Capstone 2 Module 1, Lesson 2

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PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

OLD NALSIAN ROAD, BRGY. NALSIAN, CALASIAO, PANGASINAN
CAPSTONE PROJECT 2
MODULE 1, LESSON 2
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
By: MS.RACHELLE N. NOBLE, MIT
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Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

• This chapter presents the findings and
outcomes of research and reasons for
that particular results in the form of text,
figures, graphs and charts.
Results Discussion
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• Present a brief introductory paragraph.
• The presentation and discussion may come in
subheadings representing the various
variables/themes of the study (thematic approach).
• Present the study’s data: what did you find
out/observe?
• The presentation may included tables and figures
but judiciously. (Is this table/figure really
necessary?)
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• This should not include each and every detail of

what has been found out in the study. Rather,
be selective. Put in only those results/findings
that build the manuscript’s thesis or argument.
• Present salient findings/results based on the
formulated specific problems.
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• Discuss theoretical or methodological implications or
practical applications to the
discipline/profession/practice/existing policy. Include
possible causes of the condition as well as its probable
consequences if left to continue.
• Movement of ideas: from specific to general [e.g.,
relate your study’s findings/data to the wider corpus of
literature by corroborating them with the theories
and/or literature reviewed.]
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RESULTS
• Tells about outcomes/findings of the research study

• Presents the data and findings, ordered/analyzed in
ways justified earlier (methodology)
• Past tense is a feature here (usually)
• Describes the findings in a simple way with the help of
data.
• Figures and tables appear here.
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DISCUSSION
• What does the result or data from the experiment mean
to us is described here.
• Function of discussion is to:
• Interpret results in light of what was already known about the
subject and
• Explain new understanding of the problem after taking the
results into consideration.
• Explain how the results answer the question under
study.
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RESULTS vs. DISCUSSION

• Core of the • Starting cause for
research/research paper. particular results.
• Data generated by doing • Discuss the meaning of
research, after validation the results
and verification is written. • Stating clearly what their
• Results are important in significance is.
answering the objectives. • Compare the results with
• Findings of the research. theoretical expectations
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PRESENTATION OF DATA
• Tables and figures (photographs, drawings, graphs and
flow diagrams) are often used to present details
whereas the narrative section of result tends to be
used to present general findings.
• Numerical data can usually be presented more
effectively in tables or graphs than in the text.
• The order of presentation of the result should be either
chronological to correspond with the methods or from
the most to the least important.
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TABLE
• A table is an organized set of data elements (value) using a model of
vertical columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows.
• The cell is the unit of table where a row and column intersect
Features to develop Frequency (f) Percentage (%) Rank
Calendar Method 68 25.37 2
Chinese Gender Prediction 95 35.44 1
Automatic messages to partner 35 13.05 4
Notes 20 7.47 5
Reminders/Notification 42 15.65 3
Health tips 8 2.98 6
Total 268 100
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PRESENTATION OF DATA
• A chart is a graphical
representation of data, in
which “the data I
represented by symbols,
such as bars in a bar
chart, lines in a line
chart, or slices in a pie
chart”.
• A chart represent tabular
numeric data.
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GRAPHICS
• Graphics are visual images or design
used for pictorial representation of
data.
• Examples:
• Photographs
• Drawings
• Graphs
• Diagrams
• Symbols
• Maps
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PURPOSE OF THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

• They answer these questions
• What’s the answer?
• What are the implications of your answer?
These two questions are the object of the results and

discussion sections, respectively.
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Preparing Results and Discussion
Processing of data Processing of data

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Processing Operation
• Examination of collected raw data to detect error and
omission & to correct these when possible
Editing
• Process of assigning numerals or other symbols so that
response can be put into a limited class
Coding
• Convergence of raw data into homogenous group in order
to get meaningful relationship
Classification
• Arranging of classified data into a concise and logical order
i.e. in form of statistical table.
Tabulation
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Statistical Measures for Analysis

Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
Mode
Median
Measures of Dispersion Measures of Relationship

Standard Deviation Co relation
Variance Regression analysis
T test & Z test
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Point to be Considered
• Divide chapter into sections according to the objectives.
• Choose one best way instead of presenting same data
in several ways.
• Do not present tables and figures in text form.
• Tables and figures should be clearly labeled in order of
being referred in the text.
• Each table should be given a name.
• Table caption are always placed above the table while
figure caption are placed below.
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END OF MODULE 1, LESSON 2

Capstone 2 Module 1, Lesson 2

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PhilCST

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

• This should not include each and every detail of

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

• Tells about outcomes/findings of the research study

RESULTS vs. DISCUSSION

PURPOSE OF THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

These two questions are the object of the results and

Preparing Results and Discussion

Processing of data Processing of data

Statistical Measures for Analysis

Measures of Dispersion Measures of Relationship

END OF MODULE 1, LESSON 2

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