Computer Networks(3350710) 200050131116

Practical: 1

AIM: Study of different network devices in detail.

Solution:

1 . Hub :

 A hub connects multiple wires coming from different branches . Hubs cannot filter
data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices . Also, they do not have the
intelligence to find out the best path for data packets which leads to inefficiencies and
wastage.

 Types of Hub :
1) Intelligent Hub : It works like active hubs and includes remote management capabilities
. it enables an administrator to monitor the traffic passing through the hub and to
configure each port in the hub.
2) Active Hub:- These are the hubs that have their own power supply and can clean, boost,
and relay the signal along with the network. These are used to extend the maximum
distance .
3) Passive Hub :- These are the hubs that collect wiring from nodes and power supply from
the active hub. These hubs relay signals onto the network without cleaning and boosting
them and can’t be used to extend the distance .

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2 . Bridge :

 It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. A bridge
is a repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC
addresses of source and destination . it operates at the data link layer.

 Types of Hub :
1) Source Routing Bridges : Routing operation is performed by
the source station and the frame specifies which route to
follow. The host can discover the frame by sending a special
frame called the discovery frame.
2) Transparent Bridges: These bridges make use of two
processes i.e. bridge forwarding and bridge learning.

3. Repeater :

 A repeater operates at the physical layer.

 Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too
weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted
over the same network.
 An important point to be noted about repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal.
 When the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the
original strength.
 It is a 2 port device.

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4. Router :

 Routers help transmit packets to their destinations by charting a path through the sea of
interconnected networking devices .

 Router are also used to translate from LAN framing to WAN framing.
 This is needed because LANs and WANs use different network protocols.
 Router are also used to divide internal networks into two or more subnetworks.
 Routers can also be connected internally to other routers, creating zones that operate
independently.

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5. Switch :

 Switches generally have a more intelligent role than hubs. A switch is a multiport device
that improves network efficiency.
 Generally, switches can read the hardware addresses of incoming packets to transmit
them to the appropriate destination.
 The switch maintains limited routing information about nodes in the internal network,
and it allows connections to systems like hubs or routers. Strands of LANs are usually
connected using switches.
 Switches also improve network security because the virtual circuits are more difficult to
examine with network monitors.

6. Gateway :
 A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks together that
may work upon different networking models. 
 They basically work as the messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret
it, and transfer it to another system.
 Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate at any network layer.
 Gateways are generally more complex than switches or routers. Gateway is also called
a protocol converter.

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Practical: 2

AIM : Study of different types transmission media in detail.

Solution :

 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA :

1. Guided media :

 It is defined as the physical medium throughwhich the signals are transmitted. It is also
known as Bounded media.

 Types Of Guided media:

(i) Twisted Pair Cable :

 Twisted pair is a physical media made up of a pair of cables twisted with each other.
 A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern.
 The degree of reduction in noise interference is determined by the number of turns per
foot.
 Increasing the number of turns per foot decreases noise interference.The frequency
range for twisted pair cable is from 0 to 3.5KHz.

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Twisted Pair is of two types:

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted
around one another. It is used for in telecommunication.

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): A shielded twisted pair is a cable that contains the mesh
surrounding the wire that allows the higher transmission rate.

(ii) Coaxial Cable :

 The name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two conductors parallel to each other.The
inner conductor of the coaxial cable is made up of copper, and the outer conductor is
made up of copper mesh.
 The middle core is made up of non-conductive cover that separates the inner conductor
from the outer conductor.
 Coaxial cable is very commonly used transmission media, for example, TV wire is
usually a coaxial cable.

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(iii) Optical Fibre Cable –

 Fibre optic is a cable that holds the optical fibres coated in plastic that are used to
sendthe data by pulses of light.
 The plastic coating protects the optical fibres from heat,cold, electromagnetic
interference from other types of wiring.
 Fibre optics provide faster data transmission than copper wires.

2. Unguided media :

 An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves without using any

physical medium.
 Therefore it is also known as wireless transmission.In unguided media, air is the media
through which the electromagnetic energy can flow easily.

 Unguided transmission is broadly classified into three categories:

Radio waves :

 Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that are transmitted in all the directions of
free space.

 Radio waves are omnidirectional, i.e., the signals are propagated in all the directions.

 The range in frequencies of radio waves is from 3Khz to 1 khz.

 An example of the radio wave is FM radio.

Micro waves :

 Microwaves are the electromagnetic waves having the frequency in the range from
1GHz to 1000 GHz.
 Microwaves are unidirectional as the sending and receiving antenna is to be aligned, i.e.,
the waves sent by the sending antenna are narrowly focussed.

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Infrared :

 An infrared transmission is a wireless technology used for communication over short

ranges.

 The frequency of the infrared in the range from 300 GHz to 400 THz.

 It is used for short-range communication such as data transfer between two cell phones,
TV remote operation, data transfer between a computer and cell phone resides in the
same closed area.

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Practical: 5

AIM : Study of any two network simulation tools.

Solution :

Simulation tools are : 1) PRTG Network Monitor

2) Putty

3) GNS3

4) SNMP Agent Simulator

5) EVE-NG

6) Microsoft Visio

7) Cisco Packet Tracer

8) WIRESHARK

9) Network Simulator -NS3

10) Secure CRT

Explain any two:

1. Cisco Packet Tracer -

 The main purpose of Cisco Packet Tracer is to help students learn the principles of
networking with hands-on experience as well as develop Cisco technology specific
skills.

 Since the protocols are implemented in software only method, this tool cannot replace
the hardware Routers or Switches.

 this tool is widely encouraged as it is part of the curriculum like CCNA, CCENT where
Faculties use Packet Trace to demonstrate technical concepts and networking systems.

 Engineers prefer to test any protocols on Cisco Packet Tracer before implementing
them.

 This makes the job easier for Engineers allowing them to add or remove simulated
network devices, with a Command line interface and a drag and drop user interface.

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Key Features:

 Unlimited devices

 E-learning

 Customize single/

 Real-time mode and Simulation mode

 Self-paced

 Supports majority of networking protocols

 International language support

 Cross platform compatibility multi user activities

 Interactive Environment

 Visualizing Networks

2. WIRESHARK -

 Wireshark is a software tool used to monitor the network traffic through a network
interface.
 It is the most widely used network monitoring tool today. 

 Wireshark is loved equally by system administrators, network engineers, network

enthusiasts, network security professionals and black hat hackers

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 The extent of its popularity is such, that experience with Wireshark is considered as a
valuable/essential trait in a computer networking-related professional.

Wireshark can be used in the following ways:

 It is used by network security engineers to examine security problems.

 It allows the users to watch all the traffic being passed over the network.

 It is used by network engineers to troubleshoot network issues.

 It also helps to troubleshoot latency issues and malicious activities on your network.

 It can also analyze dropped packets.

 It helps us to know how all the devices like laptop, mobile phones, desktop, switch,
routers, etc., communicate in a local network or the rest of the world.

Features of Wireshark

 It is multi-platform software, i.e., it can run on Linux, Windows,

 It is a standard three-pane packet browser.

 It often involves live analysis, i.e., from the different types of the network like the
Ethernet, etc., we can read live data.

 It has sort and filter options which makes ease to the user to view the data.

 It can also capture raw USB traffic.

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