Thermodynamics

Water Steam Cycle

Heat Balance Diagram

Jasim Ahmed Chowdhury

Assistant Engineer (Mechanical)

1
Contents
1. Water Steam Cycle & Its Elements

2. Super Critical Technology

3. Water & Steam Circuit

4. Heat Balance Diagram

5. Heat Rate & Efficiency

6. Heat Rate Improvement Effort

7. Summary

2
Definition
Thermodynamics, is the study of the relations between heat, work, temperature,
and energy.

Sensible heat is the energy required to change the temperature of a substance

with no phase change.

Latent Heat the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid
into a vapor, without change of temperature.

Enthalpy, is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. It can be

further define as, the sum of the internal energy and the product of the pressure
and volume of a thermodynamic system.

In symbols, the enthalpy, h, equals the sum of the internal energy, E, and the
product of the pressure, P, and volume, V, of the system: h = E + PV.

Entropy, the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is
unavailable for doing useful work. Denoted as “S”.
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Rankine Cycle

h2-h3
Efficiency η= h2-h1
4
Introducing Heaters & Re-heater

4’

4
1’ 2’ 4’
2’
2
1’

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Contents
1. Water Steam Cycle & Its Elements

2. Super Critical Technology

3. Water & Steam Circuit

4. Heat Balance Diagram

5. Heat Rate & Efficiency

6. Heat Rate Improvement Effort

7. Summary

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T-S Diagram of Supercritical Cycle

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Efficiency Improvement Over the Year

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CO2 Reduction With Increasing Efficiency

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Assuming Coal GCV 3300Kcal/kg; 31.37% Carbon
Contents
1. Water Steam Cycle & Its Elements

2. Super Critical Technology

3. Water & Steam Circuit

4. Heat Balance Diagram

5. Heat Rate & Efficiency

6. Heat Rate Improvement Effort

7. Summary

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List of Water & Steam Circuit
Contents

1. Symbols/ Legends
2. MS, CRH & HRH System
3. HP & LP Bypass
4. Auxiliary Steam System
5. Extraction Steam to Heaters
6. Extraction Steam to BFP
7. Condensate System
8. Feed Water System
9. Heater Vents & Drains
10.Steam Drain System

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P&ID Symbols Legend
Contents

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MS, CRH & HRH System
Contents

13
HP & LP Bypass
Contents

14
Auxiliary Steam System
Contents

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Extraction Steam to Heaters
Contents

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Extraction Steam to BFP
Contents

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Condensate System
Contents

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Feed Water System
Contents

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Heater Vents & Drains
Contents

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Steam Drain System
Contents

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Contents
1. Water Steam Cycle & Its Elements

2. Super Critical Technology

3. Water & Steam Circuit

4. Heat Balance Diagram

5. Heat Rate & Efficiency

6. Heat Rate Improvement Effort

7. Summary

22
HBD is an Important Power Plant Design & Diagnostic Tool

Heat Balance Diagram (HBD) is basically a Heat & Mass Balance of a closed
Rankine cycle.

HBD is a very effective tool to simulate a steady state process condition

In the course of this presentation, we shall vary various parameters and the HBD
simulation will give the results of Heat Rate variation, which is very useful tool to
optimize the system / diagnose the problem and leads to efficient solution

HBD gives detailed information about process parameters at different loads,

which is required for sizing of Condenser, Heaters, Pumps, Control Valves, Flow
elements, Piping and other Auxiliaries
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Important Terminologies
Contents
•MCR- Maximum Continuous Rating
•TMCR- Turbine Maximum Continuous Rating
•EMCR- Economic Maximum Continuous
Rating
•VWO- Valve Wide Open
•BMCR- Boiler Maximum Continuous Rating
•MU- Cycle make-up (Emergency-5%/
Normal- 3%)
•OLV- Overload Valve
•HP/LP Bypass- High Pressure & Low Pressure
Bypass
•Aux Steam- Auxiliary Steam
•AHO- 100% HPHs Are Out of Service
•House Load Operation-Turbine is generating
power for own Auxiliaries consumption only,
not connected to grid
•One Stream of HPH out- 50% of HPHs are
Out of Service
•MSP- Modified Sliding Pressure Condition
•PSP- Pure Sliding Pressure Condition
•GSC- Gland Steam Condenser
•DC- Drain Cooler
•BFP- Boiler Feed Pump
•MDBFP- Motor Driven Boiler Feed Pump
•TDBFP- Turbine Driven Boiler Feed Pump
•D/A- Deaerator
•CEP- Condensate Extraction Pump
•DP- Drip Pump
•Forward Cascading- Drip Pump into
Downstream Heater
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Typical Heat Balance Diagram
Contents

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Contents
1. Water Steam Cycle & Its Elements

2. Super Critical Technology

3. Water & Steam Circuit

4. Heat Balance Diagram

5. Heat Rate & Efficiency

6. Heat Rate Improvement Effort

7. Summary

26
What is Heat Rate?
Contents

•Heat rate is a term commonly used in power stations to indicate the power
plant efficiency. The heat rate is the inverse of the efficiency: a lower heat rate
is better.
Heat Rate=

•A 100% efficiency implies equal input and output: for 1 kWh of output, the
input must be 1 kWh. This thermal energy input of 1 kWh = 3600 KJ = 860 KCaI.

•Therefore, the heat rate of a 100% efficient plant is simply 860 KCaI/kWh.

•As an example, for a 43% gross plant efficiency - the gross Unit heat rate is
(860/0.43) = 2000 kCal/kWh. Hence if Boiler Efficiency is 89%, then the Gross
Turbine cycle Heat Rate would be = 2000 x 0.89 = 1780 kCaI/kWh.

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Net Heat Rate & Efficiency Formula
Contents

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Heat Rate Formula
Contents

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Boiler Efficiency Calculation
Contents

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Heat Rate & Efficiency of MSTPP
Contents

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Contents
Maitree MSTPP Guarantee Parameters

•Gross Electrical Output Guarantee at TMCR

•Steam Boiler capacity at BMCR

•Net Heat Rate Guarantees at 100%, 80%, 60% & 50%

TMCR

•APC Guarantees at 100%, 80%, 60% & 50% TMCR

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Contents
1. Water Steam Cycle & Its Elements

2. Super Critical Technology

3. Water & Steam Circuit

4. Heat Balance Diagram

5. Heat Rate & Efficiency

6. Heat Rate Improvement Effort

7. Summary

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Heat Rate Improvement
Contents

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Increasing HRH Temperature
Contents

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Further Impact of HP Heaters on HR
Contents

Feedwater Temperature Rise is the difference between the feedwater outlet

temperature and the feedwater inlet temperature.

Terminal Temperature Difference (TTD) TTD is defined as the saturation temperature of

the extraction steam minus the feedwater outlet temperature. An increase in TTD
indicates a reduction in heat transfer, while a decrease indicates an improvement.

Drain Cooler Approach (DCA) is a method used to infer feedwater heater levels based
on the temperature difference between the drain cooler outlet and the feedwater inlet.

IMPACT ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE The impact of a 1°F (0.56°C) increase in the TTD
of the top heater is approximately a 0.016% increase in heat rate. For the other feed
water heaters, a 1°F (0.56°C) increase in TTD increases the heat rate by approximately
0.013. If there isa 1°F (0.56°C) Increase in DCA, the corresponding increase in heat rate
is 0.005%. The impact can be less at part load.

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Typical HP Heaters GA
Contents

De-superheating Area
Condensation
Area
Subcooling Area

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Switching to Super-critical Parameters
Contents

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Employing HARP in 8- Heaters Cycle
Contents

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Further Improving in “SC” Parameters
Contents

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Splitting DSH of “First” HP Heater
Contents

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Employing Series Condenser
Contents

48
Employing Series Condenser (Contd’)
Contents

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Condenser Performance Curve (Cond 1)

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Condenser Performance
Condenser Curve
at High Vacuum (Cond 2)
Pressure

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Condenser at High Vacuum Pressure
Contents

Effect of condenser high vacuum pressure :

1. Work done increases.
2. Boiler efficiency decrease due to low condensate temperature.

54
Condenser at Low Vacuum Pressure
Contents

Effect of condenser low vacuum pressure :

1. Work done decreases.
2. Specific steam consumption increases.

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Contents
Adopting Ultra Super-critical Parameters

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Summary Table of Simulation
Contents

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Contents
HR Improvement w.r.t. Technology Upgradation

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Contents
1. Water Steam Cycle & Its Elements

2. Super Critical Technology

3. Water & Steam Circuit

4. Heat Balance Diagram

5. Heat Rate & Efficiency

6. Heat Rate Improvement Effort

7. Summary

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Contents
Heat Duty Calculation (Performed Coal)

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Why Heat Rate is So Important
Contents

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