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Miniature Garden: An Analysis of Terrarium

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 Miniature Garden: An Analysis of Terrarium

Minyatür Bahçe : Bir Terrarium Analizi

Hande Sanem ÇINAR1

Muhammed AKTA2
1
Asistant Professor,Faculty Member, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Turkey

saneme@istanbul.edu.tr
2
Landscape Architect, İstanbul

aktamohammad@gmail.com

Öz

Bahçeler, birey için ruhsal doyum alanları ve manevi sığınaklardır. İnsanın yeşil ile bağlarını azaltan tüketim çağı,
doğaya yeşile hasret kalan insanların, yaşamda hep bir arayış içerisine girişinin göstergesidir. Bu nedenle doğa
özlemini bir nebze azaltmak için yapılan minyatür bahçecilik ve onun önemli dallarından biri olan Terrarium, hızlı
bir şekilde yayılmaya başlamıştır.Bu çalışma hızla yayılırken aynı zamanda sektör için de kar amacı güden bir
yapısıda gözardı edilemeyen bir gerçek olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Oysa Terrarium, süs eşyasından öte bir ekosistem
olarak algılanmalı ve doğru teknikle hareket ederek çalışmalar yapılmalıdır. Bu verilerden hareketle ilk aşamada
bir terrariumun nasıl yapıldığı aşama aşama anlatılarak bir örnek uygulama yapılmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise
sektörde yerini alan bu minyatür bahçeciliğin, kullanım amacı, yapımı tekniği hakkında bilginin ne kadar olduğu,
kullanılan bitki ve malzemelerin neler olduğu, ortalama yapım ve satış maliyeti ve günümüzde bahçe sanatına dair
algılanışını değerlendirmek amacı ile ilgili meslek gruplarına anket çalışması yapılarak bilgiler değerlendirilmeye
çalışılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda son yıllarda özellikle şehirlerde yaşayan ve doğa ile bağları kopmuş
olan insanların yaşadıkları evlerde veya çalıştıkları iş yerlerinde terrariumu tercih ettikleri, fakat terrariumların
yapım ve bakım konusunda eksiklerin olduğu görüşüne varılmıştır.

Anahtar kelimler : Minyatür Bahçeler ,Tasarım, Bitki,Terrarium

1. INTRODUCTION
The common trait of all gardens is that they are places for human beings that symbolizes escapology,
search and sentimental satisfaction. They are places that form a source of inspiration both for thought and
imagination; their design are products of pure imagination. Each society has formed its own cultural codes
in designing gardens. Thanks to these codes, gardens became symbols for their respective identities.
Terrariums are a kind of space of experience thanks to the life it presents within, rather than being a
finished product. Using gardens as an image of heaven is one of the oldest metaphors used in the history
of garden design (Karaçizmeli, 2011)

Miniature gardens can be defined as small scaled gardens that possess all characteristics of a real garden
or that are formed in a realistic manner with miniature plants, garden furniture and accessories. The scale
of the garden depends totally to the desire of the person that creates the garden. (URL 1, 2018).
Terrariums (Figure 1), Bonsais (Figure 2) and Windowsill gardens (Figure 3) are all classified as
miniature gardening due to their dimensions (Calvo, 2013),(Sarkowicz, 2003 (Lesnıewıcz, & Zhımın
1998),, et all.,, (Qıngquan, 2012). The word Terrarium has been formed through “terra” which means soil
and the word “aquarium”. Terrarium means soil aquarium or a miniature plant ecosystem (Gülgün Aslan,

260
2018). Terrarium is a system which has its own cycle just like the nature that we live in; it is a small
imitation of the natural environment.

Figure 2.Terrarium (URL2,2018) Figure 2. Bonsai (URL 3,2018) Figure 3.Windowsill(URL 4,2018)

Terrariums are divided into two general categories that are called open and closed terrariums(Bryant and
Aiello, 2011).Open Terrarium: It is resistant to direct sunlight. However, dense and direct sunlight may
cause its leaves to burn. Closed Terrarium: Terrariums that are equipped with a cover are generally
referred to as closed terrariums.

Figure 4. Open terrarium (URL 7,2019) Figure 5. Closed terrarium (URL 8,2019)

RELATED WORKS
Terrarium has been fortuitously discovered by Dr. N. Ward during 1840s in London. These terrariums
form a small ecosystem and enable people who have lost their ties with the nature, to breathe in their
apartments. It is important to perceive terrariums as an ecosystem rather than an ornament or a knicknack.
Thanks to the studies that have been conducted by Dr. Ward, there is an unbelievable increase in the
number of plants that can be grown in indoor spaces. Besides, it became a way to grow plants under
negative conditions. Dr.Ward’s invention broke new grounds in the field of botanic. With the help of the
new terrarium, it became possible to create the plant life found in nature in our homes (URL 5,2018). Dr.
Ward started to form micro-ecosystems, micro-climates and miniature worlds inside jars, which all began
accidentally. As a result of all these studies, the term Terrarium has been added to the wordbook of
botanic enthusiasts, as a form of growing plants (Calvo, 2013), (URL 6, 2018).

2. METHOD
By understanding the studies better and through various techniques, a terrarium has been created step by
step. And when it comes to the second stage, the purpose of use, creation techniques, information about it,
the types of materials and plants that are utilized, the average cost and sales price of this miniature
gardening that took its place within the sector has been evaluated. Besides, a questionnaire has been
performed with the related professional groups in order to evaluate it perception within the field of
gardening art (Figure 4 , Figure 5).

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3. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

3.1.TERRARIUM STUDY
Before starting to form a Terrarium, it is recommended to make a design with the help of a pen and paper
( Figüre 6) , (Figüre 7). or plan

Figüre 6. The sketch Figüre 7. The plan of terrarium

Container: Old bottles, glass jars and many other household goods can be used as Terrarium containers.
The dimension of the container is discretional; ultimate attention shall be shown in order not to limit the
living space of the plants. Large terrariums are options where the material choice is more common and
both the temperature inside and the air flow are more reasonable. However, forgetting watering and
leaving it under under sun during noontime may create problems in large terrariums. In small sized
terrariums, the root area of the plants cover a small portion. Due to this reason, water shortage or lack of
water will create a bigger problem. If the terrariums of this type are accidentally exposed to direct
sunlight, the inside of the terrarium will warm up faster (Bryant & Bryant, 2011). An inverted conic
shaped glass container with a diameter of 18cm and a height of 30cm has been utilized during the applied
terrarium (Figure 8).

Soil: In this applied example, small pebbles, turf, sand, coal, pumice stone and dry sphagnum moss have
been preferred. And for the upper surface rock fragments and small pieces of wood have been utilized.
The pebble stones used in the terrarium application mentioned herein, are a kind of material that helps to
convert the water accumulated at the base section into the moisture. On the other hand, it is also a material
that forms a solid foundation for the soil and prevents root decay. Spanghum moss, which is another
material utilized herein, will be placed on the pebble stones and will act just as a filter in this context.
Sphagnum mentioned here is often seen in miniature orchid pots. This material is an extraordinary type of
species which is of great importance in forming an ecosystem. Sphagnum mosses are able to store water
about twenty times their own weight. This species in question is of great benefit in high humidity
environments such as terrariums or paludariums. After Sphangum is laid into the container, it’s turn to add
some charcoal. Charcoal is also used in air purification and aquarium filters. The reason for utilizing
charcoal within this system is to enable the absorption of harmful substances inside the terrarium and to
keep the terrarium alive for many years. After that, turf is added. The turf that is going to be used shall be
clean, fine screened and of highest quality. A little amount of pumice stone can also be added to the
pumice stone. The pumice stone enables the roots to make use of the air gaps (URL 1, 2019).

• Pumice: One of the most important points in creating a Terrarium is the water draining system.
Using pumice stone in order to enable draining is widely utilized because of pumice stone being light,
natural and without any polish applied on it. Besides, the inside of pumice stone is full of pores and it can
hold water approximately 6 times of its own weight. The light weight of pumice stone also prevents the

262
terrarium to be very heavy. Besides, pumice stone also prevents the risk of cracking the glass as it is the
case when using pebble stones (Figure 9).

• Lava stone: It is also called volcanic stone. Lava stone is often preferred in indoor terrariums
where fertilizer use is not preferred. In this context, lava stone is used as an alternative to the fertilizers
which contain all the nutrients that a plant needs. In case that fertilizers are used in closed terrariums, this
will lead to fly formation over time. Thus, it is suitable to use lava stone (Figure 10, Figure 11). The stages
of terrarium formation can be listed as follows: The first step during the construction is to place pumice
stones into the glass container for drainage purposes. The pumice stones placed at the base of the glass
container shall cover the surface entirely (Figure 12).

Figure 8. The container used for the Terrarium Figure 9. Pumice stone used for drainage purposes

Figure 10. Lava stone with coarse particulates Figure 11. Lava stone with small particulates
Placing the lava stones Lava stone with coarse particulates shall be placed so that they cover the pumice
stone entirely. In order to cover the pumice stone entirely, lava stone with small particulates shall be
placed amongst the lava stone with coarse particulates. The aim in doing this is to prevent the aqua soil to
be placed later to go further down to the pumice stone(Figure 13).

Figure 12. Placing the pumice stone Figure 13. Placing the lava stone

 Active carbon: Active charcoal which is the mostly preferred in the closed terrariums, largely
obstructs the malodors and bacteria that may form within the terrarium. In addition, it increases
the water quality and also decreases the pH value (Figure 14) (Figure15).

263
  Aqua soil: Closed terrariums have intense bacterial content. Due to this reason, it is not preferred
to use normal soil in such terrariums. Because a totally natural cycle is formed inside the closed
terrariums. At this point, during such cycle various species can form within the soil, which can
call the womb of the terrarium. Therefore, aqua soil that means aquarium soil may be a good
alternative to normal soil in creating a terrarium. Aqua soil is in form of bacteria-free round
particles. For this reason, it enables the drainage system to work well and also helps the system to
get fresh air.

Figure 14. Active carbon

Active carbon shall be placed to the mid-section, over the lava stones that have been placed so that they
cover the pumice stone entirely. Care should be taken that this carbon does not contact the glass. 3 to 4
shovels of aqua soil shall be placed over the active carbon so that it covers the first three layers. (Figure
16).

•Star moss: Starr moss that is going to be used for decorative purposes shall also be utilized in order to
grant a natural base appearance to the terrarium. The aim in using especially star moss is that it opens
itself just like a star and grants a miniature natural forest appearance (Figure 17).

Figure 15 Placing the active carbon Figure 16. Placing the aqua soil
Plants: Care should be taken while using cactus and succulent plants in terrariums. Because the high rate
of humidity within the terrarium may cause the cactus and other plants to rot (URL 9, 2019).If you wish to
create a terrarium by using cactus and succulent plants, large containers getting plenty of air or large bell-
glasses shall be preferred. The watering frequency for cactus and succulent plants reduces to once every
two weeks or once every month during the winter season. The frequency is once every 7-11 days during
the summer season. Watering shall be made with the help of a spoon or a tool that gives you full control
(Aslan & Pir, 2018).

 Succulents prevent the water from vaporizing rapidly thanks to their thick leaves. They are highly
resistant against cold. Most succulent plants require plenty of water during summer and very small
amount of water during winter. The generally grow during summer and rest in winter. However,
there are some exceptions: some succulent plants have a totally reversed growing plan. Such
plants rest during summer instead of winter. Normal room temperature is suitable for most

264
 succulent plants. Closed terrariums are not suitable habitats for succulent plants since they tend to
condensate moist and heat. It shall be made sure that the terrarium is kept away from direct sun
light and that appropriate draining is enabled (URL 10, 2019).

 Cactus means “plan with thorns” which is a word that comes from the Greek term “kaktos”. Its
body form is generally lobed, angled and corrugated. Velvet haired thorn bases called “areols” are
amongst their most prominent features. During the winter season, most cactus types require a heat
level of 6-10 0C. Some species that live in mild climates shall be kept under 10-15 0C. Humidity
level of 50-60% is sufficient. They love luminous and sunny places (URL 11, 2019). Cactuses
come from dry climates and not from climates where the atmosphere is humid and still. And this
means that they are plants contrary to the conditions that are seen inside terrariums. The
temperature in terrariums that are placed under direct sunlight and beside windows will increase
dramatically. Temperature can rise up to 40-50 ˚C within minutes. This increase in temperature
inside a glass container is called greenhouse effect . Humidity rate in such an environment can
reach up to 100% (URL 12, 2019).

 Orchids grow in tender and mild climates. Humidity, light, temperature and air flow can be
monitored and controlled easily. (URL 13, 2019). Large and well-ventilated vivariums are more
appropriate for orchids (URL 7, 2019). Orchid types and crossbreeds such as Paphiopedilum;
miniature Phalaenopsis sp.; Masdevallia sp. ve Pleurothallids sp. and miniature Angraecum can
give good results in terrariums. They have the best fitting size and control humidity in a good
manner. On the other hand, it shall be made sure that they meet mild temperatures and low to mid-
light environments (URL 14, 2019).
It is a Peperomia caperata within the broad plant scale that can be used in the terrarium. This plant, which
means emerald wave in Turkish, can be grown in a closed terrarium environment. (Figure 18).

Figure 17. Star moss Figure 18. Peperomia caperata

Accessories. A realistic miniature garden accessory can dramatically increase the effect inside the
terrarium. Accessories complement the appearance as long as they are realistic. An object with a different
scale can confuse the viewer and will deteriorate its effect because it will be visible from outside (Calvo,
2013).

 Natural stone: It is preferred to use stones of the same color and figure in order to protect the
balance and pureness within the Terrarium. Before using a stone that we found in the nature, it is
recommended to drop spirit of salt on it and to monitor if it froths or not. In case that the stone
froths, this means that there is bacteria on it. This may harm the natural environment within the
closed terrarium. Gneiss stone is used in our example as natural stone.

Placing natural stones The gneiss stones that are selected to be used within the terrarium shall be in
harmony with each other to present a natural appearance and they should be glued with the help of a glue

265
material (Figure 19). Cleansing the plant from soil The plant that has been selected in order to be used
within the Terrarium has been taken from its pot (because normal soil is not preferred inside a terrarium)
and then the plant is cleansed from soil (Figure 20).

Applying the design At the last phase, the design that we have drawn is being implemented. Mosses are
placed to the foreground in order to create an effect of forest within the terrarium. Plants are placed at the
background, whereas, natural stones are placed amongst them.

Figure 19. Gneiss stone Figure 20. Cleansing the plant from soil

In case that we place the plants in front of the natural stones, these will obstruct the view of the natural
stones. Therefore, they are placed at the back of the natural stones (Figure 21), (Figure 22).

Figure 21. View of the Terrarium Figure 22. Other examples of terrariums

3.2 SURVEY EVALUATION

19 questions have been analyzed in order to gather information about the meaning, usage, construction,
the plants and materials utilized, meaning, purpose, average cost and purpose of Terrariums. The survey
has been participated by 170 persons comprising landscape architects, terrarium specialists and people
from the landscape architecture sector (Figure 23). 100% of these people, 170 individual out of 170
persons, mentioned that they know the meaning of the term terrarium. 90% of these 170 individuals think
that terrarium is a type of art(Figure 24).

266
 Figure 23: The meaning of Terrarium Figure 24: According to you, is Terrarium an art?

53,5% of these 170 individuals said that the price of a terrarium ranges between 100–200 TL; %28,2 said
200 – 300 TL and the remaining portion mentioned different amounts. Thus, it is understood that the
terrarium prices within the sector rages between 100–200 TL. 82,4% of these 170 individuals said that
they are interested in terrariums whereas 17,6% said that they are not interested in terrariums. Thus, it is
understood that the majority of the people attending the survey is interested in terrariums (Figure 25,
Figure 26). 74,1% of these 170 individuals said that think that terrariums can be a good alternative to
individual gardens that people may never own. Thus, it is understood that terrariums can be a good
alternative in order to bring together people who lost their ties with gardens. (Figure 27).

Figure 25. Terrarium prices Figure 26. Interest in Terrarium

91 people of these 170 individuals (53,5%) said that they make terrariums. This is very important in terms
of getting healthy information about creating a terrarium (Figure 28).

Usage Those who answered ‘yes’ to the question “Are you making Terrarium have participated this
section of the survey? 52,7% of 91 people who answered the question said that they make terrarium just as
a hobby whereas 40,7% said that they make it for commercial purpose. The rest said that they make it for
other purposes. Accordingly, it is clear that a large number of those interested in creating terrariums do it
for either hobby or commercial purposes; whereas the ratio of both is close to each other. (Figure 29).

Figure 27. The possibility of being an alternative to gardens Figure 28. Do you make terrarium?

267
In case that you make terrarium for hobby purposes, do you think that it has positive effects on your
psychology and personal development? 93,4% of 91 people who answered the question said that terrarium
has has positive effects on human psychology and personal development(Figure 30).

Figure 29. Purpose of construction Figure 30. Effects on psychology and personal development

People who answered the question and mentioned these prices: 34% between 100–150 TL; 34% between
150–200 TL; 14% between 50–100 TL; 10% between 200–250 TL and 8% between 250–300 TL. Thus, it
is understood that the average price for a terrarium is between 132 –182 TL. 34 out of 48 (70,8%) people
who have participated the survey said that the customers purchase it as a gift (Figure 31,Figure 32).

Figure 31. Cost Figure 32. Purpose of purchase

Did you receive any training about forming a Terrarium? 61,5% of 91 people who answered the question
stated that they did not receive any training about terrariums whereas 38,5% said that they received
training. Thus, it is understood that the majority of people who are interested in terrariums did not receive
any training and this is a factor that increases the risk of faulty applications within the sector. Which plants
do you use mostly while creating a terrarium? Within the context of this question, the participants were
given the right to choose more than one answer. 131 responses of 78 individuals out of 91 who answered
the question was succulents (85,7%); whereas 39 was cactuses (42,9%). Thus, the plants preferred in
terrariums are succulents and cactuses. Other: Fittonia sp., Pilea sp., Chamaedorea sp., Hypoestes sp.,
Phyllostachys sp., Hedera sp., Soleirolia sp., Asparagus officinalis can be given as example (Figure 33),
(Figure 34).

268
 Figure 33 .Terrarium construction information Figure 34. Plants used in Terrariums

What is the point in which you experience difficulty during or after you construct a terrarium? 40,7% of
91 people who answered the question stated maintenance and protection whereas 34,1% said that they
experience difficulties in supplying accessories. 86% of 91 people who answered the question stated
mentioned that the average cost of constructing a terrarium ranges between 50 – 100 TL; the remainder
gave various answers. Thus, the average cost of constructing a terrarium is 100 TL at highest (Figure 35),
(Figure 36).

Figure 35. Difficulties in construction Figure 36. Average Terrarium construction cost

Socio-Economic Structure 109 (64,1%) out of 170 people were female and 61 (35,9%) were male. Thus,
it is understood that females are more interested in terrariums. The ages of the participants were as
follows: 128 (75,3%) between 18-30; 35 (20,6%) between 31-40; 6 (3,5%) between 41-50 ; and 1 (0,6%)
between 51-60. On basis of these data, it is understood that the most interested people in terrariums are
between the ages 18-30 and it is understood that young people are interested in terrariums. (Figure 37).
The professions of the survey participants are as follows: 109out of 170 individuals (64,1%) landscape
architect; 43 (25,3%) other professional groups; 7 agricultural engineer; 2 landscape architecture student;
3 landscape technician; 8 florist; 1 housewife; 4 teachers; 1 graphic designer; 1 architect; 2 accountants; 5
forest engineer; 2 marketing staff; and 1 unemployed (Figure 38).

Figure 37. Age distribution Figure 38. Profession distribution

269
According to this; the majority of those who are interested in terrarium were found to be landscape
architects, florists, agricultural engineers, landscape technicians or landscape architecture students.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

It has been monitored that during the recent years, the importance of miniature gardening has increased in
our country. As a result of the researches that have been conducted, it has been found out that terrariums
are preferred by people who live in large cities and whose ties with nature have been broken. Such people
place terrariums in their homes and work places in order to form a tie between nature and themselves. As
a result of the survey which has been participated mostly by landscape architects or those who are
interested in terrarium, it has been stated that terrarium is a kind of art and that it is helpful to human
health. It has also been specified that terrarium can be preferred as an alternative to hobby gardens as a
result of urbanization. Besides, it has also been determined that those who are interested in terrarium are
driven mostly by commercial or hobby purposes. It has been determined that terrarium construction is
useful in terms of psychology and personal development of the people who are engaged in terrarium in
form of hobby. Besides, during the face-to-face interviews made during the survey studies, it is
understood that terrarium construction reduces the stress resulting from daily activities. Thus, it can be
said that terrarium is helpful for human health. Also, as a result of the survey studies, it has been
understood that terrarium is contributing to landscape architecture sector in commercial terms. According
to the responses given by people who make terrarium for commercial purposes, it has been understood
that the cost of a terrarium is between 50–100 TL and that it is sold at a price ranging between 130–180
TL. It has been determined that the price is much higher at some places. It has been concluded that
terrarium construction is an activity that may form high profit in sectoral terms.

As a result of all the studies that have been conducted, it has been found out that the most important
materials used during constructing a terrarium are glass containers, draining stones, natural ornamental
stones and miniature accessories. It has been determined that mostly succulent and cactus is used as plants
and that there are many plants (for example Acorus gramineus, Adıantum raddıanum, Calathea rufıbarba,
Cryptanthus bıvıttatus Dracaena sanderıana , Ficus pumila , Fıttonıa verschaffeltıı, Hedera helıx,
Hypoestes phyllostachya , Iresıne herbstıı, Maranta leuconeura, Pellaea rotundifolıa, Peperomia caperata,
Peperomıa rotundıfolia , Pılea depressa, Pılea ınvolucrata, Pılea lıbanensıs , Sagına procumbens,
Saxıfraga stolonıfera ,Selangınella apoda, Selagınella martensıı, (Baby's Tears Indoors Soleırolıa soleırolı
etc.) grown in Turkey that are appropriate for terrariums. It has been understood that a closed cycle will
form in closed terrariums and that one should take care in choosing the related materials since there is no
possibility of an external interference. It has been understood that it is of utmost importance that all
materials are clean and bacteria-free; that the draining stones shall be lightweight and porous; that the soil
to be used shall be free of bacteria and living-things; that the soil must be able to accept plenty of air and
that the selected plants shall be able to survive high humidity.

In terms of Terrariumun having great contributions in terms of landscape architecture, it has been
understood that it is useful to move plants from their natural environments to countries with different
climatic conditions; that it enables to grow plants that are normally impossible to be grown inside homes;
and that it helps to increase the plant scale for landscape architects during indoor landscaping studies.
Also, it is very important to know the related techniques of construction and maintenance in terrarium
works. In addition to this, people who are experts in this field should take on the task. Those who purchase
terrariums shall be informed about the maintenance of the terrarium. Otherwise, it has been determined
that the terrarium can be deteriorated.

270
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