklifts should be train in the
movements via de- safe operation of forklift
stuffing sub-unit they are operating.
1)Workers or - limited area for the -priorities of -Establishment of traffic
Risks pedestrians are circulation of forklifts the road are rules and specific
1-9 workers
RECEPTION OF TCT.

due to expose to the due to storage pallets designated to -narrow path markup
1-9 workers

displacem following danger; containing cartons of Victims may fork lifters. designated -prioritizing safety over
ent and -Crushing; the DCT on the path sustain from -Provisions of for forklift speed.
internal backward movement meant for the bruises, safety circulations ORGANIZATIONAL
circulatio of forklift in contact movements for lifters. fracture, body pictogram on 8 6 48 -no specific - Ensure that overhead
ns of with pedestrians. -overcrowding at the trauma, prohibition of walkways for and side clearances in
forklifts. -Struck; falling load site due execution of properties climbing on pedestrians. aisles ensure that
of forklift on many tasks with damage. the forklift and doorways are adequate
workers. limited space that is manual pallet to permit safe operation
-Colliding of forklift not suitable for the jack. of the forklift and to
with pedestrians. execution of more accommodate the load
2) The emission of than one task. being moved.
poisonous gases. -unstable load - Ensure that the
containing TCT forklift’s travel path is
drums, which are not, kept clear and free of
attached the forklift. hazards
-insufficient lightening HUMAN RESOURCE
in the workplace. Pedestrians must wear a
piece of highly visible
clothing.
51
 ORGANIZATIONAL
-Limit exposure times to
uncomfortable physical
environments
(arrangement of breaks).
risk due - Limited space for the -Impaired Provision of a Mechanical TECHNICAL
TRANSPORTTION PROCESS OF TCT INTO

to High thermal execution of daily sensory mechanical ventilators Collectives

Internal temperature. task. abilities ventilation i.e. AC is not Isolate workspaces from
working -poor circulation of (vision, system e.g. functioning. a heat source (partitions,
environm fresh air due to hearing) and AC. doors, Windows...).
1-9 workers

ental absence of natural or physical *Put in place palliative

condition mechanical ventilation (discomfort, equipment; air
systems. tired). conditioning, etc.) or
-sometimes the Dehydration, 6 4 32 protectors (blinds,
workshop heat, dizziness window filters).
experiencing *headache Individual
and recycling of TCT/Dct

overcrowding. *sweating *PPE...OSHA

*general HUMAN
STORAGE TANKS

fatigue RESOURCE
, transportation,

*inability to -sensitization of workers

respectively.

concentrate on effects of heat and

*heat raches preventive measures.
de

52
 Workers are expose to The workshop TECHNICAL
noise due to noise induced is indicated by *employers must carry
continuous running of hearing pictograms. (> *workers out a toolbox talk for the
risk due line production Lost. to 80 dB) show no sensibilisation of
to internal machines such as the Occupational *Personal interest in workers on the
working mixing reservoir, stress. protections are putting on an importance of wearing
environm noise Cooking bunker and Tinnitus made available ear an ear protection during
ental the pasturisator with a [ringing in the to agents to 6 4 32 protection workers and the type of
Condition noise intensity greater ear]. enter or work provided to t hazards during the
1-9 workers

. than 85dB about difficulties in in these noisy them as exposition of high

5meters from the de- communicating premises e.g. protection. intensity of noise.
stuffing sub unit. for a ear protection.
duration of 6hours HUMAN
RESOURCES
*putting on ear
protection should be
obligatory.
risk due eye strain Only 5 out of TECHNICAL.
to internal -bad weather during work 6 bulbs are Collectives:
environm Inadequate condition Accidents, poor functioning. • Lighting of premises
1-9 workers

ental lightening. -low voltage supply. posture. 4 4 16 adapted to the activity

Condition Low level of • Emergency lighting
. productivity. • Design of buildings to
avoid blind rooms,

53
 - Wet floor; as a result TECHNICAL
of the following; -Signaling dangers of
-as a result of dilution wet floor.
of TCT with water -Organization of the
that usually pours on -constant wet circulation of people.
1-9 workers

the floor. Bruising, floor. ORGANIZATIONAL

Risk of -cleaning of the floor. fracture, body - Cleaning of TCT spills
fall from Slip,trip,fall -Washing of non- trauma, inappropriate immediately after de
a level... conform sachets for 4 4 16 footwear stuffing process.
recycling. HUMAN RESOURCE
-poor housekeeping -selection of a proper
due to improper footwear
arrangement of used resistant/adapted to wet
or wastes items on the floor
floor.

Risk due Struck, colliding May as results of Sustain injuries Provision of a De-stuffing ORGANIZATIONAL
to with the aspirator failure of remote from struck, or safety helmet. operators are Collectives
working pump against the control to respond colliding. aware of the * Install protections to
under wall. correctly during de- type risk that retain falling objects or
1 worker

mobile stuffing. may occur. collapsing

object, materials

6 4 24 PPE CONTROL.
*PPE (Helmet)

HUMAN RESOURCE
-train workers on risk
analysis
Collapsing objects

54
 Infection of the skin as TECHNICAL
a result of; - Appropriate protective
-exposure of the skin -provision of -some equipment (gloves,
in contact with TCT Usually for safety gloves. workers are masks, etc.) in good
paste ;with pH allergic may -Awareness of not in condition and correctly
TRANSPORTATION PROCESS OF TCT

between 4.1 t0 4.6 cause *itching basic hygiene possession of used.

and presence of and swollen of (washing working ORGANIZATIONAL
Biologica Exposure of workers pathogens such as body parts in hands, not safety • Protocols, instructions
4-9 workers

l risk in contact with mold and yeast count, contact with eating, gloves. • Procedures for
Potential infectious coliforms, TCT. drinking near 6 8 48 -workers are reporting malfunctions
biological agents. Staphylococcus *wrinkle of the workstations) exposed to • Hygiene rules.
aureus, Salmonella) hands and biological • Contaminant
for about 5hours fingers risk for screening.
-the prolonged 6hours of • Work organization
exposure of the hands work (limitation of exposed
with water which duration. personnel, reduction of
makes them exposure time).
vulnerable to micro- HUMAN RESOURCE
organisms. • Identification of
exposed agents.

TECHNICAL
risk due workers lifting De-stuffing workers Musculoskeleta Handling is -workers Collectives:
to manual heavy loads with are involve in lifting, l disorder; facilitated by handle load • Adapted mechanical
handling Hands and manual pulling, pushing of May result to the use of tools of more than aid
jack lift. loads containing muscle strain, i.e. pallet 50kg for • Layout of premises
sachets of tomato with body and the truck, etc.) distance of and workstations
weight greater than skin disorder/ 6 6 36 about ORGANIZATIONAL
20kg for about 4hours deformation in 1meter. Organize and reduce
only males are long term. handling
allowed to carry out • Reduce the weight of
depotage. loads
2-9 workers

-Unsuitable handling • Procedures for

method (manual jack handling heavy loads
lift). with 2 people

55
 Risk due -handling or working -women working with -sustain injury -provision of -workers -sensibilisation of
to manual with sharp objects scissors to remove example; a safety gloves show no workers on the need or
4-9 workers

handling (Scissors). tomato content in the wounds during the interest in importance of safety
and sachets for a period of execution 6 6 36 putting on gloves when handling
equipmen 6hours. Of job task. safety gloves sharp objects.
t.
Workers are - should be an increase
risk Prolonged working -workers are workers are Limited submitted to of employers so as to
related to posture at work. summited to submitted to workers for the 6hours of facilitate and minimize
physical prolonged standing strain and execution of working stress during work.
activities (de-stuffing operator) stress said tasks. 8 4 32 while -they should implement
1-9 workers

and sitting (women standing. breaks or resting time

carrying doing schedule for the long
recycling for about duration of work.
6hrs of duration.
2) PRODUCTION UNIT/ LINE SUB UNIT.

risk due
to internal -internal heating of -dizziness ORGANIZATIO
working workplace; which -headache Provision of a NAL
TRANSFORMATION TO DCT

environm Increase the room -thirst mechanical -Limit exposure

ental temperatures by -sweating ventilation times to
TRANSPORTATION AND

condition machinery prone for -inability to system e.g. -mechanical uncomfortable

6-9 workers

(thermal high thermal primary packaging of concentrate fans. ventilation system physical
environm temperature TCT at a temperature -heat raches 8 4 32 is insufficient, environments
ent) greater than 80 (arrangement of
degrees. breaks).
TECHNICAL
Put in place
palliative
equipment (, air
conditioning, etc.)

56
 TECHNICAL
-continuous running of - Noisy rooms -employers must
-noise the line machineries Noise induced are indicated - workers shows carry out a toolbox
such as mixing hearing lost. by pictograms. no interest in talk for the
risk due bunker, pasturisator Occupational (> to 80 dB) putting on an ear sensibilisation of
to internal with noise intensity stress. Tinnitus *Personal 8 8 64 protection workers on the
working greater than 85dB to a [ringing in the protections are provided to the importance of
environm duration exposure of ear]. made available them wearing an ear
6-9 workers

ental 6hours. Difficulties in to agents to protection during

condition communicating enter or work workers and the
in these noisy type of hazards
premises. during the
exposition of high
intensity of noise.
PPE
- putting on ear
protection should
be strictly
obligatory.

ORGANIZATIO
- vibrations - muscle, - no warning signs NAL
risk originating from neurological or of risk due to -Limit the periods
1 worker

related to - machinery cooking bunkers; vascular, low vibration of use and

vibrations vibration usually in the back pain, 4 4 16 exposure to
beginning of vibration.
production HUMAN
RESOURCE
-Operator training
in use equipment.

57
 TECHNICAL
*Signaling
dangers of wet
floor.
*Organization of
the circulation of
-Wet floor; as a - Bruising, Constant wet people.
6-9 workers

Risk of result of the fracture, body 4 6 24 floor…poor HUMAN

fall from fall, trip, slip following; trauma drainage pattern RESOURCE
a level... -overflow of water to allow water -selection of a
in the water storage filtrate to the proper footwear
bunker. ground. resistant/adapted
-cleaning of the to wet floor e.g.
floor. OSHA boots
-poor housekeeping.

3) PRODUCTION UNIT/ PRIMARY PACKAGING

58
 -the increase in -provision of
thermal temperature is working in a ORGANIZATIO
high thermal as close system -doors are always NAL
risk due temperature a result of the -Impaired and with open, not -Limit exposure
to internal following; sensory the help of a respecting the time to
PRIMARY PACKAGING OF DCT.

working -heat from hot paste of abilities(vision, mechanical close system uncomfortable
environm DCT with temperature hearing) and ventilation conception. physical
ental of about 890C physical system 6 4 24 -insufficient air environments
3-4 workers

condition *heat from refilling (discomfort Such as AC circulation (arrangement of

(thermal machineries running Dehydration, and a fan. provides by fans. breaks).
environm on high temperature -heat raches -installation of Regularly measure
ent) i.e. the -sweating a numeric the properties of
Blades, muchoires, thermometer to physical
clippers. monitor environments.
changes in TECHNICAL
temperature. -install a close
room systems and
put in place
sufficient
mechanical
ventilation systems
for proper
circulation of air.

59
 -Noisy rooms TECHNICAL
-continuous running of are indicated -employers must
primary packaging -noise induced by pictograms. carry out a toolbox
machinery hearing (> to 80 dB) -Hearing talk for the
and the pasturisator Lost. *Personal protection is not sensibilisation of
PRIMARY PACKAGING.

risk due with a noise intensity Occupational protections are use correctly by workers on the
to internal greater than 85dB stress. made available workers. importance of
working -noise which is about Tinnitus to agents to wearing an ear
3-4 workers

environm 1meters from the [ringing in the enter or work protection during
ental refilling sub unit , in ear]. in these noisy 8 4 32 workers and the
Condition which workers are Difficulties in premises type of hazards
. exposed to high communicating during the
intensity of noise for exposition of high
6hours or working intensity of noise.
duration all this is as ORGANIZATIO
result of the opened NAL
doors. Isolate workspaces
from noise sources
(partitions, doors,
Windows...)
Limit exposure
times to
uncomfortable
physical
environments(arran
gement of breaks)

60
 TECHNICAL
Collectives:
• Equipment
suitable for use
• Emergency cut-
off device
• Equipment
complying with
current standards
risks • proper machine
PRIMARY PACKAGING

related to The primary -workers -put in place of 8 6 48 -operators not guarding

machiner packaging station is exposed may a machinery respecting
y Working with hot composed of some hot injuries such guarding. procedures for ORGANIZATIO
handling rotating machinery. rotating equipment, As crushing, -provision of a machinery NAL
or blades, blending cuts, burn. hand guarding. • Display of
Work plastics where workers protection for -some operators equipment usage
equipmen have to check or job task. operating without instructions
t. cleaned on daily a hand glove. • Regular
bases. maintenance,
periodic
verification
• Safety pictogram
• Procedures for
reporting
malfunction
HUMAN
RESOURCE
•Training of
operators.

61
 LINE UNIT/ SECONDARY PACKAGING

ORGANIZATIO
NAL
-Handling is -insufficient • Adapted work
Musculoskeleta facilitated by amount of workers clothes
-risk -working with - the prolonged l disorder; the use of to carry out job • Organize and
related to scotching machine, standing by workers May result to tools. task. reduce handling
manual and manual while working for muscle strain, (, hand truck, • Reduce the
handling. Jack forklift. about 6hours of body and the pallet truck, 6 4 24 weight of loads
duration engaged in skin disorder/ etc.) • Procedures for
activities like deformation in *The agents handling heavy
scotching of cartons, long term. concerned loads with 2 people
filling sachets in benefit from • Organize
cartons and later on medical recovery times
palletizing for storage surveillance. HUMAN
in the magazine RESOURCE
• Training of
agents in the
gestures and
8-9 workers

postures to be
implemented
• Monitoring and
medical fitness

62
 -risk - working in region - exposure of workers - Noise induced -*provision of -workers are TECHNICAL
related to of high noise to high noise hearing lost. hear protection exposed to noise *employers must
physical intensity originating Occupational from for 6hours of carry out a toolbox
activities. from the cooling stress. continuous duration. talk for the
tower machinery Tinnitus high intensity sensibilisation of
which emits noise [ringing in the of noise in the workers on the
greater than 85dB ear]. workplace importance of
Difficulties in *Noisy rooms wearing an ear
communicating are indicated protection during
by pictograms. workers and the
(> to 80 dB) 8 4 32 type of hazards
during the
exposition of high
intensity of noise
8-9 workers

PPE
*putting on ear
protection should
be obligatory.

Table 00 risk analysis and evaluation in the production unit (SAKWE 2021)
From the table above risks analysis done in the production unit done with the method APR (Preliminary Risk Analysis) the risk
with the highest risk score is noise with (64) caused by continuous running of the line machineries such as mixing bunker, pasturisator with noise
intensity greater than 85dB to a duration exposure of 6hours, which as a threat and most be taken into account as fast as possible. Follow by risk due
to the internal moving of forklifts with a risk score of (48) preventive measures should be implemented as fast as possible.

63
Interpretation of risk analysis table in the de-stuffing sub-unit
The pi-chart in figure14 statistics of professional risks identified in the de-stuffing sub unit
shows that risk due to internal displacements accounts in 14%, followed by risk as a result of
manual handling, biological risks, high temperature, slip, trip, fall, prolonged standing posture risks
with percentage of risk 11% and the least; machinery vibration and slip, trip fall with a percentage
of 11% and others 7%.

Risk in the de-stuffing sub-unit

Noise Slip trip fall
High temperature 7% 11%
11% Biological risk and
Inadequate hygiene
lightening 11%
10% Manual handeling
Displacement and Working with sharp 11%
internal circulation objects
14% Working under Prolonged standing 7%
suspended objects posture
7% 11%

Figure 11 frequency of occurrence in percentage in de-stuffing sub-unit (SAKWE LENYA 2021)

From the pi-chart above statistics of risks identified in the de-stuffing sub- unit shows that
risk due to internal displacements accounts in 14%, followed by risk as a result of manual handling,
biological risks, high temperature, slip, trip, fall, prolonged standing posture risks with percentage
of risk 11% and the least; machinery vibration and slip, trip fall with a percentage of 11% and
others 7%.

64
Interpretation of table in the line sub-unit

The pi-chart figure 14 statistics of risks identified in the LINE sub unit shows that risk due
to noise accounts in 27% so as risk as a result of high temperature, followed by risk as a result of
manual handling with percentage of risk 20% and the least; machinery vibration and slip, trip fall
with a percentage of 13%.

Risk in line unit

Noise
27%
Machinery
vibration
High thermal 13%
temperature Slip trip fall
27% 13%
Manual
handeling
20%

Figure 12 : Frequency of risk occurrence in percentage in line sub-unit (SAKWE LENYA 2021)

65
Interpretation of table professional risks in the primary & secondary sub-unit.

The pi-chart figure 15 statistics of risks identified in the the primary and secondary packaging
sub-unit, shows that risk due to noise accounts in 25%, followed by due to manual handling and
risks of cuts, burn, crushing, ergonomic results to 19% while, while risk as a result of high
temperature accounts in 18%.

Risk in primary and secondary packaging

Noise Crushin, cuts,

25% burn
19%

High thermal Manual

temperature handeling
18% 19%
Ergonomic
19%

Figure 13 : Frequency of risks occurrence in percentage in the primary and secondary packaging
sub-unit (SAKWE LENYA 2021)

66
 III.6 Risk evaluation in the production unit

After carrying out risk analysis and judged by their criticity of the 3 sub-unit in the
production as it has that the risks found in the line sub-unit has the highest number of threats and
immediate preventive control measures should be implemented.

6
6

5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1 1 1
1
0 0
0
de-stuffing sub-unit line sub-unit primary and secondary
packaging sub-unit

Unaceptable Preventive measure Acceptable

Figure 14 : Risk evaluation in 03-sub unit of production

From the graph below is could be seen that de-stuffing sub-unit came out with the highest
value of risk recording, followed by LINE unit and the least of them the primary and secondary
packaging unit

67
 III.7 Proposed prevention plan

After having identifying, assessing and prioritizing risks in the production unit, we were able to come out with a prevention plan
of action with the help of the method 5WHs. The table 12 below shows a proposed HSE prevention plan for SAGRI S.A.

Table 12: proposed HSE prevention plan for SAGRI S.A.

Unit Identified risks Proposed actions Person in charge Status of the action

(where) (what) (why) (who) (when)

Inhalation of smoke -Put on breathing individual HSE Agent Not done

apparatus when working or passing

-Sensitize the worker to always put

on their PPE when necessary

Fire -Put in place a system of detection HSE Agent Not done

Production unit of incendiary

-carryout frequent control of

electric cables and machine

Fall of even foot -Tidy equipment’s in the site, place Workers Partially done
materials on the appropriate
position

68
 Explosion -Restrict smoking on the site HSE Agent Partially done

-Install fire extinguishers

-Sensitize on the use of

hydrocarbons

Exposure to noise -Put-on PPE; plug ears to reduce HSE Agent Not done
noise intensity

-Sensitize on the risks

Insalubrity of the work site -Place trash cans in the offices HSE Agent Partial done

-Carryout cleaning frequently in the

offices

-Provide detergent and soap to

Production unit workers

Alteration of the view - Install anti-reflector screen HSE Agent Not done

-Reduce the hours of exposition

-Sensitize the personnel on the risk

Risks due to internal Carryout preventive maintenance of Director of the mechanical Partially done
circulations of forklifts forklifts workshop

69
 -Drive at normal speed

-Recycle drivers

-Rest before driving

Inhalation of dust Put on PPE when working HSE Agent Partially done

-Sensitize worker on the risk

The proposed HSE prevention plan above was implemented so as to reduce the gravity and frequency of occurrence of provisional
risks present in the unit of production of SAGRI S.A.

Conclusion

From the above results which begins with risk identification by the use of brainstorming and questionnaires which were related to
the organization, 25 out of 32 employees confirmed that 53% of risk due to internal circulation of forklift,55% confirms the existence of
biological risk 51% confirms risk of slip, trip, fall 52%, risk due to inadequate lightening 53% noise risk 55%. To facilitate
understandings, weekly site visits were carried out for better observing the medium, detecting the risks related to each activity and the
means set up to reduce / eliminate them. The results categorized according to the Ishikawa diagram show that; investigations carried out
from the checklist and it gave the following risks problems; we identify 06 problems in (Machines & Milieu),07 problems (Man-labour,)
04 problems (method) 05(materials) In addition, a risk analysis and evaluation methodology was carried out by applying the preliminary
risk analysis method and risks with high gravity that acts as threats in the unit of production includes; risk of vibration, risk due to internal
circulation of forklift, risk due to inadequate lightening, risk of slip, trip, fall. To reduce/eliminate these risks, an action plan was
establishing in order to allow a better integration of QHSE aspects.

70
 GENERAL CONCLUSION

Coming to an end of this work, which has been carried out as a partial fulfilment of a thesis
end of year studies viewing to obtain a master’s degree of engineering in Industrial Safety, Quality
and Environment. With an objective to conduct professional risks management within the unit of
production in SAGRI S.A.

An assessment of professional risks within the production unit of SAGRI S.A in order to
reduce or eliminate all possible risks and proposed control preventive measures. The first
methodology use is risks identification, consists of a documentary review on similar works of the
same theme. Thereafter, brainstorming and checklist which were related to the organization, 25 out
of 32 employees confirmed the existence of several risks found in the unit of production and this
risks were categorized by the different families by the help of ISHIKAWA diagram of which we
identified 14 problems in the family of Milieu,08 problems from material, 06 problems Man-
labour 05 from method. This risks were further prioritized by using the PARETO diagram which
we found that 80% of the problems or risks where caused by 20% of risks found in the family of
milieu. Furthermore, risk assessment was carried using the Preliminary Risk Analysis table
where 53% of risk due to internal circulation of forklift,55% confirms the existence of biological
risk 51% confirms risk of slip, trip, fall 52%, risk due to inadequate lightening 53% noise risk 55%.
To facilitate understandings, weekly site visits were carried out for better observing the medium,
detecting the risks related to each activity and the means set up to reduce / eliminate them. The
results categorized according to the Ishikawa diagram show that; investigations carried out from
the checklist and it gave the following risks problems; Inaddition, a risk analysis and evaluation
methodology was carried out by applying the preliminary risk analysis method and risks with high
gravity that acts as threats in the unit of production includes; risk of vibration, risk due to internal
circulation of forklift, risk due to inadequate lightening, risk of slip, trip, fall. To reduce/eliminate
these risks, an action plan was establishing in order to allow a better integration of QHSE aspects.
The application of the regulatory requirements in force, reinforce the capacities of the personnel
on risks related to quality, hygiene, safety and environment and instauration of synergy between
the personnel and the local populations on intervention strategies event of emergency which will
be a better strategy to integrate QHSE aspects a SAGRI S.A.

71
 RECOMMENDATIONS

-SAGRI S.A should consider installation of abrasive floor mat or replacing worn flooring in order
to eliminate risk due to wet floor, tomato spills on the floor

-Provision of an injection –molded PVC footwear which allows a boot to be made with up to 3
different PVC compounds for upper (chemical resistance), the midsole (comfort) and the outsole
(abrasive resistance) to eliminate liquid penetration and provides maximum slip-resistance.

-installations of warning signs relative to wet floor/tomato spill

-organization of safety training programs for forklifts operators recommended by OSHA

-SAGRI S.A should be certified with ISO 45001 version 2018 occupational safety management
system in under to better plan and manage and protection of worker’s safety at workplace.

72
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

AFSCA (2005). Auto-control, in your company too. Brochure, April 2005. D/2005/10413/6.

AFSCA (2007). Risk assessment as a basic process for a formal opinion of the Scientific
Committee (General Pragmatic Approach). DRAFT-Version 5: 19-3-07.

Baert, demeulenaer, Verdonck F, huybrechts, de henauw, Vanrolleghem, Debevere, J. &

devlieghere (2006). Patulin in apple juice Workshop Sci. Com, AFSCA -FASFC, Brussels, 20
October, 2006

Barthelemy, B., & Courreges, (2004). RISKS MANAGEMENT: Global optimization (ed. 2nd
edition). Paris: Organisation Edition. CEI 300-3-9. (1995). Management of Security functioning.
CEI. Page 78-89

Bennet WL, Steed LL. An integrated approach to food safety. 1999; 32:37-42.

Bruce K. Lyon, and Bruce Folcroft. (2016) the fundamental of risk assessment page 49.
Bruno Schaffer’s (2009) Coleac001-pip-module-3-uk-pp(1) chapter 2.page 7, 51, 55 and 51

Dey, P.K. (2001). Decision support system for risk management: a case study, Journal of
Management Decision, 39(8): 634-649.

Fedotov, I.A.; Saux, M.; Rantanen. 1998. “Occupational health services”, in Encyclopedia of
occupational health and safety, 4th ed., Vol. I (Geneva, ILO),pp. 161–62.

Global plan of action on workers’ health: 2008–2017. Sixtieth World Health Assembly.WHA
60.26. Agenda item; 2007. p. 12–13.

John Wiley & Sons (2010) Risk Management standard (nationally adopted from ISO 31000) Risk
Assessment: A Practical Guide to Assessing Operational Risks, First Edition. Edited by Georgi
Popov
Nichan Margossian (2003). Généralité et définition. In : L’Usine Nouvelle (Ed) : Risques
professionnels Caractéristiques- Règlementation- Prévention.2ème édition. Dunod, Paris. P: 1- 31
ISO Guide 73:2009, Risk management — Vocabulary

ISO/IEC 31010, Risk management — Risk assessment techniques

73
 ANNEX

Annex 1 Architectural plan of unit of production of SAGRI S.A

Magasin
pièces de rechange Guéritte

Entrée
TCT

Chaudière

Mélangeur
Cuve
Salle de eau
CIP
Bac eau
stockage
chaude
dépotage interne

Boule de
concentration
Cuve et Trémie
tampon

Cloche à vide

MAGASIN Pasteurisateur
MAGASIN STOCKAGE MATIERES PREMIERES Armoire
de commande
Cooling
PRODUIT FINI tower

Ensacheuse
Convoyeur

Mosquée

Tunnel de
refroidissement

Surpress eu r

Bac eau Entrée Sortie de

stockage Bobine. sécours
externe
EXPEDITION STOCKAGE
TAMPON
Shiller

MAGASIN Table de mise

Compresseur
air conditionn é
en carto n
EMBALLAGES Fosse
sceptique

Dateuse

Lave main

Pédiluve
Echantillothèque

Bureau Méthodes
Laboratoire et Procédures
Toilettes Toilettes
femmes Toilettes
hommes Vestiaire femmes Vestiaire hommes
Magasin stockage
Sel & Scotch
vers l’administration
(mezzanine)

Entrée Entrée/Sortie Entrée/Sortie

Cartons, Sel, Scotch. du personnel administration
Déchetterie

Entrée du personnel
Sortie du personnel
Passage cloutée pour la circulation du personnel

II
Annex 2 checklist

Checklist (questionnaire)
The results of the questionnaire below is relative to the Cameroon legal framework relative
to health & safety measures of workers at work of decree number 039/MTPS/IMT of November
1984 to check conformity relative to the health and safety to employees in SAGRI S.A, it is made
of 15 questions selected to question 32 workers in the company.

Table 00 checklist relative to HSE legal framework of Cameroon to SAGRI S.A(SAKWE 2021.)

Documentary information Year: 09/05/2021

A CHECKLIST TO CHECK Reference: //
CONFOMITY OF SAGRI
WITH RESPECT TO THE
LEGAL AND REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK OF
CAMEROON SAFETY AND
HEALTH AT WORK OF
DECREE NO 039 / MTPS / IMT of
November 26, 1984 laying down
general hygiene and safety measures in
the workplace.

Number of employees questioned Version: 2

: 32
Article no Detail requirements conformity Action to be taken
into considerations
YES NO
Article 2.- The employer is directly Put in place a
1. responsible for the application of all follow-up
preventive, health and safety preventive, health
measures intended to ensure the 17 15 and safety measures
protection of the health of the (47%) (53%) intended to ensure
workers he uses. the protection of the
health of the
workers he uses.

III
Article 4.- The employer is required to make
1,3 available to workers and maintain
the premises, installations and
tools suitable for the work to be
carried out so as to provide
workers with
adequate protection against
industrial accidents and any
damage to their workers. health
Depending on the nature of the
work, the appropriate protective
equipment will consist of:
a) respiratory masks when the
nature of the industry or the work
to be performed does not allow 20 12 Provisions and
sufficient elimination of gases, follow-up of all
(62.5%) (37.5%)
vapors, dust or other noxious equipment to be
fumes; rightly used and
b) glasses or visors intended to maintained
protect the worker against any
solid, liquid or gaseous
projections liable to cause injuries;
c) glasses and other protective
measures against radiation of all
kinds harmful to the
eyesight;
d) protection against all dangerous
projections and against possible
falling objects;
e) gloves, gauntlets, muffs,
headgear, hoods and special

IV
 footwear, for the appropriate
protection of workers against
hazardous projections, fumes and
contact;
f) special clothing and / or
equipment intended for the
protection of
workers in the performance of
dangerous or simply dirty tasks;
g) any other apparatus, devices or
accessories suitable for protecting
the worker against the risks
associated
with his activity

Article 5.- When hiring or in the event of the

1. introduction of a new work
13 19
process, the employer is required
to communicate to the workers all (41%) (59%)

the information concerning the Implementation of

risks HSE induction,
involved in their respective toolbox meeting,
occupations and the measures to be and training of
taken to avoid them, including the workers.
use of protection systems.

Article 7.- 1 All workers are required to comply

strictly with the legal and
regulatory provisions relating to
health and safety in the workplace 31 1

as well as the instructions of the (99%) (1%)

head of the company and the

V
 requirements of the internal
regulations, in particular with
regard to concerning:
a) the execution of the work;
b) the use and maintenance in good
condition of the equipment,
machinery, machines, installations
placed at its
disposal;
c) the use and maintenance of the
personal protective equipment
provided to him.

Article 8.- 1 A health and safety committee is 19 13 HSE follow-up on

set up in any establishment using at internal audit
(59%) (41%)
least 50 workers, if the activity is procedure.
classified in groups A and B of
risks and regardless of the number
of workers if the activity is
classified in group C.

Article 11.- No worker may be admitted to Effectuate a medical

1 employment without having examination before
100 /
undergone a definitive medical any employment of
examination for fitness for (100%) new workers.
employment.

Article 17.- The work rooms must have an 20 12 Reduction of time of

1. adequate surface area and interior duration of work.
(62.5%) (37.5%)
volume, taking into account the
climate, the nature of the work and
the number of workers.

VI
Article 18.- The work rooms are kept in a 100 / Daily check-up
constant state of cleanliness procedure.
(100%)

Article 29.- The working rooms must be

1. provided with sufficient natural
13 19
ventilation by means of windows
and other openings with movable (41%) (59%) -the provision of

frames opening directly to the sufficient

outside. The opening parts, the mechanical

area of which must be at least ventilation systems

equal to 1/6 of the surface of the such as fans, AC etc.

ground, must be judiciously

distributed to ensure effective
ventilation, making it possible to
maintain the composition of the air
within normal limits

Article 38.- All work rooms and their 17 15 -provision of

1. dependencies, including adequate lightening
(47%) (53%)
passageways and stairways, must on in workplace
be sufficiently lighted to ensure
safe working conditions and the
movement of persons

Article 41.1 as far as possible, the sound 17 15 -Provisions of an ear

intensity in the vicinity of a protection for
(47%) (53%)
workstation should not exceed 85 workers exposed to
decibels (DB). noise.

Article 48.- When workers are required to take Follow-up of special

1. their meals habitually on the conditions resulting
premises of the establishment, in from their working
particular because of special 20 12 hours or the distance

VII
 conditions resulting from their (62.5%) (37.5%) from their home in
working hours or the distance from relation to their
their home in relation to their places of work.
places of work, The employer is
required to provide them with
canteens in the form of special
rooms completely separate from
the work rooms.

Article 58.- The materials, installations and Training on workers

1. devices of any kind made on nature of
17 15
available to workers by the equipment their
employer must be appropriate for (47%) (53%) operating.
the work to be carried out and the
risks to which the workers are
exposed.

ANNEX 3. Checklist carried out during brainstorming

refences
00

Personnel: 32
HSE CHECKLISTS TO CHECK
Date: 09/05/2021
Unit: production unit

Possible risks that may occur with respect to the ILO YES NO N/A TOTAL SCORE

RISK DUE TO INTERNAL CIRCULATION

Travelling with the load lifted more than 10 cm above X

the floor?

Are forklift operators mostly receive specific training on X

how to safely use the different types of attachments for
their forklifts?

VIII
Are Barriers, warning signs, designated walkways or X
other safeguards provided where pedestrians may be
exposed to the risk of collision with a forklift?
Are forklifts and pedestrians moving on the same path? X

Are the there designated walkways for pedestrians X

45% YES
movements?
55% NO
Are there pedestrians crossing point with good visibility X
for both the forklift operator and pedestrians?
Are there barriers at the entrance and exit of the X
workshop to prevent pedestrians walking directly into
traffic?
Are pedestrians in possessions of a high visibility jacket X
or vest in areas where workplace forklift are operating?
Are forklift equipped with warning devices and lights X
that appropriate for the work environment?
RISKS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

Are heating in a close room assigned to work is ensured X

in such a way as to maintain a temperature condition
suitable in all season and does not give any annoying or
dangerous fumes?
Are glass surface in workplace fitted with black out X
systems?
Are sufficient supply of fresh air makes it possible makes X 50% YES
it possible to avoid thermal high temperature in close 50% NO
premises?
Are effects caused by large grazed surfaces (glass roofs, X
veranda) taken into account.?
Are air cooling systems correctly adjusted as not to X
generate heat?
Are agents or employees informed of the dangers and X
adapted preventive measures?
LIGHTENING

Does workplace benefits from natural light? X

IX
Are glass surfaces of workplace equipped with blackout X
system?
Is the level of lightening sufficient in interior circulation X
spaces (corridors, halls, stair cases) and exterior
(70flux)? 45% YES
Are lightening controls easily accessible and located in X 55% NO
the dark?
Are regular maintenance of light fixtures, emergency X
lightening, blinds as well as replacement of detective or
worn lamps carried out regularly/
NOISE

Are noisy machinery indicated by pictograms >80Db? X

Is PPE made available to workers exposed to high noise X

intensity/
Is the hearing protection device used correctly? X

Are argents exposed to noise been made aware of the X

risks and medically monitored by prevention?
Are noisy machinery machines isolated from workers? X

MANUAL HANDLING

Is handling facilitated by the use of (trolley, hand truck, X

pallet truck)?
Are weight of loads handled known and actions to X
reduce it have been carried out?
Are workplace designed and organized to allow easy X
movement of object.(distance travelled, storage height,
height of worktops, no steps, condition of the floor,
congestions etc.)?
Are the argents concerned were consulted to organize X
the handling (choice of material, sequence and
alternation of task, etc.?

BIOLOGICAL RISKS AND HYGIENE

X
Are awareness of basic hygiene (washing hands, not X
eating or drinking at workplace) is dispensed to workers
,instructions are posted in the toilets, sanitary facilities
are cleaned and disinfected regularly?
Are potential infectious diseases and mode of X
contamination identified?
Are instructions and operating procedures aimed at X
preventing the risk of contamination drawn up?
Are various means of protection against biological X
agents indicated or protocols are applicable (gloves,
masks, coveralls, disinfectants etc.)?
Are waste regularly collected and removed? X

MACHINERY AND WORK EQUIPMENTS

Are work equipment and materials suitable for use and X

are maintained in good condition.?
Is the use of equipment/machinery limited to trained and X
authorized personnel?
Instructions for the use and maintenance of equipment X
written, accessible and applied (consignment
procedure, etc.)?
Are mandatory PPE designated in this area correctly X
used or provided?
PSYCHOSOCIAL RISKS

Are workers complaints taken into priorities? X

Does workers benefits from 06 hours of work prime? X

Are there always good working spirits and safety culture X

within workers?

XI
ANNEX 4
INCIDENT/ACCIDENT/NEAR MISS REPORT

Manuel
§8
Référence :
INCIDENT/ACCIDENT/NEAR MISS Date MAJ :
REPORT Version
Page

DATE INCIDENT/ACCIDENT ACTION OBSERVATION SIGNATURES SITE

26/02/2020 18victims sustaining -administer -good health

Traumatique hand due to diclofenac observed in some
TO
muscular actions of days.
amoxicillin
27/05/2020 displacement of TCT SALLE DE
drums during de-stuffing. tablets DEPOTAGE/MA
GAZINE

II
 01 victim sustaining -massaging - Good health
Accident due to external observed in some
23/12/2020 -amoxicillin. AT THE ROAD
circulation on road site. days.
SITE.

01 victims -bandages - Good health PRODUCTION

observed in some UNIT
21/07/2021 Sustain bruises on the Diclo 50mg
days.
right tibia due to slip/fall
on wet floor.

DAMAGES CAUSED DUE TO

CIRCULATION AND
Annex 5 DISPLACEMENT OF
FORKLIFTS AT THE
ENTRANCE DOOR OF
SALLE DE DEPOTAGE AND
PRIMARY PACKAGING.

DAMAGES CAUSED DUE TO

CIRCULATION AND
DISPLACEMENT OF
FORKLIFTS AT THE
ENTRANCE DOOR OF III
SALLE DE DEPOTAGE AND
PRIMARY PACKAGING.