Operational Amplifiers

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Operational Amplifier or Op Amp

Today, an operational amplifier is one of the basic electronic

components, such as a transistor, diode, resistor, capacitor,
etc.
Operational Amplifier:
➢ Integrated circuit (IC)
➢ DC differential amplifier
➢ Very high open loop DC voltage gain
➢ Very high input resistances
➢ usualy works with external feedback components such as
resistors and capacitors
 inverting input
output
non-inverting input

+Ec
Ec

-Ec Ec

Dual supply (split supply) ±EC

Portable devices are powered by batteries

➔ single supply OpAmps
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 Basic parameters of operational amplifiers
IB-

IB+

I −B + I +B
➢ input bias current IB IB =
2
➢ input offset current Iofs Iofs = I +B − I −B

➢ input offset voltage Vofs

➢ supply voltage Vout = 0

Vofs

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 Vout, V
V 1 ... 1,5 V
+EC
+EC
mV
Vin A0
Vout „RAIL TO RAIL”

-EC Vin, V

A0 Vofs = 0

Vout, V -EC

V
If: A 0 = 10 6 (120 dB )
V
Vin, mV
EC = 15V, V = 1V = Vout _ max = 14V
Vofs < 0 Vofs > 0
 14 V
linear range: 6
= 14 V !!!
10 V / V

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 Vin
➢ open loop voltage gain
t
Vout
A0 =
Vin
ideal real
Vout
➢ input resistance

➢ output resistance
 Vout
t
➢ slew rate SR

dVout Vout
SR = 
dt t
max
t
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 open loop voltage gain vs. frequency

A, dB

3dB

f (log)

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➢ f C , fT A0
A( jf ) =
jf
1+
fC
A , dB
A , dB
A0 A0
100 -20dB/dec
-20dB/dec
80
60 -40dB/dec
40
-60dB/dec
20
0
1 10 102 103 104 105 106 107 f, Hz fC f, Hz

fC fT

internally compensated externally compensated

operational amplifier operational amplifier
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Parameter μA741 TL081 „Different” Ideal
OpAmp
Vofs 2 mV 5 mV μV 0
IB 80 nA 50 pA fA 0
Iofs 20 nA 25 pA fA 0
Rin 2 MΩ 1012 Ω 1013 Ω (1pF) 
Rout 75Ω 50-200 Ω 0
A0 100 dB 100 dB 160 dB 
fT 1 MHz 3 MHz 
SR 0.5 V/μs 13 V/μs thousands V/μs 
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Parameter μA741 TL081 „Different” Ideal
OpAmp
Vofs 2 mV 5 mV μV 0
IB 80 nA 50 pA fA 0
Iofs 20 nA 25 pA fA 0
Rin 2 MΩ 1012 Ω 1013 Ω (1pF) 
Rout 75Ω 50-200 Ω 0
A0 100 dB 100 dB 160 dB 
fT 1 MHz 3 MHz 
SR 0.5 V/μs 13 V/μs thousands V/μs 
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Simplified DC macromodel of operational amplifier

VP
+
A0 (VP − VN )
Vout
_
VN

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 A 741, TL 081

V+

V-

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 TL 082 (dual op amp)

TL 084 (quad op amp)

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Popular operational amplifier:
A 741
LM 324
LM 358
TL 081, TL 082, TL 084
TL 061, TL 062, TL 064 (low-power versions of TL08x series)
TL 071, TL 072, TL 074 (low-noise versions of TL08x series)
LF 356
LF 411
OP07

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 Linear applications
of operational amplifiers

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Inverting Amplifier

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 I2 R2
Inverting amplifier - simplified analysis
R1 I1 NF, ideal opamp => (VP = VN )
Vin VN
VP VP = 0 (because of IB = 0)
Vout
VN = VP =0 (virtual short circuit )
R3
„virtual ground”

Vin − 0 0 − Vout Vout R2

I1 = I 2 = = = AV = =− !
R1 R2 Vin R1
➢ AV ≠ f(A0) (if A0 is „very large”)
➢ „ –” : output signal is 180 degrees out of phase with the input
signal (inverting amplifier) V Vin
R in = in = = R1
➢ if R2 = R1 => Unity Gain Inverter I1 Vin − 0
R2 R1
AV = −
R1 ! R in = R 1
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 Output resistance of inverting amplifier

feedback theory

R0 R0 100 100
R out =  example : 5
 = 0,1
A0 A0 10 V V 1000
1+
1+ A V AV 100 V V

R3 R2
R3 - bias compensation resistor
0V R1
the effect of the input bias current can be
0V cancelled - by constructing the circuit so
that the dc resistances seen at the
R3
terminals of the op-amp are the same

R1  R 2 If Vofs = 0 and Vin = 0 ➔ Vout should be 0

R3 =
R1 + R 2

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Inverting amplifier
R2
AV = −
R2 R1

in R1
out

R3 R1 R2 AV
1Ω 10 Ω - 10 V/V
10 Ω 100 Ω - 10 V/V
A V = - 10 V/V 1 kΩ 10 kΩ - 10 V/V
R1 = ? 2 kΩ 20 kΩ - 10 V/V
8,2 kΩ 82 kΩ - 10 V/V
R2 = ?
15 kΩ 150 kΩ - 10 V/V
1 MΩ 10 MΩ - 10 V/V

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Inverting amplifier
R2
R2 AV = −
R1
in R1
out
R in = R1
R3 R0
R out 
A0
AV

Example: AV = - 10 V/V, Rin ≥ 2 kΩ R1  R 2

R3 =
R1 = ? R1 + R 2
R2 = ?
R3 = ?

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Non-inverting amplifier

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 R2

R1
„The same” structure
for both amplifiers:
inverting and non-inverting !
R3
negative feedback !!!

R2 R2

Vin R1 R1
Vout Vout

R3 Vin R3

Inverting amplifier Non-inverting amplifier

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 Non-inverting amplifier

R2
NF, ideal opamp => (VP = VN )
R1 (virtual short circuit )
Vout
VN VP = Vin (because of IB = 0)
VP
Vin R1
R3
VN = Vout
R1 + R 2

R1
VP = VN = Vin = Vout
R1 + R 2
Vout R 1 + R 2 R2
= AV = = = AV = 1+
Vin R1 R1

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Input resistance Vin Vin
Ideal OpAmp = R in = = →
I in IB
0

A0 105
Real OpAmp R in  R ind   1M  = 1G !
AV 100
feedback theory !

Output resistance
R0 R0
R out = 
A0 A0
Real OpAmp feedback theory 1 +
AV AV
V V 100
R 0 = 100, A 0 = 106 , A V = 100 = R out  6
= 0,01 !
V V 10
100
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Voltage Follower

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 A0 Voltage follower
Vout
Vin

NF, ideal OpAmp => virtual short circuit => VP = VN

VP = Vin ; VN = Vout ; => Vout = Vin => AV = 1 V/V

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 A0 Voltage follower
Vout
Vin

Vin Vin
Input resistance Rin = = →
Iin IB→0

R0
Output resistance R out 
A0

100
For example:
6
= 10− 4  = 0,1m !
10 V V
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 R2 Inverting amplifier (effect of A0)
Negative Feedback (NF)
R1
ideal OpAmp, but A 0  
Vin VN A0
VP For a linear range:
Vout
R3 Vout = A0 (VP − VN )
Vin − Vout
VP = 0 ; VN = Vin − R 1
R1 + R 2
Vin − Vout Vout R2
Vout = A 0 (0 − Vin + R 1 ) AV = =−
R1 + R 2 Vin R1 + R 2
R1 +
A0
R1 = 1k, R 2 = 100k, A 0 = 105 V = A V = −99,899 V
V V

R2
A0 →  = AV  − = −100 V Error 0,1% !
R1 V

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In the linear range:

V VP − VN = 10V A 0 = 105 V V

VP − VN = out if Vout = 1V = 
A0 VP − VN = 1V A 0 = 106 V V

Negative feedback and very large voltage gain : VP  VN

1k
If Vout ( – 0,99V)
 VN
1k
 (VP – VN)
+1V 0 A0
- 1V  Vout = A0 (VP – VN) NF !

NF and A0 →  = VP − VN → 0 = VP = VN

„ virtual short circuit”

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