islamis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani

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Tsu asocirebuli profesori

islami mesame monoTeisturi religiaa, romelic semitTa sulier

cxovrebas asaxavs. igi me-7 saukuneSi iqadaga muhamedma. arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze momxdari es didi religiur-politikuri revolucia
ganpirobebuli iyo Sesatyvisi istoriuli viTarebiT. sagrZnobia
iudaizmisa da qristianobis Zlieri gavlena.
orTodoqsuli islamis dogmaTagan umniSvnelovanesia rwmena: `ara
ars RmerTi, Tvinier alahisa~ (la illah illa allah). swored am
formulaSi gacxadda monoTeizmi (Tavhid). arabuli alahi (arab. RmerTi)
konceptualurad ebrauli iahves eqvivalentia, yuranSi igi Semkobilia
asi epiTetiT (mowyale, mwyalobeli da a. S.). alahi Svid nawilad
dayofili zecis mkvidria. mas emorCilebian sinaTlisagan Seqmnili
angelozebi. maTgan ebraelTa qerubimebs ewodaT `mukarribun~ (RmerTTan
axlos myofni). jibraili (gabrieli) alahis nebis gadmomcemia, miqaeli _
samyaros meTvalyure, israfili _ meored mosvlis macne, azraili _
sikvdilis arqiangelozi da a. S. RmerTma isini adamze adre Seqmna,
magram angelozebma, Semoqmedis brZanebiT, dedamiwaze damkvidrebul
pirvel adamians Tayvani sces. gajiutda mxolod iblisi, igi alahma
dawyevla. es ajanyebuli angelozi aris satana (Saitan), romelic qveynis
aRsasrulamde acdunebs uamrav xalxs, saSineli samsjavros Semdeg ki
geenaSi (jahannam) aRmoCndeba.
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dogmaa mociqulTa aRiareba. isini
angelozebze maRla dganan da alahis nebas ganacxadeben dedamiwaze,
xalxs uqadageben WeSmaritebas. bevrma maTganma kacobriobas wminda
wignebi moutana. swored amitomaa, rom muslimebi urwmunoebad arasodes
moixsenieben ebraelebsa da qristianebs, rogorc bibliis mqoneT. islamSi
gamoiyofa eqvsi ZiriTadi mociquli _ adami, noe, abraami (ibrahimi), mose
(musa), ieso (isa), muhamedi; agreTve meorexarisxovanni _ daviTi, iakobi,
iosebi, iobi. amaTgan ukanasknelia muhamedi, `mociqulTa beWedi~. mas
alahma jibrailis meSveobiT ganucxada yurani _ RmerTis sityva,
romelic uqmnelia. 114 sura, muhamedis qadagebani, Tavis mxriv, aiebisagan
(saswaulebisagan) Semdgari, sididis mixedviTaa dalagebuli, siuJetruri
xazi ar aRiniSneba.
meored mosvlisas aRdgebian micvalebulebi. isini wardgebian
saSinel samsjavroze, xelT eqnebaT angelozTa mier Sedgenili ori
wigni, erTSi aRnusxuli iqneba keTili saqmeebi, meoreSi _ codvebi.
qveynis aRsasruls win uZRvis mravali ubedureba, maT Soris _ cru
mesiaTa gamoCena. yuranis esqatologiur aRwerebSi igrZnoba iudaizmisa
da qristianobis Zlieri gavlena. muslimuri samoTxec da jojoxeTic
ierarqaiebad iyofa. marTlmorwmuneni dajildovdebian, aRTqmul baRSi
maTTvis xelmisawvdomi iqneba yovelgvari miwieri tkboba, rogoricaa
seqsualuri urTierToba, gemrieli kerZebi da a. S.
yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT muslimTa xuT ZiriTad movaleobaze,
romelTac arabulad ewodeba arqan ad-din (sarwmunoebis sayrdenni). maTi
Sesruleba mxolod maSin iTvleba srulyofilad, Tu Sinagani moTxovniT
(e. w. niiaTi) iqna ganpirobebuli. pirveli aris rwmena da sityvieri
aRiareba (arab. TaSahhud): `ara ars RmerTi, Tvinier alahisa, da muhamedi
misi mociqulia~, meore _ locva, romelsac muslimebi xuTjer aRavlenen
_ gaTenebisas, SuadRisas, dRis meore naxevarSi, mzis Casvlisas da RamiT.
mesame movaleobaa marxva. igi ramadanis TveSi yvelasaTvis aucilebelia
(swored ramadanis TveSi miiRo muhamedma pirveli gamocxadeba),
Tavisufldebian mxolod orsuli qalebi, avadmyofebi da mogzaurebi (an
raime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani saqmiT dakavebulni), romelTac
SemdgomSi aucileblad unda aanazRauron gacdenili dReebi (e. w. kada).
mzis amosvlidan mzis Casvlamde ikrZaleba ara mxolod sakvebis miReba,
aramed wylis dalevac ki. meoTxe movaleobaa zaqaTi, dakanonebuli
mowyaleba, romlis Sesrulebac dauSvebelia xalxis winaSe Tavis
gamoCenis mizniT. rogorc minimumi, vaWrebsa da xelosnebs 5 uncia
vercxli unda gaeRoT, mesaqonleT _ 5 aqlemi da a. S. haji (piligrimoba)
warmoadgens mexuTe `sayrdens~. yoveli muslimi movalea, sicocxleSi
erTxel mainc moinaxulos wminda adgilebi, romelTagan pirveli
rangisaa meqa, sadac mdebareobs qaabas taZari, jer kidev warmarTobis
xanaSi agebuli. misi aSeneba ismails miewereba. mogvianebiT muhamedma
Semusra iq arsebuli yvela kerpi. Tayvaniscemis sagnad darCa meteori,
e. w. `Savi qva~. meore salocavia medina (istoriuli isaribi), sadac
dakrZalulia muhamedi. mesame xarisxis wminda adgilad ierusalimi
miiCneva. legendis mixedviT, farSevangis kudian kentavrze amxedrebuli
mociquli meSvide caSi aiWra, gaemarTa ierusalimisaken da iq alahs da
Zveli aRTqmis mociqulebs pirispir Sexvda. muslimebi amayad miuTiTeben
omaris meCeTSi arsebul nafexurze, romelsac swored muhameds
miakuTvneben.
rac Seexeba jihads, saRvTo oms, sunitebs igi arasodes ar
auyvaniaT kultis rangSi.
islami, msgavsad nebismieri religiisa, ucvleli ver darCeboda.
marTalia, masSi raime siaxleTa Setanis mcdeloba ar yofila muhamedis
sicocxleSi, magram mociqulis gardacvalebisTanave Tavi iCina
ganxeTqilebis pirvelma niSnebma, rasac safuZvlad ramdenime faqtori
daedo: 1. semitTa midrekileba winaswarmetyvelebisadmi; 2. azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba uzenaes xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT; 3. uTanxmoebani,
gamowveuli RmerTis Sesaxeb arsebuli mravalferovani warmodgenebiT.
garda amisa, saxalifos SeqmnisTanave arabebma ganaxorcieles
uprecedento eqspansia, ris Sedegadac islami praqtikulad erTi saukunis
ganmavlobaSi gavrcelda aziaSi, afrikasa da evropaSi (711 wels
dapyrobil iqna espaneTi). bunebrivia, am uzarmazar imperiaSi arc Tu
iSviaTi iyo politikuri da socialuri xasiaTis brZolebi, magaliTad,
e. w. `Suubia~, romelic miznad isaxavda dapyrobili xalxebis uflebriv
gaTanasworebas arabebTan. es procesebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda
islamze.
Tavdapirvelad muslimur Tems muhamedi ganagebda, magram misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom mxolod yuranze dayrdnobiT
SeuZlebeli iyo saxalifoSi arsebuli yvela problemis gadaWra. swored
aq iCina Tavi sunam, rac aRniSnavda mociqulis saqcielsa da sityvas.
muhamedis mibaZva sunis dacvas niSnavda. Seadgines hadisebis
(gadmocemaTa) krebulebi. maTSi dawvrilebiT iyo moTxrobili mociqulis
cxovrebis uamravi epizodi, romliTac, gamomdinare `precedentis
principidan~, sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadasaWrelad iyenebdnen. sul male
gavrcelda azri, rom verc erTi muslimi gverds ver auvlis sunas. sunis
pirveli gamavrcelebelni muhamedis momxreebi _ muhajirebi (meqidan
iasribSi gadasaxlebulni) da ansarebi (mociqulis medineli
mxardamWerni) _ iyvnen, maT ewodaT `ahl as-sunna~ (arab. sunis xalxi,
sunis mimdevarni, e. i. sunitebi).
islamis kidev ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, safuZvelSi aSkarad
politikuri xasiaTisa, pirveli oTxi xalifas mmarTvelobis periodSive
(632-661 ww.) warmoiSva. muhamedis mier dafuZnebuli axali monoTeisturi
religia SedarebiT ufro SezRudul teritoriaze, arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze, iyo gavrcelebuli. arabebma icodnen, rom arsebobda
ayvavebuli qveynebi _ siria, erayi, irani da a. S., romelTa dasapyrobad
da islamis gasavrceleblad iseTi enTuziazmiT gaeSurnen, TiTqos iq
mociqulis mier aRTqmul samoTxes eZiebdnen. am situaciaSic ki ar
cxreboda saxalifos SigniT mimdinare politikuri vnebaTRelvani.
osman ibn afanis zeobisas (644-656 ww.) gamwvavda brZola kureiSis
(romelsac muhamedi ekuTvnoda) sxvadasxva StoTa warmomadgenlebs Soris.
adgilobriv gamgeblebze ganawyenebuli sami SeiaraRebuli jgufi
qufidan, basridan da egviptidan medinas miadga da osmans daniSnul
mmarTvelTa Secvla mosTxova, razec Tanxmoba miiRo, magram omaianma
marvan ibn al-haqamma egviptis mmarTvels Cumad gaugzavna werili, sadac
xalifas saxeliT nabrZanebi iyo `SfoTis amtexTa~ sikvdiliT dasja. es
werili gzaSi ipoves, ris gamoc osmani mokles, misi saxli ki sastikad
daarbies.
meoTxe xalifad aRiarebul iqna ali ibn abi talibi, muhamedis
biZaSvili da misi sayvareli qaliSvilis, fatimas, qmari. igi ar aRiares
aristokratebma, romelTac saTaveSi Caudga omaiani moavia ibn abi sufai.
daiwyo samoqalaqo omi (656-661 ww.). moasxleoba alis aqtiurad uWerda
mxars, magram xalifa meryeobda. sifinis brZolaSi mopovebuli
warmatebis Semdeg ali mowinaaRmdeges moulodnelad molaparakebaze
dasTanxmda, ris gamoc mas 12 000 jariskaci ganudga. ase daedo safuZveli
xarijizms (arab. xaraja _ `gamosvla~, `gasvla~, `gandgoma~). molaparakeba
ki, ra Tqma unda, mxolod drois mosagebad iyo gamiznuli moavias mier.
omi ganaxlda. xalifa xarijitebma qufis erT-erT meCeTSi mokles,
xelisuflebis saTaveSi omaianebi movidnen. alis Sias (jgufis, partiis)
warmomadgenlebma es dinastia ar cnes, radganac isini aRiarebdnen
uzenaesi Zalauflebis memkvidreobiTobas mxolod alis, rogorc
muhamedis biZaSvilisa da siZis, gvarSi. warmoiqmna Siituri islami.
SevecdebiT, TiToeuli mimarTulebis mokle analizis fonze
warmovadginoT islamis religiur-filosofiuri evoluciis zogadi
suraTi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, orTodoqsul islams pirvelad xarijizmi
gamoeyo, romelic, Tavis mxriv, azrakitebis, sufritebisa da ibaditebis
qveseqtebad daiSala. am mimarTulebis swavleba arasodes yofila
kodificirebuli da mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdida, magram xarijitebi
yovelTvis gamodiodnen, rogorc islamis puritanebi. bevri maTgani
uaryofda yuranis me-12 suras, sadac iosebisa da egvipteli qalis, maTi
azriT, `araseriozuli~ istoriaa moTxrobili. wignis danarCeni nawili,
rogorc gamocxadeba, aRiarebulia Seuqmnelad, misi gageba sityva-sityviT
unda moxdes. xarijitebi kultsa da dogmebTan mimarTebaSi gacilebiT
ufro mkacrni iyvnen, vidre sunitebi. maTTvis miuRebeli iyo yovelgvari
fufuneba, ikrZaleboda musika, TamaSebi, Tambaqo.
yvelaze didi gavlena islamze xarijizmis politikurma Teoriebma
moaxdina, kerZod, xalifad SeiZleboda nebismieri kacis arCeva, Savkaniani
monisac ki, Tu igi Rirseuli muslimi iqneboda. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
xalifas xalxi gadaayenebda. es mimarTuleba farTod ar gavrcelebula,
rac xarijitebis radikaluri midrekilebiT aixsneba. swored maT aqcies
jihadi (saRvTo omi) muslimTa meeqvse movaleobad.
islamis mesame ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa Siizmi. am saxelwodebis
gamudmebuli dapirispireba sunizmTan safuZvlad daedo mcdar
Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom Siitebi ar aRiareben sunas. sinamdvileSi
maTi krebulebi (e. w. axbar) praqtikulad orTodoqsTa hadisebis
identuria, gansxvavebas qmnis ambis gadmomcemTa vinaoba _ Siitebis suna
damyarebulia mxolod muhamedis ojaxis avtoritetze, muhajirebisa da
ansarebi wvlili ki uaryofilia.
rac Seexeba kults, aqac minimaluri sxvaobaa, isic meorexarisxovan
sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. aRiniSneba erTaderTi didi gansxvaveba: Siizmi
cnobs droebiTi qorwinebis instituts, romelic sunizmSi uaryofilia.
politikis eniT rom vTqvaT, Siizmi arabuli warmoSobisaa. masze
Zlieri gavlena iqonia iudaizmma, qristianobam, cecxlTayvanismcemlobam,
neoplatonizmma da maniqeizmma. zogjer Siizms iranul mimarTulebad
miiCneven, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom igi XVI saukuneSi oficialurad
iqna aRiarebuli sefianTa iranSi. aRsaniSnavia agreTve erTi legenda,
romlis mixedviTac huseinma, alis memkvidrem, qerbelis mowamem, colad
SeirTo ukanaskneli sasaniani mefis qaliSvili. es gadmocema ufro metad
ganamtkicebda alisa da mis STamomavalTa xelisuflebis legitimurobas.
Siitebi, rogorc kanonierebis damcvelni, sunitebs adanaSaulebdnen
yuranisa da hadisebis im adgilTa Segnebul ganadgurebaSi, sadac
muhamedi Tavis pirdapir memkvidred alis asaxelebda. erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli gadmocemis mixedviT, mociqulma muhajirebisa da ansarebis
TandaswrebiT cno Tavisi biZaSvilisa da siZis ufleba saxalifoze. am
investituras Siitebi yovelwliurad zeimoben. isini aseve aRniSnaven
huseinis mkvlelobis TariRs (tragikuli SeZaxiliT: `Sah husein, vah
husein~ (romelsac swrafi warmoTqmis gamo aRiqvamdnen, rogorc `Sahsei,
vahsei~). Siitebi piligrimoben nejefSi (erayis teritoriaze), sadac
dakrZalulia ali.
Siizmis swavlebis mixedviT, ali da misi Tormeti STamomavali
rCeulni arian. yoveli maTgani axdenda saswaulebs. sikvdilis win isini
niSnavdnen imamebs, romelTagan ukanaskneli daibada 869 wels. igi
miwisqveSeTSi gauCinarda, garkveuli periodis Semdeg ki kacobriobas
mxsnelad moevlineba. es idea safuZvlad daedo islamur mesianizms,
mahdizms.
sunitebsa da Sitebs imamis sxvadasxvagvari gageba aqvT.
pirvelTaTvis igi universaluri mmarTvelia, romelsac irCeven an
niSnaven adamianebi, meoreTaTvis imami mxolod da mxolod mociqulis
misiis memkvidrea da am uflebamosilebas igi zegardmo xeldasxmiT
iRebs. Siiti imamebi TavianT TavSi aerTianeben msoflio suls, rac
RvTaebrivi emanaciis meSveobiT xdeba.
Siizmis mixedviT, adamianuri goneba yovlad uZluria dogmatikis
sferoSi, rac Seexeba mujTahidebs (swavlulebs, gulmodgineT), isini
mxolod da mxolod uzenaesis iaraRs warmoadgenen, gauCinarebuli imami
maTi piriT metyvelebs. swored amitom hqondaT mujTahidebs ufleba,
iranis Sahic ki gaekritikebinaT.
bunebrivia, rom suniti xalifebi amgvari mimarTulebis
ganviTarebas keTilganwyobiT ver Sexvdebodnen. isini sastikad
uswordebodnen opozicias. swored amitom SiizmSi TandaTanobiT
Camoyalibda tanjvisa da gamosyidvis dramatuli idea. niSandoblivia,
rom yvela imami arabunebrivi sikvdiliT aResrula.
Siitebis ZiriTad masas imamitebi warmoadgenen. gamoiyofa agreTve
zeiditebisa da ismailitebis seqtebi.
islamis zemoT warmodgenili sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba _ sunizmi,
xarijizmi da Siizmi _ daedo safuZvlad muslimTa yvela danarCen
religiur-politikur mimdinareobas.