Activity XV: Lipid Classification Pt.

1
Phospholipids

Learning Objectives: 
1. To be able to visualize the structure of phospholipids;
2. To see the significance of the phospholipid as a part of the cell;

Activity Proper
1. On a separate piece of paper, illustrate the structure of the
phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. (10 pts)

2. On a separate piece of paper, illustrate the following:

(5 pts each) (NOTE: Draw the Structure)
a. Lecithin (Phosphatidyl choline)

b. Cephalin (Phosphatidyl ethanolamine)

 c. Sphingomyelin

Conclusion: 
Phospholipids are mostly made from glycerides by substituting one of the three fatty
acids by a phosphate group with some other molecule attached to its end. The structure is
called a "lipid bilayer" because it is composed of  two layers of fat cells organized in two
sheets. Phospholipid bilayers are critical components of cell membranes.
Phospholipids provide barriers in cellular membranes to protect the cell , and they make
barriers for the organelles within those cells. Phospholipids work to provide pathways for
various substances across membranes.

Activity XVI: Lipid Classification Pt. 2

Glycolipids

Learning Objectives: 
1. To be familiar with glycolipids;
 2. To be able to visualize the basic structure of glycolipids;
3. To site problems which are results of the lack of glycolipids.

Activity Proper
1. What are glycolipids? (3 pts)

 Glycolipids are widely distributed in every tissue of the body,

particularly in nervous tissue such as brain. They occur particularly
in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, where they contribute
to cell surface carbohydrates which form the glycocalyx. There are
types of glycolipids which are glucocerebrosides,
galactocerebrosides, gangliosides, sulfolipids and galactosyl
diglycerides. Additionaly, glycolipids are lipids with an attached
carbohydrate or carbohydrate chain.

2. On a separate piece of paper, illustrate the basic structure of a

glycolipid. (3 pts)
3. Give the consequent pathophysiology/pathology following the lack
of the following glycolipids. (3 pts each)

a. Glucocerebrosides
Pathology: Gauscher’s Disease / Glucocerebrosidosis
- An autosomal recessive due to inability to degrade
glucocerebrosides as a result of a deficiency in the enzyme
glucocerebrosidase

b. Galactocerebrosides
Pathology: Krabbe’s Disease / Galactocerebrosidosis
 - Due to inability to degrade galactocerebrosides as a result of
a deficiency in the enzyme galactocerebrosidase

c. Gangliosides
Pathology: TaySachs Disease
- Due to inability to degrade gangliosides as a result of a
deficiency in the enzyme gangliosidase

Conclusion: 
There are types of glycolipids which are glucocerebrosides, galactocerebrosides,
gangliosides, sulfolipids and galactosyl diglycerides. Glycolipid is any member of a
group of fat-soluble substances particularly abundant in tissues of the  nervous system of
animals. Glycolipids are essential in providing stability of the  plasma membrane.
Furthermore, they are also associated with cell to cell interactions to form a  tissue. They
also facilitate cellular recognition, which is important in immunologic functions.

Activity XVII: Fatty Acids

Learning Objectives: 
1. To be familiar with healthy fatty acids/fats
2. To be familiar with fatty acids/fats that you need to avoid
Activity Proper. General instructions: Describe each kind of fat
cited below and give 2 examples for each.
(2pts each answer)

1. Healthy fats
a. Omega-3 fatty acids – heart healthy fat that can help lower
triglycerides
1. Soybean
2. Canola Oils

b. Unsaturated Fatty acids

(Monounsaturated/Polyunsaturated) – heart healthy; it can
help with improving cholesterol levels
1. Avocado
2. Sesame

2. Fats to avoid
a. Saturated Fat – foods from animals (meat and dairy), can also be
found in processed, canned and packaged foods.
1. cakes
2. bacon

b. Transfat – unhealthy; a product of hydrogenation of oils

1. French Fries
2. Doughnuts

Conclusion: 
Sugar turns into fat when an excess amount is consumed. When
glucose levels are plentiful, the excess CoA generated by glycolysis
can be converted into fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steroids
and bile salts. When high amounts of unhealthy carbohydrates are
consumed, they're converted to triglycerides, a form of fat, and are
stored in fat tissue.