Planning and Design of

Wind Farm

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A brief introduction to the lecturer:

Miao Mulu, a senior engineer majoring in wind power planning, is currently the deputy director of the
Resource Planning Office of the New Energy Engineering Design Institute and the chairman of the sub-union.
With ten years of experience in planning and design of wind power projects with a total installed capacity of
over 100 million kilowatts, she has served as the chief designer of the following projects.
First Prize of Excellent Engineering Consulting Achievements in
1 Daguashan Wind Farm in Yunnan Province (300MW)
China's Power Industry
2 Laojianshan Wind Farm in Yunnan Province (48MW) First Prize of Survey and Design Award of PowerChina Zhongnan
Second Prize of Engineering Consulting Achievements of Hunan
3 Gulin Wind Farm in Sichuan Province (48MW)
Province
4 Guanjiazui Wind Farm in Hunan Province (50MW) Third Prize of Survey and Design Award of PowerChina Zhongnan 1
5 Wind Power Planning in Hunan Province (22,000MW)
Offshore Wind Power Planning in Hainan Province
6
(3950MW)
… …
 Main Content

1 Working Process

2 Planning Stage

3 Feasibility Study Stage

4 Design Stage
 1. Working Process - key steps

① Evaluation of wind power resources

•Estimate regional technically available resources and

economically available resources based on the distribution of
wind power resources.
•Regional wind power resources measurements are undertaken
by the government and meteorological department through
tendering or by technical units with relevant qualifications.
•Meteorological department measurements contain parameters
such as wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, air
pressure and humidity.
•Mainly refer to the relevant specifications issued by the China
Meteorological Administration (QXT 51-2007, QX/T 74-2007) Distribution of Effective Wind Power
Density in China
 1. Working Process - key steps

② Engineering planning of wind farm

•Based on the results of wind power resources evaluation, combined with site
survey and survey, the selection process of wind farm site is carried out.
•The wind power development planning shall be connected with urban planning,
land use and marine functional area planning, etc., and an environmental impact
assessment of the planning should be conducted in accordance with the law.
•Planning is generally organized and prepared by the government, and can also be
organized and prepared by owners with investment intentions; among them, large-
scale provincial planning or base planning such as offshore wind power planning
should be submitted to the National Energy Administration for approval.
 1. Working Process - key steps
③ Research and demonstration

•The enterprise conducts a sensitivity factor screening of the

intended site.
•Development agreement is signed with local government after
site investigation.
•Anemometry work is conducted within the intended site to
determine the status of the wind power resources on the site.
•Select the best-qualified units to undertake wind power
resources assessment and project proposal (for project
investment approval) by means of tendering or entrustment.
•The enterprise entrusts a professional consultant to carry out
the feasibility study of the project.
 1. Working Process - key steps

④ Granting of development rights

•In accordance with the requirements related to the 3060 Dual Carbon Target
Vision, the provincial energy competent departments determine the total scale
of wind power projects each year based on the responsibility weight for non-
water renewable electricity assigned by the State.
•According to the total requirements and the characteristics of the reserved
projects, the projects to be developed are determined through competitive
allocation.
•For base projects that have not signed a development agreement, the local go
vernment generally carries out the bidding for development rights for projects
that have been approved for development.
•The enterprise shall carry out pre-approval preparations (land pre-approval
and planning and site location comments) immediately after obtaining the
development right.
 1. Working Process - key steps

⑤ Project approval

•Units granted development rights shall submit application reports of wind

power generation projects for approval in a timely manner.
•The project application reports should have supporting documents,
including land pre-approval and planning and site location comments.
•The approval of the project is accompanied by a series of pre-construction
thematic work and approvals, including environmental protection, soil and
water conservation, forestry, access systems, military, and cultural heritage.
 1. Working Process - key steps

⑥ Design reports and drawings

•Preliminary design (micro-site selection)

•Construction drawing design
•As-built drawing design
•The design work is undertaken by qualified design units through
tendering or entrusting.
•The tendering process for the WTGS shall be conducted prior to
preliminary design.
 2. Planning Stage
Main Content

•(1) The wind farm site selection should be based on the wind power resources layout plan, wind power resources evaluation report,
and other relevant wind power resources data. Large-scale wind farm sites with abundant wind power resources and large installed
capacity should be selected as the focus, and the development of wind power resources should be given priority. The richer areas are
used as wind power generation projects to be developed.
•(2) Carry out field inspection of candidate sites to investigate wind farm transportation conditions, construction and installation
conditions, engineering geological conditions, and environmental protection factors.
•(3) According to the topographic map around the wind farm, combined with the field inspection, the wind farm will be initially
arranged for WTGS, and the installed capacity of the wind farm will be preliminarily estimated.
•(4) Gather information about the existing and planned power grids in the surrounding area and prepare a preliminary proposal for
the wind farm connection system.
•(5) Comprehensively compare the wind power resources, access conditions, transportation, geological conditions, topography and
geomorphology and environmental factors of each candidate site, and make a preliminary ranking of each candidate wind farm site.
•(6) Prepare wind farm planning reports.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
The feasibility study report is commissioned by the enterprise to a third-party consultant to evaluate the technical and economic
feasibility of the project, so as to provide a basis for the project investment decision-making. It is part of the preparation of a project
application report for the project approval process. After the feasibility study report of the wind power generation project has
been prepared, a consultant or expert shall be organized to review the feasibility study design.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage

(1) Data collection and field inspection

•Wind power resources (one full year of ten-minute measured data from the anemometer tower
and meteorological station data)
•Geological data (engineering geology and hydrology data of wind farm)
•Transportation (external transportation situation)
•Power grid system (power overview, development planning, geographic wiring diagram of the
power grid)
•WTGS (collect data on mainstream WTGS based on wind power resources and construction
and installation conditions)
•Field inspection (focus on geology, traffic, distribution of sensitive factors on site)

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 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(2) Principles

•The design of the feasibility study follows the basic principles of safety and reliability,
technical feasibility, practicality and focus on benefits.
•Use new materials, new processes, new structures, and new equipment as much as
possible to carry out technical and economic demonstrations.
•The main engineering design options such as WTGS, foundation types, step-up power
distribution devices, power collection system, roads and step-up substations should be
compared and the technical feasibility should be demonstrated.
•The possible restrictive factors of wind farm should be analyzed, and the feasibility of
project implementation should be evaluated.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage

(1) Overview

•A description of the conclusive content of each part of the wind power

project feasibility study, with emphasis on wind power resources, unit
selection and generating capacity estimation, engineering geology, civil
engineering, primary electrical system, electrical, transportation,
construction, environmental impact, labor and safety and health, project
estimates, and financial evaluation.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage

(2) Wind power resources

•The wind power resources characteristics parameters at the hub height of the
recommended WTGS within the wind farm site for a representative year are derived
from the measured data of the anemometer tower.
•Based on the measured wind speed from the anemometer tower and the topographi
c map of the wind farm, the wind power resources distribution of the whole site area
of the wind farm is simulated and calculated by professional software such as
Meteodyn WT.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(3) Engineering geology

•Investigate the geology of the wind farm, ground water table,

etc.
•Evaluate the structural stability of the wind farm area and det
ermine the peak accelerated velocity of ground shaking and
the corresponding seismic basic intensity.
•Based on the conclusions of the evaluation of the geological
condition, recommended values of geotechnical parameters
and recommendations for the foundation treatment option
shall be presented.
•Propose appropriate prevention and treatment measures for
geological hazards that may be triggered after the completion
of the project.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(4) Task and scale

•Task: Demonstrate the need for the development of wind farm.

•Scale: Based on the energy resources in the area where the project is
located, the current status quo and planning of the power system, the
impact and requirements of the project on the power system, and the
project development conditions, the project scale of the wind farm is
demonstrated and determined.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(5) Selection, layout and
generating capacity

• Step 1: Draw the wind power resources layout plan of the wind
farm based on the data of the anemometer tower.
• Step 2: Calculate the theoretical generating capacity, investment
in WTGS and supporting equipment after preliminary
arrangement and simple optimization of each model, list the
Technical and Economic Comparison Table of Each Model, and
then preliminarily select the model;
• The “Technical and Economic Comparison of Model
Selection Table” recommends the models for this wind
farm project and, more importantly, basically compares
the models that are suitable for this wind farm. It is an
important reference for future tendering and tender
evaluation.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(5) Selection, layout and
generating capacity

• Step 3: Draw the final layout plan of the

recommended model;
• Step 4: Calculate the theoretical annual
generating capacity of each WTGS of the
recommended model in standard condition;
• Step 5: Consider various reduction factors
of generating capacity, estimate the annual
on-grid energy, annual equivalent full-load
hours, capacity coefficient, etc. of the wind
farm.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(5) Selection, layout and
generating capacity

The main factors to be considered in the selection of WTGS equipment:

1) Multi-year average wind speed and extreme wind speed at hub height;
2) Comparison between the feasibility and economy of equipment transportation and
hoisting options;
3) Local meteorological conditions.
4) The operating stability and technical parameters of the unit shall meet the
requirements of grid access.
5) Convenience of unit operation and maintenance, spare parts procurement and
replacement; good after-sale service.
6) Price. It mainly includes the price of WTGS and their towers, foundations, hoisting
costs, spare parts prices and maintenance costs.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage

(6) Electrical

•It consists of primary electrical system, secondary electrical system, communications, and ventilation, heating and air
conditioning disciplines.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage

(6) Electrical
(step-up substation comparison)

Project name Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5

35 kv power 2290.
collection system 2386.20 2658.20 1924.60 2438.90
80
Access roads and
site leveling 85.73 1085.44 158.39 336.42 137.25
Step-up
substation
construction and 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500
equipment
installation

Total expenses 5972 7244 5950 5761 6076

 3. Feasibility Study Stage

(7) Fire fighting

• (1) Fire-fighting design for main places and electromechanical

devices
• (2) Safe evacuation passageway and fire-fighting access
• (3) Water supply design for fire fighting
• (4) Fire electrical
• (5) Fire supervision and control system
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(8) Civil works

•Design based on the foundation

•According to the grade, scale, structure
type and construction standard of the
main building, carry out the building
option design and propose the
engineering quantity;
•If there is a geological hazard after the
geological hazard assessment, the design
of supporting geological hazard control
project shall be proposed.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(9) Construction organization
design

•Formulate a general construction

layout plan;
•Preliminarily draw up the
construction electricity option,
external transportation option and
construction option;
•Design construction schedule.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(10) Engineering management
design

•The establishment and staffing are based on the specific circumstances

of the wind farm project and the owners' requirements for the operation
and management of the wind farm project.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(11) Design of environmental protection
and soil and water conservation option

•Measures to be taken for the main adverse impacts on the environment,

and investment estimates for the required measures;
•Propose measures to prevent and control soil erosion in the main areas
where it occurs, as well as investment estimates required for soil and
water conservation measures.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(12) Labor safety and
industrial hygiene

•Analyze the various hazards that may exist in the production process
after the project is put into operation and propose specific protective
measures.
•The main hazards that may exist during the construction of the project
are managed in terms of safety management requirements for the owner,
the project contractor and the project supervisor.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage
(13) Project investment estimate

•The project investment estimate is the basis for determining and controlling capital construction investment, and preparing the construction design budget or the project
tender bids.

Static investments

施工辅助 发电设备及安装 其他设备及安装 建筑工程 其他费用

 3. Feasibility Study Stage

(14) Financial evaluation

•Financial benefit
analysis shall be carried
out for the project, and
financial conditions such
as profitability and
repayment ability of the
Repayment ability
Asset-liability ratio, debt service
coverage ratio, interest coverage
ratio, etc.
Risk-resilient status
Profitability
Sensitivity analysis
Internal rate of return, net present value,

project shall be investment payback period, total investment

return rate, return on equity
investigated to judge the
financial feasibility.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage

(15) Social effect evaluation

•Analyze the benefits of reducing greenhouse gases and other pollutants

based on the total amount of greenhouse gases and other pollutants
reduced by wind farms, as well as the energy structure and utilization
efficiency of the receiving area.
 3. Feasibility Study Stage

Summary

•(1) Select WTGS models suitable for the wind farm from technical and
economic comparisons, and optimize the WTGS layout option;
•(2) Give priority to access to the power system, main electrical connection
option and power collection system option after demonstration and comparison;
•(3) Recommend construction methods for early performance of the project from
the construction point of view;
•(4) Measure and evaluate the possible economic benefits and rate of return of
the project after the project investment estimate and financial analysis.
 4. Engineering Design

Preliminary Construction As-built

design drawing drawing
design design

•Make preliminary preparations for the commencement •Deepen the •At the completion of the
of the project, such as determining the general layout of
the project and carrying out land acquisition for the preliminary design project, drawings shall
project; determining the technical parameters and
content to meet the be prepared as the work
requirements of equipment and carrying out tender is actually constructed.
procurement of equipment; determining the final requirements of
construction option and the volume of work and carrying
out tendering for construction and installation works; project construction •Provide basis for
determining the investment estimate for the project according to national project verification and
construction and facilitating the arrangement of
construction funds, etc. and industrial new planning and
specifications. construction.

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 4. Design Stage

Important notes

•The preliminary design of the wind farm shall be carried out after the model of WTGS
is determined through tendering.
•The preliminary design report of the wind power project shall be completed by
qualified survey and design unit.
•In order to ensure the quality of the preliminary design of the wind farm, the
construction unit shall organize liaison meetings between the civil engineering,
electrical, wind power, power collection system and other disciplines.
•Consultant and experts shall be commissioned to review the results of the preliminary
design after the preliminary report has been prepared.
 4. Design Stage
Main Content

(1) Supplementary surveys and detailed geological investigations

(2) Micro-site selection of WTGS, and review of generating capacity
(3) Foundation design
(4) Electrical design
(5) Power collection system
(6) Construction organization design
(7) Traffic roads inside and outside the wind farm
(8) Substation design
(9) Preliminary design estimate
 4. Design Stage
Micro-site selection

Information preparation:
•(1) Annual wind speed and direction data and air density are represented by the hub
height of the proposed WTGS in the wind farm;
•(2) The graphic accuracy of the topographic map (electronic version) in the wind
farm area is generally not less than 1:2,000, and of the topographic map within the
substation is generally not less than 1:500;
•(3) The power curve and thrust coefficient of the proposed unit in the local
proposed wind farm;
•(4) Calculation software: Windpro, Windfarm, WAsP, etc.
 4. Design Stage
Micro-site selection
Avoidance requirements for sensitive areas such as
Methodology and content: land, EIA and forestry
•Based on the identified WTGS models and the power
Avoidance requirements for high-voltage lines, roads
curves and thrust coefficients provided by the WTGS
manufacturers, professional wind resource calculation
and other facilities
software is used for simulation, and the micro-site Noise impact on local residents
selection is carried out in combination with the field
inspection.
Micro-site Factors requiring coordination

•The parameters such as geographic coordinates and

Impact of construction transportation and unit
elevation of each WTGS and generating capacity of each selection installation conditions
unit shall be provided after the micro-site selection.

Influence
Input information: number of
factors
anemometer towers, wind measurement
qualitycalculation model: calculation
software, sector settings, calculation grid
 4. Design Stage
Foundation design

•The foundation design level of WTGS shall be determined according to the unit capacity, hub height, foundation type
and other conditions.
•The foundation type should be determined by technical and economic comparison according to the foundation
conditions of the construction site and the requirements of the superstructure of the WTGS on the foundation.
 4. Design Stage

Electrical design

•The design of electrical part includes main electrical connection, main transformer, 35kV power distribution unit,
maintenance power supply, layout of main control room and relay protection room, secondary wiring and monitoring,
communication, lighting, etc.
 4. Design Stage
Construction organization
design

•Collect information on the hydrometeorological of the site, the current state of traffic, the
mode of supply of construction materials, the mode of provision of hydropower and
communications, and develop an option for the supply of water and power, and the
external transportation option;
•Formulate the scope and land acquisition option of permanent and temporary land for the
wind farm,
•Formulate construction organization and human resource plan, construction machinery
and site layout;
•Arrange overall construction schedules, construction schedules for controlling key
projects, and seasonal construction measures.
 4. Design Stage
Road traffic

•The scope of the wind farm traffic engineering is the design of wind farm access road and the on-site road, with off-
site roads mainly using existing roads.
•For the transportation of different WTGS blades, to meet the requirements of blade transportation, the widening value
of the turning section shall be selected according to the recommended value of the WTGS manufacturer. The vertical
curve (on the longitudinal profile of the line, with the grade change point as the intersection point and the curve
connecting two adjacent slope sections) shall be based on the principle that the blades do not scratch the ground and
the vehicle bottom plate does not touch the ground.
 4. Design Stage
Civil design of step-up substation

•Including site selection and planning, plan layout, and vertical layout;
•Substation civil works, road works, etc.
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