ENGLISH PAPERS

HUMAN RESPIRATORY ORGANS

Group name :

Anggi Irfa Dwiyanti

Dicka Nanda Putri

Fathia Ulfa

Level 2A D3 Nursing

MINISTRY OF HEALTH POLYTECHNIC JAMBI

DIII NURSING PROGRAM

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023

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 FOREWORD

All praise and gratitude we pray to the presence of God Almighty, who has given the
overflow of His grace to all of us so that today we can still read the paper this, and has
provided an opportunity for the compiler to complete a given task just in time.

During compiling this paper there must have been obstacles and errors due to at least the
compiler's knowledge of the material raised, due to the intervention of several parties finally
the compilation can complete this paper, hence with humility
compiling a speech many thanks to all the mentors who have mentored
during the preparation process, and finally this paper, entitled "ORGAN" was compiled
HUMAN BREATHING".

Compilation is just an ordinary human being who has all the flaws and perfection is only
belongs to Allah SWT. Therefore, constructive criticism and suggestions for the
improvement of this paper
I hope that this paper is useful for reading and useful for generations future, Thank you.

Jambi, March 2, 2022

Writer

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD...............................................................................................................................................2

TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER I.................................................................................................................................................4

PRELIMINARY..........................................................................................................................................4

A. BACKGROUND...............................................................................................................................4

B. PURPOSE..........................................................................................................................................4

BAB II..........................................................................................................................................................5

DISCUSSION..............................................................................................................................................5

A. UNDERSTANDING.........................................................................................................................5

B. KINDS OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS............................................................................................5

BAB III......................................................................................................................................................16

CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................................16

A. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................16

BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................................18

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. BACKGROUND

Humans are complex multicellular organisms in which to carry out

His life requires the work of various organs of the body. The body is made up of cells as the
building unit of the body. Cells that have the same shape and function will form a network.
Several tissues will coalesce to form organs, and organs
Organs that have the appropriate function will form an organ system.
An organ system is made up of several organs that work together to perform a function
certain. For example, our digestive system consists of various organs ranging from the mouth,
stomach to intestines. Damage to one organ in a system will interfere with work
of the entire organ system. If the stomach has a leak, of course Digestion of food will be
disturbed.

B. PURPOSE

1. Know what is meant by human respiratory organs?

2. Know the various human respiratory organs?

3. Know the function of human organs?

4. Know what is meant by human respiratory organs?

5. Know the various human respiratory organs?

6. Know the function of human organs?

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 BAB II

DISCUSSION

A. UNDERSTANDING
The human respiratory system functions to inhale oxygen and expel oxygen carbon

dioxide. The respiratory tract is the part of the human body that functions as a passage and a

place for air exchange during the respiratory process.

The order of the respiratory tract is as follows: nasal cavity – pharynx – larynx –

trachea – bronchi – bronchioles – alveoli – lungs. Summarized from the Biology book that

compiled by Drs. Munawir, here are the organs of the human respiratory system and
their functions.

B. KINDS OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS

1. Nasal Cavity
Air from outside will enter through the nasal cavity (cavum nasalis). nasal cavity
layered mucous membranes, in which there are sebaceous glands (sebaceous glands) and

sweat glands (sudoriferous glands). Mucous membrane functions to catch foreign objects

which enters through the respiratory tract. In addition, there are also short and thick hair

which serves to filter out dirt particles that enter with the air. Also

there are cones that have many blood capillaries that function to warm up incoming air.

Behind the nasal cavity is connected to the nasopharynx through two holes called choanas.

On the surface of the nasal cavity there are fine hairs and mucous membranes which serves

to filter the air that enters the nasal cavity.

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 2. Pharynx (Throat)

Air from the nasal cavity enters the pharynx. The pharynx is a branching of 2 channels,
namely the respiratory tract (nasopharynx) at the front and the digestive tract
(oropharynx) on the back. At the back of the pharynx (posterior) there are
larynx (throat) where the vocal cords (vocal cords) are located. The entry of air through
pharynx will cause the vocal cords to vibrate and be heard as sound.
Eating while talking can cause food to enter the respiratory tract because the respiratory
tract at that time was open. Even though,
our nerves will regulate so that the events of swallowing, breathing, and speaking do not
occur together, resulting in health problems. The main function of the pharynx is to:
provide ducts for air in and out and also as a food channel and swallowed, the pharynx
also provides a hum (resonance) space for sound conversation.

3. Larynx

The larynx is a tube surrounded by cartilage. The larynx is

between the oropharynx and trachea, in front of the laryngopharynx. One of the cartilages of
the larynx called the epiglottis. The epiglottis is located at the tip of the base of the larynx.
The larynx is covered by a mucous membrane consisting of thick stratified squamous
epithelium so strong to withstand sound vibrations in the larynx. Main function of
larynx is to produce sound and also as a place of air in and out. Pangkal The throat can
be closed by the valve at the base of the throat (epiglottis). At the time of swallowing food,
the valve closes the base of the throat and when breathing open. At the base of the throat

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there is a

membrane that vibrates when it is presen air from the lungs, for example when we speak.

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 4. Trachea

The throat is a tube ± 10 cm long, located partly in the throat neck and partly in the chest
cavity (thorax). Thin throat wall and
rigid, surrounded by a ring of cartilage, and on the inside of the cavity ciliated. These cilia
function to filter out foreign objects that enter respiratory tract. The windpipe (trachea) is
located in front of the esophagus. In the chest cavity, the windpipe divides into
two windpipe (bronchus). In the lungs, windpipe branch again into very small tubes called
bronchioles.
The ends of the bronchioles are small bubbles called lung vesicles (alveoli).

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 5. Bronchus

The windpipe (trachea) branches into two parts, namely the right bronchus and the left
bronchus. The structure of the mucous lining of the bronchi is the same as that of the
trachea, only that the cartilage of the bronchi is irregular in shape and in the larger part of
the bronchus the ring of cartilage completely encircles the lumen. Bronchi
branch again into bronchioles. The windpipe branches into two bronchi, namely the left and
right bronchi. The two bronchi lead to the lungs, the bronchi branch again into bronchioles.
The right bronchus (primary bronchus) branches into three lobar bronchi (secondary
bronchus), while the left bronchus branches into two bronchioles. The smallest branches
enter into the lung vesicles or alveoli. The walls of the alveolus contain blood capillaries,
through the blood capillaries in the alveolus, oxygen and air diffuse into the blood. The main
function of the bronchi is to provide passage for air to enter and leave the lungs.

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 6. Bronchioles

Bronchioles are branches of the bronchi which are branches of the windpipe which is located
after the windpipe (trachea) before the lungs. Bronchioles function to transport air from the
bronchi to the alveoli.
The bronchioles also function to control the amount of air that enters and leaves during the
breathing process.

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 7. Alveoulus

Alveoli are small sacs in the lungs located at the ends of the bronchioles.
In the respiratory system, the alveoli serve as a place for the exchange of oxygen
and
carbon dioxide. The function of the alveolus is as a place for the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the respiratory system.

8. Paru-Paru

The lungs are located in the upper chest cavity, bordered on the sides by
muscles and ribs and on the bottom by a strong muscular diaphragm. The
lungs have two parts, namely the right lung (pulmo dexter) which consists of 3
lobes and the left lung (pulmo sinister) which consists of 2 lobes. The lungs
are covered by two thin membranes, called the pleura. The inner membrane
that directly covers the lungs is called the inner pleura (visceral pleura) and
the membrane that covers the chest cavity adjacent to the ribs is called the
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outer pleura (parietal

pleura). The lungs are composed of bronchioles, alveoli, elastic tissue, and
blood vessels. The bronchioles do not have cartilage, but the bronchial cavity
is still ciliated and at the ends has ciliated cuboidal epithelium. Each terminal
bronchiole branches again into respiratory bronchioles, then becomes alveolar
ducts. On the walls of the alveolar ducts contain bubbles called alveoli.

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 BAB III

CONCLUSION

A. CONCLUSION
Respiration is a process of exchanging oxygen gas ( O2 ) from the air by living

organisms used for a series of metabolisms that will

produces carbon dioxide (CO2 ) which must be removed, because it does not
needed by the body. The respiratory organs of every creature are not the same, in

animals Invertebrates have different respiratory organs and respiratory mechanisms

with vertebrates.
The respiratory system consists of organs that function in metabolic activities

specifically the production or change of chemical energy bound in organic matter into

ready-to-use energy (ATP) in cells. In particular, the respiratory organs

is a medium of exchange of O2 and CO2 from inside and outside the body. Air from

The atmosphere enters the body by means of certain respiratory organs.

Next, the oxygen needed for respiration enters the cells

capillary blood cells to the body's tissue cells with the help of the transport system.
There are two types of breathing, namely chest breathing and abdominal breathing.
Respiratory

Chest pain occurs because the muscles between the ribs contract, causing the ribs to lift.

As a result, the volume of the chest cavity increases. Enlargement of the chest cavity

makes the pressure in the chest decreases and the lungs expand. At the time of the lungs

expands, the air pressure outside is greater than inside the lungs,

As a result, air enters. On the other hand, when the muscles between the ribs contract,
the bones

ribs down. As a result, the volume of the chest cavity shrinks so that the pressure on the

inside goes up. In this condition, the lungs contract so that air is expelled.In abdominal

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breathing occurs because of the movement of the diaphragm. If the diaphragm muscle

contract, the chest cavity expands and the lungs expand. As a result, air enters the lungs.

When the diaphragm relaxes, the diaphragm returns to the state again. At that time the

chest cavity narrows, pushing the lungs so it deflates. Then the air from the lungs will

come out.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://doc.lalacomputer.com/makalah-sistem-organ-pada-manusia/
https://rsud.bulelengkab.go.id/information/detail/article/ini-importance- function of bronchioles-p
ada-sistem-pernapasan-human
70#:~:text=Bronchioles%20is%20branch%20dari%20bronchus,channels %20yan g%20more%20small
%20more https://simdos.unud.ac.id/uploads/file_penelitian_1_dir/385d7b9c6a60947ff4f188468
9a41ae8.pdf

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