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INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

A[ymbw 1
kzmX-{´y-e_v[n Imes¯ C´y³ k¼-Zvhy-hØ
{_n«ojv `c-W-¯n\p ap¼v C´y³ k¼-Zvhy-hØ Gsd-¡psd hnI-kn-Xhpw
kzbw-]-cym-]vX-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
{_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS km¼-¯nI \b-¯n\v c−v e£y-§Ä am{Xta D−m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq.

• {_n«ojv hyh-km-b-§Ä¡m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-¡Ä¡pÅ Dd-hn-S-ambn

C´ysb D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.
• {_n«ojv \nÀ½nX hkvXp-¡Ä¡pÅ Hcp hn]-Wn-bmbn C´ysb cq]m-´-c-s¸-Sp-¯p.

{_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯v C´y-bpsS tZiob hcp-am\w IW-¡m-¡nb

km¼-¯nI hnZ-KvZÀ

♦ ZmZm-`mbv \h-tdmPn
♦ hneyw UnKv_n
♦ ^n³Uvte jndmkv
♦ hn.-sI.-BÀ.-hn. dmhp
♦ BÀ.-kn. tZimbv
ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnse kvXw`-\m-h-Ø-bpsS Imc-W-§Ä.

• Nqj-Wm-ß-I-amb em³Uv skänÂsaâv k{¼-Zmbw

• hfsc tami-amb kmt¦-XnI hnZy-IÄ
• hfsc Ipd-¨p-am{Xw hfw tNÀ¡Â
• Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-¯nsâ A`mhw
• Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h¡-c-Ww.
hyh-kmb taJ-e-bn-ep-−mb {]Xym-LmXw

• C´y³ Ic-Iu-ie taJ-esb ]msS \in-¸n-¡p-Ibpw e£-¡-W-¡n-\m-fp-Isf

sXmgn cln-X-cm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

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2 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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• P\-§Ä Xt±-io-tbm-ev]-¶-§-sf-¡mÄ hne Ipdª hntZ-i-\nÀ½nX km[-\-§-fn-

te¡v amdm³ XpS-§n.
• hyh-kmb taJ-e-bnse hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡v Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶p.
• Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ Bcw-`-¯n Ccp-¼v-þ-D-cp¡v hyh-km-b-§Ä hnI-kn-X-am-bn.
• C´y-bpsS hyh-km-b-h¡-c-W-¯nse Hcp {][m\ \mgn-I-¡-Ãm-bn-cp¶p 1907þse
SnkvtIm-bpsS Øm]\w

hntZ-i-hym-]mcw
C´y Akw-kvIrX ]cp-¯n, kn¡v, I¼n-fn-tcm-a-§Ä, \oew F¶nh Ib-äp-aXn
sN¿p-t¼mÄ, ]cp¯n XpWn, I¼nfn hkv{X-§Ä, {_n«-Wn \nÀ½n-¡p¶ eL-pb-{´-
§Ä F¶nhbv¡v C´y hn]-Wn-bmbn.

{_n«ojv `c-W-Im-es¯ {][m-\-s¸« P\-kwJym kqNn-I-Ifpw kmaqly

hnI-k\ kqNn-I-Ifpw

• km£-cXm iX-am\w hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶p.þ 16%

• kv{Xo km£-c-Xþ 7%
• acW \nc¡v hfsc DbÀ¶n-cp-¶p.
• inip-a-cW \nc¡v `oXn-P-\-I-am-bn-cp¶p (1000\v 218)
• BbpÀssZÀLyw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶p.
ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä
† {_n«o-jp-ImÀ C´y-bn 1850þ sdbnÂth KXm-KXw \S-¸m-¡n.
† B`y-´-c-hym-]mchpw IS KXm-K-Xhpw hnI-kn-X-am-bn.
† I¼n-¯-]m hnI-kn-X-ambn.
† Xpd-ap-J-§Ä hnI-kn-X-am-bn.

3 
 

HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 3

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A[ymbw þ 2
C´y³ k¼-Zvhy-hØ (1950þ1990)
]©-h-Õc ]²-Xn-I-fpsS e£y-§Ä
1950þÂ {][m-\-a{´n sNbÀam-\m-bpÅ ¹m\nwKv I½o-j³ \nb-an-X-am-bn. C´y
¹m\nwKv Bcw-`n-¨Xv 1951þem-Wv. C´y³ ]©-h-Õc ]²-Xn-I-fpsS e£y-§Ä Xmsg ]d-
bp-¶-Xm-Wv.
V km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨
V \ho-I-cWw
V kzm{i-bXzw
V \oXn
km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨
ImÀjnI taJ-e, hyh-km-b-ta-J-e, tkh-\-ta-Je F¶n-h-bpsS kw`m-h-\-I-f-S-§n-
b-XmWv GDP CXn\v GDPbpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb DÅ-S¡w F¶v ]d-bpw. Hcp k¼-Zvhy-
hØ hf-cp-t¼mÄ ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-bpsS kw`m-h\ Ipd-bp-Ibpw hyhm-k-tk-h-\-ta-J-e-I-
fp-tSXv hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. GDPbpsS hfÀ¨-bpsS \nc-¡mWv km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨.
\ho-I-c-Ww.
\ho-I-c-W-sa-¶mÂ, B[p-\nI kmt¦-XnI hnZy-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡pI F¶m-WÀ°w.
\ho-I-cWw \S-¸m-¡p-t¼mÄ Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX Db-cp-¶p.
kzm{i-bXzw
BZys¯ Ggp ]©-h-Õc ]²-Xn-I-fpsS Ime¯v C´y hntZ-iob kmt¦-XnI
hnZy-IÄ, hntZ-i-aq-e-[\w XpS-§nb hntZi hn`-h-§sf B{i-bn-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn-Ã. Cd-¡p-
aXn sNt¿− hkvXp-¡Ä¡v _ZÂ hkvXp-¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Hcp \bw C´y kzoI-
cn-¨p.
\oXn
a\p-jysâ ASn-Øm-\m-h-iy-§-fmb `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, ]mÀ¸n-Sw, hnZym-`ym-kw,
NnInÕm kuIcyw F¶nh Hmtcm ]uc\pw e`y-am-t¡-−-Xp-−v. Cu \oXn ssIh-cp-¯-
emWv C´y-bnse Bkq-{X-W-¯nsâ {][m\ e£y-§-fn-sem-¶v.

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4 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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`q]-cn-jvIm-c-§Ä
`qhn-X-c-W-¯n \oXn F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p `q\-b-]-cn-jvIm-c-¯nsâ {][m\ e£yw.
Irjn-`qan Irjn-¡m-c\v F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p `q\-b-]-cn-jv¡m-c-¯nsâ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw.

lcn-X-hn-¹hw
ImÀjnI Dev]m-Z-\-¯n KWy-amb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-¡pI F¶ e£y-
t¯msS \S-¸m-¡nb ]pXnb ImÀjnI X{´-amWv lcn-X-hn-¹hw

lcn-X-hn-¹-h-¯nsâ kZv^-e-§Ä
Ž `£y-[m-\y-§-fpsS Imcy-¯n C´y kzbw ]cym-]vX-am-bn.
Ž hn]-Wn-bn hnä-gn-¡m³ IqSp-X an¨w.
Ž Cd-¡p-a-Xn-bnepw `£y-k-lm-b-¯n-ep-apÅ B{i-bXzw Ipd-ªp.
Ž `£y-[m-\y-§-fpsS hne Ipd-ªXv Zcn{Z P\-hn-`m-K-¯n\v A\p-{K-lambn
hyh-kmb \b-{]-tabw (1956)
1956se hyh-kmb \b-{]-tabw hyh-km-b-§sf aq¶mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¨p.
1) ]qÀ®-ambpw kÀ¡mÀ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ hyh-km-b-§Ä.
2) kzImcy taJ-ebv¡pw s]mXp-ta-J-ebv¡pw Hcp-t]mse \S-¯m-hp¶ hyh-km-b-§Ä.
3) _m¡n-bpÅ hyh-km-b-§-sfÃmw XnI¨pw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-¡mbn hn«p.

sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-§-fpsS {]k-àn.

• sNdnb tXmXn-epÅ aqe-[\w sIm−v sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡mw.

• IqSp-X sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p.
• {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§-fpsS hnI-k-\-¯n\pw t£a-¯n\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
hym]m-c-\-bwþ Cd-¡p-a-Xn¡v _ZÂ
Cd-¡p-aXn sN¿p¶ hkvXp-¡Ä¡p-]-Icw C´y-bn Dev]m-Zn-¸n¨ km[-\-§Ä
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv Cd-¡p-aXn _ZÂ F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Cd-¡p-aXn _ZÂ F¶
\bw kwc-£W \b-¯n F¯n-¡p-¶p. Cu kwc-£-W-¯n-\pÅ Icp-¡Ä c−m-bn-cp-
¶p.
* Xmcn^v * tIzm«
Xmcn^v:-þIb-äp-a-Xn¡pw Cd-¡p-a-Xn¡pw GÀs¸-Sp-¯p¶ Np¦-amWv Xmcn-^v.

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HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 5

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tIzm«:þ tIzm« F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv Cd-¡p-aXn sN¿p¶ km[-\-§-fpsS Af-hntem F®-

¯ntem DÅ \nb-{´-W-am-Wv.

A[ymbw þ 3
DZm-c-h¡-c-Ww, kzIm-cy-h¡-c-Ww, BtKm-f-h¡-cWw:
Hcp hne-bn-cp-¯Â
DZm-c-h¡-cWw
k¼Zv hyh-Ø-bpsS hfÀ¨-bv¡pÅ \nb-{´-W-§-fn \ns¶Ãmw k¼-Zvhy-h-
Øsb tamNn-¸n-¡pI F¶XmWv DZm-c-h-Xv¡-cWw F¶-Xp-sIm−v AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
hyh-km-b-ta-Jem ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä
Ž ssek³knwKv \nÀ¯-em¡n
Ž kwh-cWw \nÀ¯-em¡n
Ž sNdp-InS taJ-e-bv¡pÅ kwh-cWw \nÀ¯n
Ž kzImcy Ip¯I \nb-a-¯n\pw hntZi \mWy-\n-b-a-¯n\pw t`Z-KXn
[\-Imcy taJem ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä
o _m¦v {_m©v ssek³knwKv DZm-c-am-¡n.
o kzImcy _m¦p-IÄ¡pw hntZi _m¦p-IÄ¡pw A\p-aXn \ÂIn.
o \nt£-]-\n-c-¡n-sâbpw hmbv]m \nc-¡n-sâbpw \nb-{´Ww \o¡n.
\nIpXn ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä
Ž hyàn-KX BZm-b-\n-IpXn Ipd-¨p.
Ž I¼\n \nIpXn Ipd-¨p.
Ž IÌwkv Uyq«n Ipd-¨p.
Ž FIvsskkv Uyq«n Ipd¨p
hntZi \mWb ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä
1991þ kpØnch¡-cW \S-]-Sn-sb¶ \ne-bn cq]-bpsS aqeyw Ipd-¨p.
C´ybn \n¶v aqe-[\w hntZ-i-§-fn-te¡v HgpIn t]mIp-¶Xv XS-bm-\pw, hntZi¯p\n-
¶pÅ aqe-[-\-{]-hm-ls¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m\pw CXv klm-bn-¨p.
hyh-kmb \nt£-]-\b ]cn-jv¡mcw
• Cd-¡p-aXn DZm-c-h¡-cn¨p
• Cd-¡p-a-Xn-¨p¦w Ipd¨p

6 
 

6 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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• Cd-¡p-aXn ssek³knwKv \nÀ¯-em-¡n

kzIm-cy-h-Xv¡-cWw
kÀ¡mÀ hI Øm]-\-§-fpsS DS-a-ØX/amt\-Pvsaâv kzImcy I¼-\n-IÄ¡v
\ÂIp-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv kzIm-cy-h¡-cWw F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. ]e cq]-¯n-epÅ kzIm-cy-
h¡-c-W-amWv Kh¬saâv A\p-hÀ¯n¨p t]m¶-Xv. AXn-sem-¶mWv Unkv-C³sh-
Ìvsaâv. s]mXp-ta-Jem Øm]-\-¯n Kh¬saân-tâ-Xmb \nt£]w kzIm-cy-ta-J-
ebv¡v hn¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv UnkvC³sh-Ìvsaâv F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-Ww.
temI-¯nse cmPy-§-fpsS GIo-I-c-W-amWv BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-c-Ww.

]pdw IcmÀ \ÂIÂ (Out sourcing)

BtKm-f-h¡-cW {]{In-b-bpsS Hcp {][m\ A\-´-c-^-e-am-bn-cp¶p Hu«vtkm-
gvkn-Mv. hnI-knX cmPy-§Ä AhÀ¡m-h-iy-amb ]e-Xcw tkh-\-§Ä¡pw C´y-sb-t¸m-
se-bpÅ hnI-kzc cmPy-§-sf-bmWv B{i-bn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Imc-Ww, sshZ-Kv[y-ta-dnb a\p-
jy-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS hen-sbmcp tiJcw Xs¶ \ap-¡p-s−-¶-Xn\p ]pdsa AXn-hnsS hfsc
Ipdª thX-\-¯n\v e`n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.

temI-hym-]mc kwL-S\ (WTO)

1995 Km«n\p ]Icw temI hym]mc kwL-S\ (WTO) \ne-hn h¶p. Cu kwL-
S-\-bpsS {][m\ e£y-§Ä:

• A´m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-bn FÃm cmPy-§Ä¡pw Xpey Ah-kcw

• c−v cmPy-§Ä X½n-epÅ ZznapJ hym]m-c-t¯-¡mÄ FÃm cmPy-§fpw X½n-epÅ
_lp-apJ hym]mcw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡Â.
km¼-¯nI \b ]cn-jv¡m-c-§fpw Irjnbpw
km¼-¯nI \b-]-cn-jv¡m-c-§fpw GDP bpsS DbÀ¶ hfÀ¨m-\n-c¡pw Irjn¡v
Hcp KpWhpw sNbvXn-«n-Ã. ImÀjnI cwK¯v A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶ {]iv\-§Ä¡v ImcWw:þ

• ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnse s]mXp-aq-e-[\ \nt£]w Ipd-ªp.

• ImÀjntImev]-¶-§-fpsS Cd-¡p-a-Xn-¨p¦w Ipd-¨-Xn-\m Cd-¡p-aXn hÀ²n-¨p.

7 
 

HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 7

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A[ymbw þ 4
Zmcn{Zyw
`£Ww, hkv{Xw, ]mÀ¸n-Sw, hnZym-`ym-kw, BtcmKyw apX-emb a\p-jysâ ASn-
Øm\ Bh-iy-§Ä \nd-th-äp-¶-Xn-\p-th-−-Xmb hcp-am\w Bfp-IÄ¡v CÃm¯ Hcp
kml-N-cy-amWv Zmcn{Zyw F¶-Xv.
Pbn Pohn-X-s¨-ehv
kzmX-{´y-e-_v[n-¡p-ap¼v ZmZm-_mbv \h-tdmPn Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ Pbn Pohn-X-s¨-
ehnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n IW-¡m-¡n.
Zmcn{Zyw Xcw-Xn-cn-¡Â
1. \nXy Zcn-{ZÀ
ZoÀL-Im-e-am-bn-«pÅ Zcn-{ZÀ
2. km[m-cW Zcn-{ZÀ
3. CS-¡me Zcn-{ZÀ
4. bmZr-ÝnI Zcn-{ZÀ
£WnIamb Zcn{ZÀ
5. AZ-cn-{ZÀ

Xe-sb-®Â A\p-]mXw
Zcn-{Z-cpsS F®w
Xe-sb-®Â A\p-]mXw =þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ
BsI P\-kwJy
Zmcn{Zy¯nsâ Imc-W-§Ä

• Ipdª hcp-am\w
• BkvXn-bn-Ãmbva
• sXmgn-en-Ãmbva
• Ak-aXzw
• Ipdª km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨
• Nqjn-XÀ

Zmcn{Zy \nhm-c-W-¯n-\pÅ \b-§fpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw

Zcn-{Zy-\n-hm-c-W-¯n-\mbn Kh¬saâv Hcp {XnapJ kao-]\w Ah-ew-_n-¨p. AXn-
§-s\-bm-Wv.

8 
 

8 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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1) hfÀt¨m-·pJ kao-]\w
2) BkvXn-Ifpw sXmgnepw D−m-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS hcp-am\w D−m-¡p-I.
3) P\-§Ä¡v an\naw ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä F¦nepw D−m¡n sImSp-¡p-I.
Zmcn{Zy \nÀ½mÀÖ\ ]²-In-Isf \ap¡v aq¶mbn Xcw Xncn-¡mw.
1) kzbw sXmgn ]²-Xn-Ifpw sXmgn Zm\ ]²-Xn-Ifpw
2) `£y kpc£m ]²-Xn-IÄ
3) kmaqly kpc£m ]²-Xn-IÄ
kzbw sXmgn ]²-Xn-Ifpw sXmgnÂZm\ ]²-Xn-Ifpw

• kzÀ®-P-b´n {Kma kztcm-kvKÀ tbmP\(SGSY)

• ss{]w a\n-tÌgvkv tdmkvKmÀ tbmP\ (PMRY)
• {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-ev]m-Z\ ]cn-]mSn (REGP)
• kzÀ® Pb´n jlmcn tdmkvKmÀ tbmP\ (SJSRY)
• tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d¸v ]²Xn
`£y kpc£m ]²-Xn-IÄ

o s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{¼Zmbw
o kwtbm-PnX inip hnI-k\ ]²Xn
o kvIqfp-I-fn D¨-`-£Ww
o A¶-]qÀ® kvIow
kmaqly kpc£m ]²-Xn-IÄ

¾ Bw BZvan _oa tbmP\

¾ ASÂ s]³j³ tbmP\
¾ tZiob kmaq-lnI klbm ]²Xn
¾ P\{io _oa tbmP\

9 
 

HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 9

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A[ymbw þ 5
a\pjy aqe-[\ kzcq-]o-I-cWw C´y-bnÂ

a\p-jysc hnZym-`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw \ÂIn A[ym-]-IÀ, tUmIvSÀamÀ XpS-

§nb a\pjy hn`-h-§-fm¡n cq]m-´-c-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ AXv a\p-jy-hn-`h kzcq-]o-I-c-W-
amWv.
a\p-jy-aq-e-[-\-¯nsâ Dd-hn-S-§Ä
1) hnZym-`ymkw
2) BtcmKyw
3) tPmen-¡n-S-bn ]cn-io-e\w
4) IpSn-tbäw
5) C³^Àta-j³
1) hnZym-`ymkw
Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡pw hnI-k-\-¯n\pw hnZym-k-¼-¶-ambn Hcp P\-Xbv¡v
KWy-amb kw`m-h\ \ÂIm³ Ignbpw

¾ hnZym-`ymkw Pohn-X-¯nsâ KpW-ta· hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.

¾ Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX IqSp-sa-¶-Xn-\m hcp-am-\hpw IqSpw.
¾ ]pXnb I−p-]n-Sp-¯-§Ä¡pw ]pXp-a-IÄ¡pw t{]c-I-am-Ipw.
2) BtcmKyw
Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£W¯n\mbn ]Ww sNe-hm-¡p-¶Xv ]e hn[-¯n-em-Wv.

o {]Xn-tcm[ Huj-[-§Ä
o tcmK-\n-hm-cW Huj-[-§Ä
o tkmjy saUn-kn³
o ip²-P-e-hn-X-cWw
3) tPmen-¡n-S-bn ]cn-io-e\w

a. ]cn-N-b-k-¼-¶-\mb Hcp kq¸Àssh-k-dpsS Iogn ^mIvS-dn-bn tPmen-

bv¡n-S-bn sh¨p-Xs¶ ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIp-¶p.

10 
 

10 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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b. Poh-\-¡msc ]cn-io-e-\-¯n-\mbn ]pd¯v ]d-ª-b-bv¡p-¶p.

4) IpSn-tb-äw.
P\-§Ä IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¡p-¶Xv c−v Imc-W-§-fm-em-Wv.

o sXmgn-en-Ãmbva
o hntZ-i¯v \Ã tPmen km[yX
IpSn-tb-ä-¯n\v \Ã sNehv hcpw.

o bm{Xm sNehv
o adp-\m-«nse DbÀ¶ Pohn-X-s¨-ehv
C§s\ sNehv hcp-sa-¦nepw sNe-hn-t\-¡mÄ A[n-I-amWv KpW-sa-¶-Xn-\mÂ
P\-§Ä IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¡m³ Xs¶ X¿m-dm-Ip-¶p.
5) C³^Àta-j³
tImgvkp-IÄ, tImgvkp-IÄ e`y-amb Øm]-\-§Ä, sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä, i¼f \nc-
¡p-IÄ XpS-§n-bh kw_-Ôn¨ hnh-c-§Ä Adn-ªn-cn-t¡-−Xv kp{]-[m-\-am-Wv. C¯cw
hnh-c-§Ä e`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ sNe-hp-Ifpw a\p-jy-aq-e-[-\-¯n-\m-bpÅ \nt£-]-ambn
ImWmw.
hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ \nb-{´I Øm]-\-§Ä

o NCERT
o UGC
o AICTE
BtcmKy hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ \nb-{´I Øm]-\-§Ä

ICMR
\gn-knwKv Iu¬knÂ

11 
 

HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 11

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A[ymbw þ 6
{KmaoW hnI-k\w
]nt¶m-¡m-h-Ø-bn-epÅ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§sf kÀ¡m-cnsâ IÀ½ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS
hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp-¡pI F¶-XmWv {KmaoW hnI-k-\-¯nsâ e£yw.

{KmaoW hmbv]m kwhn-[m\wþ {][m\ Øm]-\-§Ä

• \_mÀUv – 1982 þ \_mÀUv \ne-hn h¶p. {KmaoW hmbv]-IÄ A\p-h-Zn-

¡p¶ FÃm Øm]-\-§-fp-tSbpw {]hÀ¯-\-§sf GtIm-]n-¸n-¡p¶ kÀtÆm-¶X
_m¦mWv \_mÀUv .

hmWnPy _m¦p-IÄ

• {KmaoW taJem _m¦p-IÄ

• kl-I-cW hmbv]m kwL-§Ä
• `qhn-I-k\ _m¦p-IÄ
• kzbw klmb kwL-§Ä

ImÀjnI hn]Wn kwhn-[m\w

ImÀjnI hn]-W-\-sa-¶Xv Ht«sd {]{In-bI
- Ä DÄs¸-«-Xm-Wv. kw`-cn-¡Â, kq£n-
¡Â, kwkv¡-cn-¡Â, ]mt¡-Pnw-Kv, t{KUnw-Kv, {Sm³kvt]mÀt«-j³, hnX-cWw F¶n-h-bn-
eqsS ImÀjn-tIm-ev]-¶-§Ä hb-en \n¶pw hnÂ]\ tI{μ-§-fn-te-s¡-¯n-¡p-¶-Xns\
ImÀjnI hn]Wn kwhn-[m\w F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

ImÀjnI hn]-W\w sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Kh¬saâv kzoI-cn¨ \S-]-Sn-IÄ

o dKp-te-äUv amÀ¡-äp-IÄ Øm]n-¨p.

o ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä hnI-kn-¸n-¨p.
o kl-I-cW kwhn-[m\w
o Xm§p-hne {]Jym-]n-¡Â
_Z hn]-W\ amÀ¤-§Ä

o A]v\n aWvUn
o dbXp _kmÀ

12 
 

12 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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o Dg-hÀ kÔn
sshhn-[y-h-Xv¡-cWw
ImÀjnI taJ-ebv¡v DbÀ¨ thW-sa-¦n sshhn-[y-h¡-cWw IqSntb Xocp.
aq¶p Xc-¯n-epÅ sshhn-[y-h¡-cWw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-Wv. Ah:

o hnf-I-fn-epÅ sshhn-[y-h-Xv¡-cWw
o A\p-_Ô {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-te-¡pÅ sshhn-[y-h¡-cWw
o ImÀjn-tI-Xc tPmen-I-fn-te-¡pÅ amäw
I¶p-Imen hfÀ¯Â
{Kmao-W-cpsS {][m-\-s¸-s«mcp D]-Po-h\ amÀ¤-amWv I¶p-Imen hfÀ¯Â. I¶p-
Im-en-Isf hfÀ¯p-¶-Xnsâ {][m\ KpW-§Ä Ch-bm-Wv.:

o _Z D]-Po-h-\-amÀ¤w
o hcp-am-\-¯n kpØn-cX
o `£y kpc-£n-XXzw
o t]mj-Im-lmcw
^nj-dokv
e£-¡-W-¡n\v P\-§-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-amÀ¤-amWv aÕy-_-Ô-\w. atÕymÂ]m-Z\w
D{ bpsS 0.8 iX-am-\-am-Wp-Åv. ao³]n-Sp-¯-¡mÀ kmaq-ly-ambpw km¼-¯n-I-ambpw ]n¶n-
ep-Å-h-cm-Wv. ChÀ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ {][m\ {]iv\-§Â:þ
sXmgn-en-Ãmbva
Xmgv¶ hcp-am\w
\nc-£-cX
IS-_m-²yX

]gw-þ-]-¨-¡dn Irjn (Horticulture)

temI-¯n Gä-hp-a-[nIw ]g-§fpw ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw Irjn sNbvXp-−m-¡p¶ cmPy-
§-fn c−mw Øm\-w C´y-¡m-Wv. BsI-bpÅ ImÀjnI Dev]¶ aqey-¯nsâ aq¶n-
semcp `mKhpw GDSbpsS 6%hpw CXnsâ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. DZym-\-Ir-jn, \gvkdn

13 
 

HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 13

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hfÀ¯Â, Snjyq-¡Ä¨Â, ]gw kwkv¡-cWw XpS-§n-bh hf-sc-b-[nIw sXmgn-e-h-k-c-

§Ä {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p.

ssPh Irjn-bpsS sa¨-§Ä

o ssPhn-I-ambn Dev]m-Zn-¸n¡-s¸« `£-W-¯n\v AXy-[nIw t]mj-I-aq-ey-ap-

−m-bn-cn-¡pw.
o IqSp-X sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p.
o ssPthm-ev]-¶-§Ä¡v h¼n¨ A´m-cmjv{S hn]-Wn-bp-−v.
o ]cn-Øn-XnX kulr-Zm-ß-Ihpw \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv.

A[ymbw þ 7
sXmgnÂ: hfÀ¨bpw A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-h¡-c-Whpw aäv {]iv\-§fpw
sXmgn-em-fn-þ-P-\-kwJy A\p-]mXw
BsI sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ
sXmgn-em-fn-þ-P-\-kwJy A\p-]mXw = - - - - ----------------------------- x 100
P\-kwJy

sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ þ Xcw-Xn-cnhv

• kzbw sXmgn sN¿p-¶-hÀ: Pohn-X-hr-¯n-¡mbn kz´w Øm]\w \S-

¯p-¶-h-sc-bmWv kzbw sXmgn Is−-¯p-¶-hÀ F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv.
• Iqen-¸-Wn-¡mÀ: Znh-k-th-X-\-¯n-\mbn sXmgn sN¿p-¶-hsc Iqen-¸-Wn-
¡mÀ F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
• Øncw thX\w hm§p¶ Poh-\-¡mÀ: Øncw thX\w hm§p¶
kwL-SnX taJ-e-bn tPmen sN¿p¶ Poh-\-¡m-cmWv Øncw thX\w
hm§p¶ Poh-\-¡mÀ.
sXmgnÂ-þ-c-lnX hfÀ¨
Ipdª sXmgn hfÀ¨m-\n-c-t¡m-Sp-Iq-Snb DbÀ¶ Pn.-Un.-]n. hfÀ¨m-\n-c-¡n\v
"sXmgn clnX hfÀ¨' F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

14 
 

14 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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Hu]-Nm-cnI taJebpw A\u-]-Nm-cnI taJ-ebpw

Øncw i¼-f-¡m-cmb Poh-\-¡mÀ Hu]-Nm-cnI taJ-e-bnÂs¸-Sp-¶p. Iqen-¸-Wn-
¡mcpw kzbw sXmgn Is−-¯n-b-h-cn `qcn-`m-Khpw A\u-]-Nm-cnI taJ-e-bnÂs¸-Spw.
Hu]-Nm-cnI taJ-ebv¡v kwL-SnX taJe F¶pw A\u-]-Nm-cnI taJ-ebv¡v Akw-L-
SnX taJe F¶pw ]d-bpw. FÃm Kh¬saâv Øm]-\-§fpw ]¯n-e-[nIw Øncw Poh-\-
¡m-cpÅ FÃm kzImcy taJem Øm]-\-§fpw Hu]-Nm-cnI taJ-e-bn AYhm kwL-
SnX taJ-e-bn hcp-¶p. aäp-Å-h-sbÃmw A\u-]-Nm-cnI taJ-e-bn AsÃ-¦n Akw-
L-SnX taJ-e-bnÂs¸Spw.
Øncw i¼-f-¡mÀ¡v DbÀ¶ i¼-fhpw s]³j\pw e`n-¡pw. Znh-k-th-X\ sXmgn-
em-fn-IÄ¡v Ipdª hcp-am-\-am-Wp-Å-Xv. Ah-cpsS tkh\ hyh-Ø-Ifpw PohnX Ah-
Ø-Ifpw Xr]vXn-I-c-a-Ã.
sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva.

• {]Xy£ sXmgn-en-Ãmbva: HcmÄ sXmgn-se-Sp-¡m³ k¶-²-\m-hp-Ibpw sXmgn-

sem¶pw e`n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bp-am-sW-¦n AXv {]Xy£ sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva-bm-Wv.
• {]O¶ sXmgn-en-Ãmbva: Irjn¡v Bh-iy-ambXnt\-¡m-tfsd Bfp-Isf tPmen¡v
\ntbm-Kn-¡p-t¼m-gp-−m-Ip¶ Ah-Øm-hn-ti-j-amWv {]O¶ sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva.
• ImenI sXmgn-en-Ãmbva: Imem-h-Ø-b-\p-k-cn¨v Ipd-¨p-Imew am{Xw D−m-Ip-¶-
XmWv Irjn-¸-Wn. AXn-\mÂ, C´y-bnse IÀjI sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ sImÃ-¯nÂ
icm-icn Bdp amk-¡mew sXmgn cln-X-cmbn Ign-bp-¶p. CXns\ ImenI sXmgn-
en-Ãmbva F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
• LS\m ]c-amb sXmgn-en-Ãmbva: kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bn-ep-−m-Ip¶ amä-¯n-\-\p-k-
cn¨v kw`-hn-¡p-¶-XmWv LS-\m-]-c-amb sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva.

15 
 

HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 15

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A[ymbw þ 8
ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä
Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨-bv¡pw hnI-k-\-¯n\pw sshZyp-Xn, shÅw,
KXm-K-Xw, hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-abw XpS-§n-bh A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. C¯cw kuI-cy-§sf ASn-
Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§sf c−mbn Xcw Xncn-¡mw.
1) km¼-¯nI ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä
2) kmaqly ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä
km¼-¯nI ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä
o KXm-KXw
o sshZypXn
o hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-abw
o _m¦p-IÄ
kmaqly ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä
o hnZym-`ymkw
o BtcmKyw
o ]mÀ¸nSw
ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§-fpsS {]kàn
o AXv \nt£-]s¯ BIÀjn-¡p¶p
o Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX Iq«p¶p
o P\-§-fpsS PohnX KpW-ta· hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
C´y-bnse ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§-fpsS ØnXn
o {KmaoW hk-Xn-I-fn 56 iX-am-\-¯n\v am{Xta sshZypXn IW-£-\p-Åq.
o {KmaoW hk-Xn-I-fn 43 iX-am-\hpw as®-®-bmWv Ct¸mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
o {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§-fnse ipNo-I-c-W-ku-I-cyhpw hfsc A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv.
DuÀP-¯nsâ Dd-hn-S-§Ä
• hmWnPy DuÀPw:- hmWnPy Bh-iy-§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ DuÀPw. DZm:-
I¡-cn, s]t{Sm-fnbw
• hmWn-tPy-Xc DuÀPw: ]mSI hr¯n t]mepÅ ho«m-h-iy-§Ä¡mWv hmWn-tPy-
Xc DuÀPw {][m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. DZm:þ hnd-Iv, DW-§nb NmW-Iw.

16 
 

16 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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]mc¼tcyXc DuÀP-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ
]mc-¼-tcyX DuÀP t{kmX-Êp-IÄ ]pXp-¡m-hp-¶Xpw Imcy-amb aen-\o-I-c-W-ap-
−m-¡m-¯-Xp-am-Wv. DZm:-þ kutcmÀÖw, Imän \n¶pÅ DuÀÖw
sshZypXn taJ-e-bnse shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ
• DbÀ¶ km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨m-\n-c-¡n-\m-h-iy-amb{X sshZypX ChnsS Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-
¶n-Ã.
• sshZyp-tXm-ev]m-Z-\-¯n-\pÅ \½psS Øm]nX tijn hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv.
• kwØm-\-§-fnse Ce-Iv{Sn-knän t_mÀUp-I-fpsS Imcy-£-a-X-bn-Ãmbva
• CS-bv¡nsS sshZypXn hnX-cWw kvXw`n-¡pw.
• Xm]-ssh-Zyp-tXm-ev]m-Z\ tI{μ-§Ä¡v Bh-iy-¯n\v th−{X I¡cn In«p-¶n-Ã.
BtcmKyw
Btcm-Ky-apÅ Hcp P\-X-bmWv Hcp k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« Dd-
hn-Sw. km¼-¯nI hnZ-Kv[-·mÀ Hcp P\-X-bpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn-Xnsb hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶Xv
Xmsg ]d-bp¶ kqNn-I-IÄ t\m¡n-bmWv:þ
o inip-a-cW \nc¡v
o amXr-a-c-W-\n-c¡v
o BbpÀssZÀLyw
o t]mjI ØnXn
o tcmKm-Xp-cX
C´y-bnse Btcm-Ky-kw-hn-[m\w
ss{]adn BtcmKy ]cn-]m-e\w
o tcmK-§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bm\pw XS-bm\pw \nb-{´n-Im-\p-apÅ ]T\w
o t]mj-Im-lmcw, ip²-P-ew, ipNo-I-cWw F¶nh kw_-Ôn¨ DZvt_m-[\w
o Ip«n-I-fp-tSbpw A½-am-cp-tSbpw Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w
C´y-bn Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\-¯n\v Hcp {XnXe kwhn-[m-\-am-Wp-Å-Xv. AXn-§-
s\-bmWv:þ
o k_v skâ-dp-IÄ
o ss{]adn sl¯v skâÀ
o Iayq-Wnän sl¯v skâÀ

17 
 

HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 17

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sk¡âdn Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w
sk¡âdn Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\¯n\pÅ Øm]-\-§-fn FIvkv-þtd, kvIm\n-Mv,
C.-kn.-Pn., kÀPdn XpS-§n-b-h-bv¡pÅ kuI-cy-ap-−m-Ipw.
sSÀjydn Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w
saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ym-khpw Kth-j-Whpw \S-¡p¶ tI{μ-§-fm-Wn-h. NnInÕm
kuI-cy-§-tfm-sSm¸w saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\pw saUn-¡Â Kth-j-a-¯n\pw kuI-
cy-ap-−m-bn-cn-¡pw.
BtcmKy ASn-Øm\ kuI-cyhpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw
o C´y-bnse Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn 70 iX-am-\-¯n-tesd kzImcy taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.
o Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn e`y-amb I«n-ep-I-fn 40 iX-am-\hpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn-
em-Wv.
o Unkvs]³k-dn-I-fn 60 iX-am-\-¯n-tesd kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv.
`mc-Xob NnInÕm kwhn-[m-\-§Ä
`mc-Xob NnInÕm kwhn-[m\w Bdp coXn-IÄ DÄs¸-«-Xm-Wv. CXns\ Bbpjv
F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
o BbpÀthZw
o tbmK
o bp\m\n
o kn²
o {]IrXn NnInÕ
o tlman-tbm-¸Xn

A[ymbw 9
]cn-Øn-Xnbpw kpØnc hnI-k-\hpw
]cn-ØnXn
`qan-bnse FÃm hn`-h-§-fp-sSbpw k©-b-¯n-\mWv ]cn-ØnXn F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
Cu `qan-bnse ssPhhpw AssP-h-hp-amb FÃm LS-I-§fpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶-XmWv ]cn-Øn-
Xn.
ssPh-L-S-I-§Ä-þ-k-ky-§Ä, ]£n-IÄ, arK-§Ä
AssPh LS-I-§Ä þ shÅw, hmbp, a®v

18 
 

18 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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]cn-Øn-Xn-bpsS [À½-§Ä
1) hn`-h-§Ä {]Zm\w sN¿p¶p
2) ]mgvhkvXp-¡sf Zln-¸n-¡p-¶p.
3) Pohs\ \ne-\nÀ¯p¶p
4) kuμ-cym-\p-`q-Xn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶p.
BtKmf Xm]\w
`uam-´-co-£-¯nsâ icm-icn Xm]-\n-eb
- n-epÅ hÀ²-\-bv¡mWv BtKm-f-Xm-]\w
F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-§Ä \nc-´cw A´-co-£-¯n-te¡v hnkÀPn-¨p-sIm-
−n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-emWv `uam-´-co-£-¯n\v NqSv hÀ[n-¡p-¶-Xv.
BtKmf Xm]-\-¯nsâ `hn-jy-¯p-IÄ
o {[ph-{]-tZ-is¯ aªp-a-e-IÄ DcpIn IS-ense Pe-\n-c¸v Db-cpw.
o ip²-P-e-£m-a-ap-−m-Ipw
o Poh-Pm-e-§Ä¡v hwi-\miw kw`-hn¡pw
o DjvW-ta-Jem tcmK-§Ä hÀ[n-t¨¡mw
Hmtkm¬ timjWw
kqcy-c-ivan-bn-epÅ AÄ{Sm hb-eäv civan-IÄ `qan-bn-se-¯msX XS-bp-¶Xv
Hmtkm¬ ]mfn-bm-Wv. F¶m \½psS FbÀI-−o-j-WÀ, d{^n-P-td-äÀ XpS-§n-b-h-bnÂ
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ t¢mtdm-^vfqtd ImÀ_-Wn-IÄ (CFC) A´-co-£-¯n-se¯n Hmtkm-
Wns\ \in-¸n-¡p-¶p. XÂ^-e-ambn
o kq£va Pohn-IÄ¡v \miw kw`-hn¡pw
o NÀ½ AÀ_pZw ]nSn-s]-«m¡mw
o Pe Pohn-IÄ¡v \miw kw`-hn¡pw
a®nsâ A]-Nbw
a®nsâ ^e-`q-bn-jvSX \jvS-s¸«v Irjn-tbm-Ky-a-Ãm-sX-bm-Ip¶ Ah-Ø-bmWv
a®nsâ A]-N-bw. a®n\v A]-N-b-ap-−m-Ip-¶-Xnsâ {][m\ Imc-W-§Ä
h\-\-io-I-cWw
• Irjn amäw
• Irjn-¡mbn h\-`qan It¿-dÂ
• a®v kwc-£W {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡Â
• hnf ]cn-hÀ¯\w \S-¯m-Xn-cn-¡Â

19 
 

HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 19

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kpØnc hnI-k\w
kpØnc hnI-k\w F¶v ]d-ªm ]mcn-Øn-XnI kulrXw ]peÀ¯p¶ hnI-
k\w F¶m-WÀ°w. `mhn Xe-ap-d-IÄ¡v Ah-bpsS Bh-iy-§Ä \nd-th-äm-\pÅ
tijn¡v hnLm-X-am-Im¯ hn[-¯n C¶s¯ Xe-ap-d-bpsS Bh-iy-§Ä \nd-th-äp¶
hnI-k\w BWv kpØnc hnI-k-\w.
kpØnc hnI-k-\-¯nsâ X{´-§Ä
o DuÀP-¯nsâ ]mc-¼-tcy-Xc Dd-hn-S-§Ä D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯Â
o {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§-fn tKm_ÀKymkpw FÂ.-]n.-Pn.bpw
o \K-c-{]-tZ-i-§-fn kn.-F³.-Pn.
o Imän \n¶pÅ DuÀPw
o kutcmÀPw
o an\n Pe-ssh-ZypX ]²-Xn-IÄ
o ]c-¼-cm-KX Adn-hp-Ifpw {]tbm-K-§fpw
o ssPh-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS It¼m-ÌnwKv
o ssPh hkvXp-¡Ä sIm−v IoS-\n-b-{´Ww

A[ymbw 10
C´y-bpsS hnI-k-\m-\p-`-h-§Ä:
AbÂcm-Py-§-fp-ambn Hcp Xmc-Xayw
C´y, ssN\, ]m¡n-Øm³ F¶nh AbÂcm-Py-§fm-sW-¦nepw Chbv¡v X½nÄ
henb hyXym-k-§-fp-−v. C´y ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-·p-J-amb Bi-b-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb atX-X-c-
amb Hcp _lp-I£n P\m-[n-]Xy cmPy-am-Wv. ssN\-bn GI-I£n cmjv{Sob kwhn-[-
m\-am-Wp-Å-Xv. ]m¡n-Øm-\m-Is« cmjv{So-b-ambn AXy´w AØn-c-am-Wv.
C´ybpw ]m¡n-Øm\pw 1947 Â kzX-{´-am-b-t¸mÄ ssN\1947 Â kzX-{´-am-bn.
]©-h-Õc ]²-Xn-IÄ C´y-bn 1951þepw ssN\-bn 1953 epw ]m¡n-Øm-\n 1956
epamWv XpS-§n-b-Xv.
ssN\-bpsS km¼-¯nI X{´w
P\-Iob ssN\ dn¸-»nIv Øm]n-X-am-bXv 1949 emWv. AhÀ GI-I£n `c-W-coXn
kzoI-cn-¨p. Irjn¡v Iayq¬ k{¼-Zmbw \S-¸m-¡n. Iayq-Wp-I-fn Bfp-IÄ Iq«-am-bmWv
Irjn \S-¯n-s¡m-−n-cp-¶-Xv. cmPys¯ hyh-km-b-h¡-cn-¡m-\mbn 1958  Hcp
"IpXn¨p Nm«' (GLF) ]cn-]mSn \S-¸m¡n al-¯mb t{]men-t«-dn-b³ kmwkvIm-cnI hn¹-h-

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20 HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME

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¯nsâ `mK-ambn tUmIvSÀamÀ A[ym-]-IÀ, hnZymÀ°n-IÄ F¶n-h-sc-sbÃmw {KmaoW

taJ-e-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¨p.
ssN\-bn amthm-hnsâ ac-W-amWv (1978) km¼-¯nI \b-]-cn-jvIm-c-§Ä¡v
XpS¡w Ipdn-¨-Xv.
{][m\ ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä
• ImÀjnI cwKs¯ Iayq¬ k{¼-Zmbw Dt]-£n¨v ]Icw D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-coXn \S-¸m-
¡n.
• kzImcy Øm]-\-§sf t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p.
• s]mXp-ta-Jem Øm]-\-§Ä¡v kzImcy taJem Øm]-\-§-fp-ambn aÕ-cn-t¡−n
h¶p
• hntZ-i-aq-e-[\ \nt£-]s¯ BIÀjn-¡m-\mbn {]tXyI km¼-¯nI taJ-e-IÄ
Øm]n-¨p.
]m¡n-Ømsâ km¼-¯nI X{´w
]m¡n-Øm³ ka-{K-amb ¹m\nMpw an{i k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bp-amWv hnI-k\ X{´-
ambn kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. 1970 Ifn ]m¡n-Øm³ ]e hyh-kmb§fpw tZi-km¡-cn-¨p.
1980 Ifn ]m¡n-Øm³ ]Xps¡ \bw amän. AhÀ kzIm-cy-h¡-cWw \S-¸m-¡m³
XpS-§n. hntZi aqe-[\ \nt£-]s¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p.
P\-kwJym ]c-amb kqN-I-§Ä
• P\-kw-Jym-h-fÀ¨m-\n-c¡v Gähpw Ipdhv ssN\-bn-em-Wv, Gähpw IqSp-X ]m¡n-
Øm-\n-epw.
• kv{Xoþ-]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw aq¶p cmPy-§-fnepw GXm−v kam-\-am-Wv.
• s^À«n-enän \nc¡v IqSp-XÂ ]m¡n-Øm-\nepw Ipdhv ssN\-bn-ep-am-Wv.
• P\-km-{μX IqSp-XÂ C´y-bnepw Ipdhv ssN\-bn-ep-am-Wv.
a\p-jy-hn-I-k\ kqN-I-§Ä
• a\p-jy-hn-I-k\ kqNn-I-bnepw dm¦nepw ssN\ aäv c−v cmPy-§-tf-¡mfpw ap¼n-
emWv
• inip-a-cW \nc-¡v, amXr-a-c-W-\n-c¡v F¶nh ssN\-bn Ipdhpw C´y-bnepw
]m¡n-Øm-\nepw IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv.
• ipNo-I-cWw kuI-cy-¯n ]m¡n-Øm-\mWv ap¶n«p \n¡p-¶-Xv.
• km£-c-Xm, BbpÀssZÀLyw F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw ssN\ ap¶n«p \n¡p-¶p.  

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HIGHER SECONDARY NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME | THELIMA EDUHELP PROGRAMME 21