BAM 069: Business Research

Students Activity Sheet #16

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:______________________________________ Date: ______________

Lesson title: Describing Presentation, Analysis and Materials:

Interpretation of Data FLM Student Activity Sheets

Lesson Objectives: References:

Cristobal, Jr. et. al, 2013
1. Discuss the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of Research Made Easier (A Step
data. – by – Step Process): C & E
Publishing Inc.

“Be a student as long as you still have something to learn, and this will mean
all your life.” – Henry L. Doherty

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
INTRODUCTION (2 mins)

Chapter III of the thesis is titled differently by educational institutions. Some of the headers
used are Results and Discussion, Presentation and Discussion, and Analysis and Findings. The
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data is usually featured in Chapter IV but in the APA
format, this section appears under Results and Discussion.

Activity 1: What I Know Chart Part 1 (3 minutes)

Hi! I know that you’re ready for today’s activity. Try to answer or give your opinion about the
questions/statement in the table by writing it in the What I Know column, and the third column is
left blank this time. You may use key words or phrases that you think are related to the questions.

What I Know Questions: What I learned (Activity 4)

In research paper, what
should be included in Chapter
III?

B. MAIN LESSON
Activity 2: Content Notes (13 minutes)
Read and comprehend the following concepts that follows. You may underline or highlight words
or phrases that you think is the main focus of the lesson.
The following are the major elements included in this potion of research paper.

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 BAM 069: Business Research
Students Activity Sheet #16

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:______________________________________ Date: ______________

1. Presentation of Data. This part showcases the data for easy understanding of the reader.
The data are usually presented in charts, tables, or figures with verbal interpretations.
2. Analysis. The intelligence and logical understanding of the researcher is required in this
part in which important data are given enough attention. The analysis will be the basis of
the final results of the study.
3. Interpretation. Comprehensible statements are made after translating the statistical data.
4. Discussion. After the analysis and interpretation of the data, the discussion or explanation
of the results is needed to establish a more logical and empirical basis of the conclusion.
In this part, the results of the investigation are compared and contrasted with those of the
reviewed literature and studies.

Presentation of Data
The data can be presented in various forms:
Table. It provides exact values and can illustrate effects efficiently as it enables the researcher to
present a large amount of data in a small amount of space. The data, usually shown as specific
numeral values, are arranged in an orderly display of rows and columns to aid comparison. The
readability of both the results and analyses of variance is therefore enhanced.
The following must be observed in the use of a table: (a) precise values are better than
rounded – off values for they may display patterns and exceptions; (b) comparing numbers down
a column is better than across a row; and (c) column and row average can provide a visual focus
that allows the reader to inspect the data easily. Table should be numbered with Arabic numerals.

Figure. A figure can be in the form of a chart, graph, drawing or picture which is used to best
illustrate interactions, non – linear relations, and general comparisons.
Characteristics of a Good Figure
a. It augments rather than duplicates the text.
b. It conveys only essential facts.
c. It omits visually distracting details.
d. It is easy to read – its elements (types, lines, labels, symbols, etc.) are large enough
to be read with the ease.
e. It is easy to understand – its purpose is readily apparent.
f. It is consistent with and is drawn in the same style/similar figure in the same article,
that is, lettering is of the same size and typeface, and lines are of the same weight.
g. It is carefully planned and prepared.

Types of Figures
a. Graph. It shows relations – comparisons and distributions – in a set of data like
absolute values, percentages, or index numbers. Lines of graph should be kept clean
and simple and must eliminate extraneous details. Information in a graph should be
presented on the horizontal and vertical axes in a clear and systematic manner such
as in a descending or in an ascending order. Some of these are: line, bar, circle or pie,
scatter, and pictorial graph.
b. Chart. It is used to describe the relations between and among parts of a group, or
object or the sequence of operations in a process; a chart is usually a box connected

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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
 BAM 069: Business Research
Students Activity Sheet #16

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:______________________________________ Date: ______________

with lines or arrows. Some of these are: organizational and flow charts, schematic,
and dot map.
c. Drawing. This presentation is selective and gives the author the flexibility to
emphasize any aspect an image or idea.
d. Photograph. This type of figure has an excellent eye appeal. However, it should be a
professional quality and should be prepared with a background that produces the
greatest amount of contrast.

Statistical presentation
a. Inferential statistics. When presenting the t – tests, f – tests, and chi – square, the
magnitude or value of the tests, the degrees of freedom, probability level, and the direction
of the effect should be included.
b. Parametric tests of location like single – group or multi – group tests of means. The
cell means, cell sample sizes, and measures of variability should be noted.
c. Randomized block layout. The presentation should include the multivariate analyses of
variance, vectors of cell means and cell sample sizes, and covariance matrix.
d. Correlational analyses like multiple regression, factor analysis, and structural
equations modeling. These statistics should be presented with the sample sizes, and
variance – covariance matrix accompanied by the other information specific to the
procedure like means, reliability, and other parameters. The non – parametric analyses
like the chi – square analysis of contingency tables, and order statistics should include the
number of cases per category, sum of the ranks, and sample sizes in each cell.
e. Statistical power associated with tests of hypotheses. It should be presented with the
particular alpha level, effect size, and sample size.
f. Statistical significance of two probabilities. The statistical presentation should include
the a priori probability called the alpha level, type I error in hypothesis testing 0.05 and
0.01, and the posteriori (a result that is extreme as or more extreme than the actual value
of the statistics obtained).
Examples.
1. With an alpha level of .05, the effect of age is statistically significant, 𝐹(1, 123) =
7.27, 𝑝 = 0.008
2. The effect of age is not statistically significant, 𝐹(1, 123) = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2.45, 𝑝 = 0.12

Tables and Texts Presentation

1. An informative table supplements – not duplicates – the text.
2. In writing the text, refer to every table and tell the reader what to look for.
3. Discuss only what the table highlights.
4. Each table should be an integral part of the text.
5. All abbreviations should be spelled out and explained.
6. Always identify units of measurements.
7. Refer to tables by their numbers.
Examples:
1. As shown in table 8, the responses were…
2. Children with pertaining (see Table 5)…

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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
 BAM 069: Business Research
Students Activity Sheet #16

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:______________________________________ Date: ______________

Do not write “the table above/below or the table on page 32” because the position and
page number of the table cannot be determined until a typesetter sets the page.

Analysis of Data
When simply presented, numbers will not be easily comprehensible and their significance
will not be determined without correct analysis. Analysis is a process of breaking the whole into
parts. The researcher must be critical in looking at details and remarkable data to prove os
disprove a certain theory or claim.
In analyzing data, the following must be considered:
1. The highest numerical value such as scores, weighted means, percentages,
variability, etc.
2. The lowest numerical value such as scores, weighted means, percentages,
variability, etc.
3. The most common numerical values like mode, or values that repeatedly appear.
4. The final numerical value like the average weighted mean, total score, chi – square
value, correlation index, etc.

Discussion of Data
The following must be considered in the discussion of data:
1. The flow of discussion of the results is based on how the problems are stated.
2. The sequence of discussion of points includes:
a. Introduction of the table
b. Analysis of data (point out the most important and remarkable result, infer,
and discuss the implication)
c. Interpretation of the average or the final statistical results
d. Discussion of findings (in relation to the findings of previous studies
mentioned in the review of related literature)
e. Implications, inferences, and other important information

Interpretation of Data
The following are the levels of interpretation to be considered in organizing the discussion
of the results (Ducut & Pangilinan, 2006):
Level 1. Data collected are compared and contrasted. Unexpected results, if any, may be
mentioned. The researcher is allowed to comment on certain shortcomings of the
study but should not concentrate too much on the flaws.
Level 2. The researcher should explain the internal validity of the results as well as their
consistency or reliability. The causes of or the factors that may have influenced
the results may also be described.
Level 3. The researcher should explain the external validity of the results, that is, their
generality or applicability to external conditions.
Level 4. The researcher should relate or connect the interpretation of data with theoretical
research or with the reviewed literature.

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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
 BAM 069: Business Research
Students Activity Sheet #16

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:______________________________________ Date: ______________

Activity 3: Skill Building Activities (18 minutes)

It’s time to do your best on accomplishing the activity below. EnjoyJ.

Answer the following questions.

1. List and describe two major elements of the fourth chapter of a research paper.
2. Give at least two statistical presentation and label each with its descriptions and/or
examples.
3. Discuss the things to be considered in the Discussion of Data.
4. Discuss the things to be considered in the Interpretation of Data.

Activity 4: What I Know Chart Part 2 (2mins)

I hope you enjoyed the previous activities and able to achieved the targets. This time you have to
fill out the What I Learned column in Activity 1 Part 1.

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Read the directions/instructions carefully before answering the activity that follows.

True or False. Write fact if the statement is true and bluff, if not. Write your answer on the space
provided.

____________________1. In writing the text, refer to every table and tell the reader what to
look for.
____________________2. In analyzing data the highest numerical value such as scores,
weighted means, percentages, variability, etc.
____________________3. When presenting the t – tests, f – tests, and chi – square, the
magnitude or value of the tests, the degrees of freedom, probability
level, and the direction of the effect should be included.
____________________4. One of the characteristics of a good figure is it duplicates rather than
augments the text.
____________________5. In presentation of data, it is a proper to write “the table above/below
or the table on page 32”.
____________________6. In statistical presentation, the cell means, cell sample sizes, and
measures of variability should be noted.
____________________7. A chart is usually a box connected with lines or arrows.
____________________8. Correlational analyses like multiple regression, factor analysis, and
structural equations modeling should not be presented with the
sample sizes, and variance – covariance matrix accompanied by the
other information specific to the procedure like means, reliability, and
other parameters.
____________________9. Comprehensible statements are made before translating the
statistical data.
____________________10. Drawing shows relations – comparisons and distributions – in a set
of data like absolute values, percentages, or index numbers.

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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION
 BAM 069: Business Research
Students Activity Sheet #16

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule:______________________________________ Date: ______________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
A. Work Tracker
You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session number you just
completed.

B. Think About Learning

Go back to the target/s. Track yourself if you’re able to reach today’s target by answering the
questions that follows. .
1. Three things that I have learned from today’s lesson are…
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Two things that I found interesting in today’s lesson are…

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. One question that I still want to know about the topic is…
______________________________________________________________________

Job well done! You’ve finished today’s activity.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
Activity 3
Answers may vary. Teacher/instructor will create or set a rubric for scoring purposes.

Activity 5
1.fact
2. fact
3. fact
4. bluff - duplication is not a characteristic of a good figure
5. bluff – researchers must refer to tables my number
6. fact
7. fact
8. bluff – correlational analyses should be presented with sample size and variance.
9. bluff – they are made after translating the statistical data.
10. bluff – the statement refers to graphs.

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