THE UNIVERSITY OF BAMENDA

NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF
HIGHER MECHANICAL AND
POLYTRECHNIC INDUSTRIAL
INSTITUTE ENGINEERING

STUDY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A ROBUST

ALCOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM FOR PREVENTION
OF DRUNK DRIVING

A Project submitted to the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering in the

National Higher Polytechnic Institute of The University of Bamenda in Partial Fulfilment of
the Requirements for the award of a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering.

BY:

MOUOTCHOUO PUWA CALVIN

Registration number: UBa18E0093

SUPERVISORS

Dr NDJANFANG DESIRE Dr TIDO TIWA STANISLAS

(Lecturer, The University of Bamenda) (Lecturer, The University of Bamenda)

The University of Bamenda

JULY 2022
©Copyright by Mouotchouo Puwa Calvin, July 2022

All rights reserved

i
 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY OF STUDY
I, MOUOTCHOUO PUWA CALVIN, registration number: UBa18E0093, in the
department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, National Higher Polytechnic
Institute, The University of Bamenda hereby declare that this work titled “Study and
implementation of a robust alcohol detection system for prevention of drunk driving” is
my original work. It has not been presented in any application for a degree of any
academic persuit. I have acknowledged all borrowed ideas nationally and internationally
through citations.

Date Signature of author

ii
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project titled “Study and implementation of a robust alcohol
detection system for prevention of drunk driving” is the original work of
MOUOTCHOUO PUWA CALVIN. This work is submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of a Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering in the National Higher Polytechnic Institute of The University of
Bamenda, Cameroon

Supervisor:

Dr NDJANFANG DESIRE

The Head of Department:

Mr BECHING ROLAND ORU

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 DEDICATION
This Piece of work is dedicated to the PUWA family

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• My appreciations goes to the entire administrative staff and lecturers of National
Higher Polytechnic Institute (NAHPÎ) for the professional skills imparted upon us prior to
the realization of this project leading to a good mastery of the profession.

• My sincere and profound gratitude also goes to the head of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering department Mr BECHING ROLAND ORU for his kind collaboration and
support.

• Much appreciation goes to the director of National Higher Polytechnic Institute (NAHPÎ)

Pr FIDELIS CHO NGWA for his guidance and protection.

• I equally want to extend unreserved thanks to my supervisors Dr NDJANFANG

DESIRE and Dr TIDO TIWA STANISLAS for their relentless efforts, support,
contribution and collaboration and assistance during the realization of this piece of this
work.

• I equally want to thank the members of jury for going through my work and making
relevant contributions for further amelioration.

• I can’t over emphasize the importance of the various people in my life, who in one
way or the other through my daily struggles in life to get to where I am today. Compiling
of project on this sort is not an easy task. Helps has been received from different form. I
sincere and immensely appreciates the lecturers of NAHPI for their academic backing
and formation which they provided prior to this project.

• I indebted with gratitude to my parents Mr PUWA JULES of blessed memory and my

mother Mrs NGUAMETA JEANETTE, for her moral and financial support, all my
aunties, my beloved siblings for their moral support; my beloved friends for their moral
support.

• Most of all, my greatest thanks goes to the almighty God for keeping me alive, strong
healthy and pushing me forward towards this period.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY OF STUDY..................................................................ii

CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................................... iii

DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... x

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... xi

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................xii

RÉSUMÉ ............................................................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY ............................................................................................... 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT .............................................................................................. 2

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .............................................................................................. 2

1.4 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 3

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS ........................................................................................... 3

1.6 OVERVIEW OF DISSERTATION ................................................................................. 3

1.7 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................. 4

1.8 ACHIEVEMENT ............................................................................................................. 4

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 6

2.1 APPROXIMATE CALCULATION OF BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL ......................... 6

2.2 ABSORPTION OF ALCOHOL ...................................................................................... 6

2.3 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL BASED ON BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL ......................... 7

2.4 MEANS OF ALCOHOL CONTROL .............................................................................. 7

2.5 CHECKING THE ALCOHOL LEVEL USING THE BREATHALYZER .................... 8

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 2.5.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SINGLE-USE BREATHALYZERS
(BALLOON) ...................................................................................................................... 8

2.5.2 ELECTRONIC BREATHALYZER........................................................................ 10

2.6 GAS SENSOR ............................................................................................................... 12

2.6.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GAS SENSORS ............................................................. 13

2.6.2 GAS SENSOR CONSTRUCTION ......................................................................... 13

2.6.3 GAS SENSOR WORKING..................................................................................... 14

2.7 STUDY OF ALCOHOL SENSOR ................................................................................ 16

2.8 RELATED WORK IN THE DOMAIN OF ALCOHOL DETECTION IN THE

VEHICLE ............................................................................................................................. 18

CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AD METHODS .............................................................. 21

3.1 STUDY OF A ROBUST ALCOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM FOR PREVENTION

OF DRUNK DRIVING ........................................................................................................ 21

3.1.1 STUDY OF THE MATERIALS ............................................................................. 21

3.1.2 CHOICE OF THE REALIZATION MATERIALS ................................................ 32

3.2 SIMULATION OF THE SYSTEM IN PROTEUS8 PROFESSIONAL ....................... 33

3.3 CHARACTERISTIC CHOICE OF ELECTRIC ELEMENTS ...................................... 34

3.4 REALIZATION OF A ROBUST ALCOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM FOR

PREVENTION OF DRUNK DRIVING ............................................................................. 34

3.4.1 PRESENTATION OF THE PROGRAM WRITTEN WITH ARDUINO

SOFTWARE (IDE) .......................................................................................................... 35

3.4.2 TESTING OF SOME ELEMENTS ........................................................................ 35

3.4.3 MOUNTING OF ALL THE ELEMENTS TOGETHER ........................................ 44

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................. 46

4.1 PRESENTATION OF TEST RESULTS ....................................................................... 46

4.2 RESULTS OF SYSTEM SIMULATION IN PROTEUS 8 PROFESSIONAL ............ 46

4.2.1 SYSTEM SHOWING THERE IS NO ALCOHOL DETECTED. .......................... 46

4.2.2 DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF ALCOHOL. .................................................. 47

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 4.3 RESULTS OF ALCOHOL DETECTION PROGRAM WRITTEN IN ADRUINO
SOFTWARE ........................................................................................................................ 48

4.3.1 NO ALCOHOL DETECTED .................................................................................. 48

4.3.2 ALCOHOL DETECTED ........................................................................................ 49

4.4 RESULTS OF TESTING ADRUINO UNO BOARD ................................................... 50

4.5 RESULTS OF TESTING THE MQ-3 GAS SENSOR .................................................. 50

4.6 RESULTS OF ASSEMBLY OF ALL ELEMENTS ..................................................... 51

4.7 MAINTENANCE OF THE MODEL ............................................................................ 52

4.7.1 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE TO BE APPLIED ON THE MODEL.............. 52

4.7.2 CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE THAT CAN BE CARRY OUT ON THE

SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 52

4.8 COST ESTIMATES ....................................................................................................... 53

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES ...... 55

5.1 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED ............................................................................... 55

5.2 RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................. 55

5.3 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDIES ................................................................. 55

5.4 GENERAL CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 56

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 57

Websites consulted................................................................................................................... 59

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Single-use breathalyzers .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.2: Drager technology ................................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.3: Drager technology installation .............................................................................. 12
Figure 2.4: Oxide gas sensor .................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3.1: Arduino Uno Board ............................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.2: Arduino IDE software ........................................................................................... 25
Figure 3.3: Buttons appearing under the menu bar .................................................................. 26
Figure 3.4: Alcohol MQ-3 Sensor ........................................................................................... 27
Figure 3.5: MQ-3 sensor .......................................................................................................... 27
Figure 3.6: Lighting Emitting Diode (Green and Red) ............................................................ 29
Figure 3.7: Connection wires ................................................................................................... 29
Figure 3.8: Battery ................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 3.9: Buzzer .................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 3.10: LCD i2c ............................................................................................................... 31
Figure 3.11: Description of the LCD i2c ................................................................................. 32
Figure 3.12: Putting all the elements together ......................................................................... 33
Figure 3.13: Simple circuit for LED and resistor .................................................................... 34
Figure 3.14: Open blink program............................................................................................. 37
Figure 3.15: Blink program...................................................................................................... 38
Figure 3.16: Blink program uploading in the arduino board ................................................... 39
Figure 3.17: Test of the arduino uno board using blink program ............................................ 40
Figure 3.18: Serial monitor printing ........................................................................................ 42
Figure 3.19: Test of the MQ-3 sensor ...................................................................................... 42
Figure 3.20: Test of the LCD i2c ............................................................................................. 44
Figure 4.1: System detecting no alcohol .................................................................................. 46
Figure 4.2: Detection of obstacle only at the rear of the vehicle ............................................. 47
Figure 4.3: Testing of the Arduino Uno board ........................................................................ 50
Figure 4.4: No alcohol detected ............................................................................................... 50
Figure 4.5: Alcohol detected .................................................................................................... 51
Figure 4.6: No alcohol detected ............................................................................................... 51
Figure 4.7: Alcohol detected .................................................................................................... 52

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: List of Different Types of Gas Sensors and What Gases They Sense .................... 15
Table 1.2: Some types of alcohol sensors ................................................................................ 17
Table 3.1: Technical characteristics ......................................................................................... 22
Table 3.2: Basic structure measuring circuit............................................................................ 28
Table 3.3: Name of the elements used in Proteus simulation .................................................. 32
Table 4.1: Corrective maintenance on the system ................................................................... 53
Table 4.2: Cost estimates ......................................................................................................... 53

x
 LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
ACC: Accessories

ECU Electronic Control Unit

LCD: Liquid Crystal Display

LED: Lighting Emitting Diode

ME: Mechanical Engineering

NAHPI: National Higher Polytechnic Institute

xi
 ABSTRACT
One of the main causes of road accidents today is the consumption of alcohol before or while
driving. To reduce the frequency of accidents related to the consumption of alcohol while
driving, governments have opted for the control of alcohol levels among drivers using a
breathalyzer (chemical or electronic). But this method lacks credibility due to the
unavailability of the required manpower, compromises on the part of inspection agents and
the cost of maintaining checkpoints over a large geographical area. This project is therefore
presented as a proposal for a solution to reduce the accident rate related to drinking and
driving. The aim of this project is to create a robust system for detecting alcohol in the
driver's breath in order to allow or prevent him from starting his vehicle. To do this, an
alcohol sensor MQ-3 type will be used to detect the presence of alcohol in the driver's breath
and subsequently this information will be transmitted to an Arduino Uno card which,
depending on the information sent by the alcohol sensor will cause the red (for the presence
of alcohol) or green (for no alcohol detected) light-emitting diodes to light up, control a
buzzer and an LCD screen (which will display 'ALCOHOL DETECTED' for positive
detection or 'NO ALCOHOL DETECTED' for negative detection). After the realization, the
results show that as soon as the sensor detects alcohol, the red light-emitting diode shines and
the buzzer starts to whistle then the LCD screen displays 'ALCOHOL DETECTED'. And
when the sensor does not detect anything, the green light emitting diode lights up and the
LCD screen displays 'NO ALCOHOL DETECTED'. This system can be implemented in all
types of cars to prevent drunk driving and consequently accidents.

Keywords : alcohol sensor, arduino, LCD screen, Robust system.

xii
 RÉSUMÉ
L’une des causes des accidents de la route de nos jours est la consommation de l’alcool avant
ou pendant la conduite. Pour réduire la fréquence d’accident lié à la consommation d’alcool
au volant, les gouvernements ont opté pour le contrôle du taux d’alcool chez les conducteurs
à l’aide d’un éthylotest (chimique ou électronique). Par ailleurs cette méthode manque de
crédibilité en raison de l'indisponibilité de la main-d'œuvre requise, des compromis de la
part des agents d'inspection et du coût de maintien des points de contrôle sur une vaste zone
géographique. Ce projet se présente donc comme une proposition de solution pour réduire le
taux d’accident lié à la consommation d’alcool au volant. Ce projet a pour but de réaliser un
système de détection robuste d’alcool dans la respiration du conducteur afin de lui permettre
ou non de démarrer son véhicule. Pour ce faire un capteur d’alcool du type MQ-3 sera utilisé
pour détecter la présence d’alcool dans le souffle du conducteur et par la suite cette
information sera transmise à une carte Arduino Uno qui, en fonction des informations
envoyées par le capteur d’alcool va faire allumer les diodes électroluminescentes rouge (pour
une présence d’alcool) ou verte (pour pas d’alcool détecté), commander un buzzer et un écran
LCD (qui pour affichera ‘ALCOHOL DETECTED’ pour détection positive ou ‘NO
ALCOHOL DETECTED’ pour détection négative). Après la réalisation, les résultats
montrent que dès que la quand le capteur détecte de l’alcool, la diode électroluminescente
rouge brille et le buzzer se met à siffler puis l’écran LCD affiche ‘ALCOHOL DETECTED’.
Et quand le capteur ne détecte rien, la diode électroluminescente verte s’allume et l’écran
LCD affiche ‘NO ALCOHOL DETECTED’. Ce système peut être mis en œuvre dans tous
les types de voitures pour prévenir la conduite en état d’ébriété et par conséquent les
accidents.

Mots clés: capteur d’alcool, arduino, écran LCD, système robuste.

xiii
 CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY

Every now and then there are cases of accident, especially on our roads, these occurrences
which is referred to as an undesirable or an unplanned event that could have been prevented
had circumstances leading to it been recognized has taken the lives of many of our loved ones
and must be reduced if not completely terminated. Common causes of accidents on the road
have been traced to the following:

1. Distracted driving;

2. Speeding;

3. Drunk driving.

The third on the list above is the one that will catch our attention. Drunk driving is a very
dangerous behavior because excessive alcohol consumption causes a distortion in the
thinking pattern of drivers. The survey conducted by the World Health Organization in 2008
shows that approximately 50 to 60% of traffic accidents are related to drink-driving (Killoran,
A., et al. 2010). We usually come across drunk driving cases where drunk drivers crash their
cars under the influence of alcohol causing damage to property and life.
To mitigate accidents related to the consumption of alcohol while driving, some countries
have opted to check driver’s consummation level of alcohol while driving using a
breathalyzer. The breathalyzer is a device used to assess a driver's blood alcohol level. Less
precise than a breathalyze meter, it still makes it possible to effectively measure the alcohol
level in the exhaled air of road users. Other more modern countries have seen the appearance
of an alcohol ignition interlock system also known as an alcohol ignition interlock device,
alcohol detection device, alcohol meter and interlock is an electronic device that prevents a
vehicle from starting as soon as it detects the presence of alcohol in the driver's body. The
measurement is taken from a breath sample, similar to the instruments used by the police. But
this technology is restricted and complex because it can only be fitted to semi-electronic or
fully electronic vehicles.
The aim of this work is to see how we can study and implement a robust alcohol detection
system for prevention of drunk driving. It is a question of developing a device with sensors
whose operation is made possible by integrating an alcohol sensor with a microcontroller; the

1
device is then installed in the passenger compartment of the vehicle to control the state of
sobriety of the driver. The driver's breathing will be constantly monitored by this device. So
if a driver is drunk and tries to drive, the system will notice the alcohol in his breath and stalls
the engine so the vehicle won't start. In another case, if the driver is not drunk while starting
the vehicle and the engine is running but he is drinking while driving, the sensor will still
detects alcohol in his breath and stops the engine so that the car does not accelerate further
and the driver can direct it to the side of the road. The system must offer the possibility of
being installed on any type of vehicle.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Since the creation of the first motor vehicle, manufacturers have been fighting day by day to
improve and reduce the risk of traffic accidents. Among these improvements we can cite
obstacle detection systems, reversing radars and many other systems that have been set up
to reduce the risk of accidents. The various safety devices over time have always tried to
provide effective, practical and safe means for the driver, vehicle occupants and other users.
Some of the accidents these days are caused by drunk driving. Sometimes some drivers
before getting behind the wheel are no longer sober or drink while driving; which can cause
loss of ability or distraction while driving and lead to a traffic accident. Faced with this
situation, it is therefore important to design a system which can at each time detect the level
of alcohol in the driver's breath in order to decide whether he can drive or not. This is to
reduce the risk of accidents related to the driver's state of sobriety.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions here are:
i) What are the parameters that could enter into the study of the alcohol detection device in
the vehicle of the current system?
ii) What differences can we make between the current system and the new system we are
about to study?
iii) What are the parameters that our alcohol sensor must fulfill so that our system is optimal
when measuring the alcohol level?
iv) So how to produce an automatic driver alcohol detection system from a sensor that can
give us the expected result?

2
1.4 OBJECTIVES
 Main objective
The objective of this project is to study and implement an automatic detection system of the
concentration of alcohol in the breathing of the car driver to prevent driving while
intoxicated. It will be designed so that if the driver has consumed alcohol the vehicle cannot
be started and if he starts and drinks while driving; the system will shut down the engine to
allow him to side with the road thanks to inertia.
 Specific objectives
In order to achieve our general objective, we will first start with:
- A study on the current device used in cars. Then remarks will be made in order to show a
difference between our system that we are going to study and the one existing on the market.
- In order to choose the appropriate alcohol sensor for our system, a study will be conducted
on the different existing alcohol sensors.
- Then thanks to the results obtained we will select the appropriate sensor for our system as
well as the rest of the elements of the system as well as the rest of the elements of the system.
- After our study, a complete system comprising all the electronic elements of the system will
be produced and then tested and the results obtained will be compared to the optimal results
expected.

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

This work seeks to explain how the detection of alcohol in the breath of the driver can be
done to avoid accidents. The answer to this question let us to the following hypothesis:
Hypothesis 1: it could be that the use of an alcohol detection sensor could be the most
adequate means for the automatic detection of the level of alcohol in the vehicle.
Hypothesis 2: Consider that our system will be able to meet the objective we have set
ourselves, which is to reduce the accident rate related to alcohol consumption compared to
the current system.
Hypothesis 3: we assume that the system we are going to study can also be adapted to any
type of vehicle.

1.6 OVERVIEW OF DISSERTATION

This research will state the rundown of the various activities carried out at each level in each
chapter respectively:

3
 The work will start with the general introduction as chapter one, where in background we
will talk about the accident due to the consumption of alcohol by the driver;
 To continuous in chapter two with the review of related literature, we are going to present
the actual system used to detect alcohol in the driver’s breath and we are going to also
make a study on the new sensors that can detect efficiently the level of alcohol;
 In chapter three we are going to propose our research methodology;
 In chapter four the presentation of results and analysis;
 Chapter five will be difficulties encountered, recommendations and general conclusion.

1.7 SCOPE
This project aims to avoid accidents due to the consumption of alcohol. To do this, during
this work we will first study how the control the level of alcohol in a vehicle. Further, we will
present what have been done in other to prevent accident due to consumption of alcohol.
Then we will show another method of detecting the level of alcohol in driver breath using the
new technology of sensors.

1.8 ACHIEVEMENT
To come out with this system we first of all observe how they control the level of alcohol in
driver’s breath many years ago. After that, I study the current technology used to control the
level of alcohol in the vehicle to avoid accident. After that I discover that they current system
is more complex, difficult to install and is especially made for electronics vehicle. Now to
reduce the percentage of accidents due to the consumption of alcohol while driving we
propose our system. This system is using the principle of alcohol sensor. The alcohol sensor
is used to detect the level of alcohol in the driver’s breath and send the information to the
arduino board which is a microcontroller. This microcontroller will analyze the information
transmitted by the sensor and command the system to allow the driver to start his car or not.
Also if the level of alcohol is high the buzzer will emit a sound and the state of the driver will
be display on a scream: “no alcohol detected” when the level of alcohol is good and “alcohol
detected” when the level of is high.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Robust system is one that can withstand and overcome adverse conditions under which
it is subjected to, thus being able to function without failure under a wide range of
conditions. (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/robust. February 15th 2022).

4
• Alcohol Detection system is a system that works on a simple principle, If a driver has
been drinking, the alcohol breath analyzer sensor will detect the level of alcohol in the
driver's breath and if it crosses a set threshold, an alert will come and the vehicle engine
will stop immediately (https://www.watelectronics.com/automatic-engine-locking-
systemthrough-alcohol-detection-for-drunken-drivers/)

5
 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
According to online Robert dictionary and Latousse, Blood alcohol content (BAC) is the
level of ethyl alcohol in the blood. It is usually expressed in grams per liter (or milligrams
per 100 ml or millimoles per liter of blood). It can be also measure, indirectly, according to
the concentration of alcohol in the exhaled air (it is also measured in milligrams per liter of
air). Correspondence rate values of one gram of ethanol per liter of blood is equivalent to
22 millimoles per liter of blood or half a milligram of ethanol per liter of exhaled air.
(https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/alcool%C3%A9mie), sur cnrtl.fr).

2.1 APPROXIMATE CALCULATION OF BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL

Let T be the approximate blood alcohol level and K the diffusion coefficient (0.7 for men
and 0.6 for women). The relative density of ethanol being about 0.8, we then obtain:

𝑽×𝒑×𝟎.𝟖 𝟏𝟎×𝑼𝒂
𝑻= = Where:
𝑲×𝒎 𝑲×𝒎

V: the volume of drink ingested in ml;

p: the degree of alcohol of the drink ingested;
K: the diffusion coefficient;
m: the mass of the individual in kg;
Ua: number of Units of alcohol ingested (defined by the WHO as 10 grams of pure
alcohol).
This is the formula of Erik Matteo Prochet Widmark which consists of a basic
estimation for blood alcohol calculations

2.2 ABSORPTION OF ALCOHOL

Following its ingestion, alcohol is absorbed at a rate that depends on various factors, such
as:

 Presence of food in the stomach (delay effect);

 Alcohol concentration of the drink consumed (amplifying effect);
 Speed of consumption (amplifying effect).
About 20% of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and the remaining 80% is absorbed in the
small intestine. The absorption of alcohol made by a physical process based on the
difference in concentration from either side of the digestive membrane.

6
2.3 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL BASED ON BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL
Alcohol acts mainly on the central nervous system, and causes, as soon as the blood alcohol
level exceeds 0.5 g/l (500 mg/1000 mL) of blood, the following effects on most subjects:

 Narrowing of the visual field;

 Increased sensitivity to glare;
 Alteration of the appreciation of space and in particular of distances;
 Decreased reflexes and increased reaction times to unforeseen situations. The
average duration of the reaction time in normal conditions is estimated at about one
second. From 0.5 g/l, this reaction time reaches 1.5 seconds. The higher the blood
alcohol level higher, the longer the reaction time;
 Overestimating one's abilities; the generally euphoric effect of alcohol inhibits
certain reflexes and can induce behaviors perilous;
 Severe intoxication above 3 g/l, with a high risk of alcoholic coma as well as risks
of hypothermia and hypoglycemia;
 From 3.8 g/l, the subject risks death. Beyond 5 g/l, death becomes highly probable.
These effects, when present in a vehicle driver, can make driving more dangerous:

 If an obstacle occurs, the poor appreciation of distances, combined with a delay in

reaction time due to altered reflexes,
 May cause braking too late;
 The euphoric effect can lead to reckless risk-taking, such as driving at excessive
speed, being aggressive towards other users, forgetting to put on the seat belt or the
helmet...

2.4 MEANS OF ALCOHOL CONTROL

The means of controlling blood alcohol levels are:

 Behavioral control: it has the advantage of detecting behavioral disorders that may
be due to other toxins (drugs, cannabis); it usually consists of balance tests (standing
for a while on one leg, walking along a line over a certain distance), and distance
appreciation tests (touching your nose with your eyes closed while leaving with
your arms outstretched);
 Breathalyzer, or alcootest: semi-quantitative analysis of the exhaled air by colored
indicator (oxidation of alcohol by the dichromate of potassium);

7
  Electronic breath alcohol analyzer: analysis of the alveolar air exhaled by a
semiconductor detector (its resistivity varies according to the quantity of alcohol
adsorbed on the surface) or by a cell which compares the changes in height of waves
sent by a transmitter IR (Infra-Red);
 Analysis of the plasma level after blood sampling.
These last two means of control provide proof of blood alcohol content, which can lead to
the appropriate sanctions, whereas the breathalyzer is used to detect a blood alcohol level
above the legal rate, and will be followed by a precise measurement by blood test or
breathalyzer. Some users may have a positive blood alcohol level due to a control of the
exhaled air after having practiced a mouthwash of a solution containing alcohol without
having ingested it; as only the alcohol ingested has an impact on driving, courts have
acquitted the drivers involved.

2.5 CHECKING THE ALCOHOL LEVEL USING THE BREATHALYZER

Drink driving is one of the major causes of road accidents all over the world, according to
the bureau of transportation statistics, every 2 hours three people are killed in alcohol-
related highway crash (L. M. and M. C. C Mathew, 2013). A major method for testing level
of alcohol is the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) test using breathalyzers at check points. A
0.05% blood alcohol is enough to impair the sense of judgment when driving (K. and SM,
2014). The breathalyzer, is a technique for evaluating blood alcohol levels by measuring the
alcohol level in the exhaled air. The breathalyzer was invented in 1954 by Robert F.
Borkenstein. There are two types of breathalyzer: chemical breathalyzers made up of a
reagent that changes color according to the alcohol level in the exhaled air, the most
common requiring blowing into a balloon, and electronic breathalyzers which include a
sensitive probe breath alcohol content.

2.5.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SINGLE-USE BREATHALYZERS

(BALLOON)
Each such breathalyzer consists of a sterilized mouthpiece, a glass tube filled with acidified
solid potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) (colored oxidant) and a one-liter plastic balloon.
When a person has consumed alcohol, ethanol passes from their blood into the air in their
lungs. If she breathes into a breathalyzer, the ethanol in her breath will be oxidized to acetic
acid by the dichromate ions, orange in color, which will then be transformed into

8
chromium(III) ions, green in color, according to the following exothermic oxidation-
reduction reaction:

𝟑𝐂𝐇𝟑 𝐂𝐇𝟐 𝐎𝐇 + 𝟐𝐂𝐫𝟐 𝐎𝟐−

𝟕 + 𝟏𝟔𝐇
+
→ 𝟑𝐂𝐇𝟑 𝐂𝐎𝐎𝐇 + 𝟒𝐂𝐫 𝟑+ + 𝟏𝟏𝐇𝟐 𝐎.

If the person has consumed more alcohol than the law allows, chromium(III) ions will form
along the glass tube and the green color will reach the line that delimits the value not to be
exceeded. The electronic breathalyzer measures the alcohol content in human breath and
displays the alcohol level in g/l or in ‰ (per thousand). Potassium dichromate is highly
toxic, corrosive and carcinogenic. It is also dangerous for the environment. However, the
reliability of some models remains poor.

Figure 2.1: Single-use breathalyzers

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bafometro-
BrDSC_7400.jpg/800px-Bafometro-BrDSC_7400.jpg

This method lacks credibility due to unavailability of required manpower, compromise on

the part of inspection officers and the cost of maintaining check points over a wide
geographical location.

9
2.5.2 ELECTRONIC BREATHALYZER
The Anti Start Breathalyzer is an instrument for measuring alcohol in exhaled air. The
electronic breathalyzer is coupled to the vehicle's starting system. This instrument is a
breath analysis device, which prevents the vehicle in which it is installed from being
started, in case of a blood alcohol level higher than the legal authorized rate, either from a
concentration of alcohol in the exhaled air of 0.25 mg/L for individuals and 0.1 mg/L for
professional drivers of passenger transport. To be able to start the vehicle, the driver must
each time blow in the nozzle of the device. The breath must be slow, loud and continuous
for 5 seconds for the exhalation test to be approved. In addition, the flow rate and volume
of exhaled air are analyzed to ensure that the correct sample has been taken. In the case of a
positive blood alcohol level, if the presence of alcohol is detected during the first test, the
device will suggest to the driver to try again after one minute. In the case of a second
positive test, the starting system of the vehicle is blocked for 30 minutes. The driver will
have to wait before he can attempt to start his vehicle again. For public transport vehicles,
the engine can be started, without blowing into the breathalyzer, with a key held by the
driver or by a code for the employer. If the test is negative, the breathalyzer having
measured a blood alcohol level below the authorized threshold, the driver has 5 minutes to
start the engine. If stoppage of the vehicle (engine stopped) is less than 30 minutes, it is
possible to restart it without use the device. The anti-start Breathalyzer requires
automatically and at intervals random (45 to 60 minutes) confirmatory testing in progress
road, to ensure that the driver has not consumed alcohol after starting the vehicle. An
audible signal sounds with each new breath sample request. The driver has sufficient time
to park the vehicle safely to perform the test. (retrieved from
http://www.Únistere.gouv.fr/layout/set/print/Politiquespubliques/Transportsdeplacements)

10
Example of an alcohol interlock device: Drager technology

Figure 2.2: Drager technology

Source:https://www.hydrokit.com/PartageWeb/Produits/zoom/E17S7000_6-pnvver-
F9219C5438CF188CCD8CC453128C9B19.JPG

11
Installation of the ignition interlock breathalyzer

Figure 2.3: Drager technology installation

Source:https://www.hydrokit.com/PartageWeb/Produits/zoom/E17S7000_6-pnvver-
F9219C5438CF188CCD8CC453128C9B19.JPG

2.6 GAS SENSOR

A gas sensor is a device which detects the presence or concentration of gases in the
atmosphere. Based on the concentration of the gas the sensor produces a corresponding
potential difference by changing the resistance of the material inside the sensor, which can be
measured as output voltage. Based on this voltage value the type and concentration of the gas
can be estimated. The type of gas the sensor could detect depends on the sensing
material present inside the sensor. Normally these sensors are available as modules with
comparators as shown above. These comparators can be set for a particular threshold value of
gas concentration. When the concentration of the gas exceeds this threshold the digital pin
goes high. The analog pin can be used to measure the concentration of the gas.

12
2.6.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GAS SENSORS
Gas sensors are typically classified into various types based on the type of the sensing
element it is built with. Below is the classification of the various types of gas sensors based
on the sensing element that are generally used in various applications:
 Metal Oxide based gas Sensor.
 Optical gas Sensor.
 Electrochemical gas Sensor.
 Capacitance-based gas Sensor.
 Calorimetric gas Sensor.
 Acoustic based gas Sensor.

2.6.2 GAS SENSOR CONSTRUCTION

Of all the above-listed types, the most commonly used gas sensor is the Metal oxide
semiconductor based gas sensor. All Gas sensors will consist of a sensing element which
comprises of the following parts.

1. Gas sensing layer

2. Heater Coil
3. Electrode line
4. Tubular ceramic
5. Electrode

The below image illustrates the parts present in a metal oxide gas sensor

Figure 2.4: Oxide gas sensor

Source :https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Sensing-Element-in-
Gas-Sensor.JPG

13
The purpose of each of these elements is as below:
Gas sensing layer: It is the main component in the sensor which can be used to sense the
variation in the concentration of the gases and generate the change in electrical resistance.
The gas sensing layer is basically a chemiresistor which changes its resistance value based on
the concentration of particular gas in the environment. Here the sensing element is made up
of a Tin Dioxide (SnO2) which is, in general, has excess electrons (donor element). So
whenever toxic gases are being detected the resistance of the element changes and the current
flown through it varies which represents the change in concentration of the gases.

Heater coil: The purpose of the heater coil is to burn-in the sensing element so that the
sensitivity and efficiency of the sensing element increases. It is made of Nickel-Chromium
which has a high melting point so that it can stay heated up without getting melted.

Electrode line: As the sensing element produces a very small current when the gas is
detected it is more important to maintain the efficiency of carrying those small currents. So
Platinum wires come into play where it helps in moving the electrons efficiently.

Electrode: It is a junction where the output of the sensing layer is connected to the Electrode
line. So that the output current can flow to the required terminal. An electrode here is made of
Gold (Au –Aurum) which is a very good conductor.

Tubular ceramic: In between the Heater coil and Gas sensing layer, the tubular ceramic
exists which is made of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3). As it has high melting point, it helps in
maintaining the burn-in (preheating) of the sensing layer which gives the high sensitivity for
the sensing layer to get efficient output current.

Mesh over the sensing element: In order to protect the sensing elements and the setup, a
metal mesh is used over it, which is also used to avoid/hold the dust particles entering into the
mesh and prevent damaging the gas sensing layer from corrosive particles.

2.6.3 GAS SENSOR WORKING

The ability of a Gas sensor to detect gases depends on the chemiresister to conduct current.
The most commonly used chemiresistor is Tin Dioxide (SnO2) which is an n-type
semiconductor that has free electrons (also called as donor). Normally the atmosphere will
contain more oxygen than combustible gases. The oxygen particles attract the free electrons
present in SnO2 which pushes them to the surface of the SnO2. As there are no free
electrons available output current will be zero. The below gif shown the oxygen molecules
(blue color) attracting the free electrons (black color) inside the SnO2 and preventing it from

14
having free electrons to conduct current. When the sensor is placed in the toxic or
combustible gases environment, this reducing gas (orange color) reacts with the adsorbed
oxygen particles and breaks the chemical bond between oxygen and free electrons
thus releasing the free electrons. As the free electrons are back to its initial position they can
now conduct current, this conduction will be proportional the amount of free electrons
available in SnO2, if the gas is highly toxic more free electrons will be available.

Table 1.1: List of Different Types of Gas Sensors and What Gases They Sense

Sensor Name Gas to measure

MQ-2 Methane, Butane, LPG, Smoke

MQ-3 Alcohol, Ethanol, Smoke

MQ-4 Methane, CNG Gas

MQ-5 Natural gas, LPG

MQ-6 LPG, butane

MQ-7 Carbon Monoxide

MQ-8 Hydrogen Gas

MQ-9 Carbon Monoxide, flammable gasses

MQ131 Ozone

MQ135 Air Quality

MQ136 Hydrogen Sulphide gas

MQ137 Ammonia

MQ214 Methane, Natural Gas

MQ216 Natural gas, Coal Gas

MQ303A Alcohol, Ethanol, smoke

15
 MQ306A LPG, butane

MQ307A Carbon Monoxide

MQ309A Carbon Monoxide, flammable gas

Source: https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51oyQnbFagL._AC_SX679_.jpg

Amount these type of sensors we can discover that the type of sensor that can be used to
detect the presence of alcohol are the MQ-3 and MQ-303A sensor. In the realization part
we are going to use this sensor for our prototype.

2.7 STUDY OF ALCOHOL SENSOR

Alcohol sensors are employed in a wide range of applications in the fields of safety,
health, and instrumentation. Common examples are domestic or commercial alarms for
explosive and toxic gases or in automotive application as gas leakage detectors for LPG
within our environment in order to enhance safety to health. Such sensors, nowadays,
are found also in applications involving air quality control systems and pollution
monitoring.
Today sensors have featuring a high sensitivity to a wide gases variety, are very
compact in size and have significantly reduced their power consumption to better adapt
to portable solutions. Despite the sensor could be treated, basically, as a variable resistor
which value depends on alcohol concentration in air the practical implementation in a
project should be done considering some design rules, especially if the final circuit is a
device to be used in a field where reliability is strongly required. Alcohol detectors can
make a valuable contribution to the safety of these processes. The detector can be used
to trigger alarms if a specified concentration of the alcohol or vapour is exceeded. This
can provide an early warning of a problem and help to ensure peoples safety. However,
a detector does not prevent the intake occurring or indicate what action should be taken.
It is not a substitute for safe working practices and maintenance. The application of
microcontroller in such an instrument will reduce cost. Primarily, the microcontroller is
capable of storing a programming. The microcontroller contains a CPU (central
processing unit), RAM (random-access memory), ROM (read only memory), IO
(input/output), serial and parallel ports, timers, and sometimes other built-in peripherals
such as A/D (analog-to-digital) and D/A (digital-to-analog) converters. There is a large
variety of microcontroller on the market today. We will focus on a few versatile

16
 microcontroller chips called programmable interface controller PIC chips from
Microchip Technology. Microchip uses PIC to describe its series of PIC micro
controllers. The table below presents some alcohol sensor.

Table 1.2: Some types of alcohol sensors

Name of the sensor Figure

Alcohol sensor MQ3 sensor

Source: https://m.media-
amazon.com/images/I/51oyQnbFagL._AC_SX679_.jpg

Gaz sensor MQ 3

Source: https://j6z7x9q7.rocketcdn.me/wp-
content/uploads/2020/12/alcohol-mq3-1.jpg

Alcohol sensor MQ2

Source: https://tn.jumia.is/unsafe/fit-
in/680x680/filters:fill(white)/product/34/6481/1.jpg?3564

17
Alcohol sensor MQ135

Source: https://tn.jumia.is/unsafe/fit-
in/680x680/filters:fill(white)/product/34/6481/1.jpg?3564

Source: https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51oyQnbFagL._AC_SX679_.jpg

2.8 RELATED WORK IN THE DOMAIN OF ALCOHOL DETECTION IN THE

VEHICLE
In 1953, drink driving was detected using the Alco test developed by German scientist
Drager. It used variation in chemical coloration to check the concentration of alcohol in
a subject’s breath when exhaled into a tube containing the chemical (D. & CKGaA, ‘History
of Drugs and Alcohol Testing’. [Online]. Available: www.draeger.com.). More recent is the
vehicle safety system with automatic alcohol detector has been proposed to test Blood
Alcohol Content (BAC) level in subjects driving a vehicle. But it was presented as a frame
work. A. R. and D. R. AN Lea, presented an Alcohol Detection System for Car Users using
Iris Recognition Pattern. The proposed system comprised of a hardware and software
system which focused on the implementation of an algorithm that uses the Gabor filter.
These systems operate in three stages, the first stage is capturing of the driver’s iris image.
Secondly the iris image is encoded under a configuration which will be receptive to
computation and calculation. Finally, an indicator hailing from the open wellspring
distinguished framework will control the car/vehicle through the utilization of a
microcontroller encoded into a format which is responsive to calculation and computation.
P. T. and J. N.C Aparna, proposed a comprehensive method of solving drink driving. The
system was designed in a way that an alcohol sensor will be embedded on the steering
wheel of a car. Whenever there is a kick starting attempt, the sensor measures the content of
the alcohol in subject’s breath and automatically switches off the automobile if tested
drunk. However, the system lacks the ability to control the range at which the alcohol
sensor senses alcohol, making it difficult to determine if it was not from passengers or

18
passerby. (T. and J. N. ] C Aparna, 2014). K. and SM, used an Infrared (IR) Sensor which
was mounted on the steering to do the subject breath analyses. Ethanol has more capacity to
absorb infra-red rays, therefore, when the car is turned on the system uses an IR source led-
894 to direct infra-red through the sensor continuously. If the flow of infra-red ray is
interrupted by absorption of alcohol vapour a relay circuit is activated. This relay circuit
has control over the fuel supply system and it cuts-off the fuel supply to the engine. This
makes the car to come to halt slowly. This method will work quite efficiently but has some
limitations. Systems that adopt the IR technology are larger in size therefore it will be
difficult to incorporate the system into a steering. Another factor worth putting into
consideration is that it does not use programming which makes the IR sensor method more
complex and limited in terms of functionality. (K. and SM, 2014). The method of Y. B. R.
and S. P. M., was presented something similar to T. and J. N.C Aparna the difference was
the usage of the mq2 gas sensor. This method for many reasons is questionable in the sense
that the mq2 sensor is used for the detection of combustible gases. Since the main target gas
is ethanol, the use of the Mq2 will prove inefficient because not all combustible compounds
contain alcohol. (Y. B. R. and S. P. M. 2014).

K. Sharukh and K. Shahabaz, suggested the use of a single alcohol sensor chip to sense the
breath of the driver continuously. However, their method lacks the ability to improve the
victims’ situation when the car comes to a halt. (K. Sharukh and K. Shahabaz, 2013). A
comprehensive method of tackling drink driving was presented by J. Dai, J. Teng et all,
2010. The method was achieved with mobile phone placed in a vehicle and with
accelerometer and orientation sensor. A program installed on the mobile phone computes
accelerations based on sensor readings, and compares them with typical drunk driving
patterns extracted from real driving tests. Once any evidence of drunk driving is present,
the mobile phone will automatically alert the subject or call safety/security personnel for
help well before accident actually happens. This method in many ways might proof
inefficient, because it could be easily maneuvered or bypassed, if the phone goes off the
safety system goes off as well. (J. Dai, J. Teng et all, 2010)

19
 This chapter focused on the literature review on our project. As we are working on the
detection of the alcohol level on a vehicle driver, it was necessary for us to start by showing
how to calculate the percentage of alcohol in an individual's body. Then we explained how
alcohol can alter the driver's senses. Also, the means of checking alcohol levels were
presented, such as the chemical and electronic breathalyzer. Finally, we presented the various
researches that have been done in the field of alcohol detection while driving and presented
another approach for alcohol level detection, this time using an alcohol sensor. The main
objective of our work is to design an automatic detection system of the concentration of
alcohol in the breathing of the car driver. In continuation, in chapter three, we are going to
study all the materials and methodology that will be used for our system and also realize the
prototype.

20
 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AD METHODS

3.1 STUDY OF A ROBUST ALCOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM FOR PREVENTION

OF DRUNK DRIVING
This first part will focus only on the design concept of the entire system and the different
elements that constitute the system as well as the functioning principle of the system.

We are going to carry out a study of materials, we will go through each element and give the
necessary information about each. Further, the choice of the characteristics of the electronics
elements will be done by simulating the system in Proteus8 Professional.

3.1.1 STUDY OF THE MATERIALS

The system includes the following elements: an arduino Uno as microcontroller, the alcohol
sensor MQ3 to measure the level of alcohol, two LED (Lighting Emitting Diode) of green
and red color, a buzzer, connection wires, a battery delivering an alternating current, a DC
motor, H modulus, LCD scream.

a) Arduino Uno Board

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming
language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing. Over the
years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex
scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of
great help to novices and experts alike. Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design
Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in
electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board
started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-
bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded
environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build
them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is

21
open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.
(https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/introduction).

Figure 3.1: Arduino Uno Board

Source: https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/introduction

Table 3.1: Technical characteristics

Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended Input Voltage 7-12V
Input Voltage Limits 6-20V
Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)
Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)
DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA
DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz
Source : https://components101.com/microcontrollers/arduino-uno

22
Technics details

Power (USB / Barrel Jack)

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can
be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply that is
terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is labeled (1) and the
barrel jack is labeled (2). The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your
Arduino board.

NOTE: Do not use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will overpower (and thereby
destroy) your Arduino. The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and
12 Volts.

Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit with
a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that allow you to just
plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of
which is labeled on the board and used for different functions.

GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can
be used to ground your circuit.

5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V
pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the Arduino run
happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.

Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) are
Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like temperature
sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read.

Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO).
These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital
output (like powering an LED).

PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10,
and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for
something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).

23
AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin alone. It is
sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper
limit for the analog input pins.

Reset Button: Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it
will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the
Arduino. This can be very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple
times. Unlike the original Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino doesn't usually fix any
problems.

Power LED Indicator: Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit
board, there’s a tiny LED next to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED should light up whenever
you plug your Arduino into a power source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good
chance something is wrong. Time to re-check your circuit.

TX RX LEDs: TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite
a bit in electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In our case,
there are two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear once by digital pins 0
and 1, and a second time next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give
us some nice visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like
when we’re loading a new program onto the board).

Main IC: The black component with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13).
Think of it as the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different
from board type to board type, but is usually from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL
company. This can be important, the IC type (along with your board type) before loading up a
new program from the Arduino software. This information can usually be found in writing on
the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference between various IC's,
reading the datasheets is often a good idea.

Voltage Regulator: The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should)
interact with on the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it’s
for. The voltage regulator does exactly what it says which to control the amount of voltage
that is let into the Arduino board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an
extra voltage that might harm the circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your
Arduino to anything greater than 20 volts.

24
NB: To program this card, they use the Arduino IDE software.

 Presentation of the Arduino IDE software.

Figure 3.2: Arduino IDE software

The bar appearing on the top is called Menu Bar that comes with five different options as
follow:

 File: You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one. And
there are other subdivisions under file like: close, save, save as, print, exit, example….;
 Edit: Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font;
 Sketch: For compiling and programming;
 Tools: Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel is used for
burning a boot loader to the new microcontroller;
 Help: In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available from
getting started to troubleshooting.
The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running program as
follow.

25
 Figure 3.3: Buttons appearing under the menu bar
Source: Mohamed Fezari Integrated Development Environment “IDE” For Arduino on 30
October 2018.

 The check mark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code. Click this
once you have written your code;
 The arrow key will upload and transfer the required code to the Arduino board;
 The dotted paper is used for creating a new file;
 The upward arrow is reserved for opening an existing Arduino project;
 The downward arrow is used to save the current running code.
 The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor
The black space at the bottom is for compilation error.

b) Alcohol sensor MQ-3

An alcohol detector is a sensitive device that is capable of detecting the presence of
molecules of alcohol or any similar volatile flammable element in the air and converting it
into an equivalent level of electrical power. The MQ gas sensor series uses a small indoor
water heater with an electronic sensor. These sensors are sensitive for a range of gases and
are used indoors at room temperature. At the output there is an analog signal which can be
read with an analog input of the Arduino. The MQ-3 Breathalyzer is suitable for detecting
alcohol concentration in breath just like your common breathalyzer. It has high sensitivity
and fast response time. The sensor provides an analog resistive output based on alcohol
concentration. The driver circuit is very simple, all you need is a resistor.

26
 Figure 3.4: Alcohol MQ-3 Sensor
Source: https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51oyQnbFagL._AC_SX679_.jpg

FEATURES
* High sensitivity to alcohol and small sensitivity to Benzine;

* Fast response and High sensitivity;

* Stable and long life;

* Simple drive circuit.

APPLICATION
They are suitable for alcohol checker, Breathalyzer.

Figure 3.5: MQ-3 sensor

Source: HANWEI ELETRONICS CO.,LTD MQ-3 http://www.hwsensor.com

27
Table 3.2: Basic structure measuring circuit
parts Materials
1 Gas sensing layer 𝑆𝑛 𝑂2
2 Electrode 𝐴𝑢
3 Electrode line 𝑃𝑡
4 Heater coil 𝑁𝑖 -𝐶𝑟 alloy
5 Tubular ceramic 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3
6 Anti-explosion network Stainless steel gauze
7 Clamp ring Copper plating 𝑁𝑖
8 Resin base Bakelite
9 Tube pin Copper plating 𝑁𝑖

Source: HANWEI ELETRONICS CO.,LTD MQ-3 http://www.hwsensor.com

Structure of MQ-3 gas sensor is shown as Fig. 1, sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic
tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a
crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions
for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-3 has 6 pin, 4 of them are used to fetch
signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.

Characteristics of MQ-3 gas sensor

The main chip: LM393, MQ-3 gas sensor
Operating voltage: 3-5V DC
Response time: =< 10s(70% Response)
ReCovery time: =< 30s(70% Response)
Heating resistance: 31Ohm±3Ohm
Heating Current: =< 180mA
Heating Voltage: 5V±0.2V
Heating Power: =< 900mW
Detect Voltage: =< 15V
Ambient Temperature: -10°C to 65°C
Humidity: =< 95%RH&nb
Storage conditions: Temperature:-20°C-70°C, Humidity: =< 70%RH
Signal output instructions;

28
Dual signal output (analog output, and TTL level output);
TTL output valid signal is low, can be connected directly to the microcontroller;
0 ~ 5V analog output voltage, the higher the concentration the higher the voltage;
Has a high sensitivity and good selectivity to ethanol vapor;
Has a long life and reliable stability;
Rapid response recovery characteristics

c) Lighting emitting diode (LED)

It is an electrical device used to inform the driver on the state of a particular system.
There are many colors but here we are going to use the red and the green. For this circuit we
will use two led light with different color that is red and green.

Figure 3.6: Lighting Emitting Diode (Green and Red)

d) Connection wires
These are used to easily connect the arduino board with sensors and led

Figure 3.7: Connection wires

29
e) A battery delivering an alternating current:
The battery here is a rechargeable battery of 9V

Figure 3.8: Battery

f) Beeper (buzzer):
It is a component that produces sound when voltage is applied to it, it is possible to use it to
create alarms of all kinds, toys, sound signals on a machine, a household appliance we can
also play on the frequencies to create melodies.

Figure 3.9: Buzzer

Source: https://create.arduino.cc/ use-a-buzzer-module-piezo-speaker-using-arduino-uno-
89df45

g) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) I2C

This is a 16x2 LCD display screen with I2C interface. It is able to display 16x2 characters on
2 lines, white characters on blue background. Usually, Arduino LCD display projects will run
out of pin resources easily, especially with Arduino Uno. And it is also very complicated with
the wire soldering and connection. This I2C 16x2 Arduino LCD Screen is using an I2C
communication interface. It means it only needs 4 pins for the LCD display: VCC, GND,
SDA, SCL. It will save at least 4 digital/analog pins on Arduino. All connectors are standard
XH2.54 (Breadboard type). You can connect with the jumper wire directly.

30
 Figure 3.10: LCD i2c
Source: https://lastminuteengineers.com/i2c-lcd-arduino-tutorial/

Description

A typical I2C LCD display consists of a HD44780 based character LCD display and an I2C
LCD adapter. Let’s get to know them one by one. True to its name, these LCDs are ideal for
displaying text/characters only. A 16×2 character LCD, for example, has an LED backlight
and can display 32 ASCII characters in two rows with 16 characters on each row. At the heart
of the adapter is an 8-Bit I/O Expander chip – PCF8574. This chip converts the I2C data from
an Arduino into the parallel data required by the LCD display. The board also comes with a
small trimpot to make fine adjustments to the contrast of the display. In addition, there is a
jumper on the board that supplies power to the backlight. To control the intensity of the
backlight, you can remove the jumper and apply an external voltage to the header pin that is
marked as ‘LED’.

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 Figure 3.11: Description of the LCD i2c
Source: https://lastminuteengineers.com/i2c-lcd-arduino-tutorial/

3.1.2 CHOICE OF THE REALIZATION MATERIALS

To make the choice for the realization materials I’m going to draw the entire system in
Proteus 8 Professional. By doing simulation, I will check the behavior of electronic elements
in other to make the decision about the characteristic of each them.
To start, I first of all include the Arduino library in Proteus library. After this is done, I’m
going to pick all the elements of the circuit in the Proteus library. Those elements are:

 Arduino Uno: where I will paste the program that has been written with Arduino IDE;
 MQ-3 gas sensor: will be used to detect the presence of alcohol;
 LEDs (lighting emitting diode) green and red: the green will shine here to show that
there is no alcohol detected and the red to show that there is alcohol detected;
 Resistors: will be used drop a bite the current in other to protect the LEDs;
 A LOGICTOGGLE: to simulate the presence of alcohol in the mq-3 gas sensor
 The ground.

Table 3.3: Name of the elements used in Proteus simulation

Designations Names
ARD1 Arduino Uno R3 V1.0
GAS1 MQ-3 gas sensor
R1 and R2 Resistors
D1 and D2 LEDs (Lighting Emitting Diode ) Red and green respectively
LCD1 Liquid Crystal Display
0 LOGICTOGGLE

32
3.2 SIMULATION OF THE SYSTEM IN PROTEUS8 PROFESSIONAL
After all the elements are taken, we move on to the wiring and simulation of the system.
These steps are involved in the process:

Connection of all the elements of the circuit.

Figure 3.12: Putting all the elements together

Comment:

All the elements are mounted together and ready for simulation. We can see the different
elements and all connections between them. At this step current is not being supplied to the
system.

33
3.3 CHARACTERISTIC CHOICE OF ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
For the battery, since the maximum voltage of an Arduino board is 20Volts lowest 3Volts the
most logical choice is to select a battery of 9Volts (see previous picture). The gas sensor will
be the MQ-3 sensor are the conventional HC-SR04 type; The lighting emitting diodes have
the following characteristics given by the manufacturer:

 For the green and red LED the maximum voltage is 2.2volts and the maximum intensity
is 20mA=0,02A;
It is necessary to drop down the intensity in the circuit according to the LED by using the
resistors. Since they are mounted in series we have the small circuit below:

Figure 3.13: Simple circuit for LED and resistor

The value of R is given by the formula: using ohm law 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼𝐹 with 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐹
therefore we have:

𝑉𝐶𝐶 −𝑉𝐹
𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐹 = 𝑅𝐼𝐹 Then: 𝑅 = 𝐼𝐹

Where VCC is the alternative voltage of the battery;

IF is the current in the circuit since it is in series the intensity will remains the same;

VR is the voltage at the bounds of the resistance;

VF is the voltage across the LED which is given by the manufacturer.

For green and red LED we have: VCC= 4,84V; VF= 2.2V; IF= 0.00794A

𝟒,𝟖𝟒−𝟐.𝟐
R= R= 330Ω
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒

The resistors that will be used are 330Ω for the green and red LEDs.

3.4 REALIZATION OF A ROBUST ALCOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM FOR

PREVENTION OF DRUNK DRIVING
The realization process of the system will be presented below in pictorial views.

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3.4.1 PRESENTATION OF THE PROGRAM WRITTEN WITH ARDUINO
SOFTWARE (IDE)

COMMENT:
For our program to work well, we need to include some library like: <wire.h> and
<LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>. To start the program, I defined the pin that each element will use.
For the port D0 of the gas sensor I choose the pin 8 of the arduino, for red led 9, for green led
7 and for the buzzer 10. In the void setup, we have to define the characteristics behavior of
the pin chosen. The port of the gas sensor is set in the serial 9600, the pins of red led, green
led and buzzer are set to be OUPUT. The lcd is initialize.

3.4.2 TESTING OF SOME ELEMENTS

Before putting all the different elements of the circuit together, I’m going to test them in
other to make sure that all the elements are working.

35
 Testing of the Arduino Uno board
If it is the first time that the Arduino board is used it is important to check if it works
normally. To do this, the Arduino software contains sample programs. It is these examples
that i will use to test the arduino board. But if the card has already been used for another
program, it must be formatted. To do this is simple; connect the arduino board to a source and
press on the reset button of the arduino and any program contained inside will be erased
which will allow the uploading of the new program. Here i’m going to test the arduino uno
board using the blink program.

Step1: Open the arduino IDE (software) and choose the blink program

We are going to choose a very simple example which consists in making a LED flash. His
name is Blink and you will find him in the Basics category.

36
 Figure 3.14: Open blink program
Once you have clicked on Blink, a new window will appear. It will contain the Blink
program. You can close the old window which will no longer be of any use to us. The blink
program is as follow:

37
 Figure 3.15: Blink program
Step2: upload the program in the arduino board
To do this once just click on the arrow in yellow showing on the figure below

38
 Figure 3.16: Blink program uploading in the arduino board
After that we can now connect the LED on the arduino board as follow: the first terminal of
the LED must be connected at the pin 13 of the arduino and the second on the pin ground of
the arduino. The led will start to flash.

39
 Figure 3.17: Test of the arduino uno board using blink program
Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=comment+tester+une+carte+arduino+uno&tbm=is
ch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=6cnZaHTURPoBjM%253A%252CrVAaEgme3JRjSM%252C_&
vet=1&usg=AI4kRjSbNvwTuudk_kn8pzrOau35GkxA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_4uzKzNLp
AhVO66QKHWyvBIkQ9QEwDXoECAcQGQ#imgrc=6cnZaHTURPoBjM:

 Testing of the MQ-3 gas sensor

To achieve that I will use an arduino board, the MQ-3 gas sensor and a led. The arduino
program shown below will be uploaded in the arduino board. A small cup with a quantity of
alcohol will be brought closer the sensor to see if the sensor can detect. The serial monitor
will display if the sensor has detected alcohol or not.

Arduino program:

40
After the program is uploaded in the arduino, we can open the monitor screen. When there is
no alcohol detected we will the first picture at the left and otherwise we will have the one at
the right

41
 Figure 3.18: Serial monitor printing

Figure 3.19: Test of the MQ-3 sensor

 Testing of the LCD

Using the program below, the LCD will display: NAHPI BAMBILI

42
43
Connection of the elements for the test of the LCD

Figure 3.20: Test of the LCD i2c

3.4.3 MOUNTING OF ALL THE ELEMENTS TOGETHER

We are going now to connect every element of the system together to form our prototype.
Let’s show first how the element will be connected.

Figure 3.21: Circuit of an automotive alcohol detection system

44
In this chapter which was based on the material selection and methods employed in the study
and implementation of a robust alcohol detection system for prevention of drunk driving. I
started with the method on how to design system by making the study of the realization
materials and the simulation of system using Proteus8 Professional. Furthermore I gave the
pictorial view of the realization process of the system, I also did the programming
algorithm , and i also show the assembling of all the parts, the testing and adjustments. This
part was successful as the system worked as required. After the design of each system it is
important to give the maintenance procedure for said system so that the system continues to
keep the function for which it was designed.

45
 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 PRESENTATION OF TEST RESULTS

In the course of this work, several simulations and tests were carried out, which ranged from
system simulation in proteus 8 professional to results of programming with adruino IDE and
results of system connected and tested.

4.2 RESULTS OF SYSTEM SIMULATION IN PROTEUS 8 PROFESSIONAL

4.2.1 SYSTEM SHOWING THERE IS NO ALCOHOL DETECTED.

Figure 4.1: System detecting no alcohol

Comment:

The system is supplied with the current. The logic toggle in blue color is showing 0 therefore
the gas sensor doesn’t detect any presence of alcohol in the air surrounding him. The LCD
can display no alcohol detected and the green LED is shining to inform the driver that he can
start his engine.

46
4.2.2 DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF ALCOHOL.

Figure 4.2: Detection of obstacle only at the rear of the vehicle

Comment:

The logic toggle is showing 1 that’s means the gas sensor has detected the presence of
alcohol in the air surrounding him. The LCD display alcohol detected and the green led is
shining to tell the driver that he has consumed alcohol. At this time of the driver insist to start
his car the engine will not be able to start because the current going to the starting system will
be interrupt by this system.

47
4.3 RESULTS OF ALCOHOL DETECTION PROGRAM WRITTEN IN ADRUINO
SOFTWARE

4.3.1 NO ALCOHOL DETECTED

48
Comment:
There is no alcohol surrounding the air of the gas sensor, the green led is on (HIGH) , the red
is off (LOW), the buzzer is off (LOW) and the lcd display alcohol detected.

4.3.2 ALCOHOL DETECTED

49
COMMENT: Alcohol detected
There is alcohol detected the green led is off (LOW), the red led is On (HIGH), the buzzer is
supplied by the current (HIGH) the lcd display alcohol detected.

4.4 RESULTS OF TESTING ADRUINO UNO BOARD

The aim of this test was to check if the adruino board functioned properly and was suitable
for use. After the card was formatted to flush out any previous program, by connecting the
LED to the board, the LED was seen to light up, indicating the board functioned properly.

Figure 4.3: Testing of the Arduino Uno board

4.5 RESULTS OF TESTING THE MQ-3 GAS SENSOR

Figure 4.4: No alcohol detected

50
Here the system is supplied but there is no alcohol detected

Figure 4.5: Alcohol detected

A small cup containing a quantity of alcohol is brought closer the sensor. The sensor detects
the presence of alcohol and the led is shining.

4.6 RESULTS OF ASSEMBLY OF ALL ELEMENTS

All elements were connected and the following result was obtained

Figure 4.6: No alcohol detected

51
 Figure 4.7: Alcohol detected

4.7 MAINTENANCE OF THE MODEL

The objective of maintenance is to ensure the continuous functioning of the system to
minimize breakdown.

4.7.1 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE TO BE APPLIED ON THE MODEL

Preventive maintenance is applied to keep the system in the state of function for which it was
designed. It is a question here to build up good quality didactic materials and put in place
some maintenance and safety measure to keep this model in good state of operation and
ensuring the safety of the people or learners who will have access to it. Thus, some
precautions are to be taken here before, during and after all interventions on the model:

 Always use the right tools for the prescribe job during practice;
 Remove dust on the arduino uno board;
 Remove foreign particles on the gas sensor;
 Do not leave the equipment for a long time without supplying it with current to avoid the
rusting the elements.

4.7.2 CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE THAT CAN BE CARRY OUT ON THE

SYSTEM
The corrective maintenance is usually applied when breakdown appears in the system.

52
Table 4.1: Corrective maintenance on the system
Anomalies Causes Remedies
Replace sensor and test the circuit.
 The gas sensor is not working if it still doesn't detect go to the next
cause
The system does  The connecting wires can If cut, change the wire; if
not detect alcohol be cut or disconnected. disconnected, reconnected the
wires.
if it still doesn't detect go to the next
cause
 The leds can be blown or Changed the blown LED or supply
not powered the LEDs.
if it still doesn't detect go to the next
cause
 The LCD is not supplied Supplied or connect well the LCD
or disconnected if it still doesn't detect go to the next
cause
 The arduino board can Reconnect the arduino board.
not be supply with current

4.8 COST ESTIMATES

Table 4.2: Cost estimates

Designation Quantity Unit price (Fcfa) Total price (Fcfa)
Arduino Uno board 01 16500 16500
9Volts Battery 01 2000 2000
Gas sensor 01 8000 8000
Connection wire 03 blocks 1500 4500
Led 02 500 1000
LCD I2C 01 5000 5000
Breadboard 01 5000 5000

53
Buzzer 01 500 500
consumables / / 42500

The total amount of the project is 42 500francs CFA.

In this chapter, it was question for us to present the results of various tests, simulations
carried out and the different maintenance that can be perform on the system. The
maintenance of the model and safety of the users is very important and should be given
critical attention in other to assure the long life service of the equipment and conducive
environment for practical exercise to be carryout “safety is your job”. That is why we deemed
it necessary to present the following maintenance tips:

 Preventive Maintenance of the bench;

 Corrective Maintenance of the equipment’s.
The above maintenance tips if strictly respected by every user of this model of the set system,
it will last and be of more good to the future Cameroonians to move toward the goals of the
country.

54
 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
AND PERSPECTIVES

5.1 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED

In spite of the effort made, we faced problems such as;

 Problem of electricity in Bambili made the writing of the piece of work complicated,
I was thus forced to work some time three hours per week due to low voltage;
 Some components of the system were not easy to find. we were obliged to go to
Douala and Yaoundé to have some of the components;
 We found difficulties in raising finances for realization of the model, research,
buying of components, transportation and communication credit;
 Excessive network problem during research.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
We can observe that these difficulties encountered during the realization of this project were
the hindrance for the realization of this project to our satisfaction. We here by suggest that;

 The government should motivate the end of year students’ by providing them with
incentive for the realization of their projects;
 N.A.H.P.I Bambili should be provided with workshops to enable students to easily
realize the practical part of their project;
 The school should install optical fiber network to improve on the network system.

5.3 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDIES

The system implemented here is designed to detect the presence of alcohol in the breath of
the driver and inform him if he can drive or not. And if the driver insists to start his car, the
system will just cut the alimentation of the starting system. The system as a whole works well
and accomplishes the task for which it was designed. With gas sensor, you can detect the
presence of alcohol and use an Arduino board to exploit the data provided by the gas sensor.
With the evolution of technology in the automobile, it will be possible to improve this system
so that when the driver will put the contact; the sensor will detect if he has consumed alcohol
under the limit of consummation and if the test is positive, the system will not only cut the
power, but a GPS module with an emergency number to contact can be installed to give the

55
position of the vehicle and call the number programed. The number can be the one of a
family member or friend of the driver.

5.4 GENERAL CONCLUSION

This project “Study And Implementation Of a Robust Alcohol Detection System for
Prevention of Drunk Driving” was having as aim to detect alcohol in the driver’s breath and
allows him or not to start his car in other to avoid accident due to consumption of alcohol
while driving.

To achieve this and make this project a success, we first of all studied how the alcohol is
detected on conductor. We discover that, to control the level of alcohol one use breathalyzer
which exist on two types: single-use breathalyzers which use chemical reaction to detect
alcohol and electronic breathalyzers where we talked about the Anti Start Breathalyzer. We
also discover that these methods lacks credibility due to unavailability of required
manpower, compromise on the part of inspection officers and the cost of maintaining check
points over a wide geographical location that’s why we came out with our topic.

Further we talk about the other form of detection of alcohol by the use of sensors and some
gas sensors were presented like MQ2 sensor, MQ-4 sensor, MQ5 sensor, MQ6 sensor, MQ7
sensor alcohol sensor MQ135, MQ131 sensor and Alcohol sensor MQ3 sensor. Amount those
sensors using the type of gas that they can detect and tier availability on the market, the MQ-
3 sensor was selected for our system.

Secondly, the system was design with the help of Proteus8 Professional where the simulation
of the system was done. Also the realization part was achieved and all the elements of the
system were tested and mounted together to form our robust alcohol detection system and
after testing, everything was good.

Despite the challenges mention above, the project was a success. This project can be readily
implemented in the car starting system

At this juncture, we are impressed for a successful work done, for the achievement of
the goals and objectives of this project.

56
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