BUILT UP COMPRESSION MEMBERS :- (BUILT UP COLUMNS)

For columns with very large unsupported lengths and subjected to heavier loads, single
Sections like angle, channel, Rolled steel joists, tubes etc are not suitable. In such case, it is
very effective to use two or more of this section separated by a distance and connected
together by lacing or battering. The spacing of lacings or battening along the length of the
column should be such that the individual components of the column do not buckle. It is
preferable that the failure of the component of the column should be by yielding rather than
by buckling as per IS- 800, the buckling class of built up compression member is C
The built-up sections are used for one or more of the reasons mentioned below
(i) The built-up sections provide large cross-sectional area which cannot be furnished by
single rolled steel sections.
(ii) The built up sections provide special shape and depth. The special shape and depth
facilitate connections between the different members.
(iii) The built-up sections provide sufficient large radius of gyration of more desirable ratio of
the radii of gyration in two different Fractions. In the single rolled steel section the ratio of
radii of gyration in two direction cannot be altered.
(iv) The built-up column sections become necessary particularly when the loads are heavy
and the members are long as in top-chord members of bridge truss-girders.

LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS

In built-up columns, when rolled steel sections are not connected by plates (viz. load sharing
elements) suitable lateral system is needed to connect different load carrying elements of
column. The lateral system holds the load carrying elements of the built-up column in their
relative positions and it does not share the load. The object of providing lateral system is to
carry the transverse shear force which occurs when the column deflects. The following
lateral systems are used :
1. Lacing. 2. Batten plates.

1. LACINGS
Lacing is a the most common type of connecting system that is used in built
up columns The simplest form of lacing of known as single lacing which is shown in
the (figure). Sometimes double lacings are also preferred . Lacing bars are
connected to the components of the column using bolts or welds. The connection is
designed to transfer only the axial forces in the lacing bars to the components of the
column and hence it is not moment resistant. At the end of the laced column tie
plates are provided.
Flat plates or angle sections may be used as lacings. The purpose of the
lacing is to hold the various parts of the column together, straight, parallel, a correct
distance apart and to provide uniform distribution of compressive stress on all
components.
At a joint were when two lacing bars meet one is under compression and
other is under tension. Therefore, cach lacing bar is first designed for compression
and then checked for tension. If properly designed single lacing system is sufficient,
but the designers consider double lacing system to be superior though
uneconomical.
2. BATTENINGS:
Battens are plates or angle sections used to connect the main components of
columns. Battens are placed opposite to each other on parallel planes of the components of
the column and should be spaced and proportioned uniformly throughout the length of the
columns. Batten plates are designed for shear and bending moments acting on it. Batten
plates provided at the end of the columns are called end battens and other battens are
called intermediate battens .Depth of the end battens plates are more than that of the others.
Battens plate may be connected by bolting or welding.
 DESIGN OF BEAMS

Beams are structural members that support loads which are applied transverse to their
longitudinal axes. They are assumed to be placed horizontally and subjected to vertical
loads. The load transfer by a beam is primarily by bending and shear. Any structural member
could be considered as a beam if the loads cause bending of the member.

TYPES OF BEAM SECTIONS:

There are various forms of beam cross section used in practice. A rolled steel I-
section is best suited for beams. Usually the most efficient and economical shapes of beams
are l sections. An I section with cover plates on both flanges are used when an I- section
alone cannot develop the full flexural capacity. When a single l- section with cover plates are
insufficient, double I section with cover plates at top and bottom may be used. When heavy
loads are encountered , as may be in the case of bridges, plate girders are preferred. Plate
girders may be manufactured by bolting or welding. Gantry girders are used in factories and
workshops to carry over head travelling cranes.

Types of steel beam sections commonly used

LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS:

Lateral torsional buckling may occur in an unrestrained beam. A beam is considered to be

unrestrained when its compression flange is free to displace laterally and rotate. When an
applied load causes both lateral displacement and twisting of a member lateral torsional
buckling has occurred. Figure shows the lateral displacement and twisting experienced by a
beam when lateral torsional buckling occurs.
LATERALLY RESTRAINED BEAMS:

In steel structures, especially in buildings, beams are restrained laterally by the floor
decks, which are placed on top of them. During the construction stage, before the floor
decks are in place, if the beams are not adequately supported laterally, they may be
susceptible to lateral buckling. Therefore, during construction stage, they may need special
attention with regard to their lateral stability. If adequate lateral restraints are not provided to
beams in the plane of their compression flanges, the beams would buckle laterally resulting
in a reduction of their maximum moment capacity. Lateral buckling can be prevented, if
adequate restraints are provided to the beam in the plane of the compression flange; such
beams are called laterally restrained beams.