By:

Anggun Wulandari
Febriana Candra Rizki
Tari Aftarini
Miranda Sutiadika

Result and Discussion

 A
About
This part present the
findings and outcomes of
research and reasons for that
particular results in form of
text, figures graphic and
charts.

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 How should I begin the Results?

To simply go directly to your

To give a general panorama
results, often by inviting
of your surveys, experiments
readers to look at one of your
etc. without repeating the
figures or tables, either in the
details you gave in
first sentence or very
the Methods section
shortly after

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 Results
 Tells about outcomes/findings of the research study
 Presents the data and findings, ordered/analyzed in ways justified
earlier (methodology)
 Past tense is a feature here (usually)
 Describes the findings in a simple way with the help of data
 Figures and tables appear here

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 Discussion
 What does the result or data from the experiment mean to us is described
in the discussion.
 Functions of discussion are to:
 Interpret result in light of what was already known about the subject, and;
 Explain new understanding of the problem after taking result into
consideration.
 Explain how the results answer the question under study.

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 Results & Discussions

Results
 Core of the research/research paper
 Data generated by doing research, after validation and
verification is written.
 Results are importans in answering the objectives.
 Findings of the research.
Discussions
• Stating cause for particular results.
• Discuss the meaning of the results.
• Stating clearly what their significance is.
• Compare the results with theoretical expectations.

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 F
Presentation of Data
 Tables and figures (photographs, drawings,
graphs and flow diagrams) are often used to
present details whereas the narrative section
of result tends to be used to present the
general findings.
 Numerical data can usually be presented
more effectively in tables or graphs than in
the text.
 The order of presentation of the result should
be either chronological to correspond with
the methods or from the most to the least
important.

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 Table

• A table is an Class Interval Frequence Cumulative

organized set of data frequency
elements (values) 10-20 15 15
using a model of
vertical columns
(which are identified
by their name) and
horizontal rows.
• The cell is the unit of
table where a row and
column intersect.

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 Chart
6
• A chart is a graphical
5
representation of data in
which “the data is
4 represented by symbols,
such as bars in a bar chart,
3
lines in a lines chart, or
2 slices in a pie chart”.
1
• A chart represent tabular
numeric data
0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

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 Graphics
• Graphics are visual images or design
used for pictorial representation of
data.
Examples:
Photographs
Drawings
Graphs
Diagrams
Symbols
Maps
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 Purpose of the Result and Discussion Sections
They answer these questions:
• What’s the answer?
• What are the implications of your answer?

These two questions are the object of the results and

discussion sections, repectively.

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 Preparing Result and Discussion

Processing of Analysis of
data data

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 Processing operation

• Examination of collected raw data to detect error

Editing amd omission & to correct these when possible

• Process of assigning numerals or other symbols so

Coding that response can be put into a limited class

Classificati • Convergence of raw data into homogenous group

on in order to get meaningful relationship

• Arranging of classified data into a concise and

Tabulation logical order i.e. In form of statistical table

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 Statistical measures for analysis

Measures of Measures of Measures of

central tedency Dispersion Relationship
• Mean • Standard • Co relationship
• Mode Deviation • Regration
• Median • Variance analysis
• T test & Z test

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 Point to be considered
 Divide chapter into sections according to ther objectives
 Choose one best way instead of presenting same data in several
ways
 Do not present tables and figures in text form
 Tables and figures should be clearly labeled in order of being
referred in the text.

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 By:

Anggun Wulandari

Febriana Candra Rizki

Thank you Tari Aftarini

Miranda Sutiadika