Resul

tsoft
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
TheFi
rstWor
ldWarwasabi
tt
erwarwhi
chwasf
oughtonl
and,
seaandai
r.

I
twast
hef
ir
stmaj
orwari
nthewor
ldt
ouseadv
ancedt
echnol
ogy
.

Asar
esul
t,mi
l
li
onsofpeopl
ewer
eki
l
ledandi
njur
ed.

I
tsef
fect
swer
esof
arr
eachi
ngt
hati
tchangedt
hecour
seofhi
stor
ynotonl
yin
Eur
opebutt
hewhol
egl
obepol
i
tical
l
y,economi
cal
l
yandsoci
all
y.

Pol
it
icalResul
ts

Peacet
reat
ies

Af
tert
he wart
he f
ourdef
eat
ed Cent
ralPower
s(Ger
many
,Aust
ri
a-Hungar
y,
Bul
gar
iaandTur
key
)wer
efor
cedt
osi
gnpeacet
reat
ieswi
tht
heAl
l
ies.

Tr
eat
yofVer
sai
l
leswi
thGer
manyon28June1919.

Tr
eat
yofStGer
mai
nwi
thAust
ri
ainSept
ember1919

Tr
eat
yofNeui
l
lywi
thBul
gar
iai
nNov
ember1919

Tr
eat
yofTr
ianonwi
thHungar
yinJune1920

Tr
eat
yofSev
reswi
thTur
keyAugust1920

Tr
eat
yofLausannewi
thTur
keyi
nJul
y1923.

Col
lapseofEmpi
resandI
mper
ial
dynast
ies

Fourempi
res,whi
char
etheTur
kish(
Ott
oman)Empi
re,t
heAust
ro-
Hungar
ian
Empi
re,
theRussi
anEmpi
reandt
heGer
manEmpi
re,
col
l
apsed.

I
nRussi
a,t
hel
astTsar
,Ni
chol
asI
I,
wasov
ert
hrowni
nthe1917r
evol
uti
on.

TheGer
manKai
ser
,Wi
l
li
am I
I,f
ledandwentt
oli
vei
nexi
l
einHol
l
and.Hi
s
gov
ernmentwasr
epl
acedbyt
heWei
marRepubl
i
cwhi
chwi
l
lbedi
scussedi
n
mor
edet
ail
lat
er.
 The empi
re of Aust
ri
a-Hungar
y di
sint
egr
ated as many r
aces gai
ned
i
ndependencef
rom Habsbur
grul
e.

TheTur
kishEmpi
real
sobr
okeupasv
ari
ousnat
ional
i
tiesbecamei
ndependent
.

Cr
eat
ionofnewst
ates

Thecol
l
apseoft
heempi
resi
nEur
opel
edt
othecr
eat
ionofnewst
ates.

Thef
ormat
ionoft
hesenew st
ateswasdr
ivenbyt
hedesi
ref
orsel
f-
rul
eby
v
ari
ousmi
nor
it
ies.

Thenew st
atesofPol
and,Czechosl
ovaki
a,Yugosl
avi
a,Lat
via,Li
thuani
aand
Est
oni
awer
ecr
eat
ed.

Bal
anceofPower

Upt
otheFi
rstWor
ldWar
,Eur
opehaddomi
nat
edwor
ldaf
fai
rsespeci
all
yBr
it
ain
andGer
many
.

Bot
hcount
ri
eswer
eweakenedbymanyy
ear
soff
ight
ing.

TheUSAmadegr
eatadv
ancesbecausenof
ight
inghadt
akenpl
acei
nit
ster
ri
tor
y
and,
hadexper
iencedl
i
ttl
epr
oper
tydamageandl
ossofl
i
fe.USAr
oset
obecome
t
hemostpower
ful
nat
ioni
nthewor
ld.

Meanwhi
l
e,t
henew st
atescr
eat
edi
nEur
opebecameweakandf
ragi
l
eand
v
ulner
abl
etost
rongernat
ions.

Ri
seofdi
ctat
orshi
ps

Theendoft
heFi
rstWor
ldWarsawt
her
iseandspr
eadoft
hedemocr
ati
csy
stem
ofgov
ernmenti
nEur
ope.

Count
ri
es such as Ger
many
,It
aly
,Yugosl
avi
a and Czechosl
ovaki
a adopt
ed
democr
ati
crul
e.

Facedwi
thpr
obl
ems,democr
acypr
ovedaweakf
orm ofgov
ernmentandmany
count
ri
est
urnedt
odi
ctat
orshi
ps.
 I
nIt
aly
,Beni
toMussol
i
niest
abl
i
shedaFasci
stdi
ctat
orshi
pwhi
l
eHi
tl
erandt
he
Nazi
scr
eat
edanot
herdi
ctat
orshi
pinGer
many
.

Communi
sm achi
evedpoweri
nRussi
aunderLeni
n.

LeagueofNat
ions

TheFi
rstWor
ldWarwasamaj
orcat
ast
rophet
hatf
orcedt
hewor
ldcount
ri
est
o
cr
eat
eawor
ldor
gani
sat
iont
oav
oidar
epeatofsuchascenar
io.

TheLeagueofNat
ionswasf
ormedt
omai
ntai
nwor
ldpeaceandsecur
it
y.

Thi
s was t
he f
ir
stat
temptatf
ormi
ng a wor
ld gov
ernmentt
oincr
ease
cooper
ati
onbet
weengl
obal
nat
ions.

Economi
cResul
ts

Mat
eri
aldamage

The Eur
opean count
ri
es i
nvol
ved i
nthe warsuf
fer
ed a l
otofdest
ruct
ion
especi
all
ythoseonwhosesoi
lthewarwasf
oughtsuchasFr
ance.

Fact
ori
es,r
ail
way
sandbr
idges,andci
ti
eswer
edest
roy
edand,coalmi
neswer
e
f
looded.

Decl
ineofEur
opeaneconomi
cpower

TheFi
rstWor
ldWarmar
kedt
heendofEur
opeasawor
ldeconomi
cpowerhouse.

Dur
ingt
hewar
,thei
ndust
ri
alnat
ionsofEur
opesuchasBr
it
ain,Fr
anceand
Ger
manyconcent
rat
edont
hepr
oduct
ionofwarmat
eri
als.

Meanwhi
l
e,ot
hercount
ri
esl
i
keJapanandUSA,notact
ivel
yinv
olv
edi
nthewar
,
suppl
i
ed Eur
ope wi
th much needed goods.Thi
s hel
ped t
hose count
ri
es t
o
penet
rat
efor
merEur
opeanmar
ket
sinAf
ri
caandAsi
a.

Wardebt
s
 ManyEur
opeancount
ri
esemer
gedf
rom t
hewarwi
thhugewardebt
s.

Eur
opeangov
ernment
shadbor
rowedheav
il
ytof
inancet
hewar
.

Mostoft
hel
oanshadcomef
rom t
heUSA.

Count
ri
est
urnedt
otaxi
ngt
hei
rpeopl
eheav
il
ytor
aiset
hemoneyt
opayt
he
debt
s.Forexampl
e,t
heBr
it
ishgotaquar
terofi
tsmoneyf
rom di
rectt
axat
ion.

I
nfl
ati
on

Theendoft
heFi
rstWor
ldWarr
esul
tedi
nther
iseofi
nfl
ati
on.

Moneywasneededt
opaybackt
hehugedebt
sandt
hegov
ernment
stur
nedt
o
pr
int
ingl
argesumsofmoney
.

Thi
sledt
ohi
ghi
nfl
ati
oni
ncount
ri
esl
i
keRussi
aandGer
many
.

Ger
manymadehi
stor
ybyhav
ingt
hehi
ghestl
evel
ofi
nfl
ati
onev
err
ecor
ded.

Unempl
oymentandSt
ri
kes

Af
tert
hewarmanycount
ri
est
hatwer
einv
olv
edi
nwarf
acedmanypr
obl
ems
concer
nedwi
tht
rade.

Theyr
anshor
tofr
awmat
eri
alsandmar
ket
sascompet
it
ionf
ort
radei
ncr
eased
wi
thcount
ri
esl
i
keJapan,
Indi
aandUSA.

Foodshor
tagesbecamecommon.

Unempl
oymentr
osei
nBr
it
ain,Fr
ance,I
tal
yandGer
many
.Thesi
tuat
ionwas
madewor
sebysol
dier
swhocamebackf
rom t
hewarbutcoul
dnotf
indj
obs.

Hi
ghl
evel
sofunempl
oymentl
edt
oindust
ri
alunr
est
.

Thosei
nempl
oymentr
ecei
vedl
owwagesr
esul
ti
ngi
nst
ri
kesandl
ockout
s.

Soci
alResul
ts
LossofHumanl
if
e

About10mi
l
li
onsol
dier
sdi
edf
rom shoot
ings,
bombi
ngs,
diseasesandhunger
.

Anot
her30mi
l
li
onwer
ewounded.

Yetmanyoft
hesur
viv
orswhor
etur
nedhomel
i
fewasnev
ert
obet
hesame
agai
nwhet
hert
hei
rwoundswer
ephy
sical
oremot
ional
.

Thewardi
spl
acedmanypeopl
ewhobecamehomel
essandr
efugees.

Thedeat
hofmanysol
dier
slef
tmanywi
dowsandor
phansi
nmostcount
ri
es.

Cl
assbar
ri
ers

Thewarhel
pedt
oremov
esomeoft
hecl
assbar
ri
erst
hathadexi
stedbef
oreasa
r
esul
tofcommonexper
iencesi
nthet
renchesorwarf
ront
.

Bul
l
etshadki
l
ledi
ndi
scr
imi
nat
elyi
rr
espect
iveofr
ace,
col
ourorcr
eed.

Theseexper
ienceschangedt
heat
ti
tudesofpeopl
efr
om di
ff
erentcl
asses.

Br
eakdownofFami
lyl
if
e

Theuni
tyoft
hef
ami
l
ywasbr
okenasmenspentf
oury
ear
sawayf
rom t
hei
r
f
ami
l
iesf
ight
ingt
hewar
.

Womenwer
eal
sosepar
atedf
rom t
hei
rchi
l
drenasmanyl
eftt
hei
rhomest
owor
k
i
nindust
ri
esandf
act
ori
esasl
abourwashi
ghl
ydemandedbyt
hewar
.

Af
tert
hewart
hosewhocamebacksomet
imesf
oundi
tdi
ff
icul
ttoi
ntegr
atei
nto
soci
ety
.Manyhadbecomeusedt
oav
iol
entl
i
feandf
ail
edt
oadj
ust
.

Heal
thandDi
seases

Thewarl
edt
ofoodshor
tagesandmal
nut
ri
ti
on.

Ther
ewaswi
despr
eadout
breakofdi
seasessuchasi
nfl
uenza,chol
eraand
t
uber
cul
osi
s.
 Howev
er,
att
hesamet
imet
her
ewasgr
eati
mpr
ovementi
nheal
thasnewdr
ugs
wer
edi
scov
ered.

Fr
eedom f
orwomen

Bef
oret
hewarwomenwer
edi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nsti
nal
lspher
esofl
i
fe.Thei
r
pl
acewasconsi
der
edt
obei
nthehomeandwhenempl
oyedt
heycoul
dnot
occupyl
eader
shi
pposi
ti
ons.Theywer
eal
sodeni
edt
her
ightt
ovot
e.

Thewarchangedt
hisasmanywomenwer
eempl
oyedt
odoj
obspr
evi
ousl
y
r
eser
vedf
ormeni
nindust
ri
esandf
act
ori
esasbusdr
iver
s,f
arml
abour
ers,shi
p
bui
l
der
sandammuni
ti
onpr
oducer
s.

Thi
sgr
eat
lychangedt
hebel
i
eft
hatwomenwer
eweakert
hanmen.Menbegant
o
gi
vemor
erespectt
owomenandont
hei
rpar
twomenbecamemor
econf
ident
anddemandedbet
tert
reat
ment
.

Womenwer
egi
vent
her
ightt
ovot
einsomecount
ri
esl
i
keRussi
ain1917and
Br
it
aini
n1918.

Howev
er,t
hiswasnott
hecasei
ncount
ri
esl
i
keFr
ance,I
tal
yandJapanwher
e
womenonl
ygott
hev
oteaf
tert
heSecondWor
ldWar
.

Communi
cat
ion

Communi
cat
ionandt
ranspor
twer
emadeeasi
erbynewdev
elopment
ssuchas
car
s,l
orr
ies,
busesandaer
opl
anes,
radi
oandTV.

I
n1922,
theBBC,
thef
ir
stpubl
i
cbr
oadcast
ingsy
stem wentonai
r.

Par
isPeaceConf
erence
ThePar
isPeaceConf
erencebeganon18Januar
y1919.

I
twashel
dtomakeaset
tl
ementwi
thGer
manyandi
tsal
l
iesaf
tert
hei
rdef
eati
n
t
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
.
 Theconf
erencewasat
tendedby32count
ri
esbuti
twasdomi
nat
edbyf
ivemaj
or
power
sofBr
it
ain,
France,
Ital
y,Japanandt
heUSA.

Howev
er,
Japanonl
ysentaf
ormerpr
imemi
nist
erandpl
ayedasmal
lpar
tatt
he
conf
erence.

Themaj
ordeci
sionswer
emadebyt
heBi
gFourl
eader
s.Thesewer
eFr
ench
Pr
imeMi
nist
erGeor
gesCl
emenceau,Br
it
ishPr
imeMi
nist
erDav
idLoy
dGeor
ge,
US Pr
esi
dentWoodr
ow Wi
l
son and I
tal
i
an Pr
imeMi
nist
erVi
tt
ori
o Emanuel
e
Or
lando.

ThePar
isPeaceConf
erencer
esul
tedi
nthesi
gni
ngofsi
xtr
eat
iesasment
ioned
ear
li
er.

TheBi
gThr
ee

Dur
ingt
hedi
scussi
onsoft
heTr
eat
yofVer
sai
l
les,
Orl
andot
empor
ari
l
ypul
l
edout
oft
heconf
erencebecauseI
tal
i
andemandswer
enotmet
.

Or
landohaddemandedt
hatt
heAl
l
iesf
ulf
ilt
hei
rpr
omi
sesofgr
ant
ingl
andt
o
I
tal
ymadeatt
heTr
eat
yofLondoni
n1915.

Or
landometst
rongopposi
ti
onf
rom Wi
l
sonandf
ail
edt
ogetsuppor
tfr
om Ll
oyd
Geor
geandCl
emenceau.

Hewasdi
sappoi
ntedandl
eftt
heconf
erenceandonl
yret
urnedamont
hlat
er.

Thi
slef
tGeor
gesCl
emenceau,Ll
oydGeor
geandWoodr
ow Wi
l
sonast
hemai
n
deci
sionmaker
s.Theycamet
obeknownast
heBi
gThr
ee.

Woodr
ow Wi
l
son,Ll
oydGeor
geandGeor
gesal
lwant
edt
opr
eventf
utur
ewar
s
butt
heyhel
ddi
ff
erentv
iewsabouthowt
hisshoul
dbedone.

Geor
gesCl
emenceau(
France)
 Geor
gesCl
emenceau,
Pri
meMi
nist
erofFr
ance

Geor
gesBenj
ami
nCl
emenceauser
vedasPr
imeMi
nist
erofFr
ancebet
ween
1917and1920.

Hewasni
cknamedTheTi
gerandFat
herVi
ctor
yforhi
sdet
ermi
nat
ionasa
war
ti
mel
eader
.

WhenCl
emenceaubecamePr
imeMi
nist
eri
n1917,
heal
sot
ookov
erasMi
nist
er
ofWar
.

Dur
ingt
hewar
,Cl
emenceaur
enewedt
hemor
aleoft
heFr
enchpeopl
e,per
suaded
t
heAl
l
iest
ofor
m auni
tedcommand,andpushedt
hewarst
rongl
yunt
ilt
hef
inal
v
ict
ory
.

Af
tert
he war
,Cl
emenceau l
ed t
he Fr
ench del
egat
ion att
he Par
is Peace
Conf
erence.

Hewasoneoft
hemaj
orv
oicesbehi
ndt
heTr
eat
yofVer
sai
l
lesatt
hePar
isPeace
Conf
erence.

Cl
emenceau wast
he mai
n ant
agoni
stofWoodr
ow Wi
l
son whose i
deashe
 v
iewedast
ooi
deal
i
sti
c.

Geor
gesCl
emenceauhadal
way
sbeendeepl
yaf
fect
edbyt
heFr
anco-
Prussi
an
Warof1870-
71i
nwhi
chFr
ancel
ostAl
saceandLor
rai
net
oGer
many
.

Heal
sowi
tnessedasecondGer
mani
nvasi
onofFr
enchsoi
lint
heFi
rstWor
ld
War
.

Thi
sti
meont
hesi
deoft
hev
ict
ors,Cl
emenceauwasdet
ermi
nedt
odowhathe
coul
dtokeepGer
manydownasawayofr
evengeandpr
otect
ingFr
ancef
rom
f
utur
eat
tack.

Hewant
edGer
manyt
opaywardamagessi
nceFr
ancehadsuf
fer
edt
hegr
eat
est
economi
clossesofal
lcount
ri
esi
nvol
vedi
ntheFi
rstWor
ldWar
.

Hei
nsi
stedonr
epar
ati
onsf
rom Ger
manyt
oal
l
owFr
ancet
obegi
nrebui
l
dingi
ts
economy
.

Geor
gesCl
emenceaual
sowant
edt
oweakenGer
manysot
hati
twoul
dnev
er
i
nvadeFr
anceagai
n.

Hei
nsi
stedondi
sar
mamentandwasnev
ersat
isf
iedwi
tht
heVer
sai
l
lesTr
eat
y.

Heal
sof
oughtf
oraf
if
teen-
yearbuf
ferzonebet
weenFr
anceandGer
many
t
hroughAl
l
iedoccupat
ionoft
heRhi
nel
and.

Quot
e:Cl
emenceau debat
ing wi
th Ll
oyd Geor
ge and
Wi
l
sonon27Mar
ch1919.

Amer
icai
sfaraway
,pr
otect
edbyt
heocean.Notev
enNapol
eonhi
msel
fcoul
dtouchEngl
and.Youar
e
bot
hshel
ter
ed,
wear
enot
.

Woodr
owWi
lson(
USA)
 Pr
esi
dentWoodr
owWi
l
son(
USA)

Woodr
ow Wi
l
sonwasr
e-el
ect
edasPr
esi
dentoft
heUni
tedSt
atesofAmer
ica
(
USA)i
n1916.

Hebasedhi
sel
ect
ioncampai
gnont
hesl
ogant
hatt
heUSAhadkeptoutoft
he
Fi
rstWor
ldWar
.

Howev
er,t
heUSAent
eredt
heFi
rstWor
ldWari
n1917ont
hesi
deoft
heAl
l
ies
whenGer
manycar
ri
edsubmar
inewar
far
etosi
nkUS shi
psandpr
oposeda
mi
l
itar
yal
l
iancewi
thMexi
cot
ofi
ghtt
heUSA.

I
n1918Wi
l
sont
ookper
sonalcont
rolofnegot
iat
ionswi
thGer
manyi
ncl
udi
ngt
he
ar
mist
ice.

I
nJanuar
y1918,Wi
l
soni
ssuedhi
sFour
teenPoi
ntswhi
chgav
ehi
svi
ewsoft
he
post
-warwor
ldt
hatwoul
dav
oidanot
hert
err
ibl
econf
li
ct.TheFour
teenPoi
nts
wer
easf
oll
ows:

1.anendt
osecr
etdi
plomacy

2.f
reedom oft
heseasatal
lti
mes
3.equal
i
tyoft
radecondi
ti
onsamongal
lnat
ions

4.r
educt
ionofar
mament
s

5.anendt
oexpl
oit
ati
onofcol
oni
es

6.r
etur
n ofRussi
an t
err
it
oryand equalt
reat
mentofRussi
an peopl
ebyot
her
nat
ions

7.r
est
orat
ionofBel
giani
ndependence

8.r
etur
nofAl
saceandLor
rai
net
oFr
ance

9.r
e-adj
ust
mentoft
heboundar
iesofI
tal
y

10.
independentdev
elopmentf
ort
hepeopl
eofAust
ri
a-Hungar
y

11.
rest
orat
ionofRomani
a,Ser
biaandMont
enegr
o

12.
grant
ingi
ndependencet
onat
ional
i
tiesundert
heOt
tomanempi
re

13.
creat
ionofani
ndependentst
ateofPol
and

14.
creat
ionofagener
alassoci
ati
onofnat
ionst
opr
otectt
hepol
i
ticali
ndependence
andt
err
it
ori
ali
ntegr
it
yofbot
hgr
eatandsmal
lst
ates

Wi
l
son’
smai
nai
m wasal
ong-
ter
m sol
uti
ont
oendwar
far
ebyf
ormi
ngt
he
LeagueofNat
ionswher
ecount
ri
escoul
ddi
scusst
hei
rpr
obl
emswi
thoutgoi
ngt
o
war
.

Wi
l
sonal
sowant
edt
omaket
hewor
ldsaf
ebypr
omot
ingsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ionofal
l
nat
ions.

Hepai
dspeci
alat
tent
iont
ocr
eat
ingnew nat
ionsf
rom ol
dempi
rest
hathad
col
l
apseddur
ingt
hewar
.

Wi
l
son al
so want
ed t
o end warbyopposi
ng har
sh t
erms and r
epar
ati
ons
i
mposedonGer
many
.
 Wi
l
sonwant
edt
heUSAt
ojoi
nthewor
ldi
nfi
ght
ingf
ordemocr
acy
.

Quot
e:Speech byWoodr
ow Wi
l
son bef
oret
he US Congr
ess on 8 Januar
y1918
i
ntr
oduci
nghi
sFour
teenPoi
nts

Weent
eredt
hiswarbecausev
iol
ati
onofr
ighthadoccur
redwhi
cht
ouchedt
othequi
ckandmadel
i
feof
ourownpeopl
eimpossi
bleunl
esst
heywer
ecor
rect
edandt
hewor
ldsecur
eoncef
oral
lagai
nstt
hei
r
r
ecur
rence.Whatwedemandi
nthi
swar
,ther
efor
e,i
snot
hingpecul
i
art
oour
sel
ves.I
tist
hatt
hewor
ldbe
madef
itandsaf
eforev
erypeace-
lov
ingnat
ionwhi
ch,l
i
keourown,wi
shest
oli
vei
tsownl
i
fe,det
ermi
ne
i
tsowni
nst
it
uti
ons,beassur
edofj
ust
iceandf
airdeal
i
ngbyt
heot
herpeopl
esoft
hewor
ldasagai
nst
f
orceandsel
fi
shaggr
essi
on.

Dav
idLl
oydGeor
ge(
Bri
tai
n)

Dav
idLl
oydGeor
ge,
Pri
meMi
nist
erofBr
it
ain
Dav
idLl
oydGeor
get
ookov
erasBr
it
ishPr
imeMi
nist
eri
nlat
e1916.

Hemanagedt
heBr
it
ishwaref
for
tfort
her
estoft
heconf
li
ct.

HewenttothePar
isPeaceConf
erencewithaclearsuppor
toftheBr
iti
shpeopl
e
af
terwi
nni
ngtheDecember1918general
elect
ionswithawidemargi
n.

However,dur
inghi
select
ioncampaign,Ll
oydGeorgehadpubl
i
clydecl
aredhi
s
suppor
tforharsht
ermsagainstGer
manyi ncl
udi
ngpayment
sforwardamages
 exper
iencedbyt heBri
ti
sh.Hewasawar ethattheBr
it
ishpubl
i
cwant
edt
he
Germanst opayheav
il
yfort
hei
rlossesdur
ingthewar
.

However
,LloydGeorgewasmuchmor
emoder
atewhenheat
tendedt
hePar
is
PeaceConf
erence.

Hewant
edj
ust
icebutdi
dnotwantr
evenge.

Hesai
dthatt
hepeacemustnotbehar
shbecauset
hatwoul
djustcauseanot
her
wari
nafewyear
s’ti
me.

ThusLl
oydGeorgewasopposedtot
hedemandsofCl
emenceauandOr
landof
or
massi
verepar
ati
onsonGermany.

Het
ri
edt
opr
ovi
deacompr
omi
sebet
weenWi
l
sonandCl
emenceau.

Quot
e:Ll
oydGeor
ge’
srepl
yaboutwhathehaddoneat
t
hePeaceConf
erence

Notbadl
yconsi
der
ingIwasseat
edbet
weenJesusChr
ist[
Wil
son]and Napol
eon[
Clemenceau]

Ll
oydGeor
gewasal
soar
eal
i
stwhowasdet
ermi
nedt
opr
otectandexpandt
he
i
nter
est
soft
heBr
it
ishEmpi
re.

Heal
sowant
edt
omai
ntai
nBr
it
ishcont
rol
oft
heseasandi
ncr
easeBr
it
isht
rade.

Heknew t
hatGer
manywasBr
it
ain’
sbestt
radi
ngpar
tnerbef
oret
hewarand
t
houghtt
hatBr
it
ish pr
osper
it
ycoul
dret
urni
fthe Ger
man economyi
s not
dest
roy
ed.

Ll
oydGeor
gewasmor
econcer
nedaboutCommuni
sm i
nRussi
aandf
ear
edt
hat
i
tcoul
dspr
eadi
ntoGer
manyi
fthecount
ry’
seconomywasdest
roy
ed.

Quot
e: Ll
oyd Geor
ge’
svi
ews about t
reat
ment of
Ger
manyandf
utur
epeace
Weproposetodemandthewhol
ecostoft
hewarf r
om Germany
.Wewantapeacewhichwil
lbej
ust,
but
notv
indi
cti
ve.Abov
eal
l,
wewanttoprot
ectthef
utureagai
nstar
epet
it
ionoft
hehor
ror
softhi
swar.

Tr
eat
yofVer
sai
ll
es(
28June1919)
TheTr
eat
yofVer
sai
l
leswassi
gnedexact
lyf
ivey
ear
saf
tert
heassassi
nat
ionof
Ar
chdukeFr
anci
sFer
dinand.

Thet
reat
ywassi
gnedaf
tersi
xmont
hsofdebat
eamongstt
heBi
gThr
ee.

Ser
ious di
sagr
eement
s ar
ose bet
ween Wi
l
son and Cl
emenceau ov
erhow
Ger
manyshoul
dbet
reat
ed.

A compr
omi
se was r
eached when Ll
oyd Geor
ge per
suaded Cl
emenceau t
o
acceptt
hei
deaoft
heLeagueofNat
ionsand,Wi
l
sont
oacceptt
hatGer
many
shoul
dpayr
epar
ati
ons.

Thesmal
lGer
man del
egat
ion i
n Par
iswasnotal
l
owed t
otakepar
tint
he
negot
iat
ions.

On7May1919,
theywer
eatl
astgi
vent
het
reat
ytosi
gn.Theyr
eject
edt
het
reat
y
andr
etur
nedhome.

Howev
er,
Ger
manyhadnochoi
cebutt
oacceptwhat
everhadbeenagr
eedbyt
he
Bi
gThr
ee.

Fi
nal
l
y,t
woGer
manswer
efoundwhower
epr
epar
edt
osi
gnt
heTr
eat
y.On28
June1919,
theAl
l
iedPower
smetatt
heHal
lofMi
rr
orsi
nthePal
aceofVer
sai
l
les,
nearPar
is,
andt
het
woGer
manswer
ecal
l
edi
ntot
her
oom andi
nst
ruct
edt
osi
gn.

TheTr
eat
yofVer
sai
l
lesi
mposedt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
err
it
ori
alandnon-
ter
ri
tor
ialt
erms
onGer
manyi
nthehopet
hatt
hiswoul
dpr
eventf
urt
herwari
nthef
utur
e.

Ter
ri
tor
ialt
erms

Al
saceandLor
rai
newer
eret
urnedt
oFr
ance
Saarcoalmi
neswer
egi
vent
oFr
ancebutt
heSaarwasbr
oughtundert
he
LeagueofNat
ionsf
or15y
ear
saf
terwhi
chapl
ebi
sci
tewoul
dbehel
dtodeci
de
i
tsf
utur
e.

Ademi
l
itar
izedzonewascr
eat
edi
ntheRhi
nel
and.

Ger
manyl
ostEupen,
Mal
medyandMor
esnett
oBel
gium

Nor
ther
nSchl
eswi
gwentt
oDenmar
k.

Danzi
gandPosenbecamepar
tofPol
and.

APol
i
shcor
ri
dorwascr
eat
edt
ogi
vePol
andaccesst
otheseabyt
aki
ngaway
Pomer
ani
afr
om Ger
many
.

UpperSi
l
esi
awhi
chwasr
ichi
nir
onandcoalwasal
sogi
vent
oPol
andandi
ts
f
utur
ewast
obedeci
dedi
napl
ebi
sci
te.

TheGer
manCi
tyofDanzi
gwaspl
acedundert
hecont
roloft
heLeagueof
Nat
ions.

Sudet
enl
andwasgi
vent
oCz
echosl
ovaki
a.

Memel
washandedov
ert
oLi
thuani
a.

TheBal
ti
cSt
atesofEst
oni
a,Lat
viaandLi
thuani
awhi
chGer
manyhadgai
nedby
t
heTr
eat
yofBr
estLi
tov
skwer
egr
ant
edi
ndependence.

Theuni
onbet
weenGer
manyandAust
ri
a(t
heAnschl
uss)wasf
orbi
dden.

TheKi
elCanal
wasopenedt
otheshi
ppi
ngofal
lnat
ions

Ger
manyl
ostal
lit
sov
erseascol
oni
esandt
heywer
emademandat
esoft
he
LeagueofNat
ionsundert
hecont
rol
oft
heAl
l
iedPower
s.

Togol
andandCamer
oon-Fr
anceandBr
it
ain.

Ger
manEastAf
ri
ca(
nowTanzani
a)-
Bri
tai
n
 RwandaandBur
undi
-Bel
gium

Ger
manSout
hWestAf
ri
ca(
nowNami
bia)
-Sout
hAf
ri
ca.

NewGui
nea-
Aust
ral
i
a

Samoani
slands-
NewZeal
and

Ger
mani
slandsi
nthePaci
fi
c-Aust
ral
i
a,JapanandNewZeal
and.

Non-
ter
ri
tor
ialt
erms

Di
sar
mamentCl
auses

Ar
ti
cle160oft
heVer
sai
l
lesTr
eat
yimposedheav
yrest
ri
cti
onsont
heGer
man
ar
medf
orces.

Thepr
ovi
sionswer
emeantt
oweakent
heGer
manar
mysot
hati
tcoul
dnotmake
of
fensi
veact
ioni
nthef
utur
e.

Thepr
ovi
sionsal
soai
medatencour
agi
ngdi
sar
mamentbyot
hercount
ri
esi
n
f
utur
e.

TheGer
manar
mywasr
educedt
o100,
000men,andmi
l
itar
yconscr
ipt
ionwas
abol
i
shed.

Al
lpr
ivat
esol
dier
sandnon-
commi
ssi
onedof
fi
cer
swer
etoser
vei
nthear
myf
or
12y
ear
stopr
eventt
hebui
l
d-upofanexper
iencedf
orce.

TheGener
alSt
affwasdi
sbanded.

Thepol
i
cef
orcewasr
educedt
oit
spr
e-warsi
zeandpar
ami
l
itar
yfor
ceswer
e
f
orbi
dden.

TheRhi
nel
andwasdemi
l
itar
ized.

Al
lfor
ti
fi
cat
ionsi
ntheRhi
nel
andand50ki
l
omet
reseastoft
her
iverwer
etobe
 dest
roy
edandnewconst
ruct
ionwasf
orbi
dden.

TheRhi
nel
andwast
obeoccupi
edbyt
heAl
l
iedPower
sfort
henext15y
ear
s.

Thenav
albaseont
hei
slandofHel
i
gol
andwasdest
roy
ed.

Ger
manywaspr
ohi
bit
edf
rom t
hear
mst
rade.

Ger
manywaspr
ohi
bit
edf
rom t
hemanuf
act
ureorst
ockpi
l
eofchemi
cal
weapons,
ar
mour
edcar
s,t
anks,
mil
i
tar
yai
rcr
aft
,andsubmar
ines.

TheGer
man Nav
ywasr
educed t
o si
xbat
tl
eshi
ps,si
xli
ghtcr
uiser
s,t
wel
ve
dest
roy
ersand12t
orpedoboat
s.

Themanpoweroft
henav
ywasnott
oexceed15,
000men.

War
-gui
lt
ycl
ause

UnderAr
ti
cle231,Ger
manyandi
tsal
l
ieswer
efor
cedt
oadmi
tresponsi
bil
i
tyf
or
causi
ngt
hewarandal
lthel
ossanddamage.

Ar
ti
cle231camet
obeknownast
heWar
-gui
l
tycl
ause.

TheGer
manswer
e,t
her
efor
e,accusedofbei
ngwarcr
imi
nal
sthathadv
iol
ated
Bel
gian neut
ral
i
ty,dest
roy
ed occupi
ed t
err
it
ori
es,bombed ci
vi
li
ansand sank
mer
chantshi
ps

Ar
ti
cle231
TheAlli
edandAssoci at
edgover
nmentsaffi
rm,andGermanyandit
salli
esacceptresponsibil
it
y
forcausingal
lthelossanddamagetowhi chtheAl
li
edandAssociat
edgovernmentsandt hei
r
nati
onalshavebeensubject
edasaconsequenceofawarimposeduponthem byt
heaggr ession
ofGermanyandi t
sAlli
es.

Repar
ati
ons

Becauseoft
hewar
-gui
l
tycl
ause,Ger
manywasf
orcedt
opayr
epar
ati
onsf
ort
he
 damagecausedmai
nlyt
oBel
gium andFr
ance.

ARepar
ati
onsCommi
ssi
onwasappoi
ntedt
odet
ermi
net
het
otalamountt
obe
pai
dbyt
heGer
mans.

I
nApr
il1921,t
heRepar
ati
onsCommi
ssi
oncameupwi
thani
mmensel
yhi
gh
f
igur
eof$31.
4bi
l
li
onor£6.
6bi
l
li
onr
oughl
yequi
val
entt
oUS$442bi
l
li
onorUK
£284bi
l
li
oni
n2019.

Pay
mentwast
obemadeonay
ear
lybasi
sandwast
obespr
eadov
er30y
ear
s.

Apay
mentf
ormul
abasedondamagesi
ncur
redoneachoft
hev
ict
ori
ouspower
s
waswor
kedoutasf
oll
ows.Fr
ancewast
orecei
ve52%,Br
it
ain22%,I
tal
y10%,
Bel
gium 8%,
andot
herAl
l
ies8%.

TheRepar
ati
onsCommi
ssi
onal
sor
ecommendedt
hatpar
toft
her
epar
ati
ons
shoul
dbepai
dint
hef
orm ofshi
pst
obebui
l
tmai
nlyf
orBr
it
aini
nthenextf
ive
y
ear
s.

Fr
ancewast
obepai
dint
hef
orm ofmi
ner
alsl
i
kecoalandBel
gium wast
obe
pai
dwi
thcat
tl
e.

TheAl
l
iedPower
sal
sosei
zedal
lGer
manf
orei
gnasset
s.

TheSi
gni
fi
canceoft
heTr
eat
yofVer
sai
ll
es

Ger
manyl
ost13.
5%ofi
tsl
andand7mi
l
li
onofi
tsci
ti
zens.I
tal
sol
ost74.
5%ofi
tsi
ron
or
e,68.
15ofi
tszi
nc,26%ofi
tscoaldeposi
ts,and14%ofi
tsar
abl
eland.Br
it
ainand
USAf
eltt
hatt
het
ermswer
etoohar
shbutFr
ancedi
dnotbackdownonanyoft
he
t
erms.I
nGer
many
,thet
reat
ywasnotwel
l
-recei
vedasshownbel
ow i
naGer
man
newspaper
.

Quot
e(Fr
om Deut
scheZei
tung,
28June1919
Vengeance!Germannation!Todayint heHallofMir
rorsatVersail
l
esadisgr
acef
ult
reat
yisbeingsi
gned.
Neverfor
getit!Onthatspot…todayGer manhonourisdraggedt othegr
ave.Nev
erfor
getit
!TheGerman
peopl
e,withunceasi
ngl abour
,willpushforwardtoreconquerthatpl
aceamongthenati
onsoftheworl
d
towhichtheyareenti
tl
ed.Therewi l
lbevengeancefortheshameof1919.
Thet
ermsoft
heTr
eat
yofVer
sai
l
lesl
eftGer
manyi
npol
i
tical
,economi
candsoci
al
pr
obl
ems.Thi
spr
epar
edt
hewayf
ort
her
iset
opoweroft
heNaziPar
tyl
edbyAdol
f
Hi
tl
er.TheNaziPar
tygotpopul
arwhen i
tpr
omi
sed t
orev
erset
het
ermsoft
he
Ver
sai
l
lesTr
eat
yespeci
all
yitmi
l
itar
yandt
err
it
ori
alcondi
ti
ons.

Tr
eat
yofSai
nt-
Ger
mai
n(10Sept
ember1919)

TheTr
eat
yofSai
nt-
Ger
mai
nwassi
gnedbet
weent
heAl
l
iedPower
sandAust
ri
a.

TheAust
ro-
Hungar
ianEmpi
rehadal
l
iedwi
thGer
manydur
ingt
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
.

Howev
er,
bySept
ember1919,
theempi
rehadcol
l
apsedanddi
vi
dedi
ntosepar
ate
count
ri
esofAust
ri
aandHungar
y.

TheAl
l
iedPower
ssi
gnedsepar
atet
reat
ieswi
tht
het
wocount
ri
es.

Whent
heAust
ri
anChancel
l
or,Kar
lRennerandhi
sdel
egat
ionar
ri
vedatSai
nt-
Ger
mai
ninMay1919,t
heywer
eexcl
udedf
rom t
henegot
iat
ionsl
edbyFr
ench
Pr
imeMi
nist
erGeor
gesCl
emenceau.

Rennerwasf
orcedt
osi
gnt
het
reat
yon10Sept
ember
.

Ter
ri
tor
iall
osses

TheTr
eat
yofSai
nt-
Ger
mai
nfor
mal
l
ydi
ssol
vedt
heAust
ro-
Hungar
ianEmpi
re
al
thought
hishadact
ual
l
yhappenedbef
oret
het
reat
ywassi
gned.

I
trecogni
sed t
he i
ndependence of Hungar
y, Pol
and, Yugosl
avi
a and
Czechosl
ovaki
a.

Aust
ri
alostt
heSudet
enl
andt
othenew st
ateofCzechosl
ovaki
awi
thi
tst
hree
mi
l
li
onGer
man-
speaki
ngpopul
ati
ons.

Aust
ri
aal
sol
ostBohemi
aandMor
avi
atoCzechosl
ovaki
a.

Aust
ri
aal
sol
ostSl
oveni
a,Bosni
a,Her
zegov
inaandDal
mat
iat
othenewst
ateof
 Yugosl
avi
a.

Landwast
akenf
rom Aust
ri
aandgi
vent
oIt
alywhi
chhadj
oinedt
heAl
l
ied
Power
sin 1915.These wer
e Tr
ent
ino,Sout
h Ty
rol
,Tr
iest
e,I
str
ia and t
he
Dal
mat
iani
slands.

Bukov
inawasgi
vent
oRomani
a,andGal
ati
awentt
oPol
and.

The onl
yland Aust
ri
arecei
ved was Bur
genl
and whi
ch was r
emov
ed f
rom
Hungar
yandbr
oughtunderi
tscont
rol
.

Uni
onbet
weenAust
ri
aandGer
many(
theAnschl
uss)wasf
orbi
dden.

TheAl
l
ied Power
sref
usedt
o al
l
ow Aust
ri
ato usei
tsf
ir
stchoi
cenameof
Ger
manAust
ri
a.Theyi
nsi
stedt
hatt
henew r
epubl
i
cshoul
dsi
mpl
ybecal
l
ed
Aust
ri
ator
emov
eanyl
i
nkswi
thGer
many
.

Di
sar
mamentcl
ause

Conscr
ipt
ionwasabol
i
shed.

TheAust
ri
anar
mywasr
educedt
oasmal
lfor
ceofonl
y30,
000v
olunt
eer
s.

TheAust
ri
annav
ywasr
educedt
othr
eesmal
lboat
sst
ati
onedont
heDanube.

TheAust
ri
anai
rf
orcewasal
sor
educed.

War
-gui
lt
ycl
ause

Undert
he War
-gui
l
ty cl
ause,Aust
ri
a and i
ts al
l
ies wer
efor
ced t
o admi
t
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
orcausi
ngt
hewarandal
lthel
ossanddamage.

Justl
i
keGer
many
,Aust
ri
answer
e,t
her
efor
e,accusedofbei
ngwarcr
imi
nal
sthat
haddest
roy
edmuchpr
oper
tyandcausedt
hedeat
handi
njur
yofmanypeopl
e.

War
-gui
lt
yCl
ause
TheAlli
edandAssociat
edGov er
nment
saffi
rm andAust
ri
aaccept
st her
esponsi
bil
i
tyofAustr
iaandher
All
i
esf orcausi
ngthel ossanddamaget owhichtheAll
iedandAssociat
edGov er
nmentsandt hei
r
nati
onalshavebeensubject
edasaconsequenceofthewarimposeduponthem bytheaggressi
onof
Aust
ri
a-Hungar
yandherAl
l
ies.
Repar
ati
ons

TheWar
-gui
l
tycl
ausemeantt
hatAust
ri
a,l
i
keGer
many
,wasf
orcedt
opaywar
damagesorr
epar
ati
ons.
Thet
otal
amountofr
epar
ati
onswasnotsetatSai
nt-
Ger
mai
n.
Aust
ri
ahadt
obegi
npay
ment
sinMay1921andt
hepay
ment
swer
etogoonf
or
30y
ear
s.
I
nfact
,nomonet
arypay
ment
swer
eev
ermadedespi
tet
het
reat
y.
Howev
er,speci
fi
cpay
ment
sinani
mal
swer
ecl
ear
lysetoutandAust
ri
awas
expect
edt
ost
arti
mmedi
atepay
mentwi
thr
egar
dst
ofar
m ani
mal
s.
Aust
ri
awasf
orcedt
opayl
argequant
it
iesofl
i
vest
ocki
nfor
m ofcat
tl
eandsheep
aswel
lashor
sest
oIt
aly
,Yugosl
avi
aandRomani
a.

Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heTr
eat
yofSai
nt-
Ger
mai
n

Justl
i
kei
nGer
many
,ther
ewasgr
eatangeri
nAust
ri
aov
ert
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Tr
eat
yofSai
nt-
Ger
mai
n.
Att
hest
artoft
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
,Aust
ri
a-Hungar
ywasav
astempi
reof116,
000
squar
emi
l
eswi
that
otal
popul
ati
onofabout30mi
l
li
onpeopl
e.
Af
tert
he Tr
eat
y ofSai
nt-
Ger
mai
n was si
gned,Aust
ri
a was r
educed t
oa
l
andl
ockedcount
ryofj
ust32,
400squar
emi
l
esandasmal
lpopul
ati
onof6
mi
l
li
onpeopl
e.
Thev
astl
ossofpopul
ati
on,t
err
it
oryandr
esour
cescausedser
iouseconomi
c
pr
obl
emsi
nAust
ri
a.
Pol
i
ticali
nst
abi
l
ityal
soar
osei
nAust
ri
abecauset
hest
atehadonl
ybeenkept
t
oget
herbyl
oyal
tyt
otheHabsbur
gMonar
chy
.

Tr
eat
yofNeui
ll
y(27Nov
ember1919)

TheTr
eat
yofNeui
l
lywassi
gnedbet
weent
heAl
l
iedPower
sandBul
gar
ia.
Bul
gar
iahadbeenoneoft
heal
l
iesofGer
manyandAust
ri
a-Hungar
ydur
ingt
he
Fi
rstWor
ldWar
.
 TheAl
l
iedPower
swer
enotki
ndwi
thBul
gar
iaast
heyt
ookawayi
tsl
and,
reduced
i
tar
myandf
orcedi
ttopayr
epar
ati
ons.
Bul
gar
ial
ostWest
ernThr
acet
oGr
eecedeny
ingi
taccesst
otheAegeanSea.
Bul
gar
iahadt
orecogni
set
henewst
ateofYugosl
avi
a.
Bul
gar
ial
ostl
and on i
ts west
ern bor
dercal
l
ed t
he West
ern Out
lands t
o
Yugosl
avi
a.
Dobr
ujawasr
etur
nedt
oRomani
a.
Macedoni
awasl
ostt
oSer
biaandGr
eece.
TheBul
gar
ianar
mywasr
educedt
oonl
y20,
000men.
Bul
gar
iawasf
orcedt
opayr
epar
ati
onsof£100mi
l
li
on.

Si
gni
fi
cance

TheTr
eat
yofNeui
l
lywasunpopul
arwi
tht
hepeopl
eofBul
gar
ia.
Howev
er,
theywer
enoti
naposi
ti
ont
odoany
thi
ngaboutt
het
ermsi
n1919.
When t
heSecond Wor
ld Warbr
okeout
,Bul
gar
iaj
oined NaziGer
manyand
r
egai
nedal
lthel
andt
akenf
rom i
tbyt
heTr
eat
yofNeui
l
ly.

Tr
eat
yofTr
ianon(
4June1920)

TheTr
eat
yofTr
ianonwassi
gnedbet
weenHungar
yandt
heAl
l
iedPower
satt
he
Tr
ianonPl
acei
nVer
sai
l
les,
France.
TheTr
eat
ywasdi
ctat
edbyt
heAl
l
iedPower
sandt
hepeopl
eofHungar
yhadno
choi
cebutt
oaccepti
t.
TheHungar
iandel
egat
ionsi
gnedt
het
reat
yunderpr
essur
eon4June1920.
Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
het
reat
yregul
atedt
hest
atusofani
ndependentHungar
yand
def
inedi
tsbor
der
s.
I
tlef
tHungar
yasal
andl
ockedcount
rywi
thl
ossesof72%ofi
tsor
igi
nalt
err
it
ory
and64%oft
heor
igi
nal
popul
ati
on.
About31%ofHungar
ianswer
elostt
ofor
eigncount
ri
es.
Fi
veofHungar
y’st
enl
argestci
ti
eswer
egi
vent
oot
hercount
ri
es.
Ter
ms

Hungar
ywasf
orcedt
osepar
atewi
thAust
ri
a.
Romani
arecei
vedmostoft
heBanatandal
lofTr
ansy
lvani
aaswel
laspar
tof
west
ernHungar
y.
Yugosl
avi
agotCr
oat
ia,
Slov
aki
a,andpar
tofBanat
.
Czechosl
ovaki
arecei
vedSl
ovaki
a,Rut
heni
a,t
her
egi
onofPr
essbur
g,andot
her
mi
norsi
tes.
Thear
eaofwest
ernHungar
ycal
l
edBur
genl
andwasgi
vent
oAust
ri
a.
I
tal
yrecei
vedFi
ume.
Hungar
y’sar
mywasr
educedt
o35,
000men.
Thear
mywasl
i
ght
lyar
medandusedt
omai
ntai
nint
ernalor
derandt
osecur
ethe
bor
der
s.
TheHungar
iannav
ywasdi
sbanded.
Hungar
ywasf
orcedt
opayr
epar
ati
onsbutt
heamountwast
obedeci
dedaf
ter
t
het
reat
y.
TheCov
enantoft
heLeagueofNat
ionswasi
ncl
udedi
nthet
reat
yjustl
i
kei
nal
l
t
het
reat
ies.

Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heTr
eat
y

TheTr
eat
yofTr
ianoncr
eat
edgr
eatbi
tt
ernessi
nHungar
y.
ManyHungar
iansr
egar
dedt
het
reat
yasani
nsul
ttonat
ionalhonourast
he
nat
ionl
ostt
hree-
quar
ter
sofi
tsf
ormert
err
it
ory
.
Theyal
sol
ost3.
3mi
l
li
onoft
hei
rpopul
ati
oni
nvi
olat
ionofWi
l
son’
spr
inci
pleof
sel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ion.
Thepeopl
edemandedar
etur
nofev
ery
thi
ngandt
hehumi
l
iat
ionbecamea
domi
nantsubj
ecti
nthei
nter
-warper
iod.
TheTr
eat
yofTr
ianonbr
oughtmanyeconomi
cpr
obl
emst
oHungar
y.
New bor
der
sdi
vi
dedt
ranspor
tli
nksandr
educedt
hedemandsofgoodsduet
o
economi
cbar
ri
ers.
I
ndust
ri
escl
oseddown,
unempl
oymentr
oseandi
ndust
ri
alpr
oduct
ionf
ell
by65%.
 Pr
oduct
ioni
nagr
icul
tur
eal
sof
ell
bymor
ethan70%.

Tr
eat
yofSev
res(
10August1920)

TheTr
eat
yofSev
reswassi
gnedatSev
resi
nFr
ancebet
weent
heAl
l
iedPower
sandt
he
Ot
tomanEmpi
re(
Tur
key
).TheTr
eat
yef
fect
ivel
ydest
roy
edt
heOt
tomanEmpi
re.Tur
key
l
ostal
otoft
err
it
oryi
nAsi
aandEur
ope.

Ter
ms

Mesopot
ami
a(I
raq) and Pal
est
ine i
ncl
udi
ng Tr
ans-
Jor
dan became Br
it
ish
mandat
es.
Sy
riaandLebanonbecameaFr
enchmandat
e.
Gr
eecer
ecei
vedSmy
rna.
I
tal
i
ancont
rol
oft
heDodecaneseI
slandswasconf
ir
med.
TheSt
rai
tsoft
heBosphor
ousandDar
danel
l
eswer
eopenedt
oshi
ppi
ngofal
l
nat
ionsi
nti
mesofwarandpeace.
TheKi
ngdom oft
heHej
azwasgr
ant
edi
nter
nat
ional
recogni
ti
on.
Tur
keyr
etai
nedAnat
oli
abutwast
ogr
antaut
onomyt
oKur
dist
an.
Ar
meni
abecameasepar
ater
epubl
i
cunderi
nter
nat
ional
guar
ant
ees.
Tur
keycededpar
tsofEast
ernThr
aceandcer
tai
nAegeani
slandst
oGr
eece.
Tur
keyr
emai
nedi
ncont
rol
ofConst
ant
inopl
e(moder
nIst
anbul
).
TheOt
tomanar
mywasl
i
mit
edt
o50,
700men.
TheOt
tomanNav
ycoul
donl
ypr
eser
vesi
xtor
pedoboat
s.
TheOt
tomanst
atewasnotal
l
owedt
ohav
eanai
rf
orce.
AnI
nter
-Al
l
iedCommi
ssi
onwassetupt
ocont
rolandsuper
viset
hemi
l
itar
y
cl
auses.
TheAl
l
iest
ookcont
rolofTur
key
’sf
inancesbysuper
visi
ngt
henat
ion’
sbudget
andcont
rol
l
ingt
heOt
tomanBank.
Thet
reat
ygr
ant
edf
reedom ofmov
ementt
opeopl
e,goodsandv
essel
spassi
ng
t
hroughTur
key
.
Goodsi
ntr
ansi
twer
etobef
reeofal
lcust
omsdut
ies.
 Newf
inanci
all
awshadt
obeappr
ovedbyt
heAl
l
iedPower
s.

Si
gni
fi
canceoft
het
reat
y

TheTr
eat
yofSev
resst
ir
redhost
il
it
yandnat
ional
i
stf
eel
i
ngsamongstt
heTur
ks.
Thenat
ional
i
stsl
edbyMust
afaKemalAt
atur
krej
ect
edt
het
reat
yandf
ought
agai
nstt
hegov
ernmentt
hathadaccept
edt
het
reat
y.
Kemal
’
svi
ctor
yint
hewarf
orcedt
heAl
l
iedPower
stonegot
iat
eanewt
reat
yin
1923.

Tr
eat
yofLausanne(
24Jul
y1923)

TheTr
eat
yofLausannewassi
gnedon24Jul
y1923.TheTr
eat
yofSev
reshad
ef
fect
ivel
ydest
roy
edTur
key
.
Af
tert
henat
ional
i
stv
ict
oryov
ert
heGr
eeksandt
heov
ert
hrow oft
heSul
tan’
s
gov
ernment
,Must
afaKemal
wasi
naposi
ti
ont
orequestanewt
reat
y.
Asar
esul
t,ameet
ingwashel
dinLausanne,Swi
tzer
land,t
orev
iset
heTr
eat
yof
Sev
res.
Af
tersi
xmont
hsofdi
scussi
onst
heTr
eat
yofLausannewassi
gnedi
n1923.

Ter
ms

Tur
keyr
ecov
eredEast
ernThr
ace,
sev
eral
AegeanI
slandsandSmy
rna.
Tur
keyr
egai
nedcont
roloft
heDar
danel
l
esandt
heBosphor
ousbutt
heywer
eto
r
emai
ndemi
l
itar
izedandsubj
ectt
oani
nter
nat
ional
conv
ent
ion.
Nol
i
mit
ati
onwaspl
acedonTur
key
’smi
l
itar
yfor
ces.
Ther
ewer
etobenowarr
epar
ati
ons.
Tur
keywasf
orcedt
orecogni
sel
ossofi
tsAr
abpr
ovi
nces.
Pl
ans f
or an i
ndependent Ar
meni
a and an aut
onomous Kur
dist
an wer
e
abandoned.
Br
it
ainr
etai
nedcont
rolov
erMosuli
nIr
aqandFr
ancer
emai
nedi
ncont
rolof
Al
exandr
ett
ainSy
ria.
Thet
reat
yrecogni
sedTur
kishsov
erei
gnt
yov
ert
hest
rai
ts.
Tur
keyal
sor
ecogni
sedBr
it
ishpossessi
onofCy
prusandI
tal
i
ancont
roloft
he
Dodecanese.
Thet
reat
yremov
edAl
l
iedcont
rol
overt
heTur
kishf
inances.
MUZUZAB0738402090