Pulsed Radio Waves to Improve Air

Quality – Location Based Analysis

Cheramangalath Balan Ramya*, [2,a]Srikanth Sola and [3,a]Radhica Kanniganti , [4,a] Kiran Shinde
[1],[a,b]

a
Devic Earth Private Limited, First Floor Sai Lakshmi Industries, Bangalore, Karnataka,560067
b
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600036
[1]
remyacbalan@gmail.com, [2]Srikanth.sola@sssihms.org.in, [3]radhica@gmail.com,
[4]
ks21091996@gmail.com

Abstract - Pulsed radio waves produce a weak electromagnetic field, which accelerates the dry deposition of

particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 30µm. This article describes the efficacy of pulsed radio

wave technology using the results after deploying the technology at 3 locations: 1. office space in Bangalore;

2. departmental store chain in Mumbai; 3. cinema hall in Delhi. The study included one to two weeks of

baseline followed by several months of technology powered-on period and observed an average of 40-70%

reduction in the 24-hour averages of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 levels The technology's effect on PM2.5/10

was sustained throughout the study period and across different seasons. To demonstrate the efficacy of the

technology, experiments based on gravimetric analysis were carried out, as discussed in the article.

Considering the limitations of the conventional technologies to mitigate ambient air pollution, EM waves

could be a revolutionary method which can mitigate particulate matter from any atmospheric conditions.

Key words - particulate matter, mitigation technologies, clean air, pollution control

INTRODUCTION

Poor air quality is a serious threat to humanity, as it is one of the leading causes of lung and heart disease, as

well as premature death worldwide. The indoor air quality plays a critical role in our overall well-being because

of the amount of time we spend indoors (~90%). 1; 2 Recent studies have demonstrated that indoor air pollution

can be up to 10 times worse than outdoor air pollution. This is because contained areas enable potential

pollutants to build up more than open spaces. 3

The association between indoor air pollution and respiratory morbidity has been well established by several

research groups 4; 5; 6; 7. Poor indoor air quality can cause immediate health effects including irritation of the
eyes, nose and throat, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue( 7; 8; 9). Coarse particulate matter (PM) penetrates the

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lungs, while fine PM passes beyond the lung barrier to enter the bloodstream. . Particulate matter is also

associated with reducing cognitive ability in humans 11.

The current strategies for improving indoor air quality include improved ventilation, source control and filter-

12
based air cleaners . However, the first two solutions do not work very well in modern buildings which are

increasingly constructed to be more compact and airtight. Thus, here the air cleaners come into play. These

conventional air cleaners usually use HEPA filters, activated carbon filters, negative ions or ozone to purify the

air. Though they are effective, they are also limited with their small coverage area, high maintenance and are

seldom cost effective.

Pulsed radio wave technology was invented in the 1970’s and commercialized in the 1990’s for the mitigation of

pollutants in wastewater in ETPs and STPs. These systems increased the charge on certain pollutants,

accelerating the rate of flocculation and sedimentation. However, they have fallen out of favour as the pulse

designs used were very crude, requiring high electricity and large antennas to work. 

Keeping this as the basics, we have developed a novel approach for improving indoor air quality in large spaces

using pulsed radio wave technology. The technology broadcasts specific pulsed sequences via a circularly

polarized omni-directional transmitter antenna and broadcasts in the 2.4 to 2.5 GHz frequency range. The

technology effectively reduces the levels of particle pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10) by 30-50% across large

indoor environments (up to 500 ft. radius). The usual approach towards improving indoor air quality involves

filter-based air purifications systems, which not only have a modest coverage area but also require very high

maintenance. The pulsed radio-wave technology is completely contrast from this as it does not depend on

filtration-based air purification techniques and covers a wide area.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pulsed radio wave technology on improving indoor

air quality, especially, PM2.5 and PM10 levels, in different indoor environments.

METHODOLOGY

To validate the efficacy and performance of the Pure Skies unit within a 2 km radius, PM samplers (High

Volume Air Samplers) were placed 2 km away from the unit. For one week, baseline data was collected. During

this time, air pollution data for PM10 and PM2.5 were collected every 8 hours to assess pollution trends.

Following the establishment of the baseline, the system was installed in the location and turned on for a one-

week period during which samples were collected and analyzed in the same way during the baseline period.

After the intervention period, for another week the system kept off and collected the data to double confirm the

1
efficacy of the unit. The complete detail about the study is given in the supporting information the results were

discussed in the results and discussion section.

Testing Methods Followed to test the efficacy of the system

Sl. No Particular Testing Method

followed

Ambient Air Monitoring parameter

A Particulate Matter (as PM10) (µg/m3) IS:5182 (P-23)

B Particulate Matter (as PM2.5) (µg/m3) Gravimetric

Additionally, to validate the technology, we have conducted lab studies in a controlled atmosphere (Chamber

based analysis), Field installation with and without our technology and simulation studies using the Aerosol

microphysics CFD modelling. This is a patented technology (patent number, 202041023125; “A system and a

method for reducing particulate pollutants in air, using electromagnetic waves”, Patent and Design

Journal”,03/12/2021, 49/2021) to mitigate the air pollution from both indoor and outdoor environments.

The chamber-based analysis as well as the CFD modelling studies were carried out at the National Aerosol

Facility at IIT Kanpur.

Experiments under controlled atmosphere: Particulate matter is introduced into the chamber using a Powder

feeder. The particle size and charge distributions are measured using SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer),

OPS (Optical Particle Sizer) and APS (Aerodynamic Particle Sizer). Temperature and relative humidity inside

the chamber were measured using humidity and temperature transmitter. The temperature inside the chamber

were maintained by circulating the heated/cooled water through the reaction chamber.

Field Studies: The air quality is measured for a period of 14-days under the natural operational conditions to

establish a baseline. The baseline air quality is compared to the air quality observed during the intervention

period (after installing the unit in that particular location), spanning for 2-3 weeks.

Modelling Studies: Introduced charge in the aerosol microphysics model (ion-induced nucleation, charged

particle coagulation, charged condensation and ion- induced deposition). In any high temperature nanoparticle

system, generation of charge is inevitable due to thermo-ionic emissions at high temperature [ 13]. On this basis,

one model is developed by adding charge term to study the coagulation of charged particles which have been

used for this current study.

2
 [ { }]
l , m=Qmax k k
f i , j , k δ l +mQ l ,m
Q
U k C ( t)+∆ t
k ∑ ∑∑ l m
β U C (t +1)C j (t)
1+ δ l , m i , j i i
l , m=Qmin j=1 i=1
Q
U k C ( t +1 )=

[∑ {∑ } ]
k
NC NS
l,m m Q
1+ Δ t ( 1−f k , j , k ) β k , j C j ( t ) + λ k ( t )
m =1 j=1

Where;

(i,j) size classes of model input particles

(l,m) charge categories for model input particles

C concentration of particle

f particle volume fraction

k size classes of new particles

NC number of charge bin

NS number of size bin

Q new charge categories after charge coagulation

t coagulation time

U volume of particle

β coagulation coefficient

δl,m, δl+m,QKronecker delta function with respect to charges

λ particle deposition rate.

The developed model was tested against unipolar and bipolar charge levels on particle sizes. A significant effect

of charge on coagulation dynamics was observed while comparing coagulation of uncharged case with bipolar

case. The model results were found to be in reasonable agreement with experimentally obtained values. [ 13]. The

complete detail about the modelling is available in Gosh et al., 2017 13

Study location. The study was conducted in three indoor spaces in India: 1) An office space in Bangalore; 2) A

departmental store in Mumbai; 3) An indoor multiplex cinema hall in New Delhi.

3
The first study location was a private office space in Koramangala urban zone in Bangalore. This urban area is

heavily populated and is one of the busiest places in Bangalore making it highly polluted with the outdoor 24-hour

average PM2.5 and PM10 levels ranging between 80-100 µg/m3.

The second location was a department store in Mumbai. Due to an adjacent arterial road, the department store

continuously faced poor indoor air quality.

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The third location was an indoor multiplex cinema hall in New Delhi. Indoor air quality was poor due to its

proximity to the mall parking lot, as well as general poor outdoor air quality in New Delhi. In addition, most

cinema halls lack fresh air as the indoor air is re-circulated through the air handling units.

Installation of the air pollution control unit. The pulsed radio wave units are housed in a fibre-reinforced

plastic cabinet of size 2’(W) x 1’ (D) x 3’ (H). The complete unit comprises of a power source, a signal source,

circularly polarized transmitter antenna, quartz crystals for signal stability, internet of things (IoT) - for

communication from our laboratory to the unit, uninterrupted power supply (UPS) and other hardware for

electrical safety. The peak power consumption of each unit is 30 W.

One unit each of the pollution control device were installed indoors at all the three study locations. Additionally,

an air quality monitor was installed at each location to measure air quality in real time. The air quality monitors

were installed at a minimum distance of 30-50 m from the air pollution control unit.

Air quality monitoring. The levels of pollution in these locations were assessed continuously over the period of

study using third-party indoor air quality monitors. The air quality monitor for all our deployments is located at

least 5-10 meters away from the pollution control equipment.

The third-party air quality monitors such as Airveda and Oizom were used for the field installation studies.

Moreover, the nearest CPCB data (BAM data) was used to compare the data and to validate the 3 rd party

monitors. All the 3rd party monitors were re-calibrated using the data from the BAM (Beta Attenuation

Monitor).

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 Specifications In-house near-reference Third-party monitor
monitor at the test locations installed by the study
group

Make and model Aeroqual AQM60 Oizom Polludrone

Principle used Nephelometer (optical Laser scattering

sensing)

Range of measurement 0 – 2000 µg/m3 0 – 1000 µg/m3

Sampling frequency Continuous Continuous

In the office space in Bangalore and the cinema hall in New Delhi, air quality data was measured using a third-

party indoor monitor (Airveda Pvt Ltd., Gurgaon, India) to provide real-time data on the air quality. The air

quality parameters measured were PM10 and PM2.5 sensors, based on the principle of laser scattering. The

sensors were pre-calibrated against reference-grade monitors prior to use. The sampling frequency was

continuous (every 1 min).

At the departmental store, the air quality was monitored using a third-party indoor air quality monitor (Ambee

Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India) which uses sensors based on the principle of laser scattering to count the particles.

Similar to the air quality monitors used at the other two locations the sensors were pre-calibrated against

reference-grade monitors prior to use and the sampling frequency was continuous (every 1 min).

Study protocol. To analyze the levels of particle pollutants, baseline air quality was measured at all the

locations. for a period of one week under normal operational conditions. After the baseline air quality was

established, the pulsed radio wave technology was powered on and the air quality parameters were measured

over a period ranging from one week to several months, which marked the intervention period. Care was taken to

ensure that both the baseline and intervention periods occurred during the same season. The air quality during the intervention period was

compared to the baseline air quality. During the first month of the intervention period, a weekly comparison of the

baseline and the intervention period was performed to understand the effective extent of reduction in pollutant

levels. After the initial one month of technology on period, a monthly analysis was performed to understand the

overall reduction.

Data quality check and statistical analysis. The air quality data was assessed for quality by analysing for

repeating values (≥4 or more repeat values in a row, usually due to instrument error) and outliers (≥ 3 standard

deviations above the mean, in the absence of a valid reason). All values were presented as a mean ± standard

6
deviation for continuous variables and as a percentage for categorical variables. The air quality data on the days

when precipitation was recorded were excluded from the analysis. For evaluating the efficacy of the air

pollution control units, at all the locations, the 24-hour average values of PM2.5 and PM10 were compared

during the intervention vs. the baseline periods. For all analyses, p≤0.05 was considered as statistically

significant. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using GraphPad Prism 8.3.1 (San Diego, USA). The

statistical tests used for analysis included one-way ANOVA with relevant post-tests for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

Filter Based Studies: In order to test the efficacy of the system, the filter-based analysis was carried out

following the gravimetric procedure and summarized and depicted below. At the end of the analysis at SIMA

Labs, Delhi, PM10 showed a reduction of 25% and PM2.5 showed a reduction of 65%. Hence, conclude that,

the pulsed wave technology is an effective mechanism to mitigate particulate pollution from any environments.

The obtained results with and without the technology are shown below:

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To verify the system's efficacy, the unit was turned off at the end of the analysis, and the levels returned to their

original levels, confirming the efficacy.

Baseline air quality. Baseline air quality was typical of the city for each study site. At the private office space, the baseline

24-hour average values of PM2.5 and PM10 were 40±14 µg/m 3 and 67±24 µg/m3, respectively. In the

departmental store the baseline 24-hour average values of PM2.5 and PM10 were 95±27 µg/m 3 & 117±30

µg/m3, respectively. At the multiplex cinema hall in Gurgaon, Delhi, the baseline 24-hour average levels of

PM2.5 and PM10 were 117±9µg/m and 208±17 μg/m3, respectively. The PM2.5 and PM10 levels were higher at

all the study locations than the levels suggested by the World Health Organization guidelines 14

Effect of pulsed radio wave technology on indoor air quality.

Private office space in Bangalore. At the private office space, the technology was powered on for four months.

After one month of intervention period the 24-hour average PM2.5 and PM10 declined by 27% and 24%, respectively.

After four months the 24-hour average values of PM2.5 and PM10, declined by 67% and 58%, respectively, as

compared to the baseline (PM2.5: 40 ± 14 µg/m3 baseline, 51 ± 8 µg/m3 intervention month-1, 33 ± 5 µg/m 3

month-2, 29 ± 9 µg/m3 month-3 and 24 ± 8 µg/m3 intervention month-4, p<0.0001; Fig 1a; PM10: 67 ± 24

µg/m3 baseline , 58 ± 9 µg/m 3 intervention month-1, 39 ± 06 µg/m 3 month-2, 34 ± 10 µg/m 3 month-3, and 27 ±

8 µg/m3 month-4, p<0.0001; Figure 1b).

Departmental store in Mumbai. Baseline measurements were performed for one week. The intervention

period was for four weeks. Comparison was made on a week-by-week basis. At the end of the one week of

intervention period, the 24-hour average values of PM2.5 and PM10 as compared to baseline were reduced by

42% and 43%, respectively. Furthermore, at the end of four weeks of study the 24-hour average value of PM2.5

& PM10 reduced and improved the air quality by more than 60% compared to the baseline. (PM2.5: 95 ± 27

µg/m3 baseline and 75 ± 03 µg/m3 intervention week-1, 68 ± 33 µg/m3 intervention week-2, 75 ± 03 µg/m3

intervention week-3, 68 ± 33 µg/m3 intervention week-4 p=0.0073, Fig 2a; PM10: 179 ± 06 µg/m 3 baseline, 123

± 17 µg/m3 intervention week-1, 119 ± 52 µg/m3 intervention week-2, 75 ± 03 µg/m3 intervention week-3 and

68 ± 33 µg/m3 intervention week-4, p= 0.0071, Figure 2b)

Indoor cinema hall in Delhi. Baseline measurements were performed for one week. The intervention period

was for four weeks. The 24-hour average values of PM2.5 and PM10 after one week of intervention period,

were reduced by 30% and 27%, respectively, as compared to the baseline, After four weeks of intervention

period the 24-hour average values of PM2.5 and PM10, declined by 67% and 58%, respectively, as compared to

the baseline (PM2.5: 90 ± 22 µg/m3 baseline, 51 ± 8 µg/m3 intervention week-1, 33 ± 5 µg/m 3, week-2, 29 ± 9

8
µg/m3 week-3 and 24 ± 8 µg/m 3 intervention week-4, p<0.0001; Fig 3a; PM10: 103 ± 24 µg/m 3 baseline , 58 ± 9

µg/m3 intervention week-1, 39 ± 06 µg/m3 week-2, 34 ± 10 µg/m3 week-3, and 27 ± 8 µg/m 3 week-4, p<0.0001;

Figure 3b).

DISCUSSION

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of pulsed wave technology on indoor air pollutants,

specific to particle pollutants - PM2.5 and PM10. The study was conducted at three locations: an office space in

Bangalore, a departmental store in Mumbai, and an indoor cinema hall in Delhi. At these study locations, pulsed

radio wave technology reduced 24-hour average PM2.5 and PM10 levels by an average of 50-70% and 40-70%,

respectively. The results of our study suggest that pulsed radio wave technology is an excellent approach to

mitigate indoor particle pollutant levels across large spaces.

Since the early 20th century pulsed radio wave technology has been used for pollution control to mitigate certain

pollutants in wastewater and sewage ( 15). More rudimentary applications using static electromagnetic fields have

been in use for various applications since the early 1970’s and was first patented in 1994 16.

After 13 years of R&D, we have developed a novel approach of utilizing the pulsed radio waves for the

mitigation of air pollution in both ambient and indoor environments. The technology exploits the natural process

of dry deposition to clear out the particulate matter in the atmosphere, faster.

We hypothesize that the pulsed radio waves broadcasted by our technology generates a spatially non-

uniform electromagnetic field, whose strength varies inversely with distance from the antenna. It is

demonstrated that the weak electromagnetic field generated influences the suspended particulate particles

of aerodynamic diameter lesser than 20µm and realign the neutral particles and generates temporary

dipoles which aggravates the rate of natural dry deposition hence provides clean air by clearing the

pollutants. The small particle pollutants experience a net translational motion due to a dielectrophoretic

force (17; 18).

According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), air pollution indoors is often two to five times

greater than outdoors and can get up to 100 times worse than the open air. Indoor air pollution is rapidly

increasing in closed spaces with the increase in work force and lack of adequate ventilation. However, the

importance of indoor air quality has been often overlooked. Indoor air pollution is a major public concern,

which can be characterized as “global environmental phenomenon”.12

Our study has several limitations which must be noted. The intervention period was relatively short in case of

9
cinema hall and departmental store (four weeks) when compared to private office (four months). Additionally,

the air quality monitoring devices used in the study were based on the laser scattering principle to analyze

pollutant levels rather than gold standard weight based analyzing techniques. However, the air quality monitors

were pre-calibrated using a reference grade monitor.

Improving IAQ is one of the most profitable activities that society can undertake in the building sector. Even

small improvements in IAQ will reduce labour costs through reducing morbidity and improving occupants’

wellbeing. Owing to the large coverage area of the pulsed radio-wave technology, it provides clean air at the

lowest cost per square foot. Making it a very cost-effective approach on improving indoor air quality in large

spaces.

CONCLUSION

Poor indoor air quality is a growing concern worldwide. A growing body of evidence suggests that poor indoor

air quality can reduce the productivity and the cognitive ability of occupants. It also causes serious health

effects. There is a need for an urgent intervention to reduce the morbidities and mortalities due to indoor air

pollution. The results from our study were encouraging and there is a strong need to implement this technology

widely across several indoor settings to reduce human exposure to the harmful pollutants. The study proposes

that pulsed radio wave technology is an effective solution to improve air quality in different indoor

environments. The study has proven the technology to play an important role in improving air quality over large

indoor spaces.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank National Aerosol Lab, IIT Kanpur for the research support.

AUTHOR DECLARATIONS

FUNDING

NA

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

There are no conflicts of interest

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL

Upon request to the corresponding author's email address

CODE AVAILABILTY

NA

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

10
 The authorship is given in recognition of their contribution to this article.

First Author: Concept, Data collection, analysis, preparation of graphs, drafting and editing of the manuscripts
Second Author: Data collection and review
Third author: Review and editing of the manuscript
Fourth author: Formulation

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Figures

(a) 24-hour average levels of PM2.5 (b) 24-hour average levels of PM10

Figure 1: Reduction in the PM2.5 and PM10 levels at a Private Office Space in Bangalore. The 24-hour
average levels of indoor (a) PM2.5 and (b) PM10 levels were recorded at the office space in Koramangala,
Bangalore, over the installation period. The study period was divided into the baseline and the intervention
period for comparison. The 24-hour Mean ± SD values of PM2.5 and PM10 recorded during each period
were plotted. Data source: third party monitor Airveda Pvt Ltd. One-way ANOVA test with Kruskal-Wallis
test for multiple comparisons was used for the statistical analysis.
(a) 24-hour average levels of PM2.5 b) 24-hour average levels of PM10

Figure 2: Reduction in the PM2.5 and PM10 levels at the departmental store in Mumbai. The 24-hour
average levels of ambient (a) PM2.5 and (b) PM10 levels were recorded at the departmental store over the
installation period. The study period was divided into baseline and intervention period (week-wise) for
comparison. The Mean ± SD of the 24-hour average levels of PM2.5 & PM10 were plotted. Data source: third
party air quality monitor from Ambee Pvt Ltd. One-way ANOVA test with Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple
comparisons was used for the statistical analysis.

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(a) 24-hour average levels of PM2.5 b) 24-hour average levels of PM10

Figure 3: Reduction in the PM2.5 and PM10 levels at the Indoor cinema hall in Gurgaon. The 24-hour
average levels of ambient (a) PM2.5 and (b) PM10 levels were recorded at the Multiplex cinema hall in
Delhi, over the installation period. The study period was divided into the baseline and the subsequent weeks
of intervention period for comparison. The Mean ± SD of the 24-hour average levels of pollutants recorded
were plotted. Data source: third party air quality monitor from Airveda Pvt Ltd.,Gurgaon, India. One-way
ANOVA test with Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple comparisons was used for the statistical analysis.

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