Trịnh Bá Hiếu

CẤU TRÚC ĐỀ THI

PHƯƠNG TRÌNH VI PHÂN

Huế, 04/2021
Muåc luåc
A Tìm nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình vi phân . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

B Bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số tìm nghiệm riêng và nghiệm tổng quát của
phương trình y 00 + αy 0 + βy = f (x) (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

C Tìm nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình vi phân y”+αy 0 +βy = f (x)+g(x) (1)
12
D Giải hệ phương trình vi phân bằng phương pháp Euler ................................ 15

E Giải hệ phương trình vi phân bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

F Tìm các giá trị riêng và các hàm riêng tương ứng đối với bài toán Sturm −
Liouville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 Trang 1

A A Tìm nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình vi phân

Å ã
0 a1 x + b 1 y + c 1
1 1 Phương trình vi phân đẳng cấp y = f
a2 x + b 2 y + c 2
L Phương pháp giải. 
 
a b  x = u + α
 1 1
Trường hợp 1: Nếu  =6 0 thì đặt
 a2 b 2  y = v + β

a1 α + b 1 β + c 1 = 0 dv dv dy dx dy
Với α, β là nghiện của hệ , khi đó: = =
a α + b β + c = 0
2 2 2
du dy dx du dx
Ñ  v é

Å
a1 u + b 1 v
ã a 1 + b 1 v
Thay vào ta có: v 0 = f =f uv  = ϕ
a2 u + b 2 v a2 + b 2 u
u
v
Đặt z = suy ra v = zu nên y 0 = z + z 0 u thay vào ta có : z 0 u = ϕ(z) − z
u
dz du
Nếu ϕ(z) − z 6= 0, ta có: =
ϕ(z)Z−z u
dz u
Suy ra tích phân tổng quát: = ln  
 
Z ϕ(z) − z C
dz
Hay u = Ce ϕ(z) − z với C 6= 0.
v
Thay z = vào ta thu được tích phân tổng quát.
u
Nếu ϕ(z) − z = 0 có nghiệm z = a thì v = au là nghiệm của phương trình.
v
Nếu ϕ(z) − z ≡ 0 thì phương trình trở thành v 0 = có nghiệm y = Cu
u
Thay u = x − α, v = y − β. Bài  toán hoàn tất.
a b  a1 b1
 1 1
Trường hợp 2: Nếu   = 0 thì = = k ta đặt z = a2 x + b2 y
 a2 b 2  a2 b2
Å ã
0 kz + c1 dz
Ta có: z = a2 + b2 f ⇔ Å ã = dx
z + c2 kz + c1
a2 + b 2 f
Z z + c2
dz
Suy ra tích phân tổng quát: Å ã =x+C
kz + c1
a2 + b 2 f
z + c2
Thay z = a2 x + b2 y vào thu được tích phân tổng quát.
| Ví dụ 1

Giải phương trình vi phân (x + y − 2)dx + (x − y + 4)dy = 0 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 2

Giải phương trình vi phân (2x − y + 1)dx + (−x + 2y − 1)dy = 0 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 3

Giải phương trình vi phân (2x + y − 1)dx + (x − 2y + 3)dy = 0 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 4

Giải phương trình vi phân (x − 2y + 1)dy − (x + y)dx = 0 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 5
x+y−2
Giải phương trình vi phân y 0 = (1)
x−y+4

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 6
x − 2y + 5
Giải phương trình vi phân y 0 = − (1)
2x − y + 4

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 7

Giải phương trình vi phân (x + y + 1)dx + (2x + 2y − 1)dy = 0 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 8

Giải phương trình vi phân (x + y + 2)dx + (2x + 2y − 1)dy = 0 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 9

Giải phương trình vi phân (2x + y + 1)dx − (4x + 2y − 3)dy = 0 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 10
2x + y − 1
Giải phương trình vi phân y 0 = (1)
4x + 2y + 5

L Lời giải.
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1 2 Phương trình vi phân tuyến tính + Phương trình Bernoulli y 0 + p(x)y = q(x)y α (∗)
L Phương pháp giải.
Chia hai vế của (∗) với y α ta được:
y −α y 0 + p(x)y 1−α = q(x) ⇔ (y 1−α )0 + (1 − α)p(x)y 1−α = (1 − α)q(x) (1)
Đặt y 1−α = u(x)v(x), thay vào (1) ta được: u0 v + v 0 u + (1 − α)p(x)uv = (1 − α)q(x) (2)
dv
Ta chọn hàm v sao cho v 0 + (1 − α)p(x)v = 0 (3) hay = −(1 − α)p(x)dx.
v
Tích phân hai vế Zta được:
ln |v| = −(1 − α) p(x)dx + ln|C1 | với C1 6= 0
Z
−(1−α) p(x)dx
Hay |v| = |C1 |e
R
Dễ thấy v = 0 cũng là nghiệm của (3) nên nghiệm tổng quát của (3) là v = Ce−(1−α) p(x)dx
.
R
Bây giờ có thể lấy v = e−(1−α)
Z
p(x)dx
, khi đó (2) trở thành: u0 v = (1 − α)q(x).
R
Từ đó ta có: u = (1 − α) e(1−α) p(x)dx
q(x)dx + C.
h Trịnh Bá Hiếu - Ô 0987.801.211
 Trang 6

Thay biểu thức của Å u, v vào y 1−α Z quát của (∗) là:
ta được nghiệm tổng ã
R R
y 1−α = e(α−1) p(x)dx C + (1 − α) e(1−α) p(x)dx q(x)dx

| Ví dụ 11

Giải phương trình vi phân y 0 − 2xy = 3x3 y 2 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 12

Giải phương trình vi phân xy 0 + y = y 2 ln x (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 13

Giải phương trình vi phân y 0 + 2xy = 2xy 2 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 14

Giải phương trình vi phân 3xy 2 y 0 − 2y 3 = x3 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 15

Giải phương trình vi phân (x3 + ey )y 0 = 3x2 (1)

L Lời giải.
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1 3 Phương trình vi phân toàn phần dạng có (µ) µ(x, y)P (x, y)dx + µ(x, y)Q(x, y)dy
L Phương pháp giải.
∂P (x, y) ∂Q(x, y)
−
g(x)dx
R
∂y ∂x
Trường hợp 1: µ(x, y) = µ(x) = e nếu = g(x)
Q(x, y)
Zx Zy
Khi đó tích phân tổng quát có dạng: µ(x)P (x, y)dx + µ(x0 )Q(x0 , y)dy = C
x0 y0
Zx Zy
Hoặc: µ(x)P (x, y0 )dx + µ(x)Q(x, y)dy = C
x0 y0
Với (x0 , y0 ) ∈ D.
∂P (x, y) ∂Q(x, y)
−
− g(y)dy ∂yR
∂x
Trường hợp 2: µ(x, y) = µ(y) = e nếu = g(y)
P (x, y)
Zx Zy
Khi đó tích phân tổng quát có dạng: µ(y)P (x, y)dx + µ(y)Q(x0 , y)dy = C
x0 y0
Zx Zy
Hoặc: µ(y0 )P (x, y0 )dx + µ(y)Q(x, y)dy = C
x0 y0
Với (x0 , y0 ) ∈ D.
| Ví dụ 16
Å ã
y  1 2y
Giải phương trình vi phân 1 + 2 dx + + dy = 0 (1)
x x x2

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 17

Giải phương trình vi phân y 2 (x − 3y)dx + (1 − 3xy 2 )dy = 0 (1)

L Lời giải.
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A B Bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số tìm nghiệm riêng và nghiệm
tổng quát của phương trình y 00 + αy 0 + βy = f (x) (1)
L Phương pháp giải.
Xét phương trình thuần nhất tương ứng: y 00 + αy 0 + βy = 0 (2)
Giải phương trình đặc trưng: λ2 + αλ + β = 0
+ λ = x1 , λ = x2 nghiệm tổng quát của (2) là: y0 = C1 ex1 x + C2 ex2 x
+ λ = x0 nghiệm tổng quát của (2) là: y0 = (C1 + C2 x)ex0 x
+ λ = a ± bi nghiệm tổng quát của (2) là: y0 = (C1 cos(bx) + C2 sin(bx))eax .
Bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số tìm nghiệm  riêng (1) dạng:
C 0 (x)x1 + C 0 (x)x2 = 0
1 2
ỹ = C1 (x)x1 + C2 (x)x2 , C1 (x), C2 (x) thỏa mãn hệ .
C 0 (x)x0 + C 0 (x)x0 = f (x)
1 1 2 2

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Suy ra nghiệm tổng quát của (1) là y = y0 + ỹ

| Ví dụ 18

Bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số tìm nghiệm riêng và nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình
x3 (y 00 − y) = x2 − 2 (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 19

Bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số tìm nghiệm riêng và nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình
00 0 ex
y − 2y + y = (1)
x

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 20

Bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số tìm nghiệm riêng và nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình
y 00 − 4y 0 + 5y = e2x . sin2 x (1)

L Lời giải.
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A C Tìm nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình vi phân y” + αy 0 + βy =

f (x) + g(x) (1)
L Phương pháp giải.
Xét phương trình thuần nhất tương ứng: y 00 + αy 0 + βy = 0 (2)
Giải phương trình đặc trưng: λ2 + αλ + β = 0
+ λ = x1 , λ = x2 nghiệm tổng quát của (2) là: y0 = C1 ex1 x + C2 ex2 x
+ λ = x0 nghiệm tổng quát của (2) là: y0 = (C1 + C2 x)ex0 x
+ λ = a ± bi nghiệm tổng quát của (2) là: y0 = (C1 cos(bx) + C2 sin(bx))eax .
- Xét phương trình y” + αy 0 + βy = f (x) (3)
Tìm nghiệm riêng của (3):
Trường hợp 1: Vế phải f (x) có dạng f (x) = eax Pn (x)
+ Nếu a không là nghiệm của ptđt thì ỹ1 = eax Qn (x) với degPn (x) = degQn (x).
+ Nếu a là nghiệm đơn của ptđt thì ỹ1 = xeax Qn (x) với degPn (x) = degQn (x).
+ Nếu a là nghiệm kép của ptđt thì ỹ1 = x2 eax Qn (x) với degPn (x) = degQn (x).
Trường hợp 2: Vế phải f (x) có dạng f (x) = eax (Pn (x) cos bx + Pm (x) sin bx)
+ Nếu a ± bi không là nghiệm của ptđt thì ỹ1 = eax (Rs (x) cos bx + Hs (x) sin bx)
với s = max{m, n}.
+ Nếu a ± bi là nghiệm của ptđt thì ỹ1 = xeax (Rs (x) cos bx + Hs (x) sin bx)
với s = max{m, n}.
- Xét phương trình y” + αy 0 + βy = g(x) (4)
Tìm nghiệm riêng của (4):
Trường hợp 1: Vế phải g(x) có dạng g(x) = eax Pn (x)
+ Nếu a không là nghiệm của ptđt thì ỹ2 = eax Qn (x) với degPn (x) = degQn (x).
+ Nếu a là nghiệm đơn của ptđt thì ỹ2 = xeax Qn (x) với degPn (x) = degQn (x).
+ Nếu a là nghiệm kép của ptđt thì ỹ2 = x2 eax Qn (x) với degPn (x) = degQn (x).
Trường hợp 2: Vế phải g(x) có dạng g(x) = eax (Pn (x) cos bx + Pm (x) sin bx)
+ Nếu a ± bi không là nghiệm của ptđt thì ỹ2 = eax (Rs (x) cos bx + Hs (x) sin bx)
với s = max{m, n}.
+ Nếu a ± bi là nghiệm của ptđt thì ỹ2 = xeax (Rs (x) cos bx + Hs (x) sin bx)
với s = max{m, n}.
Suy ra Nghiệm tổng quát của (1) là y = y0 + ỹ1 + ỹ2 .
| Ví dụ 21

Tìm nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình vi phân y” − 6y 0 + 8y = ex + e2x (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 22

Tìm nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình vi phân y” − 2y 0 + y = ex + cos 2x (1)

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 23

Tìm nghiệm tổng quát của phương trình vi phân y” − 4y 0 + 5y = x + e2x . sin x (1)

L Lời giải.
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A D Giải hệ phương trình vi phân bằng phương pháp Euler

| Ví dụ 24



 x0 = x − y + z

Giải hệ phương trình sau bằng phương pháp Euler: y0 = x + y − z


z 0 = 2x − y


L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 25



 x0 = 2x − y + 2z

Giải hệ phương trình sau bằng phương pháp Euler: y 0 = x + 2z


z 0 = −2x + y − z


L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 26



 x0 = −2x + y − 2z

Giải hệ phương trình sau bằng phương pháp Euler: y 0 = x − 2y + 2z


z 0 = 3x − 3y + 5z


h Trịnh Bá Hiếu - Ô 0987.801.211

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L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 27



 x0 = 2x − y − z

Giải hệ phương trình sau bằng phương pháp Euler: y 0 = 2x − y − 2z


z 0 = −x + y + 2z


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L Lời giải.
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A E Giải hệ phương trình vi phân bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng
số
| Ví dụ 28

Giải hệ phương trình sau bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số

x0 = 2x − y + 2et
(1)
y 0 = 3x − 2y + 4et

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 29

Giải hệ phương trình sau bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số

x0 = 3x − y
(1)
y 0 = 4x − y + et sin t

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 30

Giải hệ phương trình sau bằng phương pháp biến thiên hằng số

x0 = x − y − 1

cos t
y 0 = 2x − y

L Lời giải.
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A F Tìm các giá trị riêng và các hàm riêng tương ứng đối với bài toán
Sturm − Liouville

| Ví dụ 31

Tìm các giá trị riêng và các hàm riêng tương ứng đối với bài toán Sturm − Liouville y 00 + λy =
0, (0 < x < l), y(0) = y(l) = 0

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 32

Tìm các giá trị riêng và các hàm riêng tương ứng đối với bài toán Sturm − Liouville y 00 + λy =
0, (0 < x < l), y 0 (0) = y(l) = 0

L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 33

Tìm các giá trị riêng và các hàm riêng tương ứng đối với bài toán Sturm − Liouville y 00 + λy =
0, (0 < x < l), y(0) = y 0 (l) = 0

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L Lời giải.
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| Ví dụ 34

Tìm các giá trị riêng và các hàm riêng tương ứng đối với bài toán Sturm − Liouville y 00 + λy =
0, (0 < x < l), y 0 (0) = y 0 (l) = 0

L Lời giải.
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