266 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄáÖÈÄ

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8\ uhfvfnbrf hjujhw ofhvjvij,b vtmfybpvb\ obyflflt,fsf

@ofhvjmvyf# lf @ofhvjij,f#

8\1\ ßfhvjvij, uhfvfnbrfsf stjhbfib (yjfv xjvcrb) ufyfhxtdty ob-

yflflt,fsf ofhvjmvyfcf lf ofhvjij,fc\ fv stjhbfib nthvbyc ofh-
vjij,f tybzt,f pecnfl bubdt vybidytkj,f= hjvtkbw vfc fmdc vfst-
vfnbrfib= cflfw o f h v j i j , f ybiyfdc u f l f s d k f c = x f v j s -
d k f c \ vfufkbsfl= y=2x aeymwbf= ufycfpqdhekb yfnehfkeh hbw-
[dsf cbvhfdktpt= @ofhvjij,c# keo hbw[dsf cbvhfdktc= t\b\ b.ktdf
fv cbvhfdkbc tktvtynsf uflfsdkbc otcc= ghjwtlehfc\ 'jdtkb
keob hbw[db ofhvjflutyc fv ghjwtlehbc (fvf se bv yfnehfkehb
hbw[dbc jhpt ufvhfdkt,bc) itltuc\ hjltcfw xdty dfv,j,s= hjv
uhfvfnbrf ofhvjij,c obyflflt,t,c= duekbc[vj,s v[jkjl bvfc=
hjv uhfvfnbrf uflfsdkbc obyflflt,t,c= ufycfpqdhfdc vfs resdyb-
kt,fc tybcflvb= hjujhw obyflflt,fsf htrehcbekfl uflfsdkflb
ecfchekj cbvhfdkbcflvb\ cbvhfdkt htrehcbekfl uflfsdkflbf
(byuk\ recursively enumerable, hec\ рекурсивно перечислимое)= se
fhct,j,c otcb= hjvtkbw uflfsdkbc= xfvjsdkbc vjwtvekb ecfche-
kj cbvhfdkbc tktvtynt,c)\ fv fphbs= uhfvfnbrf itb.kt,f ufut,e-
kb bmytc hjujhw aeymwbf= hjvkbc ufycfpqdhbc fhtc tybc obyflf-
lt,t,b itflutyc\ uhfvfnbrfc fh vjts[jdt,f obyflflt,fsf ofhvjmv-
yf vfs ijhbc ibyffhcj,hbdb rfdibht,bcf lf kjubrehb vbvfhst,t,bc
ufsdfkbcobyt,bs+ tc v[jkjl flfvbfybc= vtn'dtkbc rjvgtntywbfc
ufytresdyt,f\ flfvbfyb= vtn'dtkb fyufhbic eotdc ibyffhcj,hbd rfd-
ibhc vbc vbth ofhvjsmvek obyflflt,t,c ijhbc= bsdfkbcobyt,c vfs
kjubreh ehsbthsvbvfhst,t,c\ flfvbfybc vbth obyflflt,t,bc fut,bc
ghjwtcc deojljs ofhvjmvyf (byuk\ produce, hec\ производить)=
[jkj uhfvfnbrbc vbth obyflflt,fsf rjycnhebht,fc _ ofhvjij,f
(byuk\ generate, hec\ порождать)\ vfifcflfvt= ofhvjmvyfcf lf ofh-
vjij,fc ijhbc bc ufyc[dfdt,ff= hjv ofhvjmvyf [jhwbtklt,f flf-
vbfybc vbth lf tc [lt,f vbc vbth ofhvjmvybk obyflflt,t,c ijhbc
ibyffhcj,hbd-kjubrehb vbvfhst,t,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs= [jkj ofh-
vjij,f [jhwbtklt,f uhfvfnbrbc vtidtj,bs= hjvtkbw v[jkjl xf-
vjsdkbc= uflfsdkbc tybc obyflflt,t,c\
vfifcflfvt= uhfvfnbrf itb.kt,f ufdbujs hjujhw aeymwbf= hjvt-
kbw @uflfsdkbc# obyflflt,t,c= fy hjujhw aeymwbf= hjvkbc ufy-
ÓÉÍÔÀØÓÉ 267

cfpqdhbc fhtc tybc obyflflt,t,b itflutyc\ uhfvfnbrbc otct,b ofh-

vjij,ty fye htrehcbekfl uflfsdkbfy obyflflt,t,c\

8\2\ Âhfvfnbrf sfyfvtlhjdt ufut,bs fhbc fhf tyj,hbdb afmnt,bc

e,hfkj fqothf= kbyudbcnehb vjdktyt,bc rkfcbabrfwbf= fhfvtl
ofhvjvij,b vtmfybpvb= hjvtkbw ufybcfpqdht,f cfvb rjvgjytynbc
thsj,kbj,bs\ tctybf|
1\ fvjcfdfkb= gbhdtkflb= cfo'bcb tktvtynt,bc cfchekb cbvhfdkt+
2\ fv tktvtynt,bc ufthsbfyt,bcf lf ufhlfmvybc otct,bc cfchekb
cbvhfdkt+
3\ cbvhfdkt cnhemnehekb fqotht,bcf= hjvtksfufy sbsjtekb
ittcf,fvt,f 'jdtk ofhvjij,bk hsek j,btmnc ─ obyflflt,fc\
uhfvfnbrf= hjujhw ofhvjvij,b vtmfybpvb= itcf.kt,tkbf ufyb-
cfpqdhjc hjujhw cfchekb cbcntvf otct,bcf= hjvtksf ufy[jhwbt-
kt,bc itltufl gbhdtkflb= fvjcfdfkb tktvtynt,bcfufy vbbqt,f
ecfchekjl lblb hfjltyj,f hsekb j,btmnt,bcf= ufvjyfsmdfvt,bcf=
obyflflt,t,bcf= hjvtksfufy sbsjtekc ittcf,fvt,f vbcb (obyflflt-
,bc) evybidytkjdfytcb ajyjkjubehb= cbynfmcehb lf ctvfynbrehb
sdbct,t,bc fvcf[dtkb ufycfpqdhekb cnhemnehekb fqothf\
bv vjs[jdyt,c ijhbc= hjvkt,bw uhfvfnbrfc oft'tyt,f= evsfdhtcb
fhbc vjs[jdyf uhfvfnbrbc cfchekj,bcf\ uhfvfnbrf fh itb.kt,f
b'jc ecfchekj cbcntvf _ fv itvs[dtdfib uhfvfnbrfl itb.kt,jlf
vbudtxybf e,hfkjl vstkb cbvhfdkt 'dtkf obyflflt,bcf= hfw= sf-
dbcsfdfl w[flbf= 'jdtkudfh fphc fhbc vjrkt,ekb (fctsb cbvhfd-
kbc fhct,j,f bvsfdbsdt ite.kt,tkbf)\ uhfvfnbrf eylf ofhvjfl-
utyltc s t j h b f c o b y f l f l t , t , b c f u t , b c u f y v t j h t , f l b
r f y j y p j v b t h t , t , b c f c = hjvkt,bw thsj,kbj,fib mvybfy tybc
cbynfmceh cnhemnehfc\ hfvltyflfw tc stjhbf ajhvfkbpt,ekbf=
itb.kt,f bsmdfc= hjv bub ofhvjflutyc tybc cbynfmcehb cnhemnehbc
vfstvfnbreh vjltkc\
kjubrehfl fhct,j,c thsb lf bvfdt tybcfsdbc c[dflfc[dfudfhb
uhfvfnbrbc itmvybc fhfthsb itcf.kt,kj,f\ tc uhfvfnbrt,b thsvf-
ytsbcufy ufyc[dfdt,ekyb bmyt,bfy fvjcfdfkb j,btmnt,bc cbvhfdktt-
,bs lf ─ fvbc itcf,fvbcfl ─ vfsib ufy[jhwbtkt,ekb otct,bc cbc-
ntvt,bs\
tyfsvtwybthb vjrkt,ekbf itcf.kt,kj,fc= eiefkjl lffrdbh-
ltc flfvbfybc sfdbc ndbyib ofhvjlutybkb ,eyt,hbdb tyj,hbdb cbc-
ntvbc vjmvtlt,fc lf itflfhjc bub vbc vbth fut,ek ofhvjvij,
uhfvfnbrfc\ tc uhfvfnbrf v[jkjl cf,jkjj itltut,bc vb[tldbs se
itb.kt,f lftvs[dtc htfkeh tyj,hbd cbcntvfc\ fvltyfl= ofhvjvij,b
268 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄáÖÈÄ

uhfvfnbrf itb.kt,f ufydb[bkjs hjujhw htfkehb tyj,hbdb cbcnt-

vbc vjltkb= lbyfvbrehb cbcntvf= hjvkbc fut,ekt,f fewbkt,kj,bs
fh fcf[fdc tyj,hbdb cbcntvbc ibyfufy cnhemnehek jhufybpfwbfc\
tyf itb.kt,f itdflfhjs t\o\ ifd yesc= fye bcts vjoyj,bkj,fc=
hjvkbc itcf[t, dvc/tkj,s v[jkjl vbc ufvjcfcdktkpt ofhvjl-
utybkb itltut,bc vb[tldbs lf dthfathc dbnydbs vbcb ibyfufyb jh-
ufybpfwbbcf se vjmvtlt,bc ghbywbgbc itcf[t,\ @ifdb yesbc# vtsjlc
vbvfhsfdty vfiby= hjltcfw rdktdbc j,btmnb vbeodljvtkbf eiefkj
lfrdbhdt,bcfsdbc= fy efqhtcfl hsekbf bvbcfsdbc= hjv vbcb itvflut-
ytkb yfobkt,bcf lf vfsb ehsbthsvbvfhst,t,bc cfae.dtkpt dbvc/t-
kjs fv j,btmnbc vjmvtlt,fpt\ ,eyt,hbdb tyf cojhtl fctsb= eief-
kj lfrdbhdt,bcfsdbc vbeodljvtkb hsekb cbcntvff= [jkj uhfvf-
nbrf vbcb cnhemnehbc stjhbfc ofhvjflutyc\ ofhvjvij,b vjltkbc
fut,bc ghbywbgt,b itb.kt,f fhct,bsfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb byjc bv ghby-
wbgt,bcfufy= hjvkt,bw j,btmnehfl lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf htfkehb
tyj,hbdb cbcntvbcfsdbc\ se vjltkb tvs[dtdf htfkeh cbcntvfc uf-
vjcfcdktkpt= t\b\ se bcbyb thsyfbh j,btmnt,c ofhvjij,ty= vfiby
vjltkb itb.kt,f fltrdfnehfl vbdbxybjs\
thsvfytsbcfufy eylf ufydfc[dfjs ofhvjvij,b uhfvfnbrf= hj-
ujhw tybc cnhemnehbc stjhbf= lf vbcb ufvjytyt,f obyflflt,fsf
cbystpbcf lf fyfkbpbc vtmfybpvt,bc itcfmvytkfl\ htfkehb tyj,hbdb
cbcntvbc ufvjytyt,bc lhjc vjkfgfhfrt f[ltyc obyflflt,fsf cby-
stpc= [jkj vcvtytkb ─ fyfkbpc\ ofhvjvij,b uhfvfnbrf ytbnhf-
kehbf vjkfgfhfrbcf lf vcvtytkbc vbvfhs= bub fh f[jhwbtkt,c fhw
cbystpc lf fhw fyfkbpc\ thsb lf bubdt ofhvjvij,b uhfvfnbrf it-
b.kt,f ufvjytyt,ek bmytc rjyrhtnek obyflflt,fsf hjujhw cby-
stpbc= bct fyfkbpbc vtmfybpvt,bc itcfmvytkfl\ fv vtmfybpvt,ib vbv-
lbyfht ghjwtct,b f[ltyty bvbc bvbnfwbfc= hfw vjkfgfhfrtcf fy
vcvtytkib vbvlbyfhtj,c ,eyt,hbdb tybc aeymwbjybht,bc lhjc\

9\ ofhvjvij,b uhfvfnbrt,bc stjhbf\ uhfvfnbrt,bc

itafct,bc rhbnthbevt,b ─ cbchekt= fltrdfnehj,f=
trjyjvbehj,f= cbvfhnbdt

9\1\ Òfvltyflfw lfcfidt,bf thsb tybcfsdbc c[dflfc[df ofhvjvij,b

uhfvfnbrbc itmvyf= hfw ufybcfpqdht,f fv tyj,hbdb cbcntvbcfsdbc
c[dflfc[dfudfhb vjltkt,bc itmvybc itcf.kt,kj,bs= xdty eylf
udmjyltc fv hfvltybvt itcf.kt,tkb uhfvfnbrblfy ths-thsbc fhxt-
dbc cfiefkt,f\ fctsb fhxtdfyb uhfvfnbrt,bc itafct,bc c[dflfc[df