FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, President Roxas, Capiz

Kamias (Averrohoa bilimbi Linn.) Fruit Supplementation for

Growth Performance of Broiler

A research paper presented to the faculty and staff of

Feliciano Yusay Consing National High School as a requirement

for Research Report subject for academic year 2021-2022.

Name of Researchers:

Trixie B. Arcangel

John Fer Banico

Lyka Mae Berbaño

Raul Buhayan

Klean Ann dela Cruz

Mariel Joy B. Guillermo

Joshua B. Jequinto

Lislie Paracruz

Jeland Paul D. Valiente

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, President Roxas, Capiz

Chapter 1

Introduction to the Study

This chapter is composed of five parts: (1) background

and Theoretical Framework of the study, (2) Statement of the

Problem and Hypotheses, (3) Significance of the Study, (4)

Definition of Terms, and (5) Delimitation of the Study.

Part One, Background and Theoretical Framework of the

Study, gives the introduction, justifies the need for the

conduct of the study, discusses the importance of selecting

the problem, and presents the theoretical framework which

serves as the study’s frame of reference.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses, states

the general and specific problems that the study sought for

answers. It also presents the hypotheses tested.

Part Three, Significance of the Study, describes the

individuals who will benefit from the results of the study and

the manner by which they will derive variables information

from the investigation undertaken.

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Poblacion, President Roxas, Capiz
Part Four, Definition of Terms, provides the conceptual

and operational definition of important terms and operational

definition of important terms and key variables used in the

study.

Part Five, Delimitation of Study, specifies the scope of

the study in terms of the participants, research design,

sampling procedure, data gathering instruments, locale and

duration of the study, research variables and their

categories, statistical tools employed and the level of

significance.

Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study

High levels of production and efficient feed conversion

are the need of the modern broiler industry which to a certain

extent could be achieved. This has given impetus to continued

search for new feed additives, alternative feed ingredients

and growth enhancers that could increase rate of growth and

level of production in a least production cost and safer

foods. Over the past few years, experts in the poultry

industry have given the use of acidifier in a closer scrutiny.

Putting weak acids in poultry feed and drinking water in many

cases appears to have beneficial effects.

Kamias fruit(Averrhoabilimbi Linn.) is a medicinal plant

belonging to the family oxalidaceae. The genus Averrhoa was

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, President Roxas, Capiz
named after an Arab philosopher physician and Islamic Jurist

Rushd often known as Averroes(1126-98). Averrhoabilimbi,(as

averroes) Linn is a small tree which grows up to 15m high with

sparesely arranged branches. It has compound leaves with

twenty-forty leaflets each and 5-10 cm long.

Broiler is any chicken that is bred and raised

specifically for meat production. Most commercial broiler

reach slaughter which between four and seven weeks of age,

although slowing growing breeds reach slaughter weight at

approximately 14 weeks of age. Typical broilers have white

feathers and yellowish skin.

The kamias fruit extract featured broilers to increase in

feed consumption and gain weight.That is, from the search for

alternative growth promotants with oragnic acids for poultry

is on-going. This emphasized that the experiment was conducted

to evaluate the potential of kamias fruit extract as

supplement to the drinking water to enhance the growth

performance of broiler.

Since kamias fruit extract required broilers to conduct

research to achieve the results, problems arose when these

concepts were banned by the European Union(2006) to used

additives in animal nutrition because of the growing concern

over the transmission and proliferation of resistant bacteria

via the food chain.

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, President Roxas, Capiz
In addition, this resulted to the antibiotic growth

promoters finding it difficult to conduct a research to

broilers. Thus, there aroused the need for alternative

strategies to minimize the risk of spreading antibiotic

resistance from animals to human via food chain. And in the

end, researchers found an alternative which has showed some

potential in this regard organic acids because organic acids

and their salts are generally regarded as safe(GRAS) and have

been approved by most member states of the EU to be used as

feed additives in animal production.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

The effect of Growth of Broiler

Kamias Fruit

Figure 1. The diagram shows the relationship between the

variables of the study particularly, it will focus on

independent and dependent variables namely broiler and kamias

fruit extract.

Statement of the Study

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, President Roxas, Capiz
This study aims to use kamias fruit as a supplementation

for the growth performance of a broiler.

More specifically this study sought to answer the following

questions:

1. What vitamins or nutrients are present In kamias fruit?

2. How did the kamias fruit affect the performance growth of

the broiler?

3. What happened to the broiler after taking kamias fruit

supplement?

4. How safe it is to use kamias fruit as a supplementation

for the growth of a broiler?

Based on the aforementioned problems, the hypotheses were

formulated:

1. There are no vitamins or nutrients present in kamias

fruit.

2. Kamias fruit has no effect on the performance growth of

broiler.

3. Nothing happened to the broiler after taking kamias

fruit.

4. It is not safe to use kamias fruit as a supplementation

for the growth of broiler.

Significance of the Study

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The result of this study will be essential and a great

benefit to the following:

Backyard raisers. Backyard raisers will benefit greatly from

this research. They will be able to obtain a chemical-free egg

with the help of kamias, which is commonly available and can

be acquired almost anywhere. Provide solutions to the issues

that arise when rearing chickens. Produce high quality meat

and nutrient-dense eggs. Revenue for backyard poultry raisers

that want to start a business.

Poultry Owners. The outcome of this study will be beneficial

to poultry owners. It will provide a solution to the

challenges encountered in the poultry business, particularly

in the growth performance of chicken. It will benefit the

poultry owners in terms of income in relation to the weight

and appearance of the chickens and will produce high quality

eggs and meat in response to the rising demand for chicken in

the market.

Consumers. When it comes to nutritional factors, this study

will be beneficial to consumers. It will supply them with

nutritious eggs and meat for personal consumption.

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, President Roxas, Capiz
Future Researchers. The study's findings will be useful to the

future researchers. This study will be utilized as a resource

for researchers working on similar topics. Also, to give

knowledge about the difficulties faced in egg and chicken meat

production caused by the poor growth performance of chickens

and provide solution in such setting.

Definition of Terms

The findings of this study would be useful to the growth

of the broiler.

Kamias. Averrhoa bilimbi, or bilimbi, is widely called

kamias in the Philippines and “cucumber tree” or “tree sorrel”

in English. The 5 – 12 m tall tree is native to southeast

Asia.

In this study, Averrhoa bilimbi have been the basis for

the broiler growth.

Broiler. A broiler is any chicken that is bred and raised

specifically for meat production. In this study, researchers

tends to experience difficulties in experimenting broiler.

Supplementation. A dietary supplement is a manufactured

product intended to supplement one's diet by taking a pill,

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capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid. In this study, researchers

tends to experience difficulties in making supplementation.

Growth. An increase in the size of an organism or part of

an organism, usually as a result of an increase in the number

of cells. In this study, growth is the basis in the success of

the study.

Delimitation of the Study

Quasi – Experimental Research Design will be used in

this study to determine the Effects of the Kamias Fruit as

Supplementation for Growth Performance of Broiler in a

controlled environment which is set in our own backyard.

This study involves an estimated 50 broilers which will

serve as the subjects of the study.

There are two appropriate statistical tools used in this

study. Frequency count and percentage. Frequency count and

percentage will be used to find out the number of respondents

that belongs to a particular category.

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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This chapter sought to review literature pertinent to

COVID-19 pandemic encountered by entrepreneurs in terms of the

impact on their small business.

This chapter primarily presents the foreign literatures,

related literatures and local literatures. This includes

ideas, generalization or conclusions, methodologies, and

others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in

familiarizing information that are similar to the present

study.

Foreign Literature

According to Atkinson et al. (2019) Two experiments were

undertaken to study the influence of early nutrient

restriction on body weight, feed utilization, and abdominal

fat for broilers at market age. In the first experiment, males

and females restricted in feed intake from 7 to 14 days were

significantly lighter at 41 days than the birds fed for ad

libitum intake or birds fed the control diet from 7 to 14 days

diluted with 15% of alpha floc. No significant difference in

abdominal fat was noted between treatments at 41 days of age.

In the second experiment, male broilers were either restricted

in nutrient intake from 7 to 14 days of age or fed higher

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levels of dietary protein during the last week on test No

significant difference in 42-day body weights was noted

between ad libitum- fed birds and birds either restricted in

feed intake or fed diluted diets between 7 and 14 days or

between ad libitum-fed birds and birds fed higher levels of

dietary protein between 36 and 42 days of age. Although

absolute abdominal fat weight was significantly lower for

birds fed the restricted diet than for birds fed the control

diet, this difference only amounted to approximately 5 g per

bird. Increasing the level of dietary protein by 2% during the

last 7 days of the test significantly reduced abdominal

carcass fat. However, on an absolute basis, the reduction in

abdominal fat only amounted to 10 g per bird.

Based on Caston et al. (2019) Two experiments were

conducted to note the response of broiler chickens to degrees

of diet dilution from 4 to 11 days of age. In Experiment 1,

broilers were fed conventional broiler diets from 0 to 4 and

11 to 56 days of age. From 4 to 11 days, birds were fed a

conventional corn and soybean meal broiler starter, or the

same diet in which major nutrients were replaced with 25, 40,

or 55% ground rice hulls. Mineral and vitamin sources were not

affected by dilution. Each of the three diluted diets together

with an undiluted control diet was fed to three replicate

floor pen groups of 30 male or 30 female broilers. In a second

similar experiment, male birds were fed a regular broiler

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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starter from 4 to 11 days or a diet diluted with 50% rice

hulls. In this second experiment, rice hulls were substituted

for all ingredients including those providing vitamin and

mineral supplements.

In Experiment 1, diet dilution resulted in a significant

(P<.05) reduction in body weight at 11 days of age, although

by 42 days there was complete recovery of body weight with no

change in overall efficiency of feed utilization. This same

trend was seen in both sexes. Calculation of energy balance

suggests these birds to have used energy very efficiently

during the period of undernutrition. Diet dilution had no

effect on carcass characteristics at 42 days, although for

males at 56 days there was an indication of reduced abdominal

fat content (P<.05). In Experiment 2, compensatory gain was

incomplete, although results were confounded due to an

outbreak of infectious bronchitis. It is concluded that

broiler chickens can withstand a 7-day period of early

undernutrition without loss in regular performance

characteristics. The response of birds to diet dilution is

likely a factor of degree, method, and duration of

undernutrition and of age in relation to sexual maturity.

According to Barreto et al. (2008) Two experiments were

carried out to assess the efficacy of plant extracts as

alternatives for antimicrobial growth promoters in broiler

diets. The performance experiment included 1,200 male broilers

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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raised from 1 to 42 days of age. The metabolism experiment

used 96 male broilers in the grower phase housed in metabolic

cages for total excreta collection. At the end of the

metabolism experiment, 24 birds were sacrificed to assess

organ morphometrics. In both experiments, the following

treatments were applied: control diet (CD); CD + 10 ppm

avilamycin; CD + 1000 ppm oregano extract; CD + 1000 ppm clove

extract; CD + 1000 ppm cinnamon extract; and CD + 1000 ppm red

pepper extract. The microencapsulated extracts contained 20%

of essential oil. No significant differences (P>0.05) in the

studied performance parameters were observed among treatments.

The dietary supplementation of the extracts did not influence

(P>0.05) nitrogencorrected apparent metabolizable energy

values. In general, organ morphometrics was not affected by

the experimental treatments, but birds fed the control diet

had higher liver relative weight (P<0.05) as compared to those

fed the diet containing red pepper extract, which presented

the lowest liver relative weight. These results showed that

there was no effect of the tested plant extracts on live

performance or in organ morphometrics.

According to Ashuk Kumar et al. (2013) Averrhoa bilimbi

is a multipurpose, long-lived tropical plant commonly known as

―Bilimbi, Cucumber Tree‖ belonging to family Oxalidaceae. The

plant has an enormous fiscal value since most of the parts

like leaves, bark, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots or the whole

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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plant are used as alternative medicine to treat a variety of

diseases especially diabetes. In the present review, we tried

to give the existing information on photochemical

constituents, conventional medicinal uses and antimicrobial,

anti-inflammatory, cyto- toxic activities, anti-oxidant

activity, antifertility, and antibacterial activities and

other biological activities of Averrhoa bilimbi..The extract

of various parts of Averrhoa bilimbi is medicinally used as a

folk remedy for many symptoms and showed significant

pharmacological activities so it is necessary to perform

further investigation to isolate such pharmacological active

compounds which can be used in production of novel drugs for

various diseases. Overall, this paper gives an overview on

covering the biology, and various commercial and therapeutic

applications.

The tree is attractive, long-lived, reaches 16 to 33 ft

(5-10 m) in height; has a short trunk soon dividing into a

number of upright branches. The leaves, very similar to those

of the Otaheite gooseberry and mainly clustered at the branch

tips, are alternate, imparipirmate; 12 to 24 in (30-60 cm)

long, with 11 to 37 alternate or subopposite leaflets, ovate

or oblong, with rounded base and pointed tip; downy; medium-

green on the upper surface, pale on the underside; 3/4 to 4 in

(2-10 cm) long, 1/2 to11/8in (1.2-1.25 cm) wide. Small,

fragrant, 5-petalled flowers, yellowish-green or purplish

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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marked with dark-purple, are borne in small, hairy panicles

emerging directly from the trunk and oldest, thickest branches

and some twigs, as do the clusters of curious fruits. The

bilimbi is ellipsoid, obovoid or nearly cylindrical, faintly

5-sided, 1 1/2 to 4 in (4-10 cm) long; capped by a thin, star-

shaped calyx at the stem-end and tipped with 5 hair-like

floral remnants at the apex. The fruit is crisp when unripe,

turns from bright-green to yellowishgreen, ivory or nearly

white when ripe and falls to the ground. The outer skin is

glossy, very thin, soft and tender, and the flesh green,

jelly-like, juicy and extremely acid. There may be a few

(perhaps 6 or 7) flattened, disc-like seeds about 1/4 in (6

mm) wide, smooth and brown (6)

Local Literature

As cited by Tanquilut et al. (2020) The biosecurity

status of 397 broiler farms in Central Luzon, the highest

poultry meat–producing region in the Philippines, was assessed

using Biocheck.Ugent. This online biosecurity assessment tool

quantifies biosecurity level or compliance of surveyed farms.

The system generates scores that reflect the current

biosecurity status of each farm in terms of the different

external and internal biosecurity measures being implemented

in each farm. It was initially developed for pigs and broilers

but recently is available for layers, swine, and cattle (beef,

dairy, and veal).

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The overall biosecurity score of broiler farms in Central

Luzon was 71.2%, with average external and internal

biosecurity scores of 68.5 and 77.2%, respectively. Bataan had

the highest biosecurity scores (76.5%) compared with the other

6 provinces. This was also true for the external and internal

biosecurity scores of the province, with mean scores of 72.1

and 80.1%, respectively. Of the 11 subcategories of external

and internal biosecurity that were assessed, purchase of day-

old chicks, feeds and water supply, supply of materials,

cleaning and disinfection, and materials between compartments

had scores higher than the global scores. Low scores were

generated from transport of live animals and infrastructure

and biological vectors.

The mean biosecurity score of farms with

traditional/conventional type of housing was 7.8% lower than

that with tunnel vent housing. Every year as the farm gets

older, there was a corresponding drop of 0.2% in the

biosecurity score.

Biosecurity measures are in place in broiler farms in the

country. However, there were areas with low scores which need

to be prioritized to improve and upgrade the farms'

biosecurity status.

To date, this is the first quantitative assessment of

biosecurity in broiler farms in the Philippines. High

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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biosecurity scores may entail greater protection from disease

incursion.

Based on Pudadera et al. (1986) An experiment on the

integrated farming of broiler chickens with milkfish (Chanos

chanos), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and shrimp (Penaeus

indicus) in brackishwater ponds was conducted in 1,000-

m2 ponds of the SEAFDEC Research Station at Leganes, Iloilo,

Philippines. Tested were varying densities of tilapia (500,

1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 for Treatments I-IV, respectively) with

fixed densities of 5,000 shrimp and 200 milkfish per 1,000-

m2 pond. Poultry houses were constructed at the middle of each

pond so that fresh chicken wastes would drop directly to the

pond. Each unit was stocked with 90 broiler heads of three

size groups, or a total of 180 heads for 120 pond culture

days. Stocking, transfer and harvest of poultry were done

every two weeks. Results indicated an average net production

of shrimp of 19.15 to 28.38 kg/1,000 m2; milkfish, 7.51 to

11.74 kg/1,000 m2; tilapia, 33.68 to 66.97 kg/1,000 m2 and

chicken broilers, 180.90 to 217.39 kg/1,000 m2. Statistical

analysis revealed that the best net production of tilapia was

obtained at a stocking density of 15,000/ha.

According to Hui-Shung (2007) Global production of

broiler meat has been growing since the 1960s, faster than

that of any other meat. In recent years, this growth has

occurred in developing countries. Broiler meat is popular

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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because it is cheaper, more versatile, and is perceived to

give more health benefits than red meat. In spite of these

advantages, the world broiler industry increasingly faces

pressure to improve its production methods, with consumers and

government citing health, environment, and animal welfare as

the areas for improvement. Demand outlook is positive for the

Philippine broiler industry because of the continuing growth

in population and household incomes in the country. However,

it faces threats from cheaper imports as a result of its

higher cost of production and its less efficient marketing

system. To compete, the Philippine broiler industry must aim

for more efficient systems of production and marketing, and

the government must provide an environment conducive to

productivity improvement.

Chapter 3

Research Design and Methodology

This chapter is divided into three parts: (1) Purpose of

the study and Research Design, (2) Methods, and (3)

Statistical Data Analysis Procedure.

The First Part, the Purpose of the study and Research

Design, restates the main problem and discusses the research

design.
FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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The Second Part, Methods, describes the participants, the

data-gathering instruments, and the data-gathering procedures

used in the study.

The Third Part, Statistical Data Analysis Procedures,

reports the procedure for scoring and the statistical analysis

used to interpret the hypothesis.

Purpose of the Study and Research Design

This study will focus on using kamias fruit as a growth

supplementation for broilers.

This study utilized a quasi-experimental design.

According to Thomas (2020), Like a true experiment, a quasi-

experimental design aims to establish a cause-and-effect

relationship between an independent and dependent variable.

Moreover, McCombes (2021) explained, Experiments are the

strongest way to test cause-and-effect relationships without

the risk of other variables influencing the results. However,

their controlled conditions may not always reflect how things

work in the real world. They’re often also more difficult and

expensive to implement.

The independent variable is the effect of Kamias fruit

supplementation while the dependent variable is the growth of

broilers.
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The data gathered will be analyzed using a digital pen-

type pH meter before utilization. Typically, the pH scale

ranges from 0 to 14. pH=0 for a 1 M strong acid solution and

pH=14 for a 1 M strong base solution. As a result, measured pH

values will mostly fall between 0 and 14, though values

outside that range are possible. With a pH of 7, pure water is

neutral. A pH of less than 7 indicates acidity, while a pH of

greater than 7 indicates basicity. pH is a dimensionless

quantity because the pH scale is logarithmic. Each integer

below 7 is 10 times more acidic than the next.

Methods

This involves 50 broiler chicks who will serve as the

object of the study.

Data Gathering Instrument

The researcher will use 50 heads of day-old broiler

chicks, a brooding pen, a rearing pen, old newspapers,

electric wiring, bamboo slots, three pieces of a 100-watt

bulb, a watering trough, a feeding trough, fresh kamias

fruits, a graduated cylinder, digital pen-type pH meter,

improvised heater, electrolytes, and weighing scale.

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Data Gathering Procedures

In conducting the study, a permission letter will be

secured from the school Principal of Feliciano Yusay Consing

National High School to formally conduct the study on the

scheduled date.

Fifty heads of day-old broilers will be used in the

study. The study will be conducted in a Completely Randomized

Design (CRD) with four treatments. Each treatment will be

composed of ten broiler chicks. Fresh kamias fruits will be

gathered from the locality. The kamias fruit will be extracted

and pulverized manually. Preparation of the experimental

treatments will include measuring and diluting kamias fruit at

the desired level of inclusion in the drinking water. Prepared

dilutions will be stored in glass bottles and placed in a cool

dry area properly to avoid contamination and chemical

reactions.

Analysis of pH will be conducted using a digital pen-type

pH meter before utilization. The control group will be given

fresh drinking water without KF. A 10%, 40%, 60%, and 90% ppm

KF will be diluted to drinking water.

Statistical Data Analysis

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The following were the appropriate statistical tools used

in this study:

Mean. Mean will be employed to ascertain the impact of

kamias fruit on the growth of broiler.

T-test. This will be used to determine if there are

significant differences that exist between the variables of

the study. The alpha level was set at .05.