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yŒw€‰‡}Šuy‚ˆy ’u xyˆy†}‚u† €u‡ wƒ‚‡ˆu‚ˆy‡  ‰‚}zƒ†y‡
†y€uw}ƒ‚y‡ …‰y y‚€uŽu‚ ‰‚ƒ‡ |yw|ƒ‡ wƒ‚ ƒˆ†ƒ‡“HKN \‚ u‡‰‚ˆƒ‡
ˆy†uˆƒ€¬{}wƒ‡ iƒx†ª{‰yŽ y†u xy €u }‡u ƒ„}‚}¬‚T ’h‰yxu „ƒ†
uŠy†}{‰u† €u wu‰‡u xy ©‡ˆu‡  ƒˆ†u‡ xyˆy‚w}ƒ‚y‡ xy xy‡u††ƒ€€ƒU
u‡‰‚ˆƒ }‚ˆ†}‚wuxƒF ‡} €ƒ‡ |uF uwy†wu xy€ w‰u€ ˆƒxƒ ‡y Š‰y€Šy
wƒ‚~yˆ‰†u‡F „ƒ† w‰ƒ ƒˆ}Šƒ |u …‰y xy~u†€ƒ y‚ „uŽH“KO
\‚ ‰‚ wuv}ƒ xy „y†‡„ywˆ}ŠuF €u wƒ‚wy„w}¬‚ xy €u y‚zy†yG
xux y†u ƒˆ†uT uˆ†¦‡ …‰yxuvu €u ˆ†ux}w}¬‚ |}„ƒw†¦ˆ}wu …‰y Šyªu
y‚ y€€u ‰‚u y‚ˆ}xux …‰y yŒ}‡ˆy „ƒ† ‡ª }‡uF }‚xy„y‚x}y‚ˆy
RS Y\` \_UO[W`Z\` S[ ^bWS[S` `S ZO[WvS`aO% f ]\_ RSYO[aS% `S
uv†ªu ƒˆ†u …‰y Šyªu y‚ €u y‚zy†yxux ‰‚ ˆ†u‡ˆƒ†‚ƒ „†ƒ„}ƒ xy
‰‚ ƒ†{u‚}‡ƒ …‰y ˆ}y‚xy u †yw‰„y†u† ‰‚ y…‰}€}v†}ƒ „y†x}xƒH
cƒ „uˆƒ€¬{}wƒ u ‚ƒ u„u†ywªu wƒƒ ‰‚u y‚ˆ}xux u‚ˆu{¬‚}wu u €ƒ
v`W\YlUWQ\% `W[\ ^bS `S VOPjO Q\[cS_aWR\ S[ YO cO_WOQWl[ RS b[O
­‚}wu z‰y†ŽuH d¦‡ …‰y xy ‰‚u €‰w|u uv}y†ˆu y‚ˆ†y y€ ƒ†{u‚}‡ƒ
^bS `S RSvS[RS f YO S[TS_ZSROR ^bS YS O`OYaO% RSQjO DO__O% `S
ˆ†uˆu xy €u wƒ‚Š}Šy‚w}u xy xƒ‡ y‡ˆuxƒ‡ |ƒƒ{©‚yƒ‡T

KN
D\_v_W\ DO__O% t;W`W\Y\UjO' 7\[`WRS_OQW\[S` `\P_S SY Zia\R\ S[ v`W\Y\UjOu%
^dd% a\Z\ *)% )00.% ]' +(/' D\_v_W\ DO__O ")0-.&)1)*# TbS RW`Qj]bY\ RS
^uv}‚ƒ Yu††yxu CKRKRGKRRKDF y€ }‚ˆ†ƒx‰wˆƒ† xy€ „ƒ‡}ˆ}Š}‡ƒ y‚ d©Œ}wƒU z‰y
„†ƒzy‡ƒ† xy €¬{}wuF |}{}y‚y  yx}w}‚uF  u‰ˆƒ† xy ‰‚u yŒˆy‚‡u ƒv†u ‡ƒv†y
vY\`\TjO% ZSRWQW[O% VW`a\_WO% S[TS_ZSROR ZS[aOY f ZSRWQW[O YSUOY'
KO
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’l‚u‡ w‰u‚ˆu‡ „u€uv†u‡ ‡ƒv†y y€u‚}‡ƒHHH“F „H MKPH
\c jXY\i NM

cu‡ }‚Šy‡ˆ}{uw}ƒ‚y‡F y‚ …‰y ˆu‚ zyw‰‚xƒ z‰y y€ ‡}{€ƒ „u‡uxƒF |}w}yG


†ƒ‚ Šy† €ƒ „†ƒz‰‚xuy‚ˆy y††¬‚yƒ …‰y y†u y€ ‡‰„‰y‡ˆƒ u‚ˆu{ƒ‚}‡G
ƒ y‚ˆ†y €u y‚zy†yxux  €u‡ y‚y†{ªu‡ Š}Š}y‚ˆy‡F xyƒ‡ˆ†¦‚xƒ‡y
…‰y ‚ƒ |u zy‚¬y‚ƒ „uˆƒ€¬{}wƒF „ƒ† yŒˆ†u«ƒF †u†ƒ  xy‡‰‡uxƒ …‰y
„u†yŽwuF …‰y ‚ƒ ‡yu €u yŒu{y†uw}¬‚F €u uˆy‚‰uw}¬‚F ƒ ‡‰„†y‡}¬‚ ƒ
v}y‚ €u xy‡Š}uw}¬‚ xy u€{­‚ zy‚¬y‚ƒ ‚ƒ†u€HKP

X€ }{‰u€ …‰y gu††uF iƒx†ª{‰yŽ ‡y{‰ªu €ƒ‡ „ƒ‡ˆ‰€uxƒ‡ xy


Z€u‰xy Yy†‚u†x y‚ €u‡ ^p‘zy~ op {lszwzrtp pƒ{p}txpylwp
 u‡ª u‡y{‰†u …‰y ’€u‡ €yy‡ …‰y „†y‡}xy‚ u €ƒ‡ zy‚¬y‚ƒ‡ xy
€u Š}xu ‡ƒ‚ ‡}y„†y €u‡ }‡u‡F ƒ†u u€ y‡ˆuxƒ ‚ƒ†u€F ƒ†u u€
„uˆƒ€¬{}wƒH cƒ‡ |yw|ƒ‡ uv‰‚xu‚ |ƒ „u†u „†ƒvu†€ƒ“HKQ
\‚ y‡y y‡wy‚u†}ƒ …‰y €u ˆy†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªu ‡y }‚‡ˆu€uF y‚ ‰‚ ƒG
y‚ˆƒ xy yŒ„u‚‡}¬‚ „†ƒzy‡}ƒ‚u€ y€ w‰u€ wƒ}‚w}xy wƒ‚ €u „†ƒy‡u
xy €ƒwu€}Žu† €u wu‰‡u xy €u y‚zy†yxux y‚ y€ w‰y†„ƒ }‡ƒH p
‚ƒ „ƒxªu ‡y† xy ƒˆ†ƒ ƒxƒF „‰y‡ ‡} €u ˆu†yu xy €ƒ‡ ©x}wƒ‡ y†u
wƒ‚‡y{‰}† …‰y y€ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ uvu‚xƒ‚u†u €u y‡zy†u xy €u ‚y{uˆ}G
Š}xux y‚ y€ …‰y y€ „u‡uxƒ €ƒ |uvªu wƒ€ƒwuxƒF y€€ƒ y†u „ƒ‡}v€y ‡¬€ƒ
vu~ƒ y€ ‡‰„‰y‡ˆƒ xy €u |ƒƒ{y‚y}xux xy €ƒ‡ y‡ˆuxƒ‡ ‚ƒ†u€ 
„uˆƒ€¬{}wƒU ‡¬€ƒ xy y‡u u‚y†uF zƒ†u‚xƒ „u†ˆy xy ‰‚u €ª‚yu
wƒ‚ˆ}‚‰uF y€ y‡ˆuˆ‰ˆƒ xy €ƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒ „ƒx†ªu ‡y†F u€ }{‰u€ …‰y €u
S[TS_ZSROR% b[O cO_WOQWl[ RSY S`aOR\ v`W\YlUWQ\'KR ¥‚}wuy‚ˆy
YO v`W\Y\UjO ]\RjO Q\[cS_aW_`S S[ SY Tb[ROZS[a\ RS YO QWS[QWO
ˆy†uˆƒ€¬{}wuH X„€}wuxu ˆu‚ˆƒ u€ y‡ˆuxƒ ‡u‚ƒ wƒƒ u€ ƒ†vƒ‡ƒF
y€€u y†u „u†u iƒx†ª{‰yŽF w}ˆu‚xƒ u Yy†‚u†xF ’€u ­‚}wu w}y‚w}u
S[ ZSRWQW[Ou% tSY ]S_[\ QWS[ajvQ\ S[ a\_[\ RSY QbOY UW_O a\RO YO
ZSRWQW[Ou2 tD\_ ZW ]O_aS Q\[vS`\ Q\[ T_O[^bSgO ^bS [\ SeW`aS
¦‡ …‰y ‰‚u ‡ƒ€u w}y‚w}u y‚ yx}w}‚uU ©‡ˆu y‡ €u ]MEJGJCV=$“KS

KP
D\_v_W\ DO__O% t7Yj[WQO W[aS_[O' q5 ^bi TS[lZS[\ [\_ZOY Q\__S`]\[RS[
€u‡ u€‰w}‚uw}ƒ‚y‡V“F ^ddF KSJOF ˆƒƒ OF „„H LJS  LKJH
KQ
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽ y `{‚uw}ƒ Zu„yˆ}€€ƒF ’[ƒv€y u„€}wuw}¬‚ xy z¬†wy„‡
„u†u yŒˆ†uy† ‰‚ zyˆƒ Š}Šƒ u ˆ©†}‚ƒ“F ^ddF ˆƒƒ QF KRQLF „H LQQH
KR
X€ †y‡„ywˆƒF Š©u‡y y€ „€u‚ˆyu}y‚ˆƒ …‰y |uwy Zu†€ƒ‡ dH \‡„u†ŽuF y‚ ^l spE
}pyntl yz}xlw „ {lzw–rtnlF `„†y‚ˆu _ƒ†wu‡}ˆu‡ _y†u‚ƒ‡F d©Œ}wƒF KRRKH
KS
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽ y `{‚uw}ƒ Zu„yˆ}€€ƒF z{F nt•HF „H LQQH
NN \c fi[\e [\c [`jZlijf

\c fi`^\e \dYi`fc¤^`Zf

j} „u†u Xv†ƒ‡}ƒ gu†© €u‡ wu‰‡u‡ xy ‰‚ ‚uw}}y‚ˆƒ ƒ‚‡G


ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒ „ƒxªu‚ ‡y† ˆƒxu‡ €u‡ „ƒ‡}v€y‡F ‡y{­‚ €u €u†{u w}ˆu y‚
z†u‚w©‡ …‰y iƒx†ª{‰yŽ }‚w€‰y y‚ ‰‚ „}y xy „¦{}‚uFLJ €ƒ‡ ©G
x}wƒ‡ yŒ}wu‚ƒ‡ xy €u‡ ­€ˆ}u‡ x©wuxu‡ xy€ ‡}{€ƒ o`o v‰‡wuvu‚
wu‰‡u‡ y„ª†}wu‡H cyy†ƒ‚ ‡ƒv†y ˆƒxƒ €u [t~zt}p yl€}pwwp op~
xlxtq“}p~ p bstwz~z{stp Tylzxt|€p xy \ˆ}©‚‚y ^yƒzz†ƒ
ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†y CKRKSD  €u [t~zt}p r“y“}lwp p {l}tn€wt’}p
op~ lyzxlwtp~ op w†z}rlyt~ltzy nsp… w†szxxp p wp~ lytxl€ƒ
CKRMQDF u‡ª wƒƒ y€ Wtnntzylt}p nwl~~t|€p op [t~zt}p `l€}pwwp
CKRLQD xy ‡‰ |}~ƒ `‡}xƒ†yH X€ †y‡„ywˆƒF u‡y{‰†uvu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF
‚ƒ ‡y |uvªu y‡w†}ˆƒ ‚uxu ¦‡ }„ƒ†ˆu‚ˆyT ’cu‡ ƒv†u‡ xy ‰‚ƒ
 ƒˆ†ƒ ‡ƒ‚F ‡}‚ x‰xu u€{‰‚uF €ƒ‡ y~ƒ†y‡ Šy‚y†ƒ‡ uxƒ‚xy „‰yxy
ƒw‰††}†‡y „u†u }‚‡„}†u†‡y y }€‰‡ˆ†u†‡y y‚ €ƒ ˆƒwu‚ˆy u uw|uG
…‰y‡ ˆy†uˆƒ€¬{}wƒ‡H euxu |u ¦‡ u€€¦ |u‡ˆu u|ƒ†uH“LK gƒ† y‡ƒF
wuxu ŠyŽ …‰y y‚ ‰‚ „u†ˆƒ ‡y y‚wƒ‚ˆ†uvu wƒ‚ ‰‚u u‚ƒu€ªuF
†yw‰††ªu u y‡u‡ ƒv†u‡  y‚ˆ†y‡uwuvu ’„u†ˆy xy €u‡ ‚ƒˆ}w}u‡“F
ˆƒu‚xƒ xy y€€u‡ u€{‰‚ƒ‡ z†u{y‚ˆƒ‡ …‰y €‰y{ƒ u„€}wuvu u €ƒ‡
|yw|ƒ‡ wƒ‚w†yˆƒ‡T ’cu u‚ƒu€ªu …‰y |ƒ y ƒw‰„u |u Šy‚}xƒ

LJ
’cu‡ wu‰‡u‡ xy €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ ‡ƒ‚ Šu†}u‡H cu „†}y†u y‡ €u {€ƒ†}u xy
[}ƒ‡H cu ‡y{‰‚xuF ‡‰ w¬€y†uH ky†wy†uF €u wu‚ˆ}xux yŒwy‡}Šu xy ‡yy‚H
7bO_aO% `b QO[aWROR W[`bvQWS[aS' EbW[aO% YO WZOUW[OQWl[' GSeaO% YO S`G
ˆ†yw|yŽ ƒ †yx‰w}xƒ ˆuu«ƒ xy €u uˆ†}ŽH j©„ˆ}uF y€ ƒxƒ }‚uxyw‰uxƒ xy
‡y‚ˆu†‡y xy €u ux†yF …‰yF u€ |u€€u†‡y y‚w}‚ˆuF |u „y†u‚yw}xƒ xyu‡}uxƒ
ˆ}y„ƒ ‡y‚ˆuxu wƒ‚ €ƒ‡ ‰‡€ƒ‡ w†‰Žuxƒ‡ ‰ ƒ„†}}xƒ‡ wƒ‚ˆ†u y€ Š}y‚ˆ†yH
fwˆuŠuF „ƒ† wuªxuF ƒ {ƒ€„y‡ u‡y‡ˆuxƒ‡ wƒ‚ˆ†u y€ Š}y‚ˆ†y xy €u ux†yF
|u€€¦‚xƒ‡y ©‡ˆu y‡„y†u‚xƒ ‰‚ ‚}«ƒH eƒŠy‚uF xyv}xƒ u y‚zy†yxuxy‡
|y†yx}ˆu†}u‡ ƒ uww}xy‚ˆu€y‡H [©w}uF „ƒ† „ƒx†yx‰v†y ƒ wƒ††‰„w}¬‚ xy€
‡yy‚H l‚x©w}uF „ƒ† wƒ‚z‰‡}¬‚ ƒ yŽw€u xy ‡yy‚H [‰ƒx©w}uF xyv}xƒ
u y‚{u«ƒ xy €ƒ‡ u€Šuxƒ‡ y‚x}{ƒ‡ }ˆ}‚y†u‚ˆy‡H p xyw}ƒˆy†wy†uF „ƒ† €ƒ‡
xyƒ‚}ƒ‡ ƒ x}uv€ƒ‡“H a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’ky†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuH [y‡w†}„w}¬‚
xy ‰‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ |‰u‚ƒ w‰¦x†‰„€yHHH“F „H NJH Z}ˆuxƒ y‚ Xv†ƒ‡}ƒ gu†©F
z{F nt•FD „H LLH
LK
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’l‚u‡ w‰u‚ˆu‡ „u€uv†u‡ ‡ƒv†y y€u‚}‡ƒHHH“F
„H MJNH
\c jXY\i NO

u wƒ„†ƒvu† €u ‡‰u }„ƒ†ˆu‚w}u …‰y ˆ}y‚y y€ y‡ˆ‰x}ƒ xy €u


ˆy†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuH“LL
gu†ˆ}w‰€u†y‚ˆyF iƒx†ª{‰yŽ  €ƒ‡ ƒˆ†ƒ‡ ©x}wƒ‡ …‰y ‡y ƒw‰G
„u†ƒ‚ xy €u ˆy†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuF ˆƒu†ƒ‚ xy \H ^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†y
€u ˆyƒ†ªu xy€ xyˆy‚}}y‚ˆƒ yv†}ƒ‚u†}ƒH [y uw‰y†xƒ wƒ‚ y‡ˆu
aS\_jO b[ Z\[`a_b\ [OQjO RSPWR\ O b[O W[wbS[QWO ]_\cS[WS[aS
xy€ yŒˆy†}ƒ† …‰y xyˆy‚ªu y€ xy‡u††ƒ€€ƒ ‚ƒ†u€ xy€ yv†}¬‚ y‚
‰‚u xy €u‡ zu‡y‡ „ƒ† €u‡ …‰y ‚ƒ†u€y‚ˆy uˆ†uŠ}y‡uU ƒ „u†u
xyw}†€ƒ wƒ‚ ƒˆ†u‡ „u€uv†u‡F y†u ‰‚ uwˆƒ yw¦‚}wƒ ƒ „uˆƒ€¬{}wƒ y€
^bS OYaS_OPO SY RS`O__\YY\ [\_ZOY RSY SZP_Wl[ vXh[R\Y\ S[ b[O
TO`S ]_ScWO O `b Q\[T\_ZOQWl[ v[OY'LM gu†u iƒx†ª{‰yŽ €u y~ƒ†
„†‰yvu xy y€€ƒ y†u‚ €ƒ‡ yŒ„y†}y‚ˆƒ‡ …‰y y€ ˆy†uˆ¬€ƒ{ƒ z†u‚w©‡
|uvªu |yw|ƒ wƒ‚ yv†}ƒ‚y‡ xy „ƒ€€ƒT ’€u „†‰yvu ¦‡ wƒ‚w€‰y‚G
aS S` ]O_O Zj% SY ^bS ]bSRO[ ]_\RbQW_`S O_aWvQWOYZS[aSu S[
y€ €uvƒ†uˆƒ†}ƒHLN kuv}©‚ „u†u iƒ¦‚ iuª†yŽF y€ u‰ˆƒ† xy€
Vlwzrz op lyzxlw”l~F €u xyƒ‡ˆ†uw}¬‚ xy …‰y €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡
‡y zƒ†uvu‚ xy‡„‰©‡ xy €u zyw‰‚xuw}¬‚ xy€ ¬Š‰€ƒ y‡ˆuvu y‚ y€

LL
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’[y‡w†}„w}¬‚ xy ‰‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ |‰u‚ƒ w‰¦x†‰G
„€yHHH“F „H MNH
LM
@O aS\_jO RSY RSaS[WZWS[a\ SZP_W\[O_W\ _SQ\[\QWRO ]\_ YO vY\`\TjO [Oab_OY
u€yu‚u wƒƒ „u†ˆy xy €u ˆyƒ†ªu xy €u †ywu„}ˆ‰€uw}¬‚ z‰y xy€}‚yuxu „ƒ† \H
^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆ _}€u}†y  €€yŠuxu |u‡ˆu ‡‰‡ ­€ˆ}u‡ wƒ‚‡yw‰y‚w}u‡ „ƒ† \†‚y‡ˆ
_uywy€H X€ †y‡„ywˆƒ Š©u‡y g|}€}„ ]H iy|vƒwF ’k†u‡wy‚xy‚ˆu€ X‚uˆƒ“F
y‚ X‚x†y‹ Z‰‚‚}‚{|u  e}w|ƒ€u‡ au†x}‚y Cyx‡HDF czxly•tnt~x lyo •sp
dntpynp~U kH XH X„„y€F esp V€tp}EZpzqq}z„ WpmlpU jˆy„|y‚ au ^ƒ‰€xF
ayzrpy„ lyo bs„wzrpy„U n}€€}u Zƒ€yu‚F ^l mtzwzr”l py pw ~trwz h\hD •
iƒ‡u‰†u i‰}ŽF bz~ttt~xz „ pzw€nt–yR ty}zo€nnt–y opw ol}‚tyt~xz py
_“ƒtnzF l‚ xy‡u††ƒ€€ƒ ¦‡ u„€}ƒ xy y‡ˆy ˆyu ‡y y‚w‰y‚ˆ†u y‚ €u ‡y{‰‚xu
„u†ˆy xy €u „†y‡y‚ˆy ƒv†uF ’\€ ƒ†xy‚ xy€ y‡„uw}ƒ“H
LN
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’[y‡w†}„w}¬‚ xy ‰‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ |‰u‚ƒ x}„€ƒ{yG
‚©‡}wƒF ƒ‚ƒw©zu€ƒF u‰ˆƒ‡}ˆu†}ƒF y‚zu€¬‡}ˆƒF ‚ƒ Š}uv€y“F ^ddF ˆƒƒ NF KRJSF
„„H KOLGKOMH \‚ ƒˆ†u ƒwu‡}¬‚ iƒx†ª{‰yŽ u‡y{‰†¬ …‰y ’u€{‰‚ƒ‡ xy y‡ˆƒ‡
yzywˆƒ‡ |u‚ ‡}xƒ xyƒ‡ˆ†uxƒ‡ „ƒ† €u yŒ„y†}y‚ˆuw}¬‚ y‚ €ƒ‡ |‰yŠƒ‡ xy
€u‡ uŠy‡H cu‡ ƒv‡y†Šuw}ƒ‚y‡ …‰y |}Žƒ d†H ^yƒzz†ƒ y‚ X‰ˆy‚ˆ}€F wy†wu xy
gu†ª‡F  y‚ Yƒ‰†{G€uGiy}‚yF wƒ„†‰yvu‚ ‰‚u {†u‚ „u†ˆy xy €ƒ …‰y uwuvƒ
xy xyw}†“H a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’[y‡w†}„w}¬‚ xy ‰‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ |‰u‚ƒ
w‰¦x†‰„€yHHH“F „H MSH
NP \c fi[\e [\c [`jZlijf

|yw|ƒ xy |uvy†‡y „†ƒx‰w}xƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ ’u€ u†v}ˆ†}ƒ xy€ yŒ„y†}G


y‚ˆuxƒ†F „ƒ‚}y‚xƒ €ƒ‡ |‰yŠƒ‡ xy €ƒ‡ u‚}u€y‡ y‚ wƒ‚x}w}ƒ‚y‡
u‚¬u€u‡F }y‚ˆ†u‡ w‰„€y‚ ‡‰ xy‡u††ƒ€€ƒ“HLO
gy†ƒ €u ˆyƒ†ªu xy€ xyˆy‚}}y‚ˆƒ yv†}ƒ‚u†}ƒ ‚ƒ ‡¬€ƒ yŒG
„€}wuvu ‰‚ ‚uw}}y‚ˆƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒ ‡}‚ƒ …‰y }vu ¦‡ u€€¦ xy€
w‰y†„ƒ }‚x}Š}x‰u€ |u‡ˆu wƒ‚‡ˆ†‰}† ‰‚u u‚uˆƒªu {y‚y†u€ xy
€ƒ‡ ‡y†y‡H [y €u u‚ƒ wƒ‚ €u yv†}ƒ€ƒ{ªuF y‡u ˆyƒ†ªu ƒz†ywªu €u
„†‰yvu xy €u yŒ}‡ˆy‚w}u xy ‰‚ „€u‚ ­‚}wƒ xy w†yuw}¬‚F xy ‰‚u
wuxy‚u xy€ ‡y† …‰y y‚{u†Žuvu u ˆƒxƒ‡ €ƒ‡ ‡y†y‡F |u‡ˆu €ƒ‡ ¦‡
}‚Šy†ƒ‡ª}€y‡T u ˆ†uŠ©‡ xy ‡y†}y‡ xy †y‡yv€u‚Žu‡ y‡ˆuv€ywªu
wƒ‚yŒ}ƒ‚y‡ y‚ˆ†y €u‡ „u†ˆy‡ xy x}zy†y‚ˆy‡ u‚}u€y‡F y‚ˆ†y €u‡
„u†ˆy‡ xy ‰‚ u‚}u€ ‡}‚{‰€u†F y‚ˆ†y €u‡ y‡ˆ†‰wˆ‰†u‡ xy €ƒ‡ zyˆƒ‡
xy u‚}u€y‡ ‡‰„y†}ƒ†y‡  u‚}u€y‡ }‚zy†}ƒ†y‡F  ˆuv}©‚ y‚ˆ†y
€u‡ y‡ˆ†‰wˆ‰†u‡ xy €ƒ‡ u‚}u€y‡ ‚ƒ†u€y‡  xy €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡HLP
\‚ y‡u wuxy‚u xy€ ‡y† €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰ªu‚ €u „†‰yvu xy
‰‚ „€u‚ ­‚}wƒ xy w†yuw}¬‚F „‰y‡ ‡} y€€ƒ‡ ‚uwªu‚ xyv}xƒ u ‰‚u
W[wbS[QWO ^bS RSaS[jO SY RS`O__\YY\ RSY SZP_Wl[ S[ b[O RS YO`
zu‡y‡ „ƒ† €u‡ …‰y ‚ƒ†u€y‚ˆy ˆ†u‚‡}ˆuvuF y‡u‡ zu‡y‡ ‚ƒ |uwªu‚
¦‡ …‰y †y„†ƒx‰w}† u ‚}Šy€ }‚x}Š}x‰u€ €u‡ zu‡y‡ xy €u ‡y†}y
yŠƒ€‰ˆ}Šu …‰y }vu xy €ƒ‡ u‚}u€y‡ }‚zy†}ƒ†y‡ u €ƒ‡ ‡‰„y†}ƒ†y‡U
 u‡ª w‰u‚xƒ y€ xy‡u††ƒ€€ƒ yv†}ƒ‚u†}ƒ xy ‰‚ u‚}u€ ‡‰„y†}ƒ†
`S RSaS[jO% b[O T\_ZO W[TS_W\_ ^bSROPO vXO S[ SY aWSZ]\% \%
wƒƒ €ƒ yŒ„€}wuvu \ˆ}©‚‚y jy††y‡F x}‡wª„‰€ƒ xy \H ^yƒzz†ƒ
ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†yF u€ „u‡u† y€ yv†}¬‚ |‰u‚ƒ ‡‰wy‡}Šuy‚ˆy „ƒ†
€u‡ zƒ†u‡ xy „yŽF †y„ˆ}€  uŠyF y†u „ƒ‡}v€y y‚wƒ‚ˆ†u† „u†yw}xƒ‡
y‚ˆ†y ‰‚ ‡y† |‰u‚ƒ ‡}‚ wuvyŽu  €ƒ‡ ƒ€‰‡wƒ‡HLQ
gy†ƒ y‡ƒ‡ ‡y†y‡ ‚ƒ ‡¬€ƒ y†u‚ €u „†‰yvu xy ‰‚ „€u‚ ­‚}wƒ xy
w†yuw}¬‚F ‡}‚ƒ …‰y uxy¦‡ „†ƒ„ƒ†w}ƒ‚uvu‚ €u €€uŠy …‰y yŒ„€}G
wuvu ˆƒxu‡ €u‡ †y‡yv€u‚Žu‡U y€€ƒ‡ wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰ªu‚ y€ ywu‚}‡ƒ

LO
iƒ¦‚ iuª†yŽF Vlwzrz op lyzxlw”l~ nzwpnntzylol~ py pw _€~pz `lE
ntzylwF „„H m`Gm``H
LP
Xwy†wu xy €u x}‡w‰‡}¬‚ ^yƒzz†ƒGZ‰Š}y†F Š©u‡y kƒv X„„y€F z{F nt•F
LQ
jˆy„|y‚ auF ^ƒ‰€xF z{F nt•HF „H NQH
\c jXY\i NQ

u ˆ†uŠ©‡ xy€ w‰u€ €u ˆ†u‚‡zƒ†uw}¬‚ xy €u‡ y‡„yw}y‡ ƒ„y†uvuT y‚


y‡u wuxy‚u xy€ ‡y† …‰y }vu xy €ƒ‡ ‡y†y‡ ¦‡ }„y†zywˆƒ‡ u €ƒ‡
¦‡ „y†zywˆƒ‡F y‚ y‡y nzyty€€x }‚u€ˆy†uv€yF €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡F
yzywˆƒ xy ‰‚ xyˆy‚}}y‚ˆƒ yv†}ƒ‚u†}ƒF y†u‚ zƒ†u‡ z‰{}ˆ}Šu‡F
y‡ˆux}ƒ‡ }‚ˆy†yx}ƒ‡ xy €ƒ‡ w‰u€y‡ ‡‰†{ªu‚ ‚‰yŠu‡ y‡„yw}y‡ 
†uŽu‡ y‚ €u ‚uˆ‰†u€yŽuH
X‰‚ u‡ªF €ƒ‡ ©x}wƒ‡ ˆy†uˆ¬€ƒ{ƒ‡ xy~u†ƒ‚ xy €uxƒ €u ˆ†u‚‡zƒ†G
uw}¬‚ xy €u‡ y‡„yw}y‡  ‡y ƒw‰„u†ƒ‚ ­‚}wuy‚ˆy xy€ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ
}‡ƒH [y |yw|ƒF z‰y u‡ª wƒƒ z‰y†ƒ‚ €yy‚xƒ €u ƒv†u xy \H
^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†yF u ‡u€ˆƒ‡F †yw‰††}y‚xƒ u u€{­‚ z†u{y‚G
ˆƒ wuxu ŠyŽ …‰y ‰‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ u„u†ywªuH d¦‡ …‰y {u†u‚ˆ}Žu† €u
wƒ‚ˆ}‚‰}xux y‚ˆ†y €ƒ‡ ‡y†y‡  yŒ„€}wu† y€ ‡‰†{}}y‚ˆƒ xy ‚‰yŠu‡
†uŽu‡F €y‡ }‚ˆy†y‡uvu‚ €u‡ wu‰‡u‡ xy ‰‚ ‚uw}}y‚ˆƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒU
y‡ˆuvu‚ ¦‡ „†yƒw‰„uxƒ‡ „ƒ† y€ w‰y†„ƒ }‚x}Š}x‰u€ …‰y „ƒ† €u‡
y‡„yw‰€uw}ƒ‚y‡ yŠƒ€‰w}ƒ‚}‡ˆu‡ xy€ ˆy†uˆ¬€ƒ{ƒ z†u‚w©‡U y‚ƒ‡ „ƒ†
YO vY\`\TjO ^bS ]\_ SY TS[lZS[\ ]O_aWQbYO_' @\ Q\[a_O_W\ RS 9'
^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†y …‰}y‚ „†yzy†ªu €u‡ }xyu‡ ‡ƒv†y €ƒ‡ |yw|ƒ‡
u €ƒ‡ …‰y wƒ‚‡}xy†uvu y†ƒ‡ }‚‡ˆ†‰y‚ˆƒ‡U xy u|ª …‰y z†y‚ˆy u
‡‰ wƒ‚ˆy„ƒ†¦‚yƒ Z‰Š}y†F …‰}y‚ uxŠy†ˆªu ‡ƒv†y y€ „y€}{†ƒ xy
€u‡ {y‚y†u€}Žuw}ƒ‚y‡ |}„ƒˆ©ˆ}wu‡ y }‚‡}‡ˆªu y‚ €u yˆƒxƒ€ƒ{ªu
y„ª†}wuF y€ ˆy†uˆ¬€ƒ{ƒ z†u‚w©‡ xyzy‚x}y†u €u uv‡ˆ†uww}¬‚ xy €u
ˆyƒ†ªuH gƒ† y‡ƒF ‡} iƒx†ª{‰yŽ |uwªu †yzy†y‚w}u u €u ˆ†u‚‡zƒ†uG
w}¬‚ xy €u‡ y‡„yw}y‡ y†u ‡}y„†y xy‚ˆ†ƒ xy ‰‚ u†wƒ w€ª‚}wƒT
y€ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ |‰u‚ƒ w‰¦x†‰„€yF y‡w†}vªuF ’y‡ˆ¦ †yx‰w}xƒ wu‡}
u €u wƒ‚x}w}¬‚ xy €ƒ‡ w†‰‡ˆ¦wyƒ‡  xy €ƒ‡ }‚‡ywˆƒ‡“HLR
d¦‡ u€€¦ xy €u „†y{‰‚ˆu „ƒ† €u ˆ†u‚‡zƒ†uw}¬‚ xy €u‡ y‡G
„yw}y‡F €u ˆyƒ†ªu xy€ xyˆy‚}}y‚ˆƒ yv†}ƒ‚u†}ƒ xy \H ^yƒzz†ƒ
ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†y „†ƒ„ƒ†w}ƒ‚uvu u €ƒ‡ ©x}wƒ‡ y€ wƒ‚wy„ˆƒ …‰y
RSv[jO SY hZPWa\ ]_SQW`\ RS QlZ\ a\RO Z\[`a_b\`WROR RSPjO
y‚ˆy‚xy†‡yU wƒ‚ y€€u „ƒxªu‚F „ƒ† €ƒ y‚ƒ‡F ƒv‡y†Šu† wƒƒ €u
€y {y‚y†u€ xy‡wy‚xªu  ‡y u‚}zy‡ˆuvu y‚ €u „u†ˆ}w‰€u†}xux
xy wuxu w‰y†„ƒH

LR
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF z{F nt•FF „H MRH
NR \c fi[\e [\c [`jZlijf

cX [`]\i\eZ`X k\iXkfc¤^`ZX

@O v`W\Y\UjO RSZ\`a_OPO ^bS Y\ ]Oa\YlUWQ\ S_O b[ Q\[QS]a\


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„u†ˆy xy €u €ª‚yu wƒ‚ˆ}‚‰u …‰y ‰‚ªu uvƒ‡ y‡ˆuxƒ‡H iƒx†ª{‰yŽ
}‚‡}‡ˆ}¬ ‰w|u‡ Šywy‡ y‚ y€€ƒU „u†u ©€ €u ƒ†{u‚}Žuw}¬‚ ƒ‚‡G
ˆ†‰ƒ‡u ‚ƒ y†u ‰ x}‡ˆ}‚ˆu xy €u ‚ƒ†u€U u‰‚…‰y yŒˆ†uŠu{u‚ˆyF
xywªu y‚ ‡‰ „†}y† y‡ˆ‰x}ƒ xy wu‡ƒF y€€u ‚ƒ y‡ˆ¦ ’‡‰~yˆu u ƒˆ†ƒ‡
„†}‚w}„}ƒ‡ x}‡ˆ}‚ˆƒ‡ xy €ƒ‡ …‰y „†y‡}xy‚ €ƒ ‚ƒ†u€ xy €ƒ‡ ‡y†y‡
„y†zywˆƒ‡“U |uvªu ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡}xuxF „y†ƒ ‚ƒ „ƒ† y‡ƒ xy†ƒ{uw}¬‚
xy €u‡ €yy‡ ƒ†x}‚u†}u‡HLS 9Y ]_\PYSZO S_O ^bS% ]O_O RSv[W_
€ƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒF ‚ywy‡u†}uy‚ˆy |uvªu …‰y x}‡ˆu‚w}u†‡y xy €u
v`W\Y\UjO f ZW_O_ Y\ [\_ZOY fO [\ S[ _SYOQWl[ O `j ZW`Z\% `W[\
xy‡xy €ƒ „uˆƒ€¬{}wƒ  ‡‰ x}zy†y‚w}u wƒ‚ €ƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒH
;_S[aS OY Z\[`a_b\% YO v`W\Y\UjO _S`bYaOPO W[`bvQWS[aS' LO
\H ^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†y |uvªu †yw€uuxƒ u €ƒ‡ u‚uˆƒ}‡ˆu‡
xy ‡‰ ˆ}y„ƒ |uvy† yŒw€‰}xƒ u€ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ xy€ wƒ‚ƒw}}y‚ˆƒ xy €u
‚uˆ‰†u€yŽuU €y‡ uxŠy†ˆªu …‰y „u†u uŠu‚Žu† y‚ y€ wƒ‚ƒw}}y‚ˆƒ
xy €u ywƒ‚ƒªu Š}Š}y‚ˆy y†u ‚ywy‡u†}ƒ uvu‚xƒ‚u† €u‡ „†y‚ƒw}ƒG
[S` RS YO v`W\Y\UjO2 tVOf ^bS `OYW_ RS YO RWcW`Wl[ m[WQO S[a_S
y€ |ƒv†y †y{‰€u†  y€ }††y{‰€u†“F xywªuU ’y‡ ‚ywy‡u†}ƒ uvƒ†G
xu† €u ƒ†{u‚}Žuw}¬‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡uF y‡ ‚ywy‡u†}ƒ }† ¦‡ u€€¦ xy€
|ƒv†y †y{‰€u†  ‚ƒ†u€F „‰y‡ Ÿy‡ „ƒ‡}v€y ‡ƒ€uy‚ˆy |uv€u†
xy €ƒ †y{‰€u†  z‰y†u xy ©€ ‚ƒ y‚wƒ‚ˆ†u† x}‡ˆ}‚w}¬‚ u€{‰‚u xy
€u‡ wu€}xuxy‡ }‚x}Š}x‰u€y‡ xy €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡V“MJ \€ ˆy†uˆ¬€ƒ{ƒ
z†u‚w©‡ ‡y |uvªu „†ƒ„‰y‡ˆƒ ƒv‡y†Šu† y€ y‡ˆuxƒ ‚ƒ†u€ xy€ |ƒG
v†y xy‡xy €u „y†‡„ywˆ}Šu xy €ƒ }††y{‰€u†F „‰y‡ xy ƒˆ†u u‚y†u
€ƒ ‚ƒ†u€ ‚ƒ „ƒxªu ¦‡ …‰y u„u†ywy† wƒƒ u€{ƒ uv‡ˆ†uwˆƒF
}xyu€F }‚yŒ}‡ˆy‚ˆyH cƒ }‡ƒ ‡y „†ƒ„ƒ‚ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽ u€ }‚‡}‡ˆ}†

LS
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’[y‡w†}„w}¬‚ xy ‰‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ wªw€ƒ„y „y†ˆy‚yw}y‚ˆy
u€ {©‚y†ƒ wy†xƒ ‚uw}xƒ y‚ iƒ}ˆu Cy‡ˆuxƒ xy ^‰u‚u~‰uˆƒD“F ^l `l€}lwp…lF
ˆƒƒ `F KRPSGKRQJF „H LQSH
MJ
\H ^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†yF z{F nt•FD „H KKJ C€u‡ w}ˆu‡ u y‡ˆu ƒv†u ‡ƒ‚ ˆ†uG
x‰ww}ƒ‚y‡ ªu‡F ]H^HDH
\c jXY\i NS

y‚ €u ‚ywy‡}xux xy }† ¦‡ u€€¦ xy €u u‚uˆƒªu xy‡w†}„ˆ}Šu  xy


YO tVW]\aiaWQOu v`W\Y\UjO ^bS t[\ VO[ VSQV\ Zh` ^bS WZ]\[S_
€ª}ˆy‡ u€ „y‚‡u}y‚ˆƒ“F „u†u uv†}† y€ wu„ƒ xy ƒv‡y†Šuw}¬‚
u€ y‡ˆ‰x}ƒ xy €ƒ‡ uwˆƒ‡ }††y{‰€u†y‡H
[y‡„‰©‡ xy ˆƒxƒF €u ˆy†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªu |uvªu €€y{uxƒ „u†u …‰y €ƒ‡
ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡F y‡ƒ‡ ’y‚ˆy‡ yŒwy„w}ƒ‚u€y‡“F y„yŽu†u‚ u |uv€u†
’wƒ‚ €u uƒ† ‡}‚wy†}xux“ xy €ƒ …‰y ‚ywy‡}ˆuvu ‡uvy†‡yH Zƒ‚
†uŽ¬‚F xywªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF

y€ ‡uv}ƒ ‚uˆ‰†u€}‡ˆu „ƒ†ˆ‰{‰©‡F Zƒ††yu xy jy††uF y‡w†}vªu u d†H


^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†yT ’dy „ƒ‚{ƒ wƒ‚ˆy‚ˆƒF  y }‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ wƒ‚
Š‰y‡ˆ†ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡U u €u ŠyŽ …‰y uuv€y‡ ‡ƒ‚ ‰ „€uˆ}wuxƒ†y‡T
w‰y‚ˆu‚ ‡uv}uy‚ˆy €u‡ u†uŠ}€€u‡ xy €u ƒ†{u‚}Žuw}¬‚F x}w}y‚xƒ
wƒ‚ ƒ„ƒ†ˆ‰‚}xux €ƒ …‰y y‡F  €ƒ …‰y ‚ƒ xyvy ‡y†H“MK

5 Y\` Z\[`a_b\` VOPjO ^bS S`QbQVO_Y\` f ]O_O SYY\ YO v`W\G


Y\UjO S_O W[`bvQWS[aS% `\P_S a\R\ OV\_O ^bS YO aS_Oa\Y\UjO fO
‚ƒ y†uF

rHHHs w‰u€ y‚ ‡‰ }‚zu‚w}uF €u |}~u xy €u ‡‰„y†‡ˆ}w}¬‚ ¦‡ w}y{u y


}{‚ƒ†u‚ˆy rHHHs €u ‚}«u …‰y uŠy†{ƒ‚Žuxu „ƒ† €ƒ‡ †yw‰y†xƒ‡ xy ‡‰
xy‡{†uw}uxƒ ƒ†}{y‚ wu}‚u Šuw}€u‚ˆy  ‡}‚ x}†yww}¬‚ xyˆy†}G
‚uxuU y‡F ‡ªF €u ~ƒŠy‚ …‰y ‡y |u €u‚Žuxƒ u €u‡ ¦‡ u€ˆu‡ wƒ‚‡}G
RS_OQW\[S` RS YO vY\`\TjO [Oab_OY% YO ]_SRWYSQaO VS_ZO[O RS YO
jzzwzr”l  xy €u Tylzx”l nzx{l}lolF €u {y‚y†ƒ‡u u}{u …‰y
|u wyx}xƒ y€ u†wu xy ‡‰‡ †}wƒ‡ ˆy‡ƒ†ƒ‡ u €u „ƒv†y y |}„ƒˆ©ˆ}wu
Yt~tzwzr”lHML

cu w}y‚w}u xy €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡F y‡y ’­€ˆ}ƒ z†‰ˆƒ xy €u {†u‚


w}y‚w}u xy €u ƒ†{u‚}Žuw}¬‚“FMM xyvªu u‚ˆy„ƒ‚y† €u }††y{‰€u†}xux

MK
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’[y‡w†}„w}¬‚ xy ‰‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ |‰u‚ƒ w‰¦x†‰„€yHHH“F
„H MOH
ML
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’[y‡w†}„w}¬‚ xy ‰‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ wªw€ƒ„yHHH“F „H LPRH
MM
\opxH
OJ \c fi[\e [\c [`jZlijf

OY QbS_]\ [\_ZOY% WRSOY% RS YO v`W\Y\UjO2 trEbi ZSX\_S` RSYOa\_S`%


y‚ yzywˆƒF „u†u €ƒ{†u† ‡uvy† ‡‰‡ ¦‡ †yw¬‚x}ˆƒ‡ }‡ˆy†}ƒ‡F …‰y
€u }‡u ƒ†{u‚}Žuw}¬‚ y‚ ‡‰ y‡ˆuxƒ xy }††y{‰€u†}xuxF …‰y €u
‚uˆ‰†u€yŽuF Šuw}€u‚ˆy y }„ƒˆy‚ˆyF y‚ ‡‰‡ ƒy‚ˆƒ‡ xy ‡‰„}‚u
yŒˆ†uŠu{u‚w}uB“MN h‰© y~ƒ† yŒw€uuw}¬‚ xy ƒ„ˆ}}‡ƒ …‰y
S`O ^bS ]_\ZSajO YO `bZW`Wl[ v[OY RS YO `W[UbYO_WROR O Y\`
xƒ}‚}ƒ‡ xy €u w}y‚w}uH
DS_\ QbZ]YW_ Q\[ SYY\ `WU[WvQOPO _ST\_ZbYO_ b[O cWSXO
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ˆ†ux}wˆƒ†}ƒ u€ xy ‚ƒ†u€VF Ÿy‡ €u u‚ƒu€ªu €u }‡u wƒ‡u …‰y
YO O[\_ZOYWROR4% f% S[ v[% q^bi ]S[`O_ RS Y\` Z\[`a_b\`4MO
eywy‡u†}uy‚ˆyF „y‚‡u† €ƒ ‚ƒ†u€ xy‡xy €u „y†‡„ywˆ}Šu xy €ƒ
W__SUbYO_ WZ]YWQOPO RSv[W_ YO RWTS_S[QWO ^bS `S]O_O Y\ [\_ZOY%
€ƒ „uˆƒ€¬{}wƒ  €ƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒF u …‰y ‡ƒ‡ˆy‚y† €u }xy‚ˆ}xux xy
y‡ƒ‡ ˆ†y‡ y‡ˆuxƒ‡ „†ƒx‰wªu ­‚}wuy‚ˆy y‚ˆ}xuxy‡ uv‡ˆ†uwˆu‡ y
}‚yŒ}‡ˆy‚ˆy‡U ƒ y‚ ƒˆ†ƒ‡ ˆ©†}‚ƒ‡F €u |ƒƒ{y‚y}xux u‚‰€uvu y€
wƒ‚wy„ˆƒ }‡ƒ xy „uˆƒ€ƒ{ªu ƒ u‚ƒu€ªuH
\‡u y†u €u ˆu†yu xy €u ˆy†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuF xy€}}ˆu† €ƒ „†ƒ„}uy‚ˆy
ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒU xy u|ª …‰y z‰y†u ‚ywy‡u†}ƒ †y‡ˆuv€ywy† €u x}zy†y‚G
w}u y‚ˆ†y €ƒ ‚ƒ†u€  €ƒ „uˆƒ€¬{}wƒH iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ˆ‰Šƒ …‰y †ywƒG
‚ƒwy†€ƒ y‚ ‰‚ wu‡ƒ xy xy‡„y{u}y‚ˆƒ wƒ‚{©‚}ˆƒ xy€ „uvy€€¬‚
xy €u ƒ†y~uT €u y‚zy†yxux  €u u‚ƒu€ªuF xywªuF ‡ƒ‚

rHHHs xƒ‡ y‚ˆ}xuxy‡ xy‡yy~u‚ˆy‡ ‡}y„†y  u y‚‰xƒ wƒ‚ˆ†u†}u‡


rHHHs cu y‚zy†yxux ‡ƒv†yŠ}y‚y xy‡„‰©‡ xy zƒ†uxƒ‡  xy‡u††ƒG

MN
\mtoFF „H MOH
MO
Zu‚{‰}€|y €ƒ „€u‚ˆyu y‚ y‡ˆƒ‡ ˆ©†}‚ƒ‡T ’j}‚ €ƒ‡ wƒ‚wy„ˆƒ‡ xy ‚ƒ†u€ 
„uˆƒ€¬{}wƒ y€ „y‚‡u}y‚ˆƒ  €u uwˆ}Š}xux xy€ ©x}wƒ ‡ƒ‚ }‚wƒ„†y‚‡}v€y‡H
]u€ˆu ‰w|ƒF ‚ƒ ƒv‡ˆu‚ˆyF „u†u …‰y y‡ˆƒ‡ wƒ‚wy„ˆƒ‡ ‡yu‚ w€u†ƒ‡ y‚ y€ ~‰}w}ƒ
©x}wƒ  €y ‡yu‚ }‚x}‡„y‚‡uv€y‡H Ÿguˆƒ€¬{}wƒ y‡ ‰‚ wƒ‚wy„ˆƒ }x©‚ˆ}wƒ u€ xy
‚ƒ†u€V Ÿ\‡ €ƒ wƒ‚ˆ†u†}ƒ ƒ wƒ‚ˆ†ux}wˆƒ†}ƒ xy ‚ƒ†u€V Ÿp ‚ƒ†u€ y‡ }x©‚ˆ}wƒ
O `O[\4 qL YO O[\ZOYjO S` YO ZW`ZO Q\`O ^bS YO O[\_ZOYWROR4 qL% S[ v[% ^bi
„y‚‡u† xy €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡V“H Zu‚{‰}€|yF z{F nt•FD „H KRMH m©u‡y xy€ }‡ƒ
u‰ˆƒ†F ^z yz}xlw „ wz {lzw–rtnzH
\c jXY\i OK

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…‰y |uvªu‚ €€y{uxƒ uH cu u‚ƒu€ªuF y‚ wuv}ƒF ‡ƒv†yŠ}y‚y
x‰†u‚ˆy €u zƒ†uw}¬‚  xy‡u††ƒ€€ƒ xy €ƒ‡ ¬†{u‚ƒ‡  „ƒ† ˆu‚ˆƒ
€y‡ }„}xy €€y{u† u ‡‰‡ wƒ‚x}w}ƒ‚y‡ ‚ƒ†u€y‡H cu ‰‚uF €u y‚zy†G
yxuxF wuv}u €ƒ …‰y u y‡ˆuvu |yw|ƒT €u ƒˆ†uF €u u‚ƒu€ªuF €ƒ
…‰y xyvy |uwy†‡yH \‚ ‰‚u „u€uv†uF €u y‚zy†yxux wƒ‚‡}‡ˆy y‚
€u u€ˆy†uw}¬‚F y‚ €u xyzƒ†uw}¬‚U  €u Šy†xuxy†u u‚ƒu€ªu y‚ €u
zƒ†uw}¬‚ }‚‡¬€}ˆuHMP

5Y v[OY S`S ZiRWQ\ aS[jO ^bS OQS]aO_ ^bS Y\ O[lZOY\ Q\[`G


ˆ}ˆ‰ªu ‰‚ †y{}‡ˆ†ƒ x}‡ˆ}‚ˆƒF ‡y„u†uxƒ xy €ƒ ‚ƒ†u€  ˆuv}©‚
xy €ƒ „uˆƒ€¬{}wƒF …‰y ‡‰ „u†ˆ}w‰€u†}xux ‚ƒ „ƒxªu ‡ƒyˆy†‡y u
€ƒ‡ w†}ˆy†}ƒ‡ …‰y †y{‰€uvu‚ €ƒ „uˆƒ€¬{}wƒH iyˆƒuvu „u†u y€€ƒ
ƒˆ†ƒ z†u{y‚ˆƒ xy \H ^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†yF …‰}y‚ xywªu …‰yT
€u ƒ†{u‚}Žuw}¬‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡u wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰ªu ’‰‚u xy‡ƒ†{u‚}Žuw}¬‚
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wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰w}¬‚ }††y{‰€u† …‰y †yy„€uŽu u €u …‰y xyvªu ‡y† †y{‰G
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‚ƒ ‰‚u Šu†}uw}¬‚ ‚} ‰‚ |yw|ƒ xy „uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuF ‡}‚ƒ ‰‚u zƒ†uG
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u‡y{‰†y‚ €ƒ wƒ‚ˆ†u†}ƒH“MR
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MP
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’[y‡„y{u}y‚ˆƒ wƒ‚{©‚}ˆƒ xy€ „uvy€€¬‚ xy €u
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MR
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„H NLH
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ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ „}€€uvu u €u ‚uˆ‰†u€yŽu ’y‚ ‡‰‡ ƒy‚ˆƒ‡ xy ‡‰„}‚u
yŒˆ†uŠu{u‚w}u“U €u ƒ‡ˆ†uvu ’Šuw}€u‚ˆy y }„ƒˆy‚ˆy“F ‡ƒyˆ}xu
u ‰‚ }‡ˆy†}ƒ …‰y y‡wu„u u €u †y{‰€u†}xux xy €u w}y‚w}uH \‚ y‡y
€‰{u†F y€ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ ‚ƒ „ƒxªu wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰}†‡y y‚ ‰‚u „†‰yvu ¦‡ xy
€u †y{‰€u†}xux xy€ ‰‚xƒF ‚} ‡y†Šªu ˆu„ƒwƒ wƒƒ „u†ux}{u
y‚ €u wƒ„†y‚‡}¬‚ xy €ƒ‡ uwˆƒ‡ ‚ƒ†u€y‡H

MS
X y‡ˆy „†ƒv€yu ‡y y‚z†y‚ˆuvu ‚ƒ ‡¬€ƒ €u ˆy†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªu ‡}‚ƒ ˆuv}©‚ €u yG
RWQW[O% YO QbOY [\ `WSZ]_S ]\RjO RSv[W_ b[ VSQV\ RS ]Oa\Y\UjO' D\_ SXSZ]Y\%
‡‰wyxªu ‰w|u‡ Šywy‡ …‰y ‰‚ }‡ƒ u€ ˆ‰Š}y†u wƒ„ƒ†ˆu}y‚ˆƒ‡ ‡}‚{‰G
€u†y‡ y‚ wuxu }‚x}Š}x‰ƒF …‰y y‚zy†yxuxy‡ x}‡ˆ}‚ˆu‡ ˆ‰Š}y†u‚ ‡ª‚ˆƒu‡
`WZWYO_S`% \ ^bS O ]O_aW_ RS YO `b]S_vQWS O[OalZWQO `S ]bRWS_O[ QYO`WvQO_
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y‚ d©Œ}wƒ“H
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y‚ y€ ©ˆƒxƒH d¦‡ u€€¦ xy €ƒ‡ „†ywy„ˆƒ‡ ˆy¬†}wƒ‡ y‚ €ƒ‡ …‰y
YO aS_Oa\Y\UjO Q_SjO _SQ\[\QS_`S% OY v[OY% YO Se]YWQOQWl[ RSPjO
„†ƒŠy‚}† xy €u w€ª‚}wuH gu†u y‡y ©x}wƒ y€ ©ˆƒxƒ y†u y€ †y‡G
„ƒ‚‡uv€y xy

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u„†yw}u† xyv}xuy‚ˆy €ƒ‡ zy‚¬y‚ƒ‡ ƒ†vƒ‡ƒ‡F ‡‰ Šu€ƒ†  ‡‰
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„}uxuHNJ

\‡ˆu wƒ‚wy„w}¬‚ ‚ƒ y‡ˆuvu ‰ €y~ƒ‡ xy €ƒ …‰y u«ƒ‡ xy‡„‰©‡


`\`abcWS_O D\_v_W\ DO__O% b[\ RS Y\` ]\Q\` ZiRWQ\` ^bS _SG
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|uwy „ƒ‡}v€y y€

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QYO`WvQO_ Y\` VSQV\` O[\aOR\`3 SY O_aS RS Ov_ZO_ ]_\]\`WQW\[S`
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u†ˆy xy zƒ†u† }‚x‰ww}ƒ‚y‡U y€ u†ˆy xy yŒˆy‚xy† u wu‡ƒ‡ ‚‰yŠƒ‡
y‡u‡ „†ƒ„ƒ‡}w}ƒ‚y‡ {y‚y†u€y‡F ƒ €ƒ …‰y y‡ €ƒ }‡ƒF y€ u†ˆy xy
|uwy† xyx‰ww}ƒ‚y‡HNK

NJ
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’kƒwƒ€ƒ{ªu“F ^ddF ˆƒƒ QF KRQLF „H OLH
NK
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„H MJRH
ON \c fi[\e [\c [`jZlijf

[y uw‰y†xƒ wƒ‚ gu††uF y€ ©ˆƒxƒ y‡ˆuvu wƒ‚zƒ†uxƒ „ƒ†


xƒ‡ y‡€uvƒ‚y‡F ’€u ƒv‡y†Šuw}¬‚ …‰y ‚ƒ‡ |uwy Šy† €ƒ‡ |yw|ƒ‡
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y‡ˆuxª‡ˆ}wuF €u Šªu ‡y{‰}xu „ƒ† Šu†}ƒ‡ ©x}wƒ‡ }‚ˆy†y‡uxƒ‡ y‚
xy†}Šu† „†ƒ„ƒ‡}w}ƒ‚y‡ {y‚y†u€y‡ xy €u ƒv‡y†Šuw}¬‚ w€ª‚}wuHNO
8S`Q\[vOPO RS YO S`aORj`aWQO fO ^bS ORSZh` RS ]_\POPYS%
ƒ€Š}xuvu €u „u†ˆ}w‰€u†}xux xy€ zy‚¬y‚ƒT

NL
\mtoHF „H MJQH
NM
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’[y‡w†}„w}¬‚ xy ‰‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ |‰u‚ƒ w‰¦x†‰G
„€yHHH“F „H NLH
NN
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xu†y‚w©zu€ƒ ‚uw}xƒ y‚ d©Œ}wƒ y€ y‡ xy x}w}yv†y xy KRPP“F Xw bz}•pyt}F
d©Œ}wƒF `„†y‚ˆu xy aH \‡wu€u‚ˆyF ˆƒƒ ```F KRQJF „H PKH
NO
X x}zy†y‚w}u xy iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ©x}wƒ‡ wƒƒ `{‚uw}ƒ X€Šu†uxƒF X‚ˆƒ‚}ƒ
DSkOvSY \ 5R_Wh[ GSUb_O Pb`QOPO[ S[ Y\` [mZS_\` YO` YSfS` ^bS _SUjO[
Y\` TS[lZS[\` ]Oa\YlUWQ\`' 5Y _S`]SQa\% DSkOvSY RSQjO ^bS tYO ZSRWQW[O S`
€u …‰y ¦‡ ‚ywy‡}xux ˆ}y‚y xy €u‡ wƒ‚w€‰‡}ƒ‚y‡ u„ƒuxu‡ y‚ €ƒ‡ ‚­y†ƒ‡U
‰w|ƒ ‡y w†}ˆ}wu‚ €u‡ wƒ‚…‰}‡ˆu‡ ©x}wu‡F w‰u‚xƒ ‚ƒ ‡y u„ƒu‚ y‚ xuˆƒ‡
_WUb_\`OZS[aS Q\[`WU[OR\`u' 5[a\[W\ DSkOvSY% t5]YWQOQW\[S` RS YO S`aOG
xª‡ˆ}wu u €u‡ w}y‚w}u‡ ©x}wu‡“F ^ddF ˆƒƒ LKF KRRPF „H LOH Xx†}¦‚ jy{‰†uF
„ƒ† ‡‰ „u†ˆyF wƒ‚‡}xy†¬ y‚ u€{­‚ ƒy‚ˆƒ …‰y y€ ©ˆƒxƒ y‡ˆuxª‡ˆ}wƒ ‡y†G
Šªu „u†u ’y‡ˆuv€ywy† y€ uƒ† {†uxƒ xy z†yw‰y‚w}u €ƒ …‰y }„€}wu {†u‚xy‡
„†ƒvuv}€}xuxy‡‘ xy wu‰‡uw}¬‚“H ^ddF ˆƒƒ SF „H LJJH m©u‡y ˆuv}©‚ iƒ‡‡y†
duˆˆ|y‹‡F 5O=INE]?=NEJI =I@ NDA 5OAMN BJL 1A@E?=G )ALN=EINRU auy‡
_H Zu‡‡yxF Txp}tnly _potntyp lyo d•l•t~•tnlw estyvtyrF IPHHEIPNHU y‚
†y€uw}¬‚ wƒ‚ y€ wu‡ƒ yŒ}wu‚ƒF Š©u‡y cu‰†u Z|¦Žu†ƒF z{F nt•F
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MO
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KKR \c fi[\e [\c \jgXZ`f

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RS Y\` Q\[\QWZWS[a\` QWS[ajvQ\` S[ [bS`a_\ ]Oj`u'MP
p „u†u w‰„€}† wƒ‚ y‡u ˆu†yuF |uvªu …‰y }xyu† ‰‚u |y††uG
}y‚ˆu wu„uŽ xy zuw}€}ˆu† €u wƒ„†y‚‡}¬‚ xy €u‡ wƒ€yww}ƒ‚y‡H
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wƒƒ y‚ˆ†y €ƒ‡ u«ƒ‡ xy KRRO  KRSO ‡y „‰v€}wu†ƒ‚ €ƒ‡ wuˆ¦€ƒ{ƒ‡
xy wuxu ‰‚u xy €u‡ ‡u€u‡H ay‡­‡ ^u€}‚xƒ  m}€€uF |}‡ˆƒ†}uxƒ†F
x}†ywˆƒ† xy €u Xwuxy}u euw}ƒ‚u€ xy Yy€€u‡ X†ˆy‡  „†ƒzy‡ƒ†
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MP
gu€uv†u‡ xy du‚‰y€ l†}v}‚u y‚ iƒ¦‚ iuª†yŽF Vlwzrz op lyzxlw”l~
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op _lx”qp}z~ opw _€~pz `lntzylwF KRSOU Vlwzrz op wl Vzwpnnt–y op Tp~ opw
_€~pz `lntzylwF KRSO • Vlwzrz op wl Vzwpnnt–y op cp{twp~ „ Ul}lntz~
opw _€~pz `lntzylwF KRSOF  X€zƒ‚‡ƒ cH _y††y†u  i}wu†xƒ \H Zªwy†ƒF Vl••E
wzrz op wl Vzwpnnt–y op Ty}z{zwzr”l opw _€~pz `lntzylwF KRSOU du‚‰y€ dH
m}€€uxuF Vlwzrz op wl Vzwpnnt–y op Y–~twp~ opw _€~pz `lntzylwF KRSQH
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ku€ ŠyŽ „ƒ† y‡ˆu †uŽ¬‚ €ƒ‡ wuˆ¦€ƒ{ƒ‡ y‡ˆ¦‚ |yw|ƒ‡ xy „uG
€uv†u‡F „u†u €yy† }y‚ˆ†u‡ ‡y ƒv‡y†Šu xy wy†wuH [y zƒ†u
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op T}|€pzwzr”l y‡ x}‡ˆ}‚ˆƒF u …‰y }‚w€‰y u€{‰‚ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ xy
„}†¦}xy‡  „}yŽu‡ u†…‰yƒ€¬{}wu‡F y‡ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ ‡ƒ‚ y‡wu‡ƒ‡F  ‡‰
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y€ Vlwzrz op lyzxlw”l~ nzwpnntzylol~ py pw _€~pz `lntzylw
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]O]SY RS POXO QOYWROR% ^bS QbZ]YS Q\[ YO` ]_SaS[`W\[S` QWS[ajvQO`
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}y‚ˆƒ u€ u„€}ƒ „­v€}wƒU wƒƒ €ƒ‡ ƒˆ†ƒ‡F xyw}xy wƒ‚ „u€uv†u‡ y€
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gƒ† y‡ƒF wƒ„u†¦‚xƒ€ƒ wƒ‚ €ƒ‡ ƒˆ†ƒ‡F y€ Vl••wzrz op
lyzxlw”l~ wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰y y‚ ‡ª }‡ƒ ‰‚u u‚ƒu€ªuF „†yw}‡uy‚ˆy
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KLJ \c fi[\e [\c \jgXZ`f

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’‡y y‚w‰y‚ˆ†u €u uƒ† „u†ˆy xy €u‡ }xyu‡ Š‰€{u†y‡ ‡ƒv†y y‡ˆy
u‡‰‚ˆƒ“H [y‡„‰©‡ xy y‡ˆuv€ywy† €u x}‡ˆu‚w}u wƒ‚ y€ „u‡uxƒF ‡y
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ywu‚}‡ƒ ‡y{­‚ y€ w‰u€ ‡y „†ƒx‰wy‚ €u‡ zƒ†u‡ u‚¬u€u‡H“
9Y ZO_Q\ Se]YWQOaWc\ aS_ZW[O Q\[ YO RSv[WQWl[ RS YO` QOb`O`2
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xy‡„‰©‡ xy €u zyw‰‚xuw}¬‚ xy€ ¬Š‰€ƒH

MS
m©u‡y €u ‚ƒˆu LOF „H KKJF xy €u ‡y{‰‚xu „u†ˆy xy€ „†y‡y‚ˆy €}v†ƒH
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d¦‡ uxy€u‚ˆy y€ Vl••wzrz „†y‡y‚ˆu y€ w‰ux†ƒ xy €u ’Z€uG


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iƒ¦‚ iuª†yŽF Vlwzrz op lyzxlw”l~F „„H RGSH
KLL \c fi[\e [\c \jgXZ`f

]}{‰†u‡ KO • KPH cu z‰‚w}¬‚ xy €u }u{y‚ y‡ }€‰‡ˆ†u† €ƒ x}w|ƒ „ƒ†


y€ ˆyŒˆƒU ‡‰ ‡y‚ˆ}xƒ „†ƒŠ}y‚y xy u€€ªF xy y‡y ˆyŒˆƒ u€ …‰y }€‰‡ˆ†u‚H

cX Zfg`X [\ cX Zfg`X

X x}zy†y‚w}u xy €u‡ €}ˆƒ{†uzªu‡ xy €u Zlnpl _“otnlD €ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡


xy€ Vlwzrz op lyzxlw”l~ ‚ƒ z‰y†ƒ‚ |yw|ƒ‡ „ƒ† y‡ˆ‰x}u‚ˆy‡
{‰}uxƒ‡ „ƒ† €u‡ }‚x}wuw}ƒ‚y‡ xy€ ©x}wƒH \‚ y‡y wu‡ƒF ‰‚ u†ˆ}‡ˆu
‡‰ywƒF \‚vy†{F †ywƒ‚ƒw}xƒ wƒƒ ˆu€F z‰y }‚Š}ˆuxƒ yŒ„†y‡uy‚ˆy
u †yu€}Žu† €ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ …‰y xy‡„‰©‡ ‡y }„†}}†ªu‚ y‚ „u„y€ xy
POXO QOYWROR Q\[ SY v[ RS cS[RS_Y\` ]\_ b[\` QS[aOc\` S[ YO`
„‰y†ˆu‡ xy€ ‰‡yƒH
Z‰u‚xƒ \‚vy†{ †yu€}Ž¬ €ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ ‚ƒ y‡ˆuvu }†u‚xƒ €ƒ‡
S`]SQjZS[S` `W[\ ^bS _S]_\RbQjO Q\[ tYO ZOf\_ vRSYWRORu
’€ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ ˆƒuxƒ‡ xy €ƒ‡ ƒ†}{}‚u€y‡ „ƒ† y€ y‡w†‰„‰€ƒ‡ƒ x}G
v‰~u‚ˆy ‡y«ƒ† [HaH ]}{‰y†ƒu“HNK \‡ xyw}†F x}v‰~¬ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ u
„u†ˆ}† xy €ƒ‡ ˆ†uŽƒ‡ xy ƒˆ†ƒ x}v‰~u‚ˆy  u‡ª z‰y wƒƒ }€‰‡ˆ†¬
€u‡ xy‡w†}„w}ƒ‚y‡ xy €ƒ‡ y‡„ywªy‚y‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒ‡H \‡ƒ y‡ €ƒ
yŒˆ†u«ƒT x}v‰~ƒ ‡ƒv†y x}v‰~ƒF wƒ„}u xy €u wƒ„}uU ƒ y€ „}‚ˆƒ† x}G
v‰~¬ „u†u „y†zyww}ƒ‚u† €u‡ €ª‚yu‡ xy€ x}v‰~u‚ˆyF ƒ v}y‚ „u†ˆ}¬
xy y‡u‡ €ª‚yu‡ „u†u €‰y{ƒ uˆ}Žu† xy€}vy†uxuy‚ˆyH
9Y QO`\ S` ^bS O YO WZOUS[ v[OY `S YYSUO RS`]bi` RS b[ R\PYS
`OYa\2 RSY SXSZ]YO_ OY RWPbX\ QO`W T\a\U_hvQ\ RS ;WUbS_\O% f RS
©‡ˆy u €u‡ }€‰‡ˆ†uw}ƒ‚y‡ xy \‚vy†{H cƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ xy€ Vl••wzrz

NK
\mtoHF „H ``H
\c ¢Zfef KLM

†y}ˆy‚ u‡ª u ƒˆ†ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ …‰y u ‡‰ ŠyŽ †yy„€uŽu‚ €u Š}‡}v}G


€}xux xy€ y‡„©w}y‚H gƒ† y‡y xƒv€y ‡u€ˆƒF €ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ „ƒ‡yy‚ ‰‚
R\PYS S`aOaba\2 ]\_ b[ YOR\ _SvS_S[ OY S`]iQWZS[ f ]\_ \a_\ `\[
€u †yzy†y‚w}u xy€ ˆyŒˆƒU ‡}‰€ˆ¦‚yuy‚ˆyF †y„†y‡y‚ˆu‚ u€ ƒv~yˆƒ
 ‡ƒ‚ y€ ƒv~yˆƒ xy€ …‰y |uv€u y€ ˆyŒˆƒH gƒ† y€ {}†ƒ xy €u }u{y‚F
y€ ƒv~yˆƒ xy~u xy ‡y† yŒˆy†}ƒ† u€ Vl••wzrz  u|ƒ†u ©‡ˆy €ƒ wƒ‚ˆ}yG
‚yU y‡ˆƒ y‡F y€ ƒv~yˆƒ u ‚ƒ y‡ˆ¦ wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰}xƒ „ƒ† €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡
xy€ ‡u€¬‚ xy ˆy†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuF †yzy†y‚w}u „†y‡w}‚x}v€yF ‡}‚ƒ „ƒ† €u‡
wƒ„}u‡ …‰y u€{‰‚u ŠyŽ u€{‰}y‚ |}Žƒ xy ƒˆ†u‡ wƒ„}u‡H
7\Z\ `W `S a_OaO_O RS b[ S`]SX\ ^bS cbSYcS YO vUb_O `\G
v†y ‡ª }‡uF y€ Vl••wzrz ‡y |u wƒ‚Šy†ˆ}xƒ y‚ ‰‚ ‰‚}Šy†‡ƒ
QS__OR\% Oba\`bvQWS[aS% S[ SY ^bS YO` WZhUS[S` `\[ O^bSYY\
xy €ƒ …‰y y€ ˆyŒˆƒ |uv€uH gƒ†…‰y €u‡ }¦{y‚y‡ wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰y‚ u€
}‡ƒ ˆ}y„ƒ €u †y„†y‡y‚ˆuw}¬‚  y€ ƒv~yˆƒF y€ Vl••wzrz „‰yxy
y‚ˆƒ‚wy‡ xy‡„†y‚xy†‡y xy €u yŒ|}v}w}¬‚  u|ƒ†u €u wƒ€yww}¬‚
y‡ˆ¦ zƒ†uxu ‚ƒ „ƒ† ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ x}‡ywuxƒ‡ ƒ y‚wy††uxƒ‡ y‚
z†u‡wƒ‡ xy u€wƒ|ƒ€F ‡}‚ƒ „ƒ† €u‡ }¦{y‚y‡ …‰y ‰‚ „}‚ˆƒ† w†y¬
u „u†ˆ}† xy ƒˆ†ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡H

\c gXi\Z`[f

cƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ xy€ Vlwzrz op lyzxlw”l~ ‚ƒ ‡ƒ‚ †yˆ†uˆƒ‡ yŒuwˆƒ‡U


‚uxu y‚ y€€ƒ‡ ƒv€}{u u †y}ˆ}†‡y u €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ xy€ ‰‡yƒH
gƒx†¦‚ „ƒ‡yy† wu†uwˆy†ª‡ˆ}wu‡ xy€ y‡„©w}y‚ „y†ƒ y‡u‡ wu†uwˆyG
†ª‡ˆ}wu‡ |uwy‚ xy €u zƒ†u ‰‚u ‡y†}y xy €ª‚yu‡ …‰y ­‚}wuy‚ˆy
Šyƒ‡ wƒƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡HNL \‚ˆ†y y€ y‡„©w}y‚  €u }u{y‚ ‚ƒ
„‰yxy xyw}†‡y …‰y |uu wƒ‚ˆ}{®}xuxF ‚} …‰y €ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ wƒ‚‡ˆ}G
ˆ‰u‚ €u †y„†ƒx‰ww}¬‚ yŠ}xy‚ˆy ƒ y€ ˆy‡ˆ}ƒ‚}ƒ zª‡}wƒ xy€ ƒv~yˆƒ
†yu€H X€ }†u†€ƒ‡ ‚uxu ƒv€}{u u w†yy† y‚ €u yŒ}‡ˆy‚w}u xy€ ƒv~yˆƒF
‚uxu y‚ y€€ƒ‡ yŠ}xy‚w}u €u ˆ†u‚‡zy†y‚w}u xy €u †yu€}xux xy €u
wƒ‡u ‡ƒv†y ‡‰ †y„†y‡y‚ˆuw}¬‚H

\‚ †y€uw}¬‚ wƒ‚ €u †y„†y‡y‚ˆuw}¬‚ }w¬‚}wu  y€ „u†yw}xƒF Š©u‡y ]†u‚w}‡wu


NL

g©†yŽF ^z~ {wlnp}p~ opw {l}pntozH Žnzyz „ }p{}p~pylnt–yH


KLN \c fi[\e [\c \jgXZ`f

]}{‰†u‡ KQF KR • KSH X€ }†u† €ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ ‚uxu ƒv€}{u u w†yy†


y‚ €u yŒ}‡ˆy‚w}u xy€ ƒv~yˆƒF ‚uxu y‚ y€€ƒ‡ yŠ}xy‚w}u €u
ˆ†u‚‡zy†y‚w}u xy €u †yu€}xux xy €u wƒ‡u ‡ƒv†y ‡‰ †y„†y‡y‚ˆuw}¬‚H

]}{‰†u LJH d}y‚ˆ†u‡ €ƒ‡ w‰y†„ƒ‡ |‰u‚ƒ‡ ‡y u††u‡ˆ†u‚F €ƒ‡


u‚}u€y‡ ‡y „†y‡y‚ˆu‚ y†{‰}xƒ‡H
\c ¢Zfef KLO

]}{‰†u LKH cƒ‡ ‡y†y‡ …‰y €u‡ }¦{y‚y‡ „†y‡y‚ˆu‚


‚ƒ y‡ˆ¦‚ ‚} Š}Šƒ‡ ‚} ‰y†ˆƒ‡F „y†ƒ „ƒx†ªu‚ y‡ˆu†€ƒH

\‚ †yu€}xuxF z†y‚ˆy u €u‡ }¦{y‚y‡ u ‚ƒ }„ƒ†ˆu ‡} y€ ƒvG


~yˆƒ yŒ}‡ˆy ƒ ‚ƒH \€ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ ‡y |u Š‰y€ˆƒ ªwƒ‚ƒ  wƒƒ ˆu€F ‚ƒ
}‚‡w†}vy u ‰‚ „†ƒv€yu xy Šy†xux ƒ zu€‡yxuxHNM d¦‡ …‰y xy
\PXSa\` QWS[ajvQ\`% `S a_OaO RS _\`a_\` ^bS ZW_O[ `\_]_S[RWR\`%
xy w‰y†„ƒ‡ …‰y |uv}y‚xƒ †ƒˆƒ €u x}‡ˆu‚w}u …‰y †y…‰}y†y y€ wƒG
‚ƒw}}y‚ˆƒF u‚‰‚w}u‚ ‰‚u „†¬Œ}u „†yw}„}ˆuw}¬‚H \‚ ŠyŽ xy
ƒv~yˆƒ‡ u‚}„‰€uv€y‡  yx}v€y‡F €u }u{y‚ „†y‡y‚ˆu y€ †ƒ‡ˆ†ƒ
xƒ†}xƒ xy ‰‚ vƒ††y{ƒ xyzƒ†yF €ƒ‡ ƒ~ƒ‡ Šuwªƒ‡ xy ‰‚ wy†xƒ
…‰y ‚ƒ Šy „ƒ†…‰y y‡ˆ¦ xu‚Žu‚xƒ ƒ y€ ƒ~ƒ ­‚}wƒ xy€ wªw€ƒ„y …‰y
xy ˆu‚ uv}y†ˆƒ y‡ ‚ywy‡u†}ƒ y‡…‰}Šu†H

NM
DSW_QS RSv[S OY jQ\[\ Q\Z\ tb[ `WU[\ ^bS _SZWaS OY \PXSa\ ^bS RS[\aO `WZG
„€yy‚ˆy y‚ Š}†ˆ‰x xy €u‡ wu†uwˆy†ª‡ˆ}wu‡ …‰y „ƒ‡yyF u ‡yu …‰y y‡y ƒv~yˆƒ
yŒ}‡ˆu †yu€y‚ˆy ƒ ‚ƒ“H Z}ˆuxƒ „ƒ† g|}€}„„y [‰vƒ}‡F +G =?NJ BJNJCLT]?J$ *A
wl }p{ptnt–y l wl }pnp{nt–yF „H ORH
KLP \c fi[\e [\c \jgXZ`f

cƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ xy €u }u{y‚ ‚ƒ y‡ˆ¦‚ ‰y†ˆƒ‡ „y†ƒ ˆu„ƒwƒ


y‡ˆ¦‚ Š}Šƒ‡H e} Š}Šƒ‡ ‚} ‰y†ˆƒ‡F ‡}‚ƒ ‡‰‡„y‚x}xƒ‡ xy‚ˆ†ƒ xy
€ƒ‡ €ª}ˆy‡ xy €u „¦{}‚uH eƒ ˆ}y‚y‚ yxux ‚} ‡yŒƒF wƒƒ y‡y yG
v†}¬‚ …‰y ‡}‰€u ‰‚ w‰y†„ƒ xy ‰~y† y‚†ƒ‡wuxƒ y‚ ‡‰‡ „†ƒ„}u‡
Šª‡wy†u‡H eƒ |u ‡y„u†uw}¬‚ y‚ˆ†y €ƒ‡ {©‚y†ƒ‡U ‚}‚{­‚ †u‡{ƒ
„y†}ˆy y‡ˆuv€ywy† €u x}zy†y‚w}uT €ƒ‡ u‚}u€y‡ u„u†ywy‚ †ywƒ‡G
ˆuxƒ‡ wƒƒ ‰‚u ‰~y† ƒ y†{‰}xƒ‡ wƒƒ ‰‚ |ƒv†yU }y‚ˆ†u‡
€ƒ‡ w‰y†„ƒ‡ |‰u‚ƒ‡ ‡y u††u‡ˆ†u‚ €ƒ‡ u‚}u€y‡ vu}€u‚H cƒ
^bS RSPjO ]S_ZO[SQS_ vX\ Q\P_O Z\cWZWS[a\' DYhQWR\ F\QVO
u„u†ywy xy z†y‚ˆy wƒ‚ ‡‰‡ u‚ƒ‡  ‡‰‡ „}y‡ ˆƒ†w}xƒ‡F u„u†ywy
RS`]bi` RS ]S_vY RW`]bS`a\ O SZ]_S[RS_ b[O YO_UO QO__S_O3 b[
wy†xƒ xu‚Žu ‡ƒv†y ‡‰‡ ƒw|ƒ „uˆu‡ wƒƒ ‡} ‡}{‰}y†u ‰‚ wƒ„¦‡
OYbQW[O[aS f \a_\ Zh`% QO`W RS ]S_vY% `S _jS ]O_O Z\`a_O_ b[O
u‚xªv‰€u }‚zy†}ƒ† †‰x}y‚ˆu†}uHNN
\‚ €u }u{y‚ €u‡ „ƒ‡ˆ‰†u‡ ‡ƒ‚ yŒˆ†u«u‡H Xv}y†ˆu‡ „y†ƒ ‚ƒ
„ƒ† ‰‚u x}‡yww}¬‚F y‡ˆ¦‚ yŒ„‰y‡ˆu‡ u €u }†uxuH jy xƒv€u‚ 
†yˆ‰y†wy‚ xy ˆu€ ƒxƒ …‰y €u u‚ƒu€ªu …‰yxy u€ xy‡w‰v}y†ˆƒF
…‰y €u xyzƒ†}xux ‡y „ƒ‚{u xy †y€}yŠyF „‰y‡ Ÿxy …‰© ƒˆ†u u‚yG
†u „†y‡y‚ˆu† y‚ ‰‚ „€u‚ƒ v}x}y‚‡}ƒ‚u€ ‰‚ vƒ††y{‰}ˆƒ xy xƒ‡
w‰y†„ƒ‡ …‰y „u†ywy‚ w†‰Žuxƒ‡VFNO Ÿ…‰© |uwy† ‡} ‚ƒ „u†u …‰y u„uG
†yŽwu €u wu†u …‰y …‰yxu „ƒ† xy€u‚ˆy w‰u‚xƒ €u‡ †ƒx}€€u‡ y‡ˆ¦‚
]\_ RSa_h`4 9[ S`O` vUb_O` YO O[\ZOYjO `S ]W[aO aO[ _ORWQOY%
ˆu‚ yŠ}xy‚ˆyF …‰y ‡y Š‰y€Šy }„y†wy„ˆ}v€yT Ÿ„ƒ† …‰© ‰‚u }†uxu
wƒ‚{y€uxu u‚ˆy €u }u{y‚ ˆy‚x†ªu …‰y ~‰Ž{u† wƒƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒ
u ‰‚ w|}Šƒ u€y{†y xy w‰u y‡„u€xu ‚uwy‚ xƒ‡ „uˆu‡V

NN
’eƒH KJ  eƒH KK eu‚ƒy€‰‡ v†uw|w|}†‰‡F wu„€€ƒw|}†‰‡ wu„€ƒ‡wy€‰‡
C^‰†€ˆDH g€¦w}xƒ iƒw|uF NP u«ƒ‡ xy yxuxH du‚ƒ‡ ˆƒ†w}xu‡F „}y‡ ˆƒ†w}xƒ‡U
u‚€ƒ‡}‡ xy €u‡ u†ˆ}w‰€uw}ƒ‚y‡ xy €ƒ‡ |ƒv†ƒ‡F xy €ƒ‡ wƒxƒ‡  xy €u‡ †ƒx}G
€€u‡H“ ’eƒH N X{‚uˆ|ƒ C^j_DH eu‚ƒwy„|u€‰‡ }w†ƒ{‚uˆ|‰‡ C^‰†€ˆDH Yywy††}ˆu
…‰y ˆ}y‚y ‰ †‰x}y‚ˆu†}u €u u‚xªv‰€u }‚zy†}ƒ†H“ iƒ¦‚ iuª†yŽD z{F
nt•FD „H KLH
NO
’eƒH NS dƒ‚ƒwy„|u€}u‚ƒ [y†uxy€„|ƒ C^j_D fwˆƒ„‰‡ v}u‰†}ˆ‰‡ C^DH Yƒ††yG
{‰}ˆƒ uw|ƒ wƒ‚ xƒ‡ w‰y†„ƒ‡ …‰y „u†ywy‚ w†‰Žuxƒ‡F ‰‚u wuvyŽuF xƒ‡ ƒ†y~u‡F
‰‚u wu†uF ƒw|ƒ }yv†ƒ‡H“ \mtoFD „H LSH
\c ¢Zfef KLQ

]}{‰†u LLH Ÿgƒ† …‰© ‰‚u


}†uxu wƒ‚{y€uxu u‚ˆy
€u }u{y‚ ˆy‚x†ªu …‰y
~‰Ž{u† wƒƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒ
u ‰‚ w|}Šƒ xy w‰u
y‡„u€xu ‚uwy‚ xƒ‡ „uˆu‡V

]}{‰†u LMH Ÿ[y


…‰© ƒˆ†u u‚y†u
„†y‡y‚ˆu† y‚ ‰‚
„€u‚ƒ v}x}y‚‡}ƒ‚u€
‰‚ vƒ††y{‰}ˆƒ xy xƒ‡
w‰y†„ƒ‡ w†‰Žuxƒ‡V

eƒ |u €ª}ˆy …‰y wƒ‚ˆy‚{u u€ w‰y†„ƒH gyxuŽƒ‡ xy y‡…‰y€yˆƒ


{}†u‚ y‚ ‰‚ w‰ux†ƒ ‡}‚ wƒƒ†xy‚uxu‡U |uw}u u††}vu ‡y x}†}{y ‰‚
wy†xƒ wƒ‚ xƒ‡ w‰y†„ƒ‡  ‡y}‡ „uˆu‡H l‚u‡ Šywy‡ €u }u{y‚ uˆ†u„u
€u ˆƒˆu€}xux xy €u }†uxuF  ƒˆ†u‡ yŒ„ƒ‚y z†u{y‚ˆƒ‡F †yw‰„yG
†uw}ƒ‚y‡ „u†w}u€y‡T €u vƒwu …‰y ‡ƒ‚†ªyF y€ {}†ƒ xy ‰‚ w‰y†„ƒ ƒ
y€ ƒ~ƒ ŠuwªƒH cƒ …‰y ‡ƒv†y‡u€y ‚ƒ y‡ ˆu‚ˆƒ €u u‚ƒu€ªu wƒƒ €ƒ‡
{y‡ˆƒ‡ }‚wƒ‚{†‰y‚ˆy‡ …‰y y€ uŽu† |u „‰y‡ˆƒ y‚ €u }u{y‚HNP

NP
gu†u iƒ€u‚x Yu†ˆ|y‡ y€ {€yn€x xy ‰‚u zƒˆƒ{†uzªu y‡ˆ¦ y‚ y€ xyˆu€€y
W__S]SaWPYS ^bS W__bZ]S ]\_^bS [\ S`ah Q\RWvQOR\3 SY {€yn€x y‡ u…‰y€€ƒ
…‰yF †yw}v}xƒ y‚ „€y‚ƒ †ƒ‡ˆ†ƒF |uwy ƒ€Š}xu† ˆƒxƒ ‡uvy†  ˆƒxu w‰€ˆ‰†u „u†u
KLR \c fi[\e [\c \jgXZ`f

\c gf[\i [\c ¢Zfef

X€ Vlwzrz op lyzxlw”l~ €ƒ wƒ„ƒ‚y‚ xƒ‡ ˆ†uywˆƒ‡T xy ‰‚ €uxƒF


€u‡ „u€uv†u‡ …‰y xy‡w†}vy‚ u€ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ F xy€ ƒˆ†ƒF €ƒ‡ x}v‰~ƒ‡ …‰y
€ƒ ‰y‡ˆ†u‚H \‚ˆ†y uvƒ‡ ‚ƒ ‡y „‰yxy xyw}† …‰y |uu wƒ††y‡„ƒ‚G
xy‚w}uF „‰y‡ ‰‚u wƒ‡u y‡ €u yŒ„€}wuw}¬‚ }‚ˆ†ƒx‰wˆƒ†}uF y€ ƒ†xy‚ xy
YO QYO`WvQOQWl[ f SY [\ZP_S% f \a_O RW`aW[aO Y\ ^bS YO` WZhUS[S`
yŒ„ƒ‚y‚H j} ‚ƒ Ÿ…‰© ˆ}y‚y‚ y‚ wƒ­‚ y€ anz{€~ ~„x{s„znp{slE
w€~ wƒ‚ ‰‚ wy†xƒ …‰y vu}€u ‡}‚ wƒƒ†xy‚uxu‡VF ƒ Ÿuwu‡ƒ y‡u u‡u
xy „y€ƒ y‡ ‰‚ a•znp{slwtlyz e}tzn“{slwz C^j_D •bp}znp{slw€~
l{}z~z{€~ C^‰†€ˆD•F „y††}ˆƒ xy ‡yŒƒ x‰xƒ‡ƒF ‡}‚ wu†uF ‡}‚ ˆ†ƒ„u
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cu‡ u‚ƒu€ªu‡ {†uŠy‡ wu‡} ‚‰‚wu ‡y ˆ†u‚‡}ˆy‚F „ƒ†…‰y €ƒ‡


ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ „†ƒ„}uy‚ˆy x}w|ƒ‡F ƒ ‚ƒ €€y{u‚ u €u yxux xy €u
†y„†ƒx‰ww}¬‚F ƒ ‡} €€y{u‚F ‡‰‡ u„ˆ}ˆ‰xy‡ {y‚©‡}wu‡ ‡ƒ‚ ‰ }G
„y†zywˆu‡ ƒ ‚‰€u‡U ƒ „ƒ†…‰y €u‡ wƒ‚x}w}ƒ‚y‡ xy ‡‰ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡}xux
‡ƒ‚ uww}xy‚ˆu€y‡ y }‚xy„y‚x}y‚ˆy‡ xy €u |y†y‚w}uHPQ

X‰‚ ‡‰„ƒ‚}y‚xƒ …‰y €ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ ˆ†u‚‡}ˆ}y†u‚ wƒ‚‡ˆu‚G


ˆyy‚ˆy ‡‰ wƒ‚zƒ†uw}¬‚ Š}w}ƒ‡uF xywªuF ’x}zªw}€y‚ˆy ‡y „ƒx†ªu
ƒvˆy‚y† ‰‚u †uŽuF „ƒ†…‰y €u y‚ƒ†}xux xy €u xy‡Š}uw}¬‚ wƒ‚‡ˆ}G
ˆ‰y ‰‚ ‡y† }‚uxu„ˆuv€y u€ yx}ƒ“HPR j} v}y‚F €u ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡}xux
y†u }‚ˆ†u‚‡}‡}v€yF ‚ƒ „ƒxªu xy~u† xy †ywƒ‚ƒwy† €u „ƒ‡}v}€}xux

PO
\opxH
PP
\opxH
PQ
\opxH
PR
\opxF
KNN \c fi[\e [\c \jgXZ`f

xy …‰y w}y†ˆu‡ u‚ƒu€ªu‡ €ƒ{†u‡y‚ uxu„ˆu†‡y yŒ}ˆƒ‡uy‚ˆy u€


yx}ƒ  y‚ˆƒ‚wy‡ zƒ†u† ‰‚u ‚‰yŠu †uŽuH Zƒ‚ y‡u ‡ƒ‡„yw|u
‡y u‡ƒu u€ ˆyŒˆƒ u€{‰}y‚ wƒƒ y€ u‚uˆƒ}‡ˆu }‚{€©‡ iƒvy†ˆ
b‚ƒŒ „u†u …‰}y‚ €u‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡}xuxy‡ ’‚ƒ Š}uv€y‡“ „y†ywªu‚
}y‚ˆ†u‡ €u‡ …‰y y†u‚ wƒ„uˆ}v€y‡ wƒ‚ €u‡ wƒ‚x}w}ƒ‚y‡ {yƒ{†¦G
vQO` `S _S]_\RbQjO[ f T\_ZOPO[ b[O [bScO _OgO'PS

[\ cX iXqX

5b[^bS O v[OYS` RSY `WUY\ [W[Um[ QWS[ajvQ\ OQS]aOPO SeG


„€ªw}ˆuy‚ˆy …‰y €u‡ †uŽu‡ uy†}wu‚u‡ ˆ‰Š}y†u‚ ‰‚ ƒ†}{y‚
ˆy†uˆƒ€¬{}wƒF y‚ ‰‚ ‡u€¬‚ xy€ d‰‡yƒ euw}ƒ‚u€ ‡y yŒ|}vªu ‰‚u
wƒ€yww}¬‚ xy ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ v}ƒ€¬{}wƒ‡H
\‚ d©Œ}wƒ €u x}‡w‰‡}¬‚ ‡ƒv†y y€ ƒ†}{y‚ xy €u †uŽu €€yŠuvu
u ˆ}y„ƒH _uvªu wƒy‚Žuxƒ y‚ €ƒ‡ u«ƒ‡ ‡yˆy‚ˆuF w‰u‚xƒ y‚
YO 5`\QWOQWl[ ASa\RlvYO ZiRWQ\` f [Oab_OYW`aO` `S RSPOajO[
y‚ˆ†y xƒ‡ „ƒ‡ˆ‰†u‡T €u‡ †uŽu‡ uy†}wu‚u‡ y†u‚ „†ƒx‰wˆƒ xy ‰‚
ˆ†ƒ‚wƒ wƒ­‚ w‰ƒ ƒ†}{y‚ y‡ˆuvu y‚ \‰†ƒ„u ƒ €ƒ‡ |ƒv†y‡ xy€
e‰yŠƒ d‰‚xƒ y†u‚ †uŽu‡ u‰ˆ¬wˆƒ‚u‡ xy €u X©†}wuHQJ jy{­‚
„u€uv†u‡ xy ^uv}‚ƒ Yu††yxuF „†y‡}xy‚ˆy xy €u X‡ƒw}uw}¬‚F y€
x}€yu y†u y€ ‡}{‰}y‚ˆyT ’ƒ €u ‰€ˆ}ˆ‰x xy y‡„yw}y‡ …‰y |ƒ
yŒ}‡ˆy‚ ‡y |u‚ zƒ†uxƒ ‡y„u†uxuy‚ˆyF ƒ |u‚ †y‡‰€ˆuxƒ ‰‚u‡
xy ƒˆ†u‡ „ƒ† ˆ†u‚‡}w}ƒ‚y‡ {†ux‰u€y‡“U xy ƒˆ†ƒ ƒxƒF ƒ €u y‡„yw}y
y‡ ‰‚u ƒ ‡y wƒ„ƒ‚y xy †uŽu‡ wƒ‚ ƒ†ª{y‚y‡ x}‡ˆ}‚ˆƒ‡H X€ „u†yG
wy†F €u „ƒ‡ˆ‰†u xƒ}‚u‚ˆy y†u u…‰y€€u ‡ƒ‡ˆy‚}xu „ƒ† Yu††yxu

PS
\Šy€€yy‚ i}w|u†x‡F z{F nt•FD „H MSJH
QJ
\‚ y‡ƒ‡ ˆ©†}‚ƒ‡ €ƒ „€u‚ˆyuvu iuzuy€ xy quu‡  \‚†ª…‰yŽF uvƒ{uxƒF
XbSg f ZWSZP_\ RS cO_WO` `\QWSRORS` QWS[ajvQO` f YWaS_O_WO`% S[ `b \P_O ^l
}popynt–y op €yl }l…lF X~€otz ~zntzw–rtnzH \‚ †y€uw}¬‚ wƒ‚ €u „ƒ€©}wu
xy€ ƒ†}{y‚ xy €u †uŽuF Š©u‡y ˆuv}©‚ dƒ}‡©‡ ^ƒ‚Ž¦€y‡ euŠu††ƒF ’cu‡ }xyu‡
_OQWOYS` RS Y\` QWS[ajvQ\`% )01(&)1)(u3 f RSY ZW`Z\ Oba\_ dzntpolo „ n€w€}l
AI AG KJL]LE=NJH
\c j¢dYfcf KNO

…‰}y‚ uwy„ˆuvu €u }xyu xy …‰y €u‡ y‡„yw}y‡ xy‡wy‚xªu‚ ‡}y„†y


xy ‰‚ ‡y† ‡yy~u‚ˆyF  xy …‰y ©‡ˆu y†u €u ­‚}wu „ƒ‡ˆ‰†u ’…‰y
y‡ˆuvu xy uw‰y†xƒ wƒ‚ €u‡ €yy‡ wƒ‚ƒw}xu‡“HQK
\€ „†ƒv€yu y†u …‰y xy‚ˆ†ƒ xy €u „ƒ‡ˆ‰†u xy€ ˆ†ƒ‚wƒ wƒ­‚
€u w‰y‡ˆ}¬‚ xy €u‡ †uŽu‡ }‚ˆy†yx}u‡ y‡ˆuvu y‚ y€ wy‚ˆ†ƒ xy€
xyvuˆyF „‰y‡ ‡} €u yŠƒ€‰w}¬‚ wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰ªu ‰‚ „†ƒwy‡ƒ ­‚}wƒF wƒ‚G
ˆ}‚‰ƒ  {†ux‰u€F y‚ˆƒ‚wy‡F ‚ywy‡u†}uy‚ˆy ˆy‚ªu‚ …‰y yŒ}‡ˆ}†
y‡€uvƒ‚y‡ }‚ˆy†yx}ƒ‡HQL p ‡} y€€ƒ y†u u‡ªF Ÿwƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰ªu‚ €u‡ †uŽu‡
uy†}wu‚u‡ ‰‚ y‡ˆux}ƒ }‚ˆy†yx}ƒ w‰ƒ ƒ†}{y‚ v}y‚ „ƒxªu ‡y†
ˆy†uˆƒ€¬{}wƒVQM 9[ S`]SQWOY% R\` QWS[ajvQ\` ]S[`O_\[ RSaS[WROG
y‚ˆy y‡ˆu „ƒ‡}v}€}xuxH \‚ „†}y† €‰{u† aƒ‡© iuª†yŽF …‰}y‚
y‚ KRQP „‰v€}w¬ ‰‚ u†ˆªw‰€ƒ ˆ}ˆ‰€uxƒ ’f†}{y‚ ˆy†uˆƒ€¬{}wƒ xy
€u‡ Šu†}yxuxy‡F †uŽu‡  y‡„yw}y‡“U u€€ª uwy„ˆuvu €u „ƒ‡}v}€}xux
xy …‰y wu†uwˆy†y‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒ‡ ‡y |y†yxu†u‚ |u‡ˆu wƒ‚zƒ†u†
‚‰yŠu‡ y‡„yw}y‡T ’‡} ‡y y‡ˆ‰x}uvu‚ wƒ‚ w‰}xuxƒ ˆƒxu‡ €u‡ u‚ƒG
u€ªu‡ xy €u ƒ†{u‚}Žuw}¬‚ ‡y y‚wƒ‚ˆ†u†ªu y€ ƒ†}{y‚ xy ‰‚ {†u‚xy
‚­y†ƒ xy †uŽu‡“F xywªuH Zy†wu xy €u ˆyƒ†ªu xy€ xyˆy‚}}y‚ˆƒ
yv†}ƒ‚u†}ƒ xy \H ^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆG_}€u}†y  „†}‚w}„u€y‚ˆyF
xy €u ˆyƒ†ªu xy €u †ywu„}ˆ‰€uw}¬‚ xy _uywy€F iuª†yŽ w†yªu
…‰y ‡} ‡y ‡y{‰ªu

rHHHs y€ xy‡u††ƒ€€ƒ }‚x}Š}x‰u€ xy€ |ƒv†yF xy€ ƒ‚ƒ ƒ xy ‰‚ uªG


zy†ƒ ‡‰„y†}ƒ† y‚ y€ ­ˆy†ƒ uˆy†‚ƒF ‡y y‚wƒ‚ˆ†u†¦ …‰y y€ {y†y‚
}‚w€‰}xƒ y‚ y€ |‰yŠƒF  xy‡„‰©‡ ‰‚u ‡y†}y xy zƒ†u‡ ‰ x}Šy†‡u‡

QK
^uv}‚ƒ Yu††yxuF ’k†uvu~ƒ €yªxƒ y‚ €u ‡y‡}¬‚ xy€ xªu LO xy zyv†y†ƒ xy KRQQ
„ƒ† gyx†ƒ eƒ†}y{u“F y‚ dƒ†y‚ƒF ^l {zw“xtnl opw ol}‚tyt~xz py _“ƒtnzD
„H NQ
QL
m©u‡y u€ †y‡„ywˆƒ aƒ‡© c‰}‡ my†uF Xw szxm}p p~nz}…lozH fy p~€otz ~zm}p
pw nzynp{z op p~wlm–y {p}otoz py wl pzw€nt–y s€xlylH
QM
GS ]\R_jO `\`aS[S_% Q\Z\ Y\ VOQS F\`Ob_O FbWg% ^bS Y\` QWS[ajvQ\` RS YO
©„ƒwu …‰y wƒ‚‡}xy†uvu‚ u [u†‹}‚ y€ ¦Œ}ƒ †y„†y‡y‚ˆu‚ˆy xy €u‡ ˆyƒ†ªu‡
yŠƒ€‰w}ƒ‚}‡ˆu‡ ‚ƒ ‡¬€ƒ wƒ‚z‰‚xªu‚ €u‡ }xyu‡ xu†‹}‚}‡ˆu‡ wƒ‚ €u‡ €uu†w}uG
‚u‡F ‡}‚ƒ …‰y €yªu‚ u [u†‹}‚ u „u†ˆ}† xy _uywy€H m©u‡y iƒ‡u‰†u i‰}ŽF z{F
nt•FU u‡ª wƒƒ ˆuv}©‚ \†‚y‡ˆ _uywy€F [t~zt}p op wl V}“ltzy op~ X}p~
a}rlyt~“~H
KNP \c fi[\e [\c \jgXZ`f

…‰y †y„†ƒx‰wy‚ xy ‰‚u u‚y†u {y‚y†u€ €u ‡y†}y xy zƒ†u‡ ƒz†yw}G


xu‡ „ƒ† €u ‡y†}y „†y|}‡ˆ¬†}wu xy €ƒ‡ uªzy†ƒ‡ ‡‰„y†}ƒ†y‡HQN

9Y \a_\ QWS[ajvQ\ ^bS ]S[`l S`aO ]\`WPWYWROR TbS ?S`m`


j¦‚w|yŽF y€ w†yuxƒ† xy€ ‡u€¬‚ xy ˆy†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuF …‰}y‚ ‡ƒ‡ˆy‚x†ªu
u«ƒ‡ xy‡„‰©‡ u€{ƒ „u†yw}xƒT y‚ ‰‚ }‚ˆy‚ˆƒ „ƒ† wƒ‚~‰{u† €u‡
}xyu‡ yŠƒ€‰w}ƒ‚}‡ˆu‡ wƒ‚ ‡‰‡ „†yƒw‰„uw}ƒ‚y‡ u‚ˆ†ƒ„ƒ€¬{}wu‡F
O`SUb_OPO ^bS tYO` RS`cWOQW\[S` RSY S`aOR\ v`W\YlUWQ\ ]_\RbQS[
u€ˆy†uw}ƒ‚y‡ z‰‚w}ƒ‚u€y‡ w‰ƒ y‡ˆ‰x}ƒ y‡ ‰ }„ƒ†ˆu‚ˆy „u†u
€u wƒ„u†uw}¬‚ xy€ y‡ˆuxƒ y‚ˆu€ xy€ |ƒv†y  €ƒ‡ u‚}u€y‡F
 ˆu€ ŠyŽ y‚ y€ „†ƒv€yu xy€ ƒ†}{y‚ xy u…‰©€“HQO
X‰‚…‰y {†u‚ „u†ˆy xy €ƒ‡ ©x}wƒ‡ ‚uˆ‰†u€}‡ˆu‡ ‡y{‰ªu‚
€u‡ y‚‡y«u‚Žu‡ xy Yu††yxu  ‡y „†ƒ‚‰‚w}uvu‚ „ƒ† y€ ˆ†ƒ‚wƒ
Q\Zm[% `bQSRWl ^bS YO ]\`ab_O \vQWOY [\ TbS OY v[OY YO RSY
ƒ†}{y‚ u‰ˆ¬wˆƒ‚ƒH \‚ _“ƒtnz l }l“~ op wz~ ~trwz~ CKRRNGKRRSDF
y€ „†}y† wƒ„y‚x}ƒ xy |}‡ˆƒ†}u xy d©Œ}wƒF m}wy‚ˆy i}Šu guG
€uw}ƒF uvƒ{uxƒF „ƒ€ªˆ}wƒ  Šy†‡¦ˆ}€ y‡w†}ˆƒ†F „‰v€}w¬ ’cu‡ †uŽu‡
}‚xª{y‚u‡“U u€€ª u†{‰y‚ˆuvu …‰y €ƒ‡ }‚x}ƒ‡ x}zy†ªu‚ xy €u‡
†uŽu‡ |u‡ˆu y‚ˆƒ‚wy‡ y‡ˆ‰x}uxu‡  …‰y ‡‰ wu†¦wˆy† y†u ’Šy†xuG
xy†uy‚ˆy yŒwy„w}ƒ‚u€“U y€ |yw|ƒ xy …‰y wu†yw}y†u‚ xy Šy€€ƒF
xy …‰y y€ ƒ€u† ‡‰‡ˆ}ˆ‰y†u u€ wƒ€}€€ƒ  xy …‰y €y‡ zu€ˆu†u‚
€u‡ ‰y€u‡ xy ~‰}w}ƒF y†u‚ }‚x}wuˆ}Šƒ‡ xy …‰y y‡u †uŽu y‡ˆuvu
y‚ ’‰‚ „y†}ƒxƒ xy „y†zyww}¬‚  „†ƒ{†y‡ƒ wƒ†„ƒ†u€ ‡‰„y†}ƒ† u€
xy ˆƒxu‡ €u‡ ƒˆ†u‡ †uŽu‡ wƒ‚ƒw}xu‡“HQP \€ }‡ƒ aƒ‡© iuªG

QN
iƒvy†ˆƒ dƒ†y‚ƒF z{F nt•FD „„H LKQGLKR  LLOH cu z‰y‚ˆy ƒ†}{}‚u€ y‡ ^l
`l€}lwp…lF ˆƒƒ `mF KRRQGKRRSF „„H LMOGLNQH
QO
ay‡­‡ j¦‚w|yŽF ’_}‡ˆƒ†}u ‚uˆ‰†u€ ©x}wuH iy€uw}ƒ‚y‡ xy €u u‚ˆ†ƒ„ƒ€ƒ{ªu
 €u yx}w}‚u“F ^l `l€}lwp…lF ˆƒƒ `mF KSJNGKSKJF „H MLLH
QP
Ah` ^bS S[ YO W[wbS[QWO RSY ZSRW\ S[ YO RSaS_ZW[OQWl[ RS S`\` QO_OQaS_S`%
i}Šu gu€uw}ƒ z‰‚xuy‚ˆuvu ‡‰ |}„¬ˆy‡}‡ y‚ €u yŒ}‡ˆy‚w}u xy€ |ƒv†y y‚
X©†}wu y‚ y€ „y†}ƒxƒ {yƒ€¬{}wƒ ’„ƒ†…‰y y‡ƒ‡ wu†uwˆy†y‡F ƒ z‰y†ƒ‚ „†ƒ„}ƒ‡
xy y‡u‡ †uŽu‡ xy‡xy ‡‰‡ „†}y†ƒ‡ uv‰y€ƒ‡F ƒ €ƒ‡ ux…‰}†}y†ƒ‚ y‚ z‰y†Žu xy €u
‡y€yww}¬‚ ‚uˆ‰†u€ „ƒ† yŠƒ€‰w}ƒ‚y‡ „†ƒ{†y‡}Šu‡“H m}wy‚ˆy i}Šu gu€uw}ƒF ’cu‡
†uŽu‡ }‚xª{y‚u‡“F „H LONH f†}{}‚u€T ’\€ m}††y}‚uˆƒ“F y‚ _“ƒtnz l }l“~ op
wz~ ~trwz~F KRRNGKRRSF ˆƒƒ ``F „„H NQLGNQQH
\c j¢dYfcf KNQ

†yŽ „†y‡y‚ˆ¬ y‚ y€ Zƒ‚{†y‡ƒ xy Xy†}wu‚}‡ˆu‡F Šy}‚ˆy u«ƒ‡


xy‡„‰©‡ xy ‡‰ ’f†}{y‚ ˆy†uˆƒ€¬{}wƒ xy €u‡ Šu†}yxuxy‡F †uŽu‡ 
y‡„yw}y‡“F €u ˆy‡}‡ xy …‰y €u‡ †uŽu‡ „†}}ˆ}Šu‡ xy X©†}wu y†u‚
u‰ˆ¬wˆƒ‚u‡T y‚ X©†}wu ‚ƒ |u ‡y†y‡ }‚ˆy†yx}u†}ƒ‡F xywªuF
‡}‚ƒ |ƒv†y‡ …‰y |u‚ u€wu‚Žuxƒ €u‡ ’zƒ†u‡ ¦‡ „y†zywˆu‡“H
j‰ „ux†y |uvªu €€y{uxƒ u €u }‡u wƒ‚w€‰‡}¬‚ y‚ KRQLT ’cƒ
…‰y ‡y |u y‚wƒ‚ˆ†uxƒ y‚ X©†}wu „ƒ† €ƒ‡ y‡„u«ƒ€y‡F y‡ yŒw€‰G
‡}Šuy‚ˆy uy†}wu‚ƒH“QQ
\‚z¦ˆ}wuy‚ˆyF €u }xyu xy€ ƒ†}{y‚ u‰ˆ¬wˆƒ‚ƒ ‚y{uvu ˆƒxƒ
†u‡ˆ†ƒ ˆy†uˆƒ€¬{}wƒU ‡}‚ yvu†{ƒF y€€ƒ uv†ªu ‰‚u x}‡‰‚ˆ}ŠuT
ƒ ‡y ‡ƒ‡ˆy‚ªu …‰y [}ƒ‡ w†y¬ x}†ywˆuy‚ˆy u wuxu ‰‚u xy €u‡
w†}uˆ‰†u‡ xy€ ‰‚}Šy†‡ƒF ƒ v}y‚ ‡y u‚ˆy‚ªu €u wƒ‚Š}ww}¬‚ ¦‡
„ƒ€ªˆ}wu …‰y ˆy¬†}wu xy …‰y €u‡ †uŽu‡ uy†}wu‚u‡ wƒ‚zƒ†uvu‚
‰‚u ‡}‚{‰€u†}xux w‰u yŒ„€}wuw}¬‚ u­‚ ‚ƒ „ƒxªu ‡y† uw€u†uxu
„ƒ† €u w}y‚w}uH X‰‚…‰y €u ˆyƒ†ªu xy€ ˆ†ƒ‚wƒ wƒ­‚ v‰‡wuvu €u
u‚y†u xy y‡wu„u† u €u }xyu xy €u ‡}‚{‰€u†}xux yŒwy„w}ƒ‚u€
RSY ZSeWQO[\ Ov_ZO[R\ SY \_WUS[ Q\Z]O_aWR\ Q\[ 9b_\]O%
€u xy€ ƒ†}{y‚ u‰ˆ¬wˆƒ‚ƒ wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰ªu ‰‚u y‡ˆ†uˆy{}u „u†u xyG
~u† xy Šy† y€ Šª‚w‰€ƒ …‰y xy‡xy y€ ‡}{€ƒ om` ‡}€y‚w}ƒ‡uy‚ˆy
u‡ƒw}uvu u €ƒ‡ }‚x}ƒ‡ wƒ‚ u‚}u€y‡F |ªv†}xƒ‡  ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡HQR
X‡ªF ‰‚u „ƒ‡ˆ‰†u uwy„ˆuvu €u „ƒ‡}v}€}xux  €u ƒˆ†u €u ‚y{uvu
_\ab[ROZS[aS% f OZPO`% RS b[O b \a_O ZO[S_O% `S RSv[jO[
y‚ z‰‚w}¬‚ xy y‡y ‡y‡{ƒ ˆy†uˆƒ€¬{}wƒH

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aƒ‡© iuª†yŽF ’cu‡ €yy‡ v}ƒ€¬{}wu‡ „y†}ˆy‚ u‡y{‰†u† …‰y €u‡ †uŽu‡
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xy KRQJF „H OQH
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PR
aƒ‡© gy¬‚ Zƒ‚ˆ†y†u‡F ’ky†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuH `x}ƒˆªu }w†ƒwyz¦€}wu“F ^ddF ˆƒƒ QF
KRQLF „H LPSH
PS
du‚‰y€ jƒ†}u‚ƒF ’ky†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuH ]yˆƒ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ €ƒ†xƒ‡}‡“F ^ddF ˆƒƒ MF
KRPQF „H RJH
cX ZlcgX KRS

„ux†u‡ˆ†ƒ u‡‰‡ˆuvu u y‚‰xƒ u††ƒ~¦‚xƒ€y ‡u„ƒ‡F u‚}u€y‡ u


€ƒ‡ …‰y ˆy‚ªu ‰‚u „†ƒz‰‚xu uŠy†‡}¬‚“H \€ }‡ƒ ^yƒzz†ƒ xy‡G
w†}vªu ‰‚ wu‡ƒ y‚ …‰y €u ux†y ’‡y w†y¬ „y†‡y{‰}xuF x‰†u‚ˆy
€u „†y«yŽF „ƒ† zu‚ˆu‡u‡  xyƒ‚}ƒ‡ …‰y ‡y u{}ˆuvu‚ y‚ ‡‰
xy††yxƒ†  €u „†}Šuvu‚ xy ˆƒxƒ xy‡wu‚‡ƒF „ƒ†…‰y €u †yƒ†xªu‚
w}y†ˆu‡ †y€uw}ƒ‚y‡ ‡yw†yˆu‡ …‰y |uvªu ˆy‚}xƒ wƒ‚ ‰‚ ~‰xªƒ“HQJ
9`S ZiRWQ\ RSPjO _SQ\[\QS_ ^bS S`O W[wbS[QWO

rHHHs y‚‰‚w}uxu y‚ y€ ^©‚y‡}‡F „†ƒw€uuxu „ƒ† _}„¬w†uˆy‡F †y€}{}ƒG


‡uy‚ˆy wƒ‚‡y†Šuxu „ƒ† €u uƒ† „u†ˆy xy €ƒ‡ u‰ˆƒ†y‡F „ƒ† €u‡
w€u‡y‡ w‰€ˆu‡ y }{‚ƒ†u‚ˆy‡F „ƒ† €u‡ {y‚ˆy‡ xy ˆƒxu‡ €u‡ w†yy‚w}u‡F
xy ˆƒxu‡ €u‡ ‚uw}ƒ‚u€}xuxy‡  xy ˆƒxƒ‡ €ƒ‡ ‡}{€ƒ‡F ‚y{uxu |ƒ „ƒ†
ˆƒxƒ‡ €ƒ‡ „ƒ‡}ˆ}Š}‡ˆu‡F …‰y ‚ƒ w†yy‚ ¦‡ …‰y py wz |€p ~p p rHHHs
xyvy ‡y† ‰‚u wƒ‡u †yu€F „‰y‡ˆƒ …‰y €ƒ‡ |yw|ƒ‡ w}ˆuxƒ‡ y‚ ‡‰ „†ƒ
zƒ†u‚ ‰‚ w­‰€ƒ }„ƒ‚y‚ˆyHQK

\‡ w}y†ˆƒ …‰y ‚}‚{­‚ ©x}wƒ |uv€uvu xy }¦{y‚y‡ †y„†ƒG


x‰w}©‚xƒ‡y y‚ y€ w‰y†„ƒ xy€ |}~ƒ ƒ xy xy‡yƒ‡ }„‰y‡ˆƒ‡ ‡ƒv†y
€u zƒ†uF „y†ƒ ‡ª xy }„†y‡}ƒ‚y‡F u ‡yu‚ zª‡}wu‡F „‡ª…‰}wu‡
ƒ ƒ†u€y‡H cu Š}ƒ€y‚w}uF y€ xƒ€ƒ†F €u „y‚uF €u Šy†{®y‚Žu  €u
w‰€„uF †y‰‚}xƒ‡ vu~ƒ y€ ˆ©†}‚ƒ ’}„†y‡}¬‚“F „ƒ‡yªu‚ €u z‰y†Žu
]O_O OYaS_O_ SY Tb[QW\[OZWS[a\ RSY maS_\ f Z\RWvQO_ YO T\_ZO
xy €ƒ …‰y xyvªu ‡y†H l‚ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ ‚uwªu xyv}xƒ u ‰‚ yvu†uŽƒ
„y‚ƒ‡ƒF ‰‚u yƒw}¬‚ z‰y†ˆy ƒ ‰‚ uwˆƒ Š}ƒ€y‚ˆƒ ‡‰z†}xƒ „ƒ† y€
w‰y†„ƒ xy €u ux†yH [y‡„‰©‡ xy ˆƒxƒF „u†u €ƒ‡ ©x}wƒ‡ xy y‡u
©„ƒwu y€ ‰‚xƒ zª‡}wƒ  y€ ‰‚xƒ ƒ†u€ y‡ˆuvu‚ z‰‚xuy‚G
ˆu€y‚ˆy uˆuxƒ‡ u €u v}ƒ€ƒ{ªuHQL

QJ
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF z{F nt•FF „„H OOGOPH
QK
\ˆ}¨‚‚y ^yƒzz†ƒ ju}‚ˆG_}u}†yF ’\v†}ƒ€ƒ{ªuH Zu‡ƒ xy u„‰ˆuw}¬‚ }‚G
ˆ†u‰ˆy†}‚u“F ^ddF ˆƒƒ RF KRQLF „„H MQGMRH
QL
gu†u ‰w|ƒ‡ ©x}wƒ‡ ˆƒxƒ zƒ†uvu „u†ˆy xy€ †y{}‡ˆ†ƒ xy €ƒ w€ª‚}wƒU |u‡ˆu €u‡
tO[\ZOYjO` `\QWOYS`u RSPjO[ aS[S_ b[O Se]YWQOQWl[ v`W\]Oa\YlUWQO' JiO[`S Y\`
y‡ˆ‰x}ƒ‡ †y€uw}ƒ‚uxƒ‡ wƒ‚ yx}w}‚u €y{u€F €ƒw‰†uF w†}}‚u€}xux  u€wƒ|ƒ€}‡ƒ
…‰y ‡y „‰v€}wu†ƒ‚ y‚ €u ^dd x‰†u‚ˆy €u ‡y{‰‚xu }ˆux xy€ ‡}{€ƒ o`oH
KSJ \c fi[\e [\c gcXZ\i

cX ZlcgXYc\

\€ xƒ€ƒ†F €u Šy†{®y‚Žu  |u‡ˆu €u €ƒw‰†u ˆy‚ªu‚ y‚ y€ ­ˆy†ƒ ‡‰


_STS_S[QWO v`W\YlUWQO' 7bOY^bWS_ WZ]_S`Wl[ ]\RjO OYaS_O_Y\ f ]_\G
x‰w}† ‰‚u ’yŒw}ˆuw}¬‚ yŒˆ†uƒ†x}‚u†}u  ‰‚u u{}ˆuw}¬‚ …‰y „‰yxy
€€y{u† u ˆ†u‡ˆƒ†‚u† |u‡ˆu €u‡ zuw‰€ˆuxy‡ }‚ˆy€ywˆ‰u€y‡“HQM
X‡ªF €u }†uxu Šƒ€Šªu u€ }‚ˆy†}ƒ† xy€ w‰y†„ƒF ‡¬€ƒ …‰y y‡ˆu
ŠyŽ y‡y ¬†{u‚ƒ }‡ˆy†}ƒ‡ƒ ˆy‚ªu y€ „ƒxy† xy yŒˆy‚xy†‡y |u‡ˆu
ƒw‰„u† €u ˆƒˆu€}xux xy€ w‰y†„ƒ zyy‚}‚ƒ  ‡ƒyˆy† u ‡‰ }„y†}ƒ
ˆƒxƒ ˆ}„ƒ xy uww}ƒ‚y‡  uzywˆƒ‡H j‰ y‡ˆuxƒF xywªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF
€€y{uvu u xyˆy†}‚u† y€ ’y‡„ª†}ˆ‰ „‰‡}€¦‚}y“ xy €u‡ ‰~y†y‡
’…‰y u Šywy‡ ‡y uvuˆy  ˆyy y‚ xyu‡ªu“U „ƒ† y‡y ¬†{u‚ƒ }G
]S_W\`\ `S RSv[jO[ ]_hQaWQOZS[aS Y\` aSZ]S_OZS[a\` ]\`WPYS`
xy €u‡ wy‚ˆy‚u†y‡ xy ‰~y†y‡ ’xy ˆƒxu‡ w€u‡y‡  „ƒ‡}w}ƒ‚y‡F xy
ˆƒxu‡ yxuxy‡F xy x}zy†y‚ˆy‡ yx‰wuw}ƒ‚y‡  „†ƒ„y‚‡}ƒ‚y‡“ …‰y
‡y ‡ƒyˆªu‚ u€ yŒuy‚ w€ª‚}wƒT ’‰~y†y‡ y€}‚x†ƒ‡u‡F wƒ…‰yG
ˆu‡F ‡y‚ˆ}y‚ˆu€y‡F †ƒ¦‚ˆ}wu‡F ˆƒ‚ˆu‡F xy ˆu€y‚ˆƒF Š}†ˆ‰ƒ‡u‡F
{uŽƒ«u‡F †y‡}{‚uxu‡F }„uw}y‚ˆy‡F Šu€}y‚ˆy‡  wƒvu†xy‡“HQN
\Œˆy‚x}©‚xƒ‡yF y€ ­ˆy†ƒ xyˆy†}‚uvu €u‡ wu†uwˆy†ª‡ˆ}wu‡
RS b[O v`W\Y\UjO f b[O ]`WQ\Y\UjO Zbf cbY[S_OPYS`' H\R\ `S
RSv[jO S[ Tb[QWl[ RS `b S`aOR\% Q\[a_OQaWPWYWROR% c\YbZS[ f
wƒ‚‡}‡ˆy‚w}uH j‰‡ w‰u€}xuxy‡ y†u‚ ˆu‚ „ƒxy†ƒ‡u‡ wƒƒ „u†u
xyˆy†}‚u† €u y‡y‚w}u xy €ƒ zyy‚}‚ƒFQO  €ƒ zyy‚}‚ƒ y†u y‚ ‡ª

QM
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’ky†uˆƒ€ƒ{ªuH [y‡w†}„w}¬‚ xy ‰‚ zyˆƒ |}x†ƒw©zuG
€ƒHHH“F „H KMOH
QN
a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’l‚u‡ w‰u‚ˆu‡ „u€uv†u‡ ‡ƒv†y y€u‚}‡ƒHHH“F
„H MKSH eƒ y‡ wu‡‰u€ …‰y €u‡ xy‡w†}„w}ƒ‚y‡ xy €u‡ ‰~y†y‡ wƒy‚Žu†u‚
]\_ YO RSv[WQWl[ RS `b aSZ]S_OZS[a\2 t@O `Sk\_WaO $$$ aWS[S ). Ok\` RS
yxuxF ˆy„y†uy‚ˆƒ €}‚z¦ˆ}wƒF wƒ‚‡ˆ}ˆ‰w}¬‚ x©v}€  xy€}wuxuF y‡ˆuxƒ w€ƒG
†ƒGu‚©}wƒF „‰yxy xyw}†‡yF wƒƒ ‡‰wyxy xy‡{†uw}uxuy‚ˆy wƒ‚ €u uƒ†
„u†ˆy xy €u‡ ~¬Šy‚y‡ xy ‚‰y‡ˆ†u ‡ƒw}yxux“H iu¬‚ c¬„yŽ  d‰«ƒŽF ’Z€ª‚}wu
}‚ˆy†‚uH m¬}ˆƒ‡ †yvy€xy‡Gw€ƒ†¬‡}‡ y |}‡ˆy†}uH Z‰†uw}¬‚“F ^ddF ˆƒƒ KJF
KRQOF „H KJOH
QO
\‚ˆ†y €u zƒ†u xy€ ­ˆy†ƒ  y€ y‡ˆuxƒ {y‚y†u€ xy €u ‰~y† |uvªu ‰‚u
Q\__S`]\[RS[QWO RW_SQaO2 t8jO **2 9Y ]bY`\ S_O W[Q\[aOPYS f vYWT\_ZS% YO
cX ZlcgX KSK

}‡ƒ „uˆƒ€¬{}wƒF „‰y‡ €€y{uxƒ y€ ƒy‚ˆƒ Ÿw¬ƒ x}‡ˆ}‚{‰}†


b[ maS_\ ^bS `S Z\RWvQO ]\_ STSQa\ RS b[O W[wbS[QWO ]Oa\G
€¬{}wu xy ƒˆ†ƒ w‰ƒ z‰‚w}ƒ‚u}y‚ˆƒ „y†u‚ywy y‚ u€ˆy†uw}¬‚
wƒ‚‡ˆu‚ˆyV
[yv}xƒ u€ „ƒxy† xy€ ­ˆy†ƒF y€ yŒˆy†}ƒ†  y€ }‚ˆy†}ƒ† ‡y wƒ‚G
z‰‚xªu‚  u ‚ƒ |uvªu u‚y†u xy ‡y„u†u† €u wu‰‡u xy€ yzywˆƒF
 y‡ …‰y Ÿw¬ƒ x}‡ˆ}‚{‰}† €u u€ˆy†uw}¬‚ ‰ˆy†}‚u yzywˆƒ xy €u
Š}ƒ€y‚w}u ‡ƒw}u€ xy €u Š}ƒ€y‚w}u wƒƒ yzywˆƒ xy €ƒ‡ ƒŠ}}y‚G
a\` W[c\Yb[aO_W\` RSY maS_\4 5`j% YO W[wbS[QWO SeaS_[O ^bS
ˆy¬†}wuy‚ˆy u€ˆy†uvu y€ z‰‚w}ƒ‚u}y‚ˆƒ ‚ƒ†u€ xy€ ­ˆy†ƒF
‡y ‡y„u†uvu wuxu ŠyŽ y‚ƒ‡ xy ‰‚ }‚ˆy†}ƒ† yŒwy‡}Šuy‚ˆy
ˆy„y†uy‚ˆu€HQP
iy{†y‡uvu u‡ª u €u ‚ƒw}¬‚ u†}‡ˆƒˆ©€}wu xyT y€ ­ˆy†ƒ „uxywªu
€ƒ‡ yzywˆƒ‡ xy €u Š}ƒ€y‚w}u yŒˆy†}ƒ†F „y†ƒ u€ }‡ƒ ˆ}y„ƒ †yzy†ªu
u y‡ƒ …‰y €u ‰~y† ˆ}y‚y y‚ ‡‰ }‚ˆy†}ƒ†  …‰y u‡‰y €u zƒ†u
ƒ‡w‰†u xy€ xy‡yƒHQQ j} y‚ y€ „u‡uxƒ ‰‚ xy‡yƒ }‚zƒ†y ƒ ‰‚u
}u{}‚uw}¬‚ }‚Šƒ€‰‚ˆu†}u ˆy‚ªu‚ €u wu„uw}xux xy }‚ˆy†Šy‚}†
VO`aO RS`Q\Z]\[S_ SY Qb_`\ [\_ZOY RS YO` Q\`O`% O v[OYS` RSY

v`\[\ZjO Se]_S`OPO aS__\_3 c\QWTS_OPO `W[ RS`QO[`\' 9Y cWS[a_S S`aOPO


yˆyƒ†}Žuxƒ  ‡y‚‡}v€y u €u „†y‡}¬‚U y€ ­ˆy†ƒ {†u‚xyF ¬Š}€  xƒ€ƒ†ƒ‡ƒ C‡}wD
Šƒ}ˆuvu v}€}‡ u y‚‰xƒH“ a‰u‚ du†ªu iƒx†ª{‰yŽF ’Z€ª‚}wu xy ƒv‡ˆyˆ†}w}uH
9ZP_W\Y\UjO f Sc\YbQWl[ O_aWvQWOY "]_\QSRWZWS[a\ RS `OQO[g\[W#' AbS_aS RS
€u ux†y“F ^ddF ˆƒƒ OF KRQJF „„H MMKH jƒv†y €u †y€uw}¬‚ y‚ˆ†y y€ ­ˆy†ƒ  €u
zy}‚}xuxF Š©u‡y \Šy€‚y Yy††}ƒˆGju€Šuxƒ†yF ’\€ x}‡w‰†‡ƒ xy €u yx}w}‚u
 xy €u w}y‚w}u“F y‚ [t~z}tl op wl~ x€up}p~F Wpw cpylntxtpy•z l wl Xolo
_zop}ylF ˆƒƒ PF „„H KLJGKLKH
QP
iƒ‰u{‚uw †ywƒ‚ƒwy …‰y y‡ x}zªw}€ }‚x}wu† wƒ‚ yŒuwˆ}ˆ‰x €u x}zy†y‚w}u y‚G
ˆ†y €u yƒw}¬‚  €u „u‡}¬‚ ’„‰y‡ˆƒ …‰y €u yƒw}¬‚ y‡ z‰y‚ˆy xy …‰y ‚uwy €u
„u‡}¬‚“U u‡ªF u‡y{‰†uF ’‡} |u yƒw}ƒ‚y‡ Š}ƒ€y‚ˆu‡F |u „u‡}ƒ‚y‡F  €u „u‡}¬‚
‚ƒ y‡ ¦‡ …‰y ‰‚u yƒw}¬‚ „y†u‚y‚ˆyF ‰‚ xy‡yƒ Š}ƒ€y‚ˆƒ  x‰†uxy†ƒ …‰y
xƒ}‚u „ƒ† wƒ„€yˆƒ ˆƒxƒ y€ ‡y† wy†yv†u€“H Zu†€ƒ‡ iƒ‰u{‚uwF _l•loz}p~
op x€up}p~F `„†y‚ˆu xy X‚ˆƒ‚}ƒ \‚†ª…‰yŽF d©Œ}wƒF KSKJF „H QH
QQ
X…‰ª y€ xy‡yƒ ‡y y‚ˆ}y‚xy wƒƒ ‰‚u z‰y†Žu }‚ˆy†}ƒ†F }‚wƒ‚ˆ†ƒ€uv€yF }‚xyw}G
v€yF  y‡ˆ¦ wy†wu xy €u ‚ƒw}¬‚ xy {ƒwy xy e©‡ˆƒ† Y†u‰‚‡ˆy}‚ y‚ †yzy†y‚w}u u
cuwu‚H m©u‡y e©‡ˆƒ† Y†u‰‚‡ˆy}‚F ZznpU u‡ª ˆuv}©‚ au}y cuvu‡ˆ}xuF ’pƒ
y‡ ƒˆ†ƒ C‰‚ „‰‚ˆƒ w†‰w}u€ y‚ˆ†y y€ w‰y†„ƒF €u }u{y‚  y€ y‡„y~ƒD“F „H MLH
KSL \c fi[\e [\c gcXZ\i

‡}{€ƒ o`o y€ xy‡yƒ Šƒ€Šªu y‚ zƒ†u xy w‰€„uT €u ‰~y† „ƒ‡yyxƒ†u


xy ‰‚ ¬†{u‚ƒ y‚ u€ˆy†uw}¬‚ „y†u‚y‚ˆy  wƒ‚ Š}xu „†ƒ„}uF
Šªwˆ}u xy €u Š}ƒ€y‚w}u  Šªwˆ}u xy ‡ª }‡uF y†u wu„uŽ xy
„†ƒx‰w}† ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡H
X‡ª y‡ wƒƒ €u uˆy†}u u†}‡ˆƒˆ©€}wu †y{†y‡uvu y‚ zƒ†u xy
­ˆy†ƒ  €u ‰~y† €}vy†uxu „ƒ† €u yx}w}‚u xy €u †y‡„ƒ‚‡uv}€}G
xux xy wƒ‚wyv}† ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡F †yu„u†ywªu wƒƒ w‰€„uv€y xy ‡‰
CxyDzƒ†uw}¬‚T y€ ‡yy‚ wƒ‚w}vy  y€ ­ˆy†ƒ }‚zƒ†yF u€ˆy†uxƒF
yŒw€‰‡}Šuy‚ˆy zyy‚}‚ƒF „‰yxy zƒ†u† |}~ƒ‡ ƒ‚‡ˆ†‰ƒ‡ƒ‡HQR
gƒ† y‡ƒF vu‡ˆuvu wƒ‚ƒwy† €u‡ zƒ†u‡ …‰y uxƒ„ˆuvu y€ ­ˆy†ƒ 
xu† w‰y‚ˆu xy ‡‰‡ ƒŠ}}y‚ˆƒ‡F „u†u ‡uvy† …‰© y‡„y†u† xy
€u‡ ‰~y†y‡H

cX c\p [\c gX[i\

5Y v[OY% SY \_RS[ _SU_S`O_jO ]O_O R\PYSUO_ b[ W[aS_W\_ ^bS


„u†ywªu y‡ˆu† |yw|ƒ xy y‡y‚w}u‡ }„u€„uv€y‡H c€yŠu‚xƒ y€ ­ˆy†ƒ
O YO `b]S_vQWS% YO ZSRWQW[O VO_jO RSY W[aS_W\_ ]b_O v`\[\ZjO%
 u‡ªF y‚ y‡u Š}‡}v}€}xuxF y‚wƒ‚ˆ†u†ªu y€ ƒxƒ xy yˆy† ƒ†xy‚
y‚ y€ w‰y†„ƒ zyy‚}‚ƒH
g†}y†ƒF ‰‚u ˆy†u„©‰ˆ}wu „u€}uˆ}ŠuH \‚ wu‡ƒ xy u€ˆy†uw}¬‚F
y€ ©x}wƒ †ywƒy‚xuvu ˆ†u‚…‰}€}xux  †y„ƒ‡ƒH X €u ‰~y† …‰y
„uxywªu |}‡ˆy†}uF y‡u ’„€u{u“ …‰y uˆƒ†y‚ˆu u€ ’vy€€ƒ ‡yŒƒ“F
€y „†y‡w†}vªu vu«ƒ‡ xy u‡}y‚ˆƒF u{‰u z†ªuF †y„ƒ‡ƒF ƒ„}ƒ  ©ˆy†
‡‰€z­†}wƒHQS j} €ƒ‡ „uxyw}}y‚ˆƒ‡ ˆy‚ªu‚ †y€uw}¬‚ wƒ‚ €u u‡ˆ‰†G

QR
j} y€ |ƒv†y €€yŠuvu y‚ ‡‰ ‡yy‚ €u }xyuF €u zƒ†u  €u }xy‚ˆ}xux xy€
z‰ˆ‰†ƒ ‡y†F ‡} y†u ©€ …‰}y‚ „†ƒ„ƒ†w}ƒ‚uvu y€ u€u u €u wƒ‡uF y€ |}~ƒ ˆy‚xy†ªu
u €u }xy‚ˆ}xux wƒ„€yˆu wƒ‚ y€ „ux†yU „y†ƒ ‡} €u uˆy†}u zyy‚}‚u }‚ˆy†G
Šy‚ªu  x}‡ˆƒ†‡}ƒ‚uvu €ƒ …‰y u |uvªu ‡}xƒ wƒ‚wyv}xƒF y‚ˆƒ‚wy‡ ‚uwªu ‰‚
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‚u“F Zlnpl _“otnl op _“ƒtnzF ˆƒƒ MF KRPQH
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xªu‡ „ƒ† zu€ˆu xy u€}y‚ˆuw}¬‚“F y‚ Vlwzrz op lyzxlw”l~
nzwpnntzylol~ py pw _€~pz `lntzylwD KRSPH

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]}{‰†u MJ
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]}{‰†u MK
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`cljkiXZ`fe\j LNS

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xy KRSNH

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v†y xy KRQLH

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py _“ƒtnzF KSJNH

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]}{‰†u‡ MR  MS
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]ƒy‚ˆƒF d©Œ}wƒF KRROH

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