EAPP: Task on Data Interpretation (Non-Prose Text)

Name/s:__________________________________ Strand and Block:___________________ Date:________________________

Score:___________

Data Interpretation / DEFINITION Parts When to use Structure/ Appearance

Table / Chart Parts of Table/Chart  Tables are meant to be read, so they

 A table chart is a means of arranging  Table number are ideal when you have data that
data in rows and columns. The use of  Title cannot easily be presented visually, or
tables is pervasive throughout all  Head note when the data requires more specific
communication, research and data  Stub head attention.
analysis.  Stub entries
 Column heading
 Body of the table
 Footnote
 Source.

Bar Graph
 A bar graph is a graphical
representation of information. It uses
bars that extend to different heights
to depict value. Bar graphs can be
created with vertical bars, horizontal
bars, grouped bars (multiple bars that
compare values in a category), or
stacked bars (bars containing
multiple types of information).
Building Bar Graphs  Bar graphs are used to compare things
between different groups or to track
 The Title. The title offers a short
changes over time.
explanation of what is in your graph
 The Source. The source explains
where you found the information
that is in your graph
 X-Axis. Bar graphs have an x-axis and
a y-axis
 Y-Axis
 The Data
 The Legend
Line Graph
 A line graph, also known as a line
chart or a line plot, is commonly
drawn to show information that
changes over time.
 A line graph may also be referred to as
a line chart.
Pie Graph
 A pie chart, sometimes called a circle
chart, is a way of summarizing a set of
nominal data or displaying the
different values of a given
variable (e.g. percentage
distribution).
Pictograph
 A pictograph also known as a
pictogram depicts the frequency of
data in the form of pictures or
symbols.
Parts of Line Graph  Line graphs are used to track changes
 Title over different periods of time. Line
 Legend graphs can also be used as a tool for
 Data comparison: to compare changes over
 X-axis the same period of time for more than
 Y-axis one group.
 Line
Different parts of a pie chart.  A pie chart can only be used if the sum
 Title of the individual parts add up to a
 Legend meaningful whole, and is built for
 Source visualizing how each part contributes
 Data to that whole.
All pictographs contain the following  You can use a pictogram whenever you
components: want to make simple data more
visually interesting, more memorable,
 A title, which explains what the
or more engaging.
pictograph is about.
 Categories or labels, which tell the
type of data collected.
 Symbols, which are images that
represent a specific value.
 A key, which explains the value of
each symbol.

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EAPP: Task on Data Interpretation (Non-Prose Text)
Name/s:__________________________________ Strand and Block:___________________ Date:________________________
Score:___________

Sampling Methods and Definition Procedure/Steps Advantages Disadvantages

Probability and Sampling 1. Determine population interest  Provides unbiased population  Resource can be higher to develop
 Probability sampling refers 2. Find appropriate sample frame representation
to the selection of a sample 3. Determine sampling strategy
from a population, when 4. Start surveying
this selection is based on
the principle of
randomization, that is,
random selection or
chance.
Non-Probability 1. Pick a person(sample)  Allows to target particular groups  Sampling bias
 Non-probability sampling 2. Conduct research
is a method of selecting 3. Analyze result
units from a population
using a subjective (i.e. non-
random) method.
Stratified Sampling 1. Define population  Ensures proper representation within  Selection of strata is difficult
 In stratified 2. Separate population the sample
sampling, researchers 3. Decide on sample size
divide subjects into 4. Randomly sample
subgroups called strata
based on characteristics
that they share (e.g., race,
gender, educational
attainment).
Systematic Sampling 1. Order population  Simple and convenient  May produce inaccurate results
 Systematic sampling is a 2. Calculate number
 probability sampling 3. Calculate interval
method where researchers 4. Use number generator
select members of the
population at a regular
interval.
Stratified Sampling 1. Define population  Ensures proper representation within  Selection of strata is difficult
 In stratified 2. Separate population the sample
sampling, researchers 3. Decide on sample size
divide subjects into 4. Randomly sample
subgroups called strata
based on characteristics
that they share (e.g., race,
gender, educational
attainment).
Cluster Sampling 1. Define population  Only require fewer resources  Difficult to analyze
 Cluster sampling is a 2. Divide sample
probability sampling 3. Randomly select cluster
method in which you divide 4. Collect data
a population into clusters,
such as districts or schools,
and then randomly select
some of these clusters as
your sample.
Convenience Sampling 1. There is no pattern  Cheap, efficient, and simple  Researcher bias
 Convenience sampling is a
non-probability sampling
method where units are
selected for inclusion in the
sample because they are
the easiest for the
researcher to access.
Snowball Sampling 1. Identify potential population  Only requires little planning  Lack of cooperation
 Snowball sampling is a 2. Contact potential
nonprobability sampling 3. Evaluate referrals
technique where existing
study subjects recruit future
subjects from among their
acquaintances.
Volunteer/Purposive Sampling 1. Define research problem  Easy to access  Is subject to bias
 In purposive sampling, you 2. Define population
set out to identify members 3. Define characteristics
of the population who are 4. Collect data
likely to possess certain
characteristics or
experiences (and to be
willing to share them with
you).

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________________________________
EAPP: Task on Data Interpretation (Non-Prose Text)
Name/s:__________________________________ Strand and Block:___________________ Date:________________________
Score:___________

Data Collection Methods/Definition Procedures Advantages Disadvantages

Observations
 The action or process
of observing something or
someone carefully or in order to
gain information.
Controlled Observation
 Is a research method where
researchers watch participants in
a contained environment, such as
a laboratory.
Interview (Face to Face Interview)
 Is a type of job interview where
the candidate meets with the
interviewer in person, typically in
an office or other designated
location.
Interview (Virtual or Telephone Interview)
 Virtual interview, also known as
digital or video interview, allows
people to conduct an interview in
an automatic manner by
conducting it online.
Experiments
 A scientific test in which you
perform a series of actions and
1. Determine Objective
2. Determine Questions
3. Establish Methods
4. Observe
1. The researcher pre determines
and control the study variables
and determine the location.
1. Planning and Preparation
2. Understanding
3. Active Listener
1. Prepare in Advance
2. Show up on time
3. Make eye contact
1. The procedure is a detailed step
by step list or everything.
 The observer can directly check
the accuracy from the observed.
 Many observations can take place
within a short amount of time.
 The ability to control interactions,
to ensure that the targeted
participant is the respondent, to
ask complex questions, and to use
probe mechanisms.
 Virtual interviews are often
shorter, and less downtime is
necessary between them.
 Experimental research allows you
to test your idea in a controlled
environment before taking the
 Observational research can be
susceptible to other types of bias.
 Controlled observations can lack
validity due to the Hawthorne
effect /demand characteristics.
When participants know they are
being watched, they may act
differently.
 Face to face questionnaires
is more time consuming.
 Lack of access: Some candidates
may not have access to a
computer or mobile device.
 The main weakness of the
experimental method is
their dependence on what many
 carefully observe their effects in
order to learn about something.
Survey Questionnaires
 Is a research instrument that
consists of a set of questions to
collect information from a
respondent.
Online Survey
 A structured questionnaire that
your target audience completes
over the internet generally
through a filling out a form.
Document Review
 A document review is the process
of checking a document to make
sure it's ready to be used or
published.
1. Decide the information required
2. Define the target respondents
3. Decide on question content
1. Decide research goals
2. Create list of questions
3. Invite participants
1. When conducting a
documentation review; the quality
of the writing, the structure of the
document, the context provided,
the flow of content, and the
readability level of the document.
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research to clinical trials.
 Having a large population and
therefore a greater statistical
power, the ability to gather large
amounts of information and
having the availability of validated
models.
 They are less time consuming,
they are cheaper, you get the
results faster, and you can transfer
and use the data in various
applications to answer important
questions.
 Reviewing existing documents
to better understand the program
and organization you are
evaluating.
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see as an "artificial" environment.
 Answer dishonesty: Respondents
may not always be completely
truthful with their answers.
 Samples can be small and skewed:
Online research can attract
specific types of individuals,
leading to a biased sample that
may not be representative of the
larger population.
 Disadvantage of documentary
research is that it can be time-
consuming and costly.
EAPP: Task on Data Interpretation (Non-Prose Text)
Name/s:__________________________________ Strand and Block:___________________ Date:________________________
Score:___________

Types of Survey Questions/ Definition Examples Advantages Disadvantages

Closed-ended Survey Questions  Close-ended questions are easy  Closed-ended questions prevent
 Close-ended questions ask and quick to reply to. respondents from going in-depth
respondents to choose from a with their answers.
predefined set of answer options.
Typically, these are one-word
answers, such as “yes/no,”
“true/false,” or multiple choice.
Open-ended Survey Questions  Open-ended questions allow  Takes more time and effort to
 Open-ended survey questions do respondents to go into as much respond to the questions.
not have predefined answers. detail as they care to.  Literal responses can be difficult
Respondents can answer any way for respondents not familiar with
they wish, providing insight that expressing own views and
may not be gathered from a opinions.
closed-ended question.
Multiple Choice Survey Questions  These question types are versatile,  Manipulate the respondent to
 Multiple choice questions intuitive, and they yield structured answer in a certain way.
are questions constructed in such data that's easy for you to analyze.  Focused on collecting quantitative
a way that respondents are data.
presented with several answer  Time-consuming to design.
options to choose from.
Rating Questions  They don't require too much  They don't gather the reasons
 A rating question asks survey respondent time to complete. behind each respondent's answer.
respondents to compare different They are quick and easy to
items using a common scale. analyze.

Likert Scale Questions
 Likert scale questions usually have
five, seven, or nine points, with
five and seven points, used more
frequently. For example, typical
multiple-choice options include
strongly agree, agree, no opinion,
disagree, and strongly disagree as
to the Likert item.
Rank Order Questions
 Rank order scale is defined as a
survey question type, that allows
respondents to rearrange and
rank multiple-choice options in a
specific order.
 The surveys are easy to collect and
total scores can be easily
calculated.
 Rank order questions are effective
in collecting feedback quickly.
Respondents find it quite easy to
answer them.
 Can also be influenced by the
wording, order, and number of
statements, as well as the context
and culture of the respondents.
 They may not capture the
nuances, reasons, and emotions
behind respondents' ratings,
which may require additional
qualitative methods.
 People may be forced to make one
item worse or better than another,
when they actually find them
equal.

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