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Finnbogi Óskarsson
Iceland GeoSurvey
23rd November 2019
Yes
Liquid sample
Separator
Adjustment
Measure Ps, Ts
(gives hv and hl)
Obtain hd from X
hd = X hv + (1-X) hl
Vapour sample
H2S: H2S:
time
500 mmol/kg 200 mmol/kg
SO42-: SO42-:
oxidation
20 mmol/kg 320 mmol/kg
H2S: H2S:
Addition of ZnAc2
500 mmol/kg 0 mmol/kg
SO42-: SO42-:
Precipitation of ZnS
20 mmol/kg 20 mmol/kg
ZnS precipitate
SiO2 (mg/kg)
•Cooling of geothermal solutions will
result in supersaturation of 1000 cooling
amorphous silica 800
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
SDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources
Organized by UNU-GTP and KenGen | Lake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha |Temperature (°C)2019
Nov 13-Dec 3,
SAMPLE PRESERVATION - CHEMICAL METHODS
• Gas fixation
• To increase the volume of steam collected
• For preservation of H2S
P = 500 mbar
40% N2
In sample bottle: 40% H2
Vacuum Steam condenses 2% Ar etc
P = 5 mbar CO2 and H2S dissolve in NaOH solution
(Vapour pressure) CO2 + H2O + 2 NaOH ⇌ Na2CO3 + 2 H2O
Condensed H2O
H2S + NaOH ⇌ NaHS + H2O CO32-
HS-
40% NaOH Residual NaOH
SDG Short Course IV on Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources
Organized by UNU-GTP and KenGen | Lake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha | Nov 13-Dec 3, 2019
ANALYSED COMPONENTS
Component Main purpose Component Main purpose Component Main purpose
pH A, C, M Ca M, S CO2 T, M, E, S
Conductivity Fe M, C H2S T, E, M, S
18O & D O Al M, E Ar O, T
SiO2 T, S Mg O, T N2 O, T
Cl O, A As E H2 T
B O, E SO4 A, M CH4 T
Na T, M Hg E O2 QC
K T, M Zn M, E TDS QC
Di = Dithizone, uncomplexed
Hg-Di = Mercury-dithizone complex
S2- = dissolved sulfide
HgS: Mercury sulfide (solid)
• Stable isotopes (D, 13C, 18O, 34S, 87Sr, etc.) analysed by mass spectrometry
• Radioactive isotopes (3H, 14C, 222Rn, etc.) analysed by radiometry
Dallol, Ethiopia