8

ENGLISH
Quarter 1
Module 1-9

DO_Q1_English8_Module1-9
English – Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1-9
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein
the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office
may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners.
The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Donna S. Corpuz, Gen. T De Leon National High School
Marie Cris R. Marcos, Dalandanan National High School
Ludy B. Dizon, Dalandanan National High School
Lenilyn A. Robles, Maysan National High School
Amie Ruth B. Bernardo, Malinta National High School
Catherine G. De Gula, Parada National High School
Carolina Cudal, Polo National High School
Editor: Dr. Winnie F. Tugade, Education Program Supervisor in English and Journalism
Reviewer: Cheenee Gahuman, Dalandanan Bato National High School
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Maila B. Solian, Sitero Francisco Memorial National HS
Michael Carl S.R. Divinaflor, Lawang Bato Elementary School
Division Management Team:
Dr. Meliton P. Zurbano, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent, OIC-SDS Mr.
Filmore R. Caballero, Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Mrs. Jean A. Tropel, Division Education Program Supervisor- LRMS and
ADM Coordinator
Dr. Winnie F. Tugade, Education Program Supervisor in English and
Journalism

Printed in the Philippines by

Departmen of Education –Valenzuela

Office Address: Pio Valenzuela St., Marulas,

Valenzuela City Telefax: 02-292-3247
E-mail Address: sdovalenzuela@deped.gov.ph
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LESSON 1
Context Clues............................................................................ 4

LESSON 2
Idiomatic Expressions................................................................ 7

LESSON 3
Context Clues...........................................................................10

LESSON 4
Sequence Signals and Markers..................................................13

LESSON 5
Determining the Meaning of Words that Reflect Local Culture
by Noting Context Clues............................................................15

LESSON 6
Conventions in Citing Sources...................................................18

LESSON 7
Modal Verbs...................................................................................23

LESSON 8
Modal Adverbs...............................................................................27

LESSON 9
Cohesive Devices...................................................................... 33

LESSON 10
Subject Verb Agreement...............................................................38

REFERENCES

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 Lesson 1 CONTEXT CLUES
WHAT IS IT?
Context clues are hints that help you define an unfamiliar word. These hints
can be found within the sentence or in the surrounding sentences.

The patient is so somnolent that she requires medication to help her stay
awake for more than a short time.

The difficult word in this sentence is somnolent. Without the

help of a dictionary, we can arrive at the meaning of this word by
analyzing the sentence itself.
TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES

To help you analyze the sentence remember the acronym

IDEAS.

Let us analyze the given sentence to

arrive at the meaning of the word
‘somnolent’:

Look for the clues using the acronym.

Decide which type of clue you can use.
In this instance, we will use inference as
our type of clue. What words in the
sentence can give us an inference?

Patient/she = somnolent

She = requires medication to stay

awake

Therefore:
Somnolent means that the person has a
condition where he/she cannot stay
awake for a long period of time.

Dictionary definition:
Somnolent (adjective) inclined to or
heavy with sleep.

DO_Q1_English8_Module1
1
 WHAT’S MORE?
Activity 1: Starting with the basic
Directions: Identify the type of context clue used in the following
sentences. Write your answer on the blank before the number.
No. 1 is done for you.
EXAMPLE1. Our baseball team's pitcher has a few eccentric habits,
such as throwing exactly thirteen warm-up pitches and
never wearing socks.
____________2. Martha is a curator, a person who is responsible for
looking after a museum’s collection.
______________3. The monkey’s vociferous chatter made me wish I had
earplugs.
_________ 4. While Myka is hardworking, her indolent your
sister spends most of the time watching TV or
sitting
around with friends.
_________ 5. The stench of moth old pillowcase was like the smell of
garbage.
_________ 6. The archeologist found different amulets, such as a
rabbit’s foot and bags of herb.

Activity 2: Making meaning

Idiomatic expressions are phrases or statements that have

figurative meaning. These are native expressions in a certain language
that uses the unconventional meaning of the words in use.

Directions: Match the underlined idiomatic expressions in

Column A with its corresponding meaning in Column B. Draw a
straight line to match your answers. No. 1 is done for you.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. It rained cats and dogs last night. A. not very often; rarely
The streets were flooded, and the classes B. A wish or a goal that a person
were suspended. has wanted or achieved after a
2. Getting sick last week seemed to be a long time
blessing in disguise. I wasn’t able to join C. rained heavily
the trip which turned out to be a total D. a feeling of grief or
disaster. unhappiness
3. It is a bit surprising that Mr. Cruz is E. A person who enjoys going to
late. It happens once in a blue moon. parties
4. Meeting my favorite KPop artist is a F. always happening; occurring
dream come true! I couldn’t believe it G. something that seems bad or
happened. unlucky at first, but results in
5. He left the game with a heavy heart – something good happening later
he was sad.
6. Sheila is a party animal – she loves
everything about parties.

2 DO_Q1_English8_Module1
Activity 3: Practice makes perfect!
Directions: Read the sentences and choose the meaning of the
underlined words/phrases. Write only the letter of your answer. No. 1 is
done for you.
A 1. Ricardo Dalisay is the protagonist in the TV series entitled “Ang
Probinsyano”. He is a police officer who protects his country and his
loved ones from the evil forces in the society.
a. the main character of a story
b. an animal that lives underground
c. someone whose first and last names start with the same letter
d. someone with bad body odor
____2. She was convinced that it would be a lucrative business to sell
beauty products. It turned out she was not ready to make business and
she lost a lot of money.
a. tasting great with vanilla ice cream
b. helping young feet to grow correctly
c. showing no careful thought
d. bringing in a lot of money, or profit
____3. No one suspected that Jerry was a spy. On the surface he
behaved like any normal citizen. When his covert activity was
discovered and announced to the world, we were all shocked.
a. friendly b. helpful c. loud d. hidden
______4. The child was rushed to the hospital after she had an adverse
reaction to the medicine.
a. Healing b. Harmful c. Soothing d. Helpful
______5. The soldiers crouched down low behind their vehicle and
waited for the enemy to pass.
a. Stooped with bent knees b. Stood straight and tall
c. Leaned against d. Ran from
______6. The man was sentenced to life imprisonment due to the heinous
crime he committed.
a. guilty b. terrible c. accidental d.
unimportant

ASSESSMENT
Task 1: The answers within
Directions: Read each sentence. Underline the clues that define or
restate the boldfaced word. No.1 is done for you.
1. Loose knee-length trousers—called galligaskins—were the
eighteenth- century equivalent of short pants.
2. Ideal for polishing or grinding, carborundum is a very hard stone.
3. He called me paisano, the Spanish word for
“countryman.”
4. Ted was always the staunchest, or most dependable, of my
friends.
5. Flanders, an area of Western Europe now part of France and
Belgium, was the site of the World War I cemetery.
6. Her phobia of burglars—a totally unreasonable fear—led her to

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 check and recheck the window locks every night.

Lesson 2 IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

WHAT IS IT?
Idiomatic expressions are a type of informal language that
have a meaning different from the meaning of the words in the
expression. Here's an example of an idiomatic expression:

Hold your tongue.

This idiom doesn't actually mean that you should stick your fingers in
your mouth and grab a hold of your tongue.

 They are words or phrases that aren't meant to be taken literally.

 For example, if you say someone has "cold feet," it doesn't mean
their toes are cold. Rather, it means they're nervous about
something.
 Idiomatic expressions are a type of informal language that have a
meaning different from the meaning of the words in expressions. It
can't be deduced merely by studying the words in the phrase. If
taken literally, But, after living with a certain group of people for a
period of time, you'll start to pick up their expressions.

Common Idiomatic Expressions

 The next time someone says they are feeling "under the weather," you'll
know it has nothing to do with weather patterns, but rather that they're
feeling quite ill.

1. Getting fired turned out to be a blessing in disguise.

-Getting fired (normally a negative event) turned out to be a good
thing.
2. These red poppies are a dime a dozen.
-These red poppies are very common.
3. Don't beat around the bush.
-Just say what you really mean.
4. After some reflection, he decided to bite the bullet.
-After some reflection, he decided to do the undesirable thing he
was avoiding.
5. I'm going to call it a night.
-I'm going to bed.
6. He's got a chip on his shoulder.
-He's holding onto a grudge or grievance that's making him very
angry or callous.
7. Would you cut me some slack?
- Don't be so hard on me.

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 8. She let things get out of hand.
-She lets things get out of control.
9. I'm going back to the drawing board. DO_Q1_English8_Module2
-I'm going to start over.
10.Hang in there.
-Stick with it.
11. Work your fingers to the bone-work hard
12. Elbow grease-hard physical labor
13. Work your tail off-work strenuously
14. Roll up one’s sleeves- work seriously
15. Keep head above waters-manage to survive
16. No pain, no gain- be ready to get hurt to achieve goals
17. Work your back -exert effort in doing work
18. He goes the extra Mile-going above and beyond what is expected
19. Work like a dog- work hard like a slave without rest
20. He is pulling his own weight-share in doing a task.

TASK 1
Directions: Write the meaning of the following underlined idiomatic
expressions using context clues. Choose from the pool of words below.

EXAMPLE:
The exam was a piece of cake.
Answer: very easy.
 Good news/ good words
 very expensive
 Changed decision
 Very nervous
 Treated coldly / no warmth
 Lose one’s temper
 Wasn’t heard or listened to
 Decide when that situation comes
 He is listening
 Defeat someone
 Very angry
 Can’t get /understand

___________1. Why are you so bent out of shape? Did someone get into
your nerves today?
________2. I can’t decide whether to attend physical class this school
year due to COVID-19. We’ll cross that bridge when we get there.
________3. I’m sorry but I just can’t seem to wrap my head around it.
Can you please explain the concept to me further?
________4. They have already discovered the cure for COVID-19?
Wow, you can say that again. Great news!
________5. The complaints of poor people on SAP distribution fell on
deaf ears. No one paid them any attention in their barangay.

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 What I Can Do?
Directions: Choose the correct meaning of the following idiomatic
DO_Q1_English8_Module2
expressions in column A to that in Column B.

A B

1. It takes two to tango, so A. To work/study late into night

don’t blame him for getting pregnant B. both parties are responsible
early.
for a situation
2. Every cloud has a silver
lining. Filipinos will come out stronger C. the past is no longer
after this pandemic. regarded as important
3. To burn the midnight oil D. a change of mind
is Juan’s motto the night after exam. E. every difficult situation
4. To burn the candle at both
has more hopeful
ends leads to physical exhaustion
and sickness. aspect
5. Their previous conflict is F. to openly share your
water under the bridge now. feelings
6. To wear your heart on your G. new experiences make
sleeve makes your crush for someone life more interesting
too obvious.
7. Let’s just stay indoor for H. to make someone feel strong
typhoon Ambo makes it a lovely emotion
weather for ducks. I. to keep someone
____8. To burn your bridges permanently
with people you used to J. to end relationship with
hold dear is very painful.
another
_______9. Let’s watch a new film genre
since variety is the spice of life. K. very wet, rainy weather
10. It feels good to work as front L. to work from very early
liner because you could touch in the morning up to very
someone’s heart. late at night

Assessment

Directions: Deduce the meaning of the following underlined idiomatic

expressions. Write the letter of the best answer.
1. Christmas is a red-letter day; everyone is in festive mood.
a. a. Red tide day c. Memorable, especially important
b. Laundry day d. School Day
2. Phil and Mary throw jazzy party only elites get invited.
a. Boring c. usual
b. very active d. unusual
3. He dressed in an off-beat manner which draws eyes of other people.
a. Fashionable c. colorful
b. very posh d. not typical

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DO_Q1_English8_Module2
4. We hope to be able to wind up the meeting by about three o’ clock.
a. to conclude c. to reschedule
b. To begin d. to cancel
5. The program required a black- tie attire, so I went to mall to find a
suitable outfit.
a. semi-formal c. informal
b. Formal d. casual

Lesson 3
CONTEXT CLUES

WHAT IS IT?
Learning new words is an exciting challenge. If you're not sure
what a word means, it helps if you can at least know the information
around the word. There are ways of figuring out what a new or unusual
word means. One way is to use context clues.

Using context clues means using the information around the word you
don't know. These words help you find what it means. You can also use the
information in the rest of the paragraph to help you figure out what the
word means.

For your info…

Context clues are bits of information (clues) from the text that, when
combined with prior knowledge (what you already know) allows you to
decide the meaning of unknown words in the story or article you are
reading.

There are a few things to watch for when looking for context clues:

Here they are:

 Punctuation marks—a comma or dash may show you something
about the unknown words. They can also give a clue to the new
word's definition.
 Key words, such as "or", and "that is" may also give you a hint that
a definition is nearby. Sometimes words are spelled alike but have
different meanings. Knowing about different types of words and
their definitions is very important to reading and writing.
 For example, a bank can be a "place where money is stored," but a
bank can also be an "area along the side of a river (riverbank).

Here are more specific context clues that you can look for
when trying to figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word:

1. Definitions ‐ The definition of the word is sometimes

restated in the context.

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 2. Synonyms and Antonyms ‐Sometimes a synonym
(similar meaning) or antonym (opposite meaning) is
given for the unfamiliar word.
3. Examples ‐Examples of the unknown word can
DO_Q1_English8_Module3
sometimes help you decide its meaning.
4. Cause and Effect ‐The unfamiliar word might be
the cause of something or might be the result of a
cause.
5. Analogy ‐ You can sometimes puzzle out a new word
by determining how it is related to other words
CHECK THIS OUT!

Step 1: Identify the word.

Ask yourself: Which word or words are unfamiliar?
Step 2: Use context.
You can often determine a word’s meaning from the surrounding
words, or context. Look for more familiar words, phrases, or sentences
surrounding a new or unfamiliar word.
Step 3: Look for restatement clues.
In a restatement clue, the writer says the same thing in a different
way. Signal words for restatement clues include this means, that is, in
other words. Punctuation marks that signal a restatement include
commas and dashes.
Step 4: Look for definition clues.
The context gives the word’s meaning. Signal words for definition
clues include is, are, defined as, meaning. Punctuation marks include
commas, dashes, parentheses, and colons.
Step 5: Define the word.
Using the clues, and a dictionary, if necessary, write the word and
its definition in a special notebook. Include a new sentence, using the new
word.
“My father is a podiatrist, or foot doctor.”

The restatement clue, “or foot doctor,” tells you the meaning of
podiatrist.

Commas, dashes, or other punctuation can point to a restatement

clue, along with expressions such as that is, in other words, and or.

Another way writers can suggest the meanings of words is to

give one or two examples, as in the following sentence:

Fred showed some very belligerent traits, such as shouting at

other drivers and constantly getting into fights.

The examples suggest that belligerent means something like

“hostile” or “bad-tempered.”

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 WHAT’S MORE
DO_Q1_English8_Module3
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: What specific context clue is used in each sentence? Write D
for definition. R for restatement or synonym, A for antonym or contrast, C
for cause and effect, and AN for analogy.
1. Dr. Tugade is as strong as grizzly bear.
Answer:
2. Due to Covid 19. the world is looking for a new medicine to stop its
spread.
Answer:
3. The ancient Chinese used the abacus, a device with movable beads
that can be used as calculator.
Answer:
4. Liberty is a loquacious lady. She really loves talking.
Answer:
5. Team English felt victorious. They know they would never lose again.
Answer:

ACTIVITY 2
Directions: In each sentence below, first look at the italicized
word, then look for clues to its meaning. Circle either
RESTATEMENT or EXAMPLE.

1. Manny had such a longing for the horse that he knew he would never
want anything so much again. RESTATEMENT/EXAMPLE
2. The burning of our home was a calamity—a real disaster.
RESTATEMENT/EXAMPLE
3. Impediments to his getting the job included his youth and
inexperience and his lack of language skills.
RESTATEMENT/EXAMPLE
4. When using power tools, you should take precautions, such as
wearing safety goggles and treating the equipment properly.
RESTATEMENT/EXAMPLE
5. We feared lightning would ignite the dry grass and burn up the fields.
RESTATEMENT/EXAMPLE
ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Read each sentence and decide whether the underlined
portion is a cause or an effect.
1. When you sneeze, you blow bacteria into the CAUSE EFFECT
air.
2. You will get tired if you work all day. CAUSE EFFECT
3. If the jar is full, please get another one in the CAUSE EFFECT
pantry.
4. You will rip your pants if you climb over the CAUSE EFFECT
fence.
5. We all laugh when we saw Grace scamper up CAUSE EFFECT

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the gate.

DO_Q1_English8_Module3

10
 ASSESSMENT

Directions: Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word and

identify the type of context clue used: EXAMPLE, CONTRAST,
DEFINITION, or LOGIC

1. Our baseball team's pitcher has a few eccentric habits, such as

throwing exactly thirteen warm-up pitches and never wearing socks.
A) normal B) strange C) messy
CLUE:
2. After the heavy rains, the stream became murky; in fact, the water
was so cloudy you couldn't see the bottom.
A) cloudy B) bottomless C) clear
CLUE:
3. The debris on the stadium floor included numerous paper cups,
ticket stubs, and cigarette butts.
A) products B) papers C) trash
CLUE:
4. The coach takes every opportunity to censure his players, yet he
ignores every opportunity to praise them.
A) approve of B) criticize C) choose
CLUE:
5. The newlyweds agreed to be very frugal in their shopping because
they wanted to save enough money to buy a house.
A) economical B) wasteful C) interested
CLUE:

Lesson 4 SEQUENCE SIGNALS AND

MARKERS
WHAT IS IT?
SEQUENCE SIGNALS AND MARKERS

1. They indicate chronological order, or order or importance.

e.g. first…secondly…thirdly…; to begin with…next…to
conclude…
This is my morning routine. First, as soon as I wake up, I kneel to
pray. Secondly, I go to the bathroom for my morning hygiene. Then, I
change into my house clothes. Finally, I go down and prepare my
breakfast.
2. They add to or reinforce what has already been said.
e.g. furthermore, in addition, what is more

The rebels were soaked in the rain. Furthermore, they were

surrounded by armed officials.

DO_Q1_English8_Module4

11
3. They indicate that two propositions have equal status.
e.g. likewise, similarly
Crash Landing on You is a great Korean drama. Likewise, I also
commend the storyline of Jekyl, Hyde and Me which also stars Hyun
Bin.
4. They indicate cause-result relationships.
e.g. consequently, so, as a result
I started planting seeds since the start of the quarantine. As a
result, my pechay leaves are now growing big.
5. They indicate that a given proposition contradicts an earlier one.
e.g. conversely, on the contrary, by way of contrast
The Health Department Secretary said that we are now experiencing
a second wave of the pandemic. On the contrary, a certain politician said
that we are not even done with the first wave as we have not flattened
the curve yet.
6. They indicate concession.
e.g. nevertheless, in any case, for all that, all the same
Some workers and employees are now back to work to keep the
economy going. For all that, we still need to practice minimum health
standards to be safe.
Other connectors include: the FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, also,
yet, so); meanwhile, for the time being, however, otherwise, nonetheless,
because, and a lot more.

WHAT’S MORE
EASY TASK
Directions: Encircle the seven (7) sequence signals that you can find
in the word pool. An example is given as your guide.

Z E Q J O K E S P L
Y S A L T H O U G H
E T C V H S B D H B
T A M W E R F B O E
G H R I R M O U W C
M E A N W H I L E A
H N B M I L K D V U
B M J H S I N C E S
S R U C E U O H R E
F I N A L L Y J L R

AVERAGE TASK
Directions: Match each of the sequence signals with its corresponding
function. An example is given as your guide.
Ex. e nevertheless

DO_Q1_English8_Module4

12
 A B
_____1. Similarly a. add to or reinforce
______ 2. to begin with b. contradiction
______ 3. by way of contrast c. shows equal status
_____4. as a result d. cause-result
_____5. Furthermore e. concession
f. order of importance

WHAT I CAN DO?

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct sequence markers
from the parentheses. An example is given as your guide.
Ex. Teresa will be back in a few minutes. , make yourself at
home. (Later, Meanwhile, However)
Answer: Teresa will be back in a few minutes. Meanwhile, make
yourself at home.
1. Jenny didn’t like the play. she left the theater
early. (Then, So, Neither)
2. Our dentist was out. we had to
look for another dentist. (Neither, Therefore, Nor)
3. Anna was tired. as Angie. (Nor, So, Next)
4. Many people are waiting to buy the tickets.
while, the queue was quite long. (Before, After, Finally)
5. There are many things we have to do.
, we have to clean this area. (Consequently, First,
Neither)

6. ASSESSMENT
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate sequence marker.
Choose from the word pool. An answer can be used twice. An example is
given as your guide.

Similarly In addition thus Besides

However As a result Consequently Therefore

Ex. PasaBuy and online shopping has been the practice during
ECQ. In addition, people are also into gardening these days.

1. Stephanie refused to take part in the bloodletting activity.

, she changed her mind the next day.

2. Some men bought with them wines during the liquor ban.
, they were sent to jail for violating ECQ rules.

3. Bicycles and motorcycles are given the permission to be

means of transport during MECQ. , tricycles were
also permitted to go on trips as long as they follow some

DO_Q1_English8_Module4

13
 protocols.

4. “I don’t think Jenny can go to work tomorrow

, she doesn’t even have a means to transport her to and from
work,” Anna told her sister.

5. The frontliners were given free lunch today. ,

they received extra sandwiches and juice for snack.

Lesson 5 DETERMINING THE MEANING OF WORDS

THAT REFLECT LOCAL CULTURE BY NOTING
CONTEXT
CLUES
Culture is defined as a way of living. Its components include our
language, education, attire, food, music, behavior, beliefs, and traditions,
among others.

Language is a tool to communication is an important aspect of our

culture. With the onset of the digital age and communications, it has
become powerful, a priced commodity. Thus, like money it should be
spent wisely.

One unfair use of language is stereotyping/typecasting others

based mainly on prejudices or biases. Our choice and use of language
define who we are as humans, as a person, family, community, region,
or nation

WHAT IS IT?
Arriving at the Meaning of Words
There are many ways we can use to get the meaning of words.

Means Features
Part of speech, to pronunciation, etymology, and
1. Dictionary
definition
Synonyms (for similar meaning of words)
2. Thesaurus
Antonyms (for opposite meanings)
Analysis of roots (basic part) and affixes-
3. Word
Prefixes-word parts, letters, or numbers place
Structure
before the root words
Suffixes-…those placed after
Words or phrases near the unfamiliar word
4. Context clues
that serve as aid in guessing the meaning.
Words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and
5. Context
paragraphs
surrounding the target word

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 WHAT’S MORE?
DO_Q1_English8_Module5
A. Directions: Read the paragraph carefully, observing context clues.
Then, answer the questions which follow. Letters only.

1. Valenzuela City People's Park or simply People's Park, is an urban

park located in a 1.3-hectare lot beside the city hall in Brgy.
Karuhatan. An electronically controlled dancing fountain is an
awesome, Instagramable sight at the park entrance. It prides of its
400-seater amphitheater, venue for a wide range of cultural activities.

Other amenities include an aero-circle (for Zumba and other

group exercises), relaxing garden, children's playground, zoological
corner, giant chess, elegant gazebo, seniors corner, children’s
playground, drinking fountains, and most of all, sufficient and well-
maintained restrooms.
Which among the following statements does not support the
above paragraph?
a. The People’s Park has complete amenities for Valenzuelanos to spend
their leisure time and bonding with their families.
b. School and community activities has a cultural stage for public viewing
in the park.
c. It has limited space and does not have state of the art attractions of
modern parks other cities have.
d. The Park reflects social awareness on the importance of nature and fun
activities with the family.

2. Based on the facts shared in those passages about the City’s

history and current LGU’s performance and continued country-wide
recognition, an appreciative Valenzuela City resident normal response
must be the following, less one which is:
a. Promote the welfare of the city by being adherent to its call for
responsible community living.
b. Protect and conserve its historical and natural landmarks, as well as
areas which are natural habitat for wildlife, like the endangered
fowls/birds -- bakaw-gabi.
c. Promote and patronize the services and products made in Valenzuela.
d. Draw graffiti on the walls of public places and destroy government
properties where no CCTVs are installed.

3. True to its best practices as a constant recipient of Galing Pook

Award, a search for top ten Local Government Units (LGUs) in the
country, Valenzuela City is keen in creating greener spaces. Among its
recent projects was the rehabilitation of the Polo Mini-Park which was
inaugurated on January 21, 2020. The Park which lies on the
historical old town square of Polo, is adorned with hundred-year-old
luscious trees, fountain, memorial marker commemorating war
veterans and statues of Pío Valenzuela and José Rizal. The Park
signifies not only a place for relaxation but also marks the historical
identity of the City.

15
DO_Q1_English8_Module5
Creating greener spaces in sentence 1 means:
a. Having a unified green color paint on fences along city roads
b. Supporting local artists’ graffiti arts on public walls
c. Planting and growing trees on city parks and offices
d. Cultivating Garden vegetables

4. Dubbed as Valenzuela City's "Best-kept Secret", the Tagalag

Fishing Village lies beside a 1.3-kilometer boardwalk in Barangay
Tagalag. Various activities are being offered in one of the newest
attractions in the city such as recreational fishing, line fishing
tutorials, bird watching, boating, photo-walk, and sunset watching.

Based on this passage, the following are reflective of the locals’

(residents of
Tagalag) culture and values, except one:
a. Residents major livelihood is fishing related.
b. It has its share of hassle and bustle of the city proper.
c. Tagalag is a sanctuary or haven for endangered and migratory birds.
d. It has an air of welcoming atmosphere for local and foreign tourists alike.

5. Besides that pensive view of northwest, the opposite phase is home

to big manufacturing companies, such as CDO, Uratex, San Miguel
Corporation, Plastic City, Splash, among others. From there, it can be
inferred that Valenzuela is a highly City?

A. Commercial B. Agricultural C. Industrial D. Financial

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Goodbye, MECQ! Hello, GCQ!: Valenzuela City Government Offices Brace for the
New Normal
a. back out b. prepare c. bracket d. support

2. “The [COVID-19] pandemic -- the new normal, has taught us to disrupt the
way we do government,” Mayor REX
a. periodic b. occurrence c. local disease d. outbreak

3. In the light of COVID 19, vulnerable sectors are now being further identified if
they have the disease or not.
a. at risk b. protected c. strong d. resilient
4. The City released guidelines on the resumption of operations of pedicabs and
tricycles with a limited capacity of strictly, one passenger per vehicle.
a. stoppage b. continuation c. suspension d. cancellation
5. The City council passed Ordinance No. 669, series of 2020 or the “Anti- hoarding
and Anti-Panic Buying Ordinance of Valenzuela City” to impose restrictions on the
buying capacity of individuals and retail establishments on some basic and prime
commodities.”
a. stockpiling b. storing c. no amassing d.no discarding

DO_Q1_English8_Module5
16
Lesson 6 Conventions in Citing Sources

21st century is characterized by enormous advancement in different

areas of human life. However, despite its growth and development, it also
faces great upheaval—the spread of the virus called covid 19 where cure
is unknown up to this writing. It is now in our hands to look for solution to
this pressing problem. The lesson you will find here can help you search
accurately.

WHAT IS IT?
Citation defined
Citation in research means formally acknowledging the source of
information that follows certain conventions depending on the subject
explored.

Conventions used
The APA or American Psychological Association is used by Education,
Psychology and Sciences, While MLA or Modern Language Association is
used by Humanities. In this module, you will be exploring the beauty of
APA.
Before you proceed with the rudiments of citing sources. Take note of
some simple reminders in making bibliographical entries.

Rules in Capitalization
For all sources other than periodical titles (that is,
newspapers, magazines, and scholarly journals), capitalize the first
word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns only. Do not
capitalize the rest.
All major words in periodical titles should be capitalized
(for example, Psychology Today, Journal of Health Care for the Poor
and Underserved.)

Italics:
Titles are italicized for the following items:
 Books and e-books
 Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers)
 Web sites and web pages
 Dissertations/theses
 Reports/technical papers
 Works of art

Article title
 Capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and proper
nouns only.
 Toughing it out at Harvard: The making of a woman MBA

DO_Q1_English8_Module6
17
Journal title
 Use italics and capitalize all major words.
 American Journal of Distance Education

Book title
 Use italics and capitalize the first word of the title and
subtitle and proper nouns only.
 Student cheating and plagiarism in the Internet era: A wake-up
call

Uses of Punctuation Marks

In ancient times, they do not use punctuation marks, however in
the advent of civilization, punctuation was introduced in the written
form of the language to help a reader distinguish words and ideas from
each other. Thus, spoken language becomes natural. Note that the
listed punctuation marks here are only of those which is used in making
bibliographies. Aside from the basic, study these:

Other uses of period

Use periods after initials and after most abbreviations
Dr. Ponciano delos Santos
Engr. Karla Estrada Capt. Carlo Matapang
Other uses of comma
Use comma to separate words in a series of three or more items

Pres. Rodrigo Duterte appointed Dr. Duque as Health Secretary,

Gen. Ano as IATF Chairman, and Atty. Harry Roque as Presidential
Spokeperson.
Mom’s favorite dish are lumpia, caldereta, and adobo.
Other uses of colon
Used between the city and country, between publisher and date of
publication.

Citations using APA (American Psychological association) Books

APA Format
Book referencing is the most basic style; it matches the template
above, minus the URL section. So, the basic format of a book reference
is as follows:

Title Rules:
1. It is italicized. (ed.) = edition
2. The first letter of the first This is not
word, the first letter of the included for
first word after a ‘:’ or ‘-‘and 1st edition
the first letter of proper books
nouns are capitalized.

DO_Q1_English8_Module6
18
Author surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title (ed.). Publisher location: Publisher

How to Cite an E-Book in APA Format

An E-Book reference is the same as a book reference expect the
publisher is swapped for a URL. The basic structure is as follows:

Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).*). (Year). Title (ed.*). Retrieved from URL

E-Book example:
Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation.
Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference -management/reference- manager

How to Cite a Website in APA Format

When citing a website, the basic structure is as follows:

Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Retrieved from URL

How to Cite a Film in APA Format

The basic format of a film citation is:

Producer surname, initial (Producer), & Director surname, initial

(Director). (Year of Release). Title of film [Motion Picture]. Country
of Origin: Studio.

Importance of Citing Sources

1. It signals that your paper should be taken seriously since it
has a source.
2. It shows that you respect other people’s work.
3. It helps your reader find additional materials if he/she wishes
to learn more about your topic.
4. Plagiarism is avoided. Plagiarism means copying the
work of other people without acknowledging them.
5. It provides a sense of trust to your reader.
6. It enhances credibility of whatever you may explaining.

What I Have Learned?

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct word to complete its meaning.
Choose your answer from the box. Then write your answer on a separate paper.

plagiarism credibility comma URL

colon book APA citation
surname trust parenthesis

1. Copying someone else’s work is called __________________________________.

2. ______________________ is the formal acknowledgement of the source name.
3. _______________________signals that your paper should be taken seriously.
4. _______________________stating the year the source was written.

DO_Q1_English8_Module6
19
 5. _____________________is used in education, psychology, and other sciences.
6. Include the ____________ when the information comes from world wide
web.
7._______________________________separate the city and country.
8. _______________________________is used to separate entities in a series.
9. One of the importance of citing sources is ______________________ because
your reader believes you in whatever you say.
10. The most basic style is the use of __________________________ as a source.

What I Can Do?

Now that you have some basic skills in citing sources, let us
check your understanding of the points you remember.
Directions: Put all the information you find in various sources and
write them in the correct format.

Book

Information Format

E-Book
Information Format

Film
Information Format

DO_Q1_English8_Module6
20
Source Book Source Website
Author: Website/URL:
Title of source: Title of website? URL page
Publisher: Author:
Publication Date: Publication Date:
Place of Publication:

Source Film
Producer’s name:
Director’s name:
Year of Release:
Title of Film:
Country of Origin:
Studio:

Lesson 7 Modal Verbs

WHAT’S NEW?
This time, I would like you to rewrite the following sentences using
modals that show same meaning. The first one is done for you.

1. I suggest that you get a good lawyer!

Model: You should get a good lawyer.
2. A bachelor’s degree isn’t necessary for that job.
.
3. Perhaps my father will pick you up.
.
4. Eating is forbidden in class!
.
5. Look at his dirty clothes! I’m sure he is a poor person.
.
6. I don’t believe that you are a bad person because you are so
generous and kind to me and my family.
_____________________________________________________________

DO_Q1_English8_Module7
21
 WHAT IS IT?
What did you notice on the sentences given above? Take a look on
no.1 sentence. What happened to the base form of the verb? Did it
change? Between the subject and the base form of the verb, what can
you find? What do you call that word? What does it express? How do
you use it?

What are modal verbs?

Can
Could
May
Might They are Auxiliary verbs that provide
Must additional and specific meaning to
Shall the Main verb of the sentence.
Should
Ought to
Will
Would

What do they express?

They can have more than one meaning
depending on the situations.
1. Single Concept Modal: they have one meaning.
2. Double Concept Modal: they have two meanings.
3. Modals in the Past: They are used to express a situation in the past.
Probability/ Obligation/ Offers
Ability Permission
Possibility Advice
I can Can I go out
CAN play the tonight?
piano.
She can’t be He Can I borrow
CAN’T the School can’t your laptop?
Head. She’s speak No, I can’t.
too young. French.
It might rain
MIGHT
tomorrow.
It could rain I could Could I see
tomorrow. already your ID
COULD read please,
when I Ma’am?
was
two.

DO_Q1_English8_Module7
22
 It may rain May I leave the
MAY
tomorrow table?
She must be You must
her sister leave before
MUST because they the clock
look alike. strikes
twelve.
I have to
HAVE finish
TO
my project
tonight.
You shall Shall
SHALL pay on
Tuesday. I help
you?
You
SHOULD should talk
/ OUGHT to your
TO teacher
about

your school
activities.
You had
HAD
BETTE better sleep
R more.
Would
WOULD you like
a drink?

How do we use modals?

S V
M
Subject Verb

Example: Mary could play the piano

Modals in the Past: They are modals referred to actions that happened
in the past.
MODAL + HAVE + verb in the past participle

Example: It must have been a difficult decision.

They should have invited her to their wedding.
You can also refer to the table below to facilitate you more in

23
DO_Q1_English8_Module7
understanding modals in the past.

24
 MODAL PERFECT USES EXAMPLES

MUST HAVE + P.P. Logical conclusion on a Peter has arrived late. He

past event must have been in a
traffic jam.
MAY/MIGHT HAVE + Deduction on a past Joe may/might have
P.P. event taken the wrong train.
COULD HAVE + P.P. Possibility to do You could have played
something, gone better.
unfulfilled
COULDN’T HAVE + Certainty that something He couldn’t have passed
P.P. couldn’t have happened because he hadn’t studied
enough.
WOULD HAVE + P.P. Desire to do something, I would have visited you,
but impossible to do it for but I forgot your address.
external causes
SHOULD/OUGHT TO Lament on something You should/ought to
HAVE + P.P. that should have been have warned me earlier.
done
SHOULDN’T HAVE + Critique on something He shouldn’t have told
P.P. that shouldn’t have them.
happened
NEEDN’T HAVE + P.P. Something that wasn’t You needn’t have bought
necessary doing it.

WHAT’S MORE

Activity 1.1 Modal Verbs of Ability and Permission

Directions: Use one of the modal verbs in the parentheses to fill the
gaps. Underline your answer.

1. You (may/could) leave now if you wish.

2. (Could/May) you open the window a bit, please?
3. (May/Can) you play the piano?
4. Listen, please. You (may not/could not) speak during
this exam.
5. You (can’t/may not) smoke on the bus.
6. (Can’t/May) I make a call on your mobile?
7. She (can’t/may) just use my computer.
8. He (may/can) park here only Monday through Wednesday.
9. They (can’t/might not) stay in our apartment.
10. Jake (may/can) write with his left hand.

Activity 2.1 Modal Verbs of Possibility/Obligation/Advice/Offer Directions:

Underline the appropriate modal verbs to use in the parentheses to
complete the thought of each sentence.
1. We (must, shall, can’t ) turn left to reach Chocolate Hills.
2. If you go to discount stores, you ( shall, have to, can ) save money.

DO_Q1_English8_Module7
25
 3. I ( may, shall, would ) go out for dinner tonight.
4. ( Can, Would, Might ) you cash my check please?
5. My grandmother ( must, have to, had better ) exercise today.
6. You ( would, should, could ) not drink coffee before going to bed.
7. Melissa ( can’t, had better, shall ) drive. She has no license.
8. Life ( might, have to, would ) be very hard for people with low
income.
9. ( Should, Shall, May ) he ask his boss for a pay rise?
10.(Would, Should, Might ) you help me wrap this present?

Activity 3.1: Perfect Modals

Directions: Complete the sentences with a modal verb from the box below

would have must have could have needn’t have

might have should have couldn’t have shouldn’t have

1. I _______________________phoned you but I was busy.

2. You must be more careful. You _______________been killed crossing the street
without looking.
3. He _______________________ bought such a cheap machine.
4. Mark ________________________left his wallet in the car. He can’t find it anywhere.
5. The boys _____________________ finished their project because they hadn’t helped
one another.
6. Joshua __________________________done his job well, but his wife had no support.
7. I ______________________ bought more groceries. I already had enough.
8. The thieves _________________________escaped by car but we can’t be sure.
9. She _______________________been delighted when she heard she’d won the lottery.
10. I’m sorry that I’m late for work. I ______________________woken up earlier.

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read the article below and choose the correct modal by
writing the letter of your choice.

Regrets

As we get older and when we think about our past, we sometimes

ponder the things that we (1) (a. might b. can c. should) have done.
And we also (2) (a. must, b. have to, c. may) regret those things we did
badly and the mistakes we made. In reality, we (3) (a. shall, b. would, c.
can) always learn from our mistakes and hope to never make them
again. For example, if I failed a test because of lack of study, the next test,
I (4) (a. can’t, b. might, c. would) pass because of hard work. Remember
too that some regrets are not based in reality and we (5) (a. have to, b.
shall c. may) waste time thinking that they are. (6) (a. Shouldn’t, b.
Can’t, c. Would) I have really not have been involved in a car crash if I
had been driving more slowly? After all, the other driver (7) (a. needn’t
have, b. must have, c. ought to) have been concentrating and not

DO_Q1_English8_Module7
26
playing with their radio. We (8) (a. have to, b. shall, c. can) be honest
with ourselves and live in now. The only things we (9) (a. may, b. must,
c. can) control are the things happening now, in this moment.
We (10) (a. must, b. had better, c. can) avoid regrets later on in
our life by first, tell the truth always. True relationships have their
foundation in the truth and lasts forever. Second, stop pretending to be
someone else. You (a. might, b. can, c. will) only end up being a copycat
instead of being the very best you (12) (a. can’t, b. have to, c. could) be.
Third, don’t follow someone else’s dreams. We all have dreams and (13) (a.
may, b. had better, c. should) endeavor to follow those dreams to the
latter irrespective of what others may think. Fourth, don’t burn all your
bridges. Life is a journey of ups and downs, and you (14) (a. must have,
b. will, c. ought to) have to be kind to people on your way up because you
will meet them on your way down. Lastly, live in the moment. Take your
time to experience the now because time just seems to fly past us.
So, let us all appreciate all the good things we have. Regret is an
appalling waste of energy; we (15) (a. can, b. can’t, c. should not) build
on it; it is only good for wallowing in. (Katherine Mansfield) Immersing
ourselves in regret can only hinder us.

Lesson 8 Modal Adverbs

WHAT IS IT?

What is Modal Adverb?

Modal adverbs are used to modify specific verbs that consist of a linking
verb (verb of being) and sometimes another verb. Examples of modal
verbs include can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will and
would. Adverbs that modify these verbs say something about possibility,
obligation, and emphasis. Thus, modal adverbs describe or add
additional meaning to modal verbs and adjectives.
Look at this sample sentences.

We can possibly take vitamins and eat healthy foods to strengthen

our immune system.
We can also willingly help our barangay in spreading health
awareness to fight the virus infection.

I am certainly glad that you served as volunteer in your barangay.

 In the given sentences, the underlined words are the modal

adverbs and the italicized words are the words they describe.
DO_Q1_English8_Module8

27
 Most of modal adverbs describe how something is done and
how someone feels about something.
Modality is about showing how certain we are about something.
Modal adverbs are adverbs that help us from being uncertain to very
certain.
High modality is used to express certainty while low modality is
used to express uncertainness.
Example: Mark will probably come tomorrow.
The modal adverb “probably” shows high modality.
Mark sometimes goes to school.
The modal adverb “sometimes” shows low modality.
Modal Adverb Examples and their Meanings
The table presents the modal adverbs, their meaning, and their
usage in a sentence.

Modal Adverb Meaning and Use Example

If Angelo studies hard, he
Surely In a sure manner
will surely pass the test.
Used to state that
This job necessarily
Necessarily something is necessary
involves some risks.
or needed
Used to state that
Our new teacher is
Possibly something is possible
possibly
to
coming today.
happen
Front liners willingly
Willingly In a manner of one’s served
freewill the people in
the community.
In a manner that Vaccines will probably be
Probably
is reasonably true available by next year.
Alan said that he
In a manner that is sure
Certainly will certainly pass
or without doubt
the interview.
Amielle sings ably during
Ably In a skillful manner
the program.
Used to state Teenagers played
Permissively something that is permissively after
granted or given their online classes.
permission
Adult attendees are always
Responsibly In a responsible manner reminded to drink
responsibly in the party.
Her oral speech was
Promisingly In a promising manner
delivered promisingly
My teacher requisitely
Requisitely Used to state something
DO_Q1_English8_Module8

28
 answers my questions
that is essential or
important for a particular about modals.
purpose

What have you observed with the modal adverbs? What modal
verbs, adjectives or expressions are described by the modal adverbs
in the given sample sentences?

Modal adverbs describe or give more meaning or information to

verbs and adjectives.

Other Important Points to Remember on Modal Adverbs:

1. Modal adverbs are similar to modal verbs and nouns because they
all express modality. They only differ in form and the way they are
used in sentences.

2. Most modal adverbs have an equivalent modal noun forms like the
following (certainly - certainty, possibly – possibility).

3. Modal adverbs suggest a range strong to weak modality.

Note: The choice and use of

modal adverbs depend on
the modality that you want
to suggest in the statement
to modify the certainty
(whether certain or
uncertain) to describe how
something is done.

Activity 1: Modal Adverbs Hunt

Directions: From the Modal Word Wall, find ten (10) modal adverbs.
Write your answers on the blanks below.
Example: 1. Certainly

1. ____________________________________ 6. ___________________________________
2. ____________________________________ 7. ___________________________________
3. ____________________________________ 8. ___________________________________
4. ____________________________________ 9. ___________________________________
5. ____________________________________ 10. __________________________________

DO_Q1_English8_Module8

29
Start Here

MODAL WORD WALL

Certainly Necessarily Possible Obligatory

Requisitely Surely Permissively Should

Lonely Responsibly Can

Decidedly Ought to Will Obligately

Likely Lovely Possibly

Self-Reflection Check:
Did I find the activity easy? How long did it take to finish answering Activity
1?

Activity 2: Find me a Modal Adverb Match

Directions: Pick the appropriate modal adverb described in the underlined
phrase in each sentence. Write the letter of the correct answer before the
number.
Example: Mary designed the cake in a careful manner.
A.CarefullyC. Diligently
B.WillinglyD. Surely
Answer:A

START HERE:
1.A terrible traffic is something that is possible to happen once
the number coding is lifted.
A.WillinglyC. Necessarily
B.DecidedlyD. Possibly
2.Teacher Tin explains the lesson about modals in a skillful manner to her
students.
A.AblyC. Necessarily
B.PossiblyD. Negatively
3.Mr. and Mrs. Bernardo raised their son and daughter in a responsible
manner.
A.AblyC. Responsibly
B.SurelyD. Negatively
4.I will call you tomorrow in a way free of uncertainty as soon as I receive the
invitation.
A.DecidedlyC. Skillfully
B.RequisitelyD. Certainly
5.Ruth loves her work as a public-school teacher without a doubt.
A.DoubtfullyC. Likely
B.SurelyD. Negatively

6.My students presented their performance task in a promising manner.

A.PromisinglyC. Responsibly
DO_Q1_English8_Module8
B.SurelyD. Precisely 30

7.Mr. Bautista is proud in an obligate manner to work hard for the family.
B.FortunatelyD. Obligately

8.The traffic enforcer helped the old woman cross Mc Arthur Highway in a safe
manner.
A.SafelyC. Unsafely
B.SurelyD. Obligately
6. My students presented their performance task in a promising
9.Angelo andmanner.
his friends are (in a freewill) happy to help the people in need.
A.
A.LikelyC. WillinglyPromisingly C. Responsibly
B.SurelyD. B. Surely
Obligately D. Precisely
10.I 7.
am gladMr. Bautista
without is proud
a doubt that myinloved
an obligate
ones are manner to to
always here work hard for
support
me. the family.
A.
A.SatisfactorilyC. Decidedly
Willingly C. Likely
B.SurelyD. B. Fortunately
Fortunately D. Obligately
8. The traffic enforcer helped the old woman cross Mc Arthur
Highway in a safe manner.
A. Safely C. Unsafely
B. Surely D. Obligately
9. Angelo and his friends are (in a freewill) happy to help the
people in need.
A. Likely C. Willingly
B. Surely D. Obligately
10. I am glad without a doubt that my loved ones are always here
to support me.
A. Satisfactorily C. Willingly
B. Surely D. Fortunately

Self-Reflection Check:
Have you answered all the items about the use of modal adverbs correctly?

Activity 3: Modal Adverbs Writeshop

Directions: Write a 5-sentence paragraph about the activities you enjoy
doing at home this time of pandemic due to the health protocols that
prohibits minors like you to go out and do things outdoors.
Use modal adverbs in creating your paragraph. Write it on a separate sheet
of paper. Read and apply the criteria shown in the writing task rubric below
in making your paragraph to get the corresponding flower points for this
activity.

Criteria TOTAL

(3 points) (2 points)
(5 points) (4 points) (1 pt.)
Used 5 or Used 4 Used 3 or Used 2 or Used 1 or
More modal modal more more modal more modal
Use of adverbs adverbs modal adverbs adverb
Modal appropriately appropriately adverbs appropriately in appropriately
Adverbs in the in the the paragraph. in the
appropriately in
paragraph paragraph. the paragraph paragraph.

The The The The The

Length paragraph paragraph paragraph paragraph is paragraph
of the is is is composed of is
Paragra composed composed composed 2 sentences composed
of 5 or of 4 of 3 of 1
ph
more sentences sentences sentence
sentences

ASSESSMENT

31
Directions: Read and study each statement. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer to complete the sentences about modal adverbs.
Example: What is the modal adverb used in the statement,
“Ricky carefully painted the lovely car.”?
A. Carefully B.Painted C. Lovely D. Car
Answer: A. Carefully

START HERE:
1. In the statement, “Marky's brother certainly has a good chance of
winning the race – he's such a fast runner!”, what is the modal
adverb used?
A. Certainly B. Good C. Fast D. Runner
2. What is the appropriate modal adverb that will complete the sentence,
“Maritoni recites the speech in front of her
classmates and teachers.”?
A. Surely B. Ably C. Able D. Possibly
3. Which among the following phrases used modal adverb?
A. Lovely voice C. Careless answer
B. Probably create D. Will run
4. Teachers dedicate themselves to educate their
students.
A. Necessarily B. Ably C. Decidedly D. Possibly
5. Which of the following sentences used modal adverb correctly?
A. We can possible sell baked products online while we are on
community quarantine.
B. We can possibly sell baked products online while we are on
community quarantine.
C. We can possibility sell baked products online while we are on
community quarantine.
D. We can impossible sell baked products online while we are on
community quarantine.
6. Valenzuelano learners are modules joyful receiving their learning
A. Oblately B. Ably C. Decidedly D. Certainly
7. In the sentence, “Dr. Santos explains the symptoms of COVID-19 in a
skillful manner.”, what is the appropriate modal adverb that can be used
to replace the underlined phrase?
A. Ably B. Possibly C. Necessarily D. Negatively
8. Which of the following modal adverbs has the strongest modality?
A. Possibly B. Perhaps C. Probably D. Certainly
9. Which of the following modal adverbs has the weakest modality?
A. Definitely B. Certainly C. Probably D. Surely
10. Which of the following sentences used modal adverbs correctly?
A. I am probably going to the computer shop later.
B. I am terribly going to the computer shop later.
C. I am promisingly going to the computer shop later.
D. I am dedicatedly going to the computer shop later.
DO_Q1_English8_Module8

32
Lesson 9 Cohesive Devices

WHAT IS IT?

Cohesive devices, also called transitional devices, logical connectors

or sentence markers, are words or phrases that connect one idea to
another. These words or phrases help us understand the relationship
between and among the ideas in sentences or even paragraphs. Here are
the different types/groups of cohesive devices:

1. Addition: add ideas

Example:
South Africa and the Philippines have
numerous resemblances in terms of geography
and history. Furthermore, they both serve as a
melting pot of culture in their respective
continents.

2. Comparison and contrast: point out

similarities (comparison) and
differences (contrast)
Example:
South Africa is a multiethnic
society. Similarly, the Philippines is
a home to various ethnic groups.
However, South Africa is more varied
in terms of cultural diversity with
several Western and Asian influences.

3. Sequence/Chronology: note
order of time Example:
South Africa held its first post-apartheid
elections in 1994 after decades of internal
racial discrimination.

4. Exemplification: give examples

Or illustrate ideas
Example:
South Africans suffered immense racial
discrimination within their own lands. For
instance, non-white citizens were
transferred to different housing settlements
and were not allowed to vote.

DO_Q1_English8_Module9

33
 5. Emphasis: show support or highlight points
already mentioned
Example:
Racial discrimination flourished within the country
even after its sovereignity from Western colonizers.
Particularly, the strong apartheid system divided
the country – the white and the colored (non-white)
people – were people exercise rights based on their
skin color.

6. Cause and effect:

Show reason and consequences
of ideas
Example:
Due to apartheid system, non-
white citizens failed to get equal
opportunity in getting education and
jobs. As a result, numerous Black
movements were organized.

7. Conclusion: summarize or restate ideas

Example:
These non-white movements pushed for
equality through peaceful protest. Consequently,
the South African government was pressured to
abolish the apartheid system.

WHAT’S MORE?
Activity 1: A Walk in the Park
Directions: Encircle the cohesive devices used in the following
sentences. No.1 is done for you.
1. South Africa is home to a variety of endangered species, so
the government built national parks to protect these animals
from extinction.
2. These national parks nurture the endangered animals in their
natural habitat. Moreover, these sanctuaries ensure the
continuity of the species through breeding of these animals in
the wild.
3. National parks help boost the tourism of a country. For
example, South Africa’s tourism industry supports 10.3 % of
jobs.
4. Tankwa Karoo Natural Park follows safety protocols
compliant to international standards. Thus, the flora and
fauna of the land is secured.

Activity 2: Through the Garden Route

DO_Q1_English8_Module9
34
 Directions: Circle the letter that correctly identifies the nature of
the underlined transition in each of the following sentences. No. 1
is done for you.
1. The Garden Route begins about four hours from Cape Town and
includes one of the most beautiful stretches of coastline in the
world.
A. Sequence/Chronology B. Emphasis C. Addition
2. First time tourists should brace themselves with long and steep
drives in the area. For instance, to arrive at one of the highest
commercial bungi jump sites in the world, you need to drive through
a steep ravine with 90° turn.
A. Emphasis B. Exemplification C. Contrast
3. The Tsitsikamma National Park incorporates 80 km of rocky
coastline with spectacular sea and landscapes. Indeed, Tsitsikamma
is true to the meaning of its name – “place of much water”.
A. Emphasis B. Comparison C. Exemplification
4. Knysna offers a perfect site to watch white, humpback whales.
Likewise, dolphins can be seen swimming along with the sailing
cruise.
A. Contrast B. Comparison C. Exemplification
5. Robberg Peninsula is a four-to-five-hour hike from the base of the
Plettenberg Bay. Therefore, you need to bring enough water to
hydrate yourself in the long hike.
A. Addition B. Contrast C. Conclusion
6. The hiking on this side of the trail is easy unlike the other sites in the
region. The trails are marked, and the boardwalks are even.
A. Comparison B. Contrast C. Conclusion
Assessment 2: The People Full of Color
Directions: Read the poem “I am an African Child” by Eku McGred.
Write five sentences using one transitional device each that show how
the persona perceives African children. Underline the transitional
device you used.
Example:
African children have great characteristics. For example,
they are strong, bold, and talented.

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 DO_Q1_English8_Module9

36
 WHAT I CAN DO?
Activity 1: Along with Mother Nature
Directions: Underline the cohesive device that best completes
the given sentence.

1. Kruger National Park is the largest game reserve in South Africa.

(Therefore, in fact) it is larger than Israel.
2. The former South African Republic grew weary of the diminishing
population of animals due to over hunting. (As a result, In contrast), the
government created a national park to protect the endangered animals.
3. The Park preserves the big five in game reserves (namely, also) lion,
rhinoceros, elephant, leopard, and Cape buffalo.
4. The continuous animal poaching around the region greatly affected the
population of the big five; (finally, likewise) making them endangered by the
end of 20th century.
5. Body parts of these animals are highly regarded in eastern medicine
and are continuously traded in the black market (because, although)
these treatments have been disproved.

Activity 2: Nothing Trivial

Directions: Complete the following paragraph by writing the
appropriate cohesive devices on the blanks provided. Choose from
the box below. Each cohesive device is used once.

In contrast because of For

In this way Furthermore instance, In
addition
Animals use various means to protect themselves. Color is one
that is widely used as a protective device. (6) ______________, some birds
display brightly colored feathers whenever they are threatened. These are
designed to frighten away the enemy.
(7) ________________to color, some animals emit a peculiar smell for
the same purpose. (8) __________________, form may be used to conceal
the animal. Some insects, for example, conceal themselves by making
themselves resemble plants of flowers. (9) ___________________, they are
hardly visible because they can merge into their surroundings.
Other animals adopt regular patterns of behavior whenever they are
frightened. Some pretend to be dead while others just come forward and
stand still. Nevertheless, buffaloes were almost eliminated in the 19th
century (10) ___________________their lack of resistance to hunters.

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Complete the sentence by choosing the most appropriate
cohesive device. Write only the letter of your answer.

1. Kruger is also home to 517 species of birds, vultures, eagle, and owls.
A. such as B. on the whole

DO_Q1_English8_Module9
37
2. Bird watchers marvel at the variety of bird species in the area. , the
local saddle-billed storks which mate around the park.
A. In addition B. Particularly
3. ___________________ to the safari experience, Kruger also offers more than
300 archeological sites in the area. These sites showed evidence of pre-
historic man and even signs of early European explorers’ presence in the
safari.
A. In addition B. Likewise
4. Tours around the national park can take days especially in areas
untouched by humans. , tourists are advised to take necessary vaccines
such as malaria, for safety purposes.
A. As a conclusion B. Following this
5. The national park encourages tourists not just to take photos.
they are in the park, people can have a deeper understanding of nature
with such close encounters on the flora and fauna of the land.
A. While B. However

Directions: Choose the transition word or phrase inside the parenthesis

that best expresses the chain of meaning between the two sentences. Write
your choice in the blank.

6. Let the sauce simmer in the pan for at least an hour. You can begin,
__________________, to prepare the meat. (above, on the other hand,
meanwhile)
7. The health dangers of cigarette smoking have been proved beyond a
doubt. ___________________, people who continue to smoke are deliberately
committing slow suicide. (Also, In other words, Finally)
8. When you are first learning to play any sports, the task seems hopeless.
__________________, as you continue to practice you begin to see yourself
make steady progress. (However, Besides, Accordingly)
9. There are ways you can make boring tasks more pleasant. _____________,
bring a portable radio and listen to music on the earphones while you work.
(Besides, Finally, For instance)
10. Some scientists think that items not now considered eatable will one
day form an important part of our diet. ____________________, seaweed will
appear on restaurant menus. (For example, Besides, In the same)

Lesson 10 SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

WHAT’S NEW?

Subject -Verb Agreement: The term number indicates whether a noun or

pronoun is singular or plural. The term is also applied to verbs. Singular
indicates one; plural indicates more than one.

Rule # 1 Singular subject takes singular verb. The s-form of the verb is
used with singular subject and with pronouns he, she it, only in the present
tense. Sentences:

DO_Q1_English8_Module10
38
 a. Valenzuela adheres no contact policy. (Valenzuela is the subject
which is singular; the verb is adheres which ends with s. which means
that the verb is singular.
b. He talks a lot about his business. (He is the subject and talks are a
verb that end with s which is in the present form present form)
c. Mayor Isko Moreno turns over thousands of laptops to the Division of
City Schools of Manila. (Mayor Isko Moreno is the subject, turns is the
verb which is in the present form)

Rule # 2 Plural subject takes plural verb. Verb without s in the present
form. Pronouns: we. you, they. Pronoun I is an exemption to the rule
because we cannot say: I plays the piano. It should be I play the piano.
Verb without s.
Sentences:
a. They prepare for the opening of classes. (They is the subject which
is plural and the verb is prepare, verb without s)
b. You can join the contest in singing. (You is the subject and the
verb is join. Verb without s.
c. Social distancing measures are mandated in the Philippines.
(Measures ids the subject and are is the verb. Are is linking verb and
the plural form of is.

Rule # 3 Compound subjects with two or more nouns or pronouns

connected by and use plural verb.
Sentences:
a. The dogs in the kennel were howling. (Dogs is the subject which is
plural and the verb is were, which is the past tense of are. Both are
plural in form.)

b. The earth and the sky are the common topics in Philippine
mythology. (Earth, sky are joined by and which means that our
subject is plural and our verb is are)
c. Glue and tape hold the pieces of papers. (Glue, tape are our subject
which means it is plural and our verb is hold which is also plural in
form)

Rule # 4 When subjects are joined by or, nor, either/or, neither/nor,

the verb agrees with the nearest subject.
Sentences:
a. Mark or Ronald is going to buy a new car. (Ronald is our subject
because it is nearer to the verb is.)
b. Either the roads or the sidewalks have been repaired. (Sidewalks is
the subject because it is nearer to the verb have.)
c. Neither Arthur nor his brothers work abroad. (Brothers is the
subject which is plural and nearer to the verb work)

Rule # 5 When A Number is used as subject of the sentence it is

considered plural. When The number is used as subject in a sentence it is
considered singular.
Sentences:
a. A number of minorities live in the province. (A number is our
subject and live our verb is live which is considered plural.)
b. The number of successful examinees constitutes only ten percent
of all candidates. (The number is the subject; therefore our verb is

DO_Q1_English8_Module10
39
 singular which is constitutes)
c. A number of books are distributed to the students of remote places.
(A number is our subject and considered plural and our verb is are.)

Rule # 6 A noun, plural in form but singular in meaning requires

singular verb. Examples are: economics, statistics Mathematics, mumps,
politics, mechanics, news, whereabouts measles, gymnastics
Sentences:
a. Statistics shows that there is less number of enrollees this year.
(Statistics is the subject and considered singular. Shows is the verb
which is also singular)
b. Diabetes affects thousands of people around the world. (Diabetes is
the subject and considered singular and our verb is affects. Diabetes
is always considered singular)
c. Physics is his favorite subject. (Physics is our subject and
considered singular and our verb is also singular) On your answer
sheet, copy the table as shown below and fill it out with entries called
for.

WHAT IS IT?

Compare the difference between the adjective and adverb when it comes to
comparison.

Adjective Adverb

Positive: Today is a nice day Teddy works fast.

Adjective - noun verb – adverb

Comparative: Today is nicer Teddy works faster than Brian.

than yesterday. Noun adjective Verb - adverb

Superlative: Today is the Teddy worksthe fastest of all.

nicest day for the week Verb - adverb.
Adjective- noun

Cohesive devices sometimes called linking words. Linkers, connectors

discourse markers or transitional words
Conjunction – is used to connect sentences, clauses, phrases, or
words.
Three Kinds of conjunctions are:
1. Coordinating conjunction - is a single word
used to connect parts of a sentence such as words,
phrases or clauses.
Examples are:
For – is used only between clauses
And - connect words, phrases, clauses which are equal

40
 Nor -
But – expresses contrast. It connects an affirmative
and negative sentence pattern. DO_Q1_English8_Module10
Or - implies a choice or a consequence
Yet – with affirmation, still
So - when the second part of the sentence follows as a
result of the first part.
2. Subordinating conjunction - makes the
relationship clear between two ideas of unequal
importance.
Some common subordinating conjunctions are:
To add an idea to one already started:
More, likewise, in addition, further, furthermore, equally
important
To contradict or limit something already said
Although, still, on the contrary, nevertheless, however, at
the same time
To show an arrangement of your idea by time and place
First, finally, presently meanwhile at this time at length
To exemplify some idea
For example, in other words,
To sum up what you have said
In fact, as a result, in short, therefore
3. Correlative conjunctions – are pairs of
connecting words. They join words, phrases, and clauses
that are parallel in grammatical structure and
importance. If you use correlative conjunction to join two
independent clauses, separate the second clause with a
comma before the conjunction.
Common correlative conjunctions:
Both … and neither… nor Either… or not only … but also
1. I'll eat them both - not only the cheesecake but also the
chocolate cake. 2.Both Jon and Lauren enjoyed the movie.
3.A lion can't run as fast as a cheetah.
4. She is both intelligent and beautiful.

A strong sentence is composed of balanced parts that all have the

same structure. Compare the sentences:
Lacking Parallelism Parallel
1. She left me angry, frustrated 1. She left me angry,
and wear a frown. frustrated and frowning.
2.Strength, agility, and 2.Strength, agility and careful
carefully concentrating make concentration make a
a successful successful
athlete. athlete.
3. The mouse ran across the floor, 3.The mouse ran across the
under the table, and to its hole floor,

41

DO_Q1_English8_Module10
 under the table and into its hole
4. Slowly and cautious, he came 4.Slowly and cautiously, he
down. came
down.
Rules in Parallelism:
1. Parallel Words: (noun, an
adjective or verb) She likes
cakes, ice cream and
chocolates.
2. Parallel Phrases:
He enjoys walking along the seashore, climbing
mountains, and gathering corals.
3. Parallel Clauses:
He composed a song about the twittering birds, and he
wrote a poem about the rosebud.
4. Infinitive Phrases:
To come, to see, and to conquer are his objectives in visiting
the place.

WHAT’S MORE?
Directions: Read the following sentences. Choose the correct form of
the verb in the parenthesis. Write the word in your answer sheet.
1. Mumps (is, are) dangerous for adults and contact.
2. The faculty members (meet, meets) every Thursday.
3. Gymnastics (is, are) featured event of the sports of the Olympic.
4. A number of hurricane warnings (was, were) posted from
Eastport of the island.
5. The number of six-lane highway (is, are) increasing.
6. The final two days (was, were) devoted to dress rehearsals.
7. Either Kiana or Cassey (is, are) helping today with stage
decorations.
8. The news (bring, brings) concern to all.
9. He (try, tries) to excel in sports.
10.Either Tom or Jerry (is, are) ready for the report.

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

Directions: Read and examine each sentence. Write the adverb and its
modifier in your answer sheet.
Example: The parade moves slowly down the street.
Slowly – move Adverb – verb

1. She is remarkably intelligent.

2. The sun seldom shines these days.
3. We are almost there.

42
 4. The students arrived surprisingly
5. When the rain stated, everyone quickly ran for cover.
6. Joanne talks more slowly than Rebecca.
7. That was the highest the horse ever jumped.
8. The show was extremely tiresome.
9. Which of the two cars is expensive?
10.We ate the freshly picked dragon fruit. DO_Q1_English8_Module10

ASSESSMENT
I. Directions: Read each sentence carefully. Supply the correct form of
the verb fitted to the sentences given by choosing your answer on the
given choices below. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. He moral values.
a. stresses b. stress c. stressed d. stress
2. Parents by example.
a. led b. leaded c. lead
3. Physics my waterloo at present.
a. are b. were c. is d. was
4. I vegetables and fish for dinner.
a. prepare b. prepared c. prepares d. prefers
5. Children hard for her recovery.
a. prey b. prayed c. pray d. pret

II. Directions: Read the following sentences. Write only the parallel
words that you can find in each sentence in your answer sheet. Identify
if they are words, phrases, clauses, or infinitives.
1. Our youth of today are more outspoken, more practical, and more
liberated.
2. Wen gets her daily exercise by walking her dog, going for a bike ride,
and cleaning her house.
3. Would you prefer the graceful owl, or a sneaky cat as your pet?
4. The differences between rural and country living are the height of
the buildings and the size of the population.
5. Stress makes it difficult to maintain regular exercise, stable
relationships, and healthy diet

III. Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct coordinating

conjunctions: and, so, but, for, or
1. Learn the Thai language for better understanding of the
country__________________, its people.
2. Enjoy the healthy Thai food ________________learn the art of
Thai cooking.
3. Asia h a s t h e m o s t breathtaking s c e n e r y , _____________it
attracts many tourists.
4. We pledge our best efforts to help them not because we seek

43
 their votes ____________________ it is right.
5. John F. Kennedy reminded the Americans about their
responsibility to the nation __________he urged them to
sacrifice for the country in the name of justice.
References Books
Bergman, Carol A. & J.N. Senn, Heath Grammar & Composition ( Fourth Course).
DO_Q1_English8_Module10
D. C. Heath and Company, Toronto, Canada, Copyright 1986
Bermudez, Virginia F. Cruz, Josephine M. et.al, English Expressways ( Textbook for Second
year)SD Publication, Inc.G. Araneta Ave., Quezon City, Copyright 2007
Carver,David J.Wallace, MichaelJ, Cameron, John Collins English Learner’s
Dictionary, Press of the Publishers, Glasgow, Great Britain
Mongol, Martha A and Palma, Jesus C. Grammar & composition 4, Anvil Publishing, Inc.,
Shaw Boulevard, Pasig City Copyright 1989
Serrano, Josephine B. & Lapid, Milagros G. English Communication Skills ( Through Afro-
Asian Literature) , Phoenix Publishing House Inc.,927 Quezon Ave. Quezon City
Robo, Lourdes M. & Ricadio, Bernadette, SPC, Language and Literature( Afro- Asian
Literature, Vibal Publishing House, Gregorio Araneta Ave,. Quezon City
Torres, Myrna M, English for Secondary High Schools ( Revised Edition) Second Year,FNB
Educational , Inc.Project 6, Quezon City, Copyright 1997
Butcon, J. 2020. LRMDS Portal Materials in English. Retrieved from
http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph dated September 4, 2020.
Modal Adverbs: Definition, Interpretation & Examples. Retrieved from:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/modal-adverbs-definition-interpretation-
examples.html dated September 8, 2020.
Illustration retrieved from: https://www.123rf.com/photo_112550185_stock- illustration-
asian-teen-girl-boy-wearing-a-face-mask-in-the-city-coughing-vector- isolated-cartoon-
illustration.html dated September 8, 2020.
Websites https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/552957660498657050/
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/270497521354758668/
https://99designs.com/blog/book-design/anatomy-of-a-book-cover/
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3508840/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayon
https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/adjective- phrase.html
https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/adjective_phrases.
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/parallelism/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelism_(grammar)
https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-parallelism.php
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enPH909PH909&oq=Cohesive+Device+in+English+8&aqs=chrome..69i57.14383j0j1
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https://www.grammarbank.com/cohesive-devices.html https://faq.ph/10-longest-bridges-
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https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/conjunctions/correlative-
conjunctions.ht
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2/correlative-conjunctions
https://www.georgebrown.ca/sites/default/files/uploadedfiles/tlc/_documents/Pa
rallelism_Practice.pdf
https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/moduleparallel.html

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Valenzuela City

Office Address: Pio Valenzuela St. Marulas, Valenzuela City 02-

Telefax: 292-3247
E-mail Address: sdovalenzuela@deped.gov.ph

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